Tiki Formation
| Tiki Formation | |
|---|---|
| Stratigraphic range: | |
| Type | Geological formation |
| Unit of | Gondwana Group |
| Sub-units | Lower & Upper members |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Mudstone |
| Other | Claystone, sandstone |
| Location | |
| Coordinates | 23°54′N 81°24′E / 23.9°N 81.4°E |
| Approximate paleocoordinates | 42°36′S 51°06′E / 42.6°S 51.1°E |
| Region | Madhya Pradesh |
| Country |  India |
| Type section | |
| Named for | Tiki village |
  Tiki Formation (India)  Tiki Formation (Madhya Pradesh) | |
The Tiki Formation is a Late Triassic (Carnian to Norian) geologic formation in Madhya Pradesh, northern India. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation, although none have yet been referred to a specific genus.[1] Phytosaur remains attributable to the genus Volcanosuchus have also been found in the Tiki Formation.[2]
The genera Tikiodon, Tikitherium and Tikisuchus and species Rewaconodon tikiensis, Hyperodapedon tikiensis and Parvodus tikiensis have been named after the Tiki Formation.
Paleobiota[edit]
Color key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
Cynodonts[edit]
| Cynodonts of the Tiki Formation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Material | Notes |
| Gondwanadon[3][4] | G. tapani | A single molar | A morganucodont |
| Inditherium[5] | I. floris[5] | Three postcanine teeth | A dromatheriid |
| Rewaconodon[3] | R. indicus[5] | A partial jaw and three postcanine teeth | A dromatheriid |
| R. tikiensis[6] | |||
| Ruberodon[3][7] | R. roychowdhurii | Five partial jaws | A traversodontid |
| Tikiodon[3] | T. cromptoni | A single postcanine tooth | A mammaliamorph |
| Tikitherium[3][8] | T. copei | A single postcanine tooth | A mammaliaform. Initially described as a basal mammaliaform related to Docodonta, but later redescribed as a Neogene shrew fossil that was reworked into the older deposit.[9] |
| Cynodontia indet. | |||
Reptiles[edit]
| Reptiles of the Tiki Formation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Genus / Taxon | Species | Material | Notes |
| Colossosuchus[10] | C. techniensis[10] | Known from multiple skeletons, all likely died together | A very large mystriosuchine phytosaur |
| Hyperodapedon[11][6] | H. huxleyi | A hyperodapedontine rhynchosaur | |
| H.tikiensis[12] | Various cranial and postcranial elements | ||
| Parasuchus[13][6] | P. hislopi | Two articulate skeletons and isolated skulls | A basal (non-mystriosuchine) phytosaur |
| Tikisuchus[13] | T. romeri | The skull and some postcranial elements of a young individual | A putative rauisuchid |
| Volcanosuchus[14] | V. statisticae[14] | A skull | A mystriosuchine phytosaur |
| Ornithischia indet.[15][6] | |||
| Phytosauria indet.[15][16] | |||
| Pseudosuchia indet.[17] | |||
| Sphenodontia indet.[15][6] | |||
| Theropoda indet.[13] | |||
Amphibians[edit]
| Amphibians of the Tiki Formation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Material | Notes |
| Eodiscoglossus[6] | E. sp | Prehistoric frog | |
| Compsocerops | C. tikiensis | A Chigutisaurid Temnospondyl | |
| Metoposaurus[13] | M. sp. | A Temnospondyl | |
Fish[edit]
| Fishes of the Tiki Formation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Material | Notes |
| Cladodus[6] | C. sp. | An isolated tooth | A Cladoselachid |
| Lissodus[6] | L. duffini | An isolated tooth | A Hybodontid |
| Parvodus[6] | P. tikiensis | Teeth | A Hybodontid |
| Actinopterygii indet.[6] | |||
| Coelacanthidae indet.[6] | |||
Flora[edit]
Correlations[edit]
The Tiki Formation is considered a temporal equivalent of the Lower Maleri Formation. The majority of the Tiki Formation correlates with the Ischigualasto Formation of Argentina, the upper part of the Santa Maria Formation, and the overlying lower Caturrita Formation of Brazil, the Isalo II Beds of Madagascar, Lossiemouth Sandstone of Scotland, and the lower Tecovas Formation of the Chinle Group of North America.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Weishampel et al., 2004, "Dinosaur distribution", pp. 517-607
- ^ Chatterjee, 1978
- ^ a b c d e Bhat, M. S.; Ray, S.; Datta, P. M. (2020). "New cynodonts (Therapsida, Eucynodontia) from the Late Triassic of India and their significances". Journal of Paleontology. 95 (2): 376–393. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.95. S2CID 228836405.
