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This discusses women who have made an important contribution to the field of biology.
Nobel Laureates
[edit]- 1903 Marie Curie: "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel" [1]
- 1963 Maria Goeppert Mayer: "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure" [2]
- 2018 Donna Strickland: "for their method high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses" [3]
Three women have won the Nobel Prize in Physics, awarded annually since 1901 by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Marie Curie was the first woman to receive the prize in 1903, along with Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel - making her the only woman to be award two Nobel prizes (her second Nobel prize was in Chemistry in 1911)[4]. Maria Goeppert Mayer became the second woman to win the prize in 1963, for her contributions to understanding the nuclear shell structure. Donna Strickland is the winner of the Noble prize in 2018, for her work in high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses beginning in the 1980's with Gérard Mourou.
Timeline of women in physics
[edit]1740: Émilie du Châtelet published Institutions de Physique, or Foundations of Physics.[5]
1903: Marie Curie was the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in Physics and became the first woman professor at the University of Paris.[6]
1911: Marie Curie became the first person to win two Nobel Prizes and the only person two win in two different sciences.
1918: Emmy Noether created Noether's theorem explaining the connection between symmetry and conservation laws.[7]
1926: Katharine Burr Blodgett was the first women to earn a Ph.D. in physics from the University of Cambridge.[8]
1929: Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin doctoral thesis that stars were composed primarily of hydrogen and helium.[9]
1939: Lise Meitner helped lead a small group of scientists who first discovered the nuclear fission of uranium when it absorbed an extra neutron.[10]
1941: Ruby Payne-Scott joined the Radio physics Laboratory of the Australia Government's CSIRO, she was the first woman radio astronomer.[11]
1963: Maria Goeppert Mayer became the second woman to win the Nobel Prize in Physics for developing a mathematical model for the structure of nuclear shells.[12]
1964: Chien-Shiung Wu spoke at MIT about gender discrimination[13]
1967: Jocelyn Bell Burnell co-discovered the first radio pulsars
1972: Willie Hobbs Moore became the first African-American woman to receive a Ph.D. in physics.
1972: Sandra Faber became the first woman to join the Lick Observatory staff at the University of California, Santa Cruz[14]
1978: Chien-Shiung Wu was awarded the Wolf Prize in Physics for her help with the development of the Standard Model
1978: Sally Ride joined NASA and became first the American women astronaut in 1983
1985: Mildred Dresselhaus was appointed the first women Institute Professor at MIT[15]
1986: Maria Goeppert Mayer Award was awarded for the first time to honor young female physicists at the beginning of their careers[16]
1992: Mae Jemison became the first African American Women in space
2000: Mildred Dresselhaus became the director of the Office of Science at the United States Department of Energy
2001: Lene Hau stopped a beam of light completely[17]
2002-2004: Jocelyn Bell Burnell served as the president of the Royal Astronomical Society
2003: Deborah S. Jin and her team were the first to condense pairs of fermionic atoms[18]
2013: Nashwa Eassa founded the NGO Sudanese Women in Sciences
2015: Rabia Salihu Sa'id received the Elsevier Foundation Award for Women Scientist in the Developing World. [19]
2016: Fabiola Gianotti became the first woman Director-General of CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research)[20]
Other notable women physicists
[edit]- Émilie du Châtelet (1706-1749) French physicist, mathematician, author, and philosopher
- Marie Curie (1867-1934) Polish and naturalized-French physicist and chemist
- Lise Meitner (1878-1968) Austrian-Swedish physicist
- Emmy Noether (1882-1935) German mathematician
- Katharine Burr Blodgett (1898-1979) American physicist and chemist
- Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (1900-1979) British-born American astrophysicist and astronomer
- Maria Goeppert Mayer (1906-1972) German-born American theoretical physicist
- Chien-Shiung Wu (1912-1997) Chinese-American experimental physicist
- Ruby Payne-Scott (1912-1981) Australian radio astronomer
- Mildred Dresselhaus (1930-2017) American physicist
- Evelyn Fox Keller (1936- ) American physicist, author, and feminist
- Sandra Faber (1944- ) Astrophysicist from the United States
- Sally Ride (1951-2012) American physicist, astronaut, and engineer
- Jocelyn Bell Burnell (1953- ) Astrophysicist from Northern Ireland
- Mae Jemison (1956- ) American engineer, physician, and NASA astronaut
- Lene Hau (1959- ) Danish physicist
- Fabiola Gianotti (1960- ) Italian particle physicist
- Rabia Salihu Sa'id (1963- ) Nigerian atmospheric and space weather physicist
- Deborah S. Jin (1968-2016) American physicist
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2019-03-08.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2019-03-08.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2019-03-08.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2019-03-08.
- ^ Du Châtelet, Gabrielle Emilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil (1740). Institutions de physique. Chez Prault fils. OCLC 807761077.
- ^ Coleman, A. P. (1936). "Polski Slownik Biograficzny". Books Abroad. 10 (2): 167. doi:10.2307/40077307. ISSN 0006-7431.
- ^ Ne'eman, Yuval (1999). The Impact of Emmy Noether's Theorems on XXIst Century Physics in Teicher. Teicher. pp. 83–101.
- ^ "Katharine Burr Blodgett". Physics Today. 33 (3): 107–107. doi:10.1063/1.2913969. ISSN 0031-9228.
- ^ "Payne‐Gaposchkin [Payne], Cecilia Helena", SpringerReference, Springer-Verlag, retrieved 2019-03-27
- ^ Meitner, Lise; Frisch, O. R. "Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons: a New Type of Nuclear Reaction". Nature. 143 (3615): 239–240. doi:10.1038/143239a0. ISSN 0028-0836.
- ^ Goss, W. M. (2009). Under the radar : the first woman in radio astronomy, Ruby Payne-Scott. McGee, Richard X. Heidelberg: Springer. ISBN 9783642031410. OCLC 567353180.
- ^ WIGNER, EUGENE P.; MAYER, MARIA GOEPPERT; HANS, J.; JENSEN, D. (2013), "Physics 1963", Physics, 1963–1970, Elsevier, pp. 1–51, ISBN 9780444409935, retrieved 2019-03-27
- ^ Gillispie, Charles Coulston (ed.). Dictionary of scientific biography. New York. ISBN 0684101149. OCLC 89822.
- ^ "The 2009 Bower Award in Science presented to Sandra Faber". Journal of the Franklin Institute. 348 (3): 510–516. doi:10.1016/j.jfranklin.2010.02.011. ISSN 0016-0032.
- ^ Cho, Adrian (2015-12-11). "U.S. Senate confirms new DOE science chief". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aad1645. ISSN 0036-8075.
- ^ Wang, Zuoyue (2000). Mayer, Maria Gertrude Goeppert (1906-1972), physicist. American National Biography Online. Oxford University Press.
- ^ "Light Changed to Matter, Then Stopped and Moved". www.photonics.com. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
- ^ "A New Form of Matter: II | Science Mission Directorate". science.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
- ^ "Early-Career Women Scientists From Developing Countries Honored at AAAS Annual Meeting". American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved 2019-04-19.
- ^ Castelvecchi, Davide (2014). "Higgs hunter will be CERN's first female director: Italian physicist Fabiola Gianotti will take the reins at the European physics powerhouse in 2016". Nature.