User:Mr. Ibrahem/Hydralazine
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| Clinical data | |
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| Trade names | Apresoline, BiDil, others |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a682246 |
| License data |
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| Pregnancy category |
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| Routes of administration | By mouth, intravenous |
| Drug class | Vasodilator[1] |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status | |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | 26–50% |
| Protein binding | 85–90% |
| Metabolism | Liver[2] |
| Onset of action | 5 to 30 min[1] |
| Elimination half-life | 1.5-3 hours,[2] 7–16 hours (renal impairment) |
| Duration of action | 2 to 6 hrs[1] |
| Excretion | Urine |
| Identifiers | |
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| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C8H8N4 |
| Molar mass | 160.180 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
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Hydralazine, sold under the brand name Apresoline among others, is a medication used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure.[1] This includes high blood pressure in pregnancy and very high blood pressure resulting in symptoms.[5] It has been found to be particularly useful in heart failure, together with isosorbide dinitrate, for treatment of people of African descent.[1] It is given by mouth or by injection into a vein.[5] Effects usually begin around 15 minutes and last up to six hours.[1]
Common side effects include headache and fast heart rate.[1] Rare but serious side effects include peripheral neuropathy and drug fever.[2] It is not recommended in people with coronary artery disease or in those with rheumatic heart disease that affects the mitral valve.[1] In overdose, a lupus-like illness can occur.[2] In those with kidney disease a low dose is recommended.[5] Hydralazine is in the vasodilator family of medications and works by causing the dilation of blood vessels.[2]
Hydralazine was discovered while scientists at Ciba were looking for a treatment for malaria.[6] It was patented in 1949.[7] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[8] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$2.78–9.11 per month.[9] In the United States treatment costs about $50–100 per month.[10] In 2017, it was the 105th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than seven million prescriptions.[11][12]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Hydralazine Hydrochloride". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
- ^ a b c d e Benowitz, Neal L. (2020). "11. Antihypertensive agents". In Katzung, Bertram G.; Trevor, Anthony J. (eds.). Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (15th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 185–186. ISBN 978-1-260-45231-0. Archived from the original on 2021-10-10. Retrieved 2021-12-05.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
MSF2020was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
WHO2020DDDwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b c World Health Organization (2009). Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR (eds.). WHO Model Formulary 2008. World Health Organization. p. 280. hdl:10665/44053. ISBN 9789241547659.
- ^ Wermuth CG (2011-05-02). The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry. Academic Press. p. 12. ISBN 9780080568775. Archived from the original on 2017-02-26.
- ^ Progress in Drug Research/Fortschritte der Arzneimittelforschung/Progrés des recherches pharmaceutiques. Birkhäuser. 2013. p. 206. ISBN 9783034870948. Archived from the original on 2016-12-20.
- ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
- ^ "Hydralazine". International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
- ^ Hamilton, Richart (2015). Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 145. ISBN 9781284057560.
- ^ "The Top 300 of 2020". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
- ^ "Hydralazine Hydrochloride - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 8 July 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.