- ^ Datta & Das, 1996
- ^ a b c Bhat, M. S.; Ray, S.; Datta, P. M. (2020). "New cynodonts (Therapsida, Eucynodontia) from the Late Triassic of India and their significances". Journal of Paleontology. 95 (2): 376–393. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.95.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Kumar & Sharma, 2019
- ^ Ray, S. (2015). "A new Late Triassic traversodontid cynodont (Therapsida, Eucynodontia) from India". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 35 (3): e930472. Bibcode:2015JVPal..35E0472R. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.930472. S2CID 86368800.
- ^ Datta, P. M. (2005). "Earliest mammal with transversely expanded upper molar from the Late Triassic (Carnian) Tiki Formation, South Rewa Gondwana Basin, India". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (1): 200–207. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0200:EMWTEU]2.0.CO;2.
- ^ Averianov, Alexander O.; Voyta, Leonid L. (March 2024). "Putative Triassic stem mammal Tikitherium copei is a Neogene shrew". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 31 (1). doi:10.1007/s10914-024-09703-w. ISSN 1064-7554.
- ^ a b Datta, D.; Ray, S. (2023). "A giant phytosaur (Diapsida, Archosauria) from the Upper Triassic of India with new insights on phytosaur migration, endemism and extinction". Papers in Palaeontology. 9 (1). e1476. Bibcode:2023PPal....9E1476D. doi:10.1002/spp2.1476. S2CID 257103850.
- ^ Lydekker, 1885
- ^ Mukherjee, Debarati; Ray, Sanghamitra (2014). Benson, Roger (ed.). "A new Hyperodapedon (Archosauromorpha, Rhynchosauria) from the Upper Triassic of India: implications for rhynchosaur phylogeny". Palaeontology. 57 (6): 1241–1276. Bibcode:2014Palgy..57.1241M. doi:10.1111/pala.12113. ISSN 0031-0239.
- ^ a b c d Chatterjee & Majumdar, 1987
- ^ a b Datta, Debajit; Ray, Sanghamitra; Bandyopadhyay, Saswati (2021). "Cranial morphology of a new phytosaur (Diapsida, Archosauria) from the Upper Triassic of India: implications for phytosaur phylogeny and biostratigraphy". Papers in Palaeontology. 7 (2): 675–708. Bibcode:2021PPal....7..675D. doi:10.1002/spp2.1292. ISSN 2056-2802. S2CID 213698017.
- ^ a b c Datta et al., 2005
- ^ Mukherjee & Ray, 2012
- ^ Huene, 1940
- ^ a b c d e f g h Pal, 1984
Bibliography[edit]
Kumar, J., and K. M. Sharma. 2019. Micro and mega-vertebrate fossils from the Late Triassic Tiki Formation, South Rewa Gondwana Basin, India: palaeoenvironmental and palaeobiogeographic implications. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India 64. 151–168. .
Mukherjee, D., and S. Ray. 2012. Taphonomy of an Upper Triassic vertebrate bonebed: A new rhynchosaur (Reptilia; Archosauromorpha) accumulation from India. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 333-334. 75–91. .
Datta, P. M.; D. P. Das, and Z.-X. Luo. 2004. A late Triassic dromatheriid (Synapsida: Cynodontia) from India. Annals of Carnegie Museum 73. 72–84. .
Weishampel, David B.; Peter Dodson, and Halszka Osmólska (eds.). 2004. The Dinosauria, 2nd edition, 1–880. Berkeley: University of California Press. Accessed 2019-02-21. ISBN 0-520-24209-2
Datta, P. M., and D. P. Das. 1996. Discovery of the oldest fossil mammal from India. Indian Minerals 50. 217–222. .
Chatterjee, S., and P. K. Majumdar. 1987. Tikisuchus romeri, a new rauisuchid reptile from the Late Triassic of India. Journal of Paleontology 61. 787–793. .
Pal, P.K. 1984. Triassic plant megafossils from the Tiki Formation, South Rewa Gondwana Basin, India. The Palaeobotanist 32. 253-309. .
Chatterjee, S. 1978. A primitive parasuchid (Phytosaur) reptile from the Upper Triassic Maleri Formation of India. Palaeontology 21. 83–127. .
Huene, F. von. 1940. The tetrapod fauna of the Upper Triassic Maleri Beds. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India Palaeontologia Indica 32. 1–42. .
Lydekker, R. 1885. The Reptilia & Amphibia of the Maleria & Denwa Groups. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India. Palaeontologia Indica, Series IV. Indian Pretertiary Vertebrata 1. 1–38. .