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User:EEEpidemiologist/Hendra virus

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Hendra virus (Hendra henipavirus) is a zoonotic virus found solely in Australia. First isolated in 1994, the virus has since been connected to numerous outbreaks of disease in domestic horses and seven human cases. Hendra virus belongs to the genus Henipavirus, which also contains the zoonotic Nipah virus. The reservoir species of Hendra virus are four species of bat within the genus Pteropus native to Australia.

Transmission[edit]

In 2021, a new variant of Hendra virus named "Hendra virus genotype 2" (HeV-g2) was identified in two flying fox species in Australia. It shares 84% sequence homology to other published Hendra virus genomes. This variant has been identified in at least two horses that showed signs of Hendra virus infection.

List of Australian Hendra outbreaks
List of Australian Hendra outbreaks
Date Location Details Deaths (Human) Deaths (Horse)
August 1994 Mackay, Queensland Death of two horses and one person, Mark Preston.[1] 1 2
September 1994 Hendra, Queensland 20 horses died or were euthanised. Two people infected. One of them, Victory ("Vic") Rail, a nationally prominent trainer of racehorses, died.[2] 1 20
January 1999 Trinity Beach, Cairns, Queensland Death of one horse.[3] 1
October 2004 Gordonvale, Cairns, Queensland Death of one horse. A veterinarian involved in autopsy of the horse was infected with Hendra virus, and suffered a mild illness.[4] 0 1
December 2004 Townsville, Queensland Death of one horse.[4] 1
June 2006 Peachester, Sunshine Coast, Queensland Death of one horse.[4] 1
October 2006 Murwillumbah, New South Wales Death of one horse.[5] 1
July 2007 Peachester, Sunshine Coast, Queensland Infection of one horse (euthanised)
July 2007 Clifton Beach, Cairns, Queensland Infection of one horse (euthanised).[6]
July 2008 Redlands, Queensland Death of five horses; four died from the Henda virus, the remaining animal recovered but was euthanised because of a government policy that requires all animals with antibodies to be euthanised due to a potential threat to health. Two veterinary workers from the affected property were infected leading to the death of one, veterinary surgeon Ben Cuneen, on 20 August 2008.[7] The second veterinarian was hospitalized after pricking herself with a needle she had used to euthanize the horse that had recovered. A nurse exposed to the disease while assisting Cuneen in caring for the infected horses was also hospitalized.[8] The Biosecurity Queensland website indicates that 8 horses died during this event,[9] however a review of the event indicates that five horses are confirmed to have died from HeV and three of the horses "are regarded as improbable cases of Hendra virus infection...".[10] 1 4
July 2008 Proserpine, Queensland Death of four horses.[9] 4
July 2009 Cawarral, Queensland Death of four horses.[9] Queensland veterinary surgeon Alister Rodgers tested positive after treating the horses.[11] On 1 September 2009 after two weeks in a coma, he became the fourth person to die from exposure to the virus.[12] 1 4
September 2009 Bowen, Queensland Death of two horses.[9] 2
May 2010 Tewantin, Queensland Death of one horse.[13] 1
20 June 2011 – 31 July 2011 Mount Alford, Queensland Death of three horses (all confirmed to have died of Hendra) and sero-conversion of a dog. The first horse death on this property occurred on 20 June 2011, although it was not until after the second death on 1 July 2011 that samples taken from the first animal were tested. The third horse was euthanised on 4 July 2011.[14][15][16] On 26 July 2011 a dog from this property was reported to have tested positive for HeV antibodies. Reports indicate that this Australian Kelpie, a family companion, will be euthanised in line with government policy. Biosecurity Queensland suggest the dog most likely was exposed to HeV though one of the sick horses.[17][18] Dusty was euthanised on 31 July 2011 following a second positive antibody test.[19] 3
26 June 2011 Kerry, Queensland The horse was moved after it became sick to another property at Beaudesert, Queensland. Death of one horse.[20] 1
28 June 2011 Loganlea, Logan City, Queensland Death of one horse. Unusually this horse had HeV antibodies present in its blood at the time of death. How this immune response should be interpreted is a matter of debate.[21][22] 1
29 June 2011 Mcleans Ridges, Wollongbar, New South Wales Death of one horse.[23][24] The second horse on the property tested positive to Hendra and was euthanised on 12 July 2011.[25] 1
3 July 2011 Macksville, New South Wales Death of one horse.[26][27] 2
4 July 2011 Park Ridge, Logan City, Queensland Death of one horse.[28] 1
11 July 2011 Kuranda, Queensland Death of one horse.[29] 1
13 July 2011 Hervey Bay, Queensland Death of one horse.[30] 1
14 July 2011 Lismore, New South Wales Death of one horse.[31] 1
15 July 2011 Boondall, Queensland Death of one horse.[32] 1
22 July 2011 Chinchilla, Queensland Death of one horse.[33] 1
24 July 2011 Mullumbimby, New South Wales Death of one horse.[34] 1
13 August 2011 Mullumbimby, New South Wales Death of one horse. A horse was found dead after being unwell the day before. HeV infection was confirmed on 17 August 2011.[35] 1
15 August 2011 Ballina, New South Wales Death of one horse.[36] 1
17 August 2011 South Ballina, New South Wales Death of two horses. The horses were found dead in a field. Both tested positive to HeV. The exact date of death is not known, but HeV infection was confirmed on 17 August 2011.[35] 2
23 August 2011 Currumbin Valley, Gold Coast, Queensland Death of one horse.[37] 1
28 August 2011 North of Ballina, New South Wales Death of one horse.[38] 1
11 October 2011 Beachmere, Caboolture Queensland One horse euthanised after testing positive. A horse that died on the property one week before may have died of HeV.[39] On 15 October 2011 another horse on the property was euthanised following a positive HeV antibody test.[40] 2
3 January 2012 Townsville, Queensland A horse that died or was euthanised on 3 January 2012 returned a positive HeV test on 5 January 2012.[41] 1
26 May 2012 Rockhampton, Queensland One horse died.[42][43] 1
28 May 2012 Ingham, Queensland One horse died.[42][43] A dog returned a positive test but was subsequently cleared.[44] 1
19 July 2012 Rockhampton, Queensland One horse died. On 27 July it was announced that two other horses on the property, showing clinical signs of the disease, had been euthanised. Two dogs were assessed, and the property was quarantined.[45][46][47] 1
27 June 2012 Mackay, Queensland One horse was euthanised after returning a positive HeV test. 15 horses on the property are being tested and quarantined, along with horses on neighbouring properties.[48] 1
27 July 2012 Cairns, Queensland One horse died.[49] 1
5 September 2012 Port Douglas, Queensland One horse died. The property with 13 other horses is quarantined.[50][51] 1
1 November 2012 Ingham, Queensland One symptomatic horse euthanised. A test for HeV the following day proved positive. The property, with seven other horses, quarantined.[52][53] 1
20 January 2013 Mackay, Queensland One horse died.[54] 1
19 February 2013 Atherton Tablelands, North Queensland One horse died. Four horses and four people from the property were assessed.[55] 1
3 June 2013 Macksville, New South Wales Death of one horse, a second horse vaccinated, five cats and a dog were monitored.[56] 1
1 July 2013 Tarampa, Queensland One horse died. HeV virus confirmed.[57] 1
4 July 2013 Macksville, New South Wales Six year old gelding died. Several other horses, dogs and cats were tested.[58][59] A dog from the property tested positive for HeV and was euthanised around 19 July 2013[60] 1
5 July 2013 Gold Coast, Queensland One horse died. No other horses on property.[61] 1
6 July 2013 Kempsey, New South Wales Eighteen-year-old unvaccinated mare died, other animals on property were put under observation.[62] 1
9 July 2013 Kempsey, New South Wales Thirteen-year-old unvaccinated quarterhorse died, other animals on property were put under observation.[63][64] 1
18 March 2014 Bundaberg, Queensland Unvaccinated horse displayed symptoms. Tested positive for Hendra and was euthanized.[65] 1
1 June 2014 Beenleigh, Queensland Horse euthanized and property quarantined after outbreak.[66]
20 Jun 2014 Murwillumbah, New South Wales A 31 year old stock horse died in the early hours of 20 June.[67] 1
20 July 2014 Calliope, Queensland Horse euthanised and property quarantined after outbreak.[68] 1
20 Jun 2015 Murwillumbah, New South Wales Horse found dead after several days of illness. HeV confirmed as the cause of death.[69] 1
About 20 July 2015 Atherton Tableland, Queensland Infected horse died and property quarantined.[70] 1
About 4 September 2015 Lismore, New South Wales Infected horse euthanised and property quarantined.[71] 1
About 15 December 2016 Casino, New South Wales Horse died around 15 December 2016 after being ill for several weeks.[72] 1
About 24 May 2017 Gold Coast, Queensland Unvaccinated infected horse euthanised and property quarantined.[73] 1
About 8 July 2017 Lismore, New South Wales Hendra virus confirmed near Lismore after symptomatic horse tested positive for Hendra.[74]
About 1 August 2017 Murwillumbah, New South Wales Hendra virus confirmed near Murwillumbah after symptomatic horse tested positive for the virus.[75] NSW Department of Primary Industries identified this as the second Hendra case in NSW for the year 2017.
About 5 August 2017 Lismore, New South Wales Hendra case confirmed near Lismore results in euthanasia of symptomatic Welsh Pony.[76] Property was placed under inspection. Third confirmed case in NSW in the span of four weeks.
7 June 2019 Scone, New South Wales An unvaccinated mare contracted Hendra and had to be euthanized.[77] Quarantine protocols and assessments were completed on the property. Represents the Southernmost documented case of Hendra in horses. 1
3 June 2020 Murwillumbah, New South Wales An unvaccinated horse contracted Hendra and had to be euthanized.[78] Represents the first documented case of 2020. 1
18 July 2023 Newcastle, New South Wales An unvaccinated horse died from a case of symptomatic Hendra. Property was accessed for risks and no transmitted cases were identified.[79] 1
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  26. ^ "Second case of Hendra virus in NSW near Macksville". Queensland Government, Australia. 7 July 2011. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011.
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  30. ^ "Hendra virus case confirmed in Hervey Bay" (Press release). Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. 16 July 2011. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
  31. ^ "Fourth NSW horse dies from Hendra virus". Australian Associated Press. 17 July 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
  32. ^ "Hendra virus case confirmed in Boondall area" (Press release). Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. 16 July 2014. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
  33. ^ "Hendra virus case confirmed in Chinchilla area". Facebook. 23 July 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  34. ^ "Fifth Hendra case confirmed at Mullumbimby" (Press release). NSW Department of Primary Industries. 28 July 2011. Archived from the original on 8 December 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
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  39. ^ "New Hendra Virus Case in Caboolture Area". Facebook. 10 October 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
  40. ^ "Second Hendra virus case confirmed at Beachmere property October 15, 2011 at 1:42am". Facebook Notes. 15 October 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
  41. ^ "New Hendra virus case in Townsville area". Facebook. 4 January 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
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  79. ^ Wakatama, Giselle; Cook, Carly (July 18 2023). "Horse dies from Hendra virus in NSW Hunter region". ABC News. Retrieved October 18 2023. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= and |date= (help)
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