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Roman Republic

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Roman Empire

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27 BC–235 AD

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235–284

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284–395

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Western Roman Empire

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Eastern Roman Empire

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395–632

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632–1081

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1081–1204

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1204–1261

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1261–1453

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References

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Notes

  1. ^ The Sasanian cession of Martyropolis is placed either in late 590 or 591.[7]
  2. ^ The Sasanian capture of Alexandria is alternatively placed in 619.[10]
  3. ^ The Rashidun capture of Melitene is alternatively placed in 657.[17]
  4. ^ The Nicaean capture of Amastris and Heraclea Pontica is placed in 1214 as per the works of Nicholas Mesarites, in contrast to George Akropolites' History, in which the conquest is dated to 1211, but is considered unreliable.[41]
  5. ^ Ainos was ceded to Niccolò Gattilusio likely at some point between 1376 and 1379 at the earliest, and June 1384 at the latest.[96]

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d e f Kazhdan (1991), p. 77.
  2. ^ Venning (2006), p. 57.
  3. ^ a b Kazhdan (1991), p. 1277.
  4. ^ Venning (2006), p. 78.
  5. ^ a b c d e Kazhdan (1991), p. 1309.
  6. ^ Rosser (2001), p. 253.
  7. ^ Nicholson (2018), pp. 976–977.
  8. ^ Kazhdan (1991), pp. 77, 1309.
  9. ^ a b Kazhdan (1991), p. 60.
  10. ^ Venning (2006), p. 151.
  11. ^ Venning (2006), p. 157.
  12. ^ Kazhdan (1991), p. 497.
  13. ^ a b c d e Rosser (2001), p. 350.
  14. ^ Venning (2006), pp. 165–166.
  15. ^ Venning (2006), p. 167.
  16. ^ a b Kazhdan (1991), p. 1336.
  17. ^ Nicholson (2018), p. 1001.
  18. ^ a b Venning (2006), p. 187.
  19. ^ Kazhdan (1991), p. 3.
  20. ^ a b c Rosser (2001), p. 360.
  21. ^ Kazhdan (1991), p. 73.
  22. ^ Rosser (2001), p. 269.
  23. ^ Rosser (2001), p. 21.
  24. ^ Venning (2006), p. 316.
  25. ^ a b Kazhdan (1991), p. 90.
  26. ^ a b c Kazhdan (1991), pp. 1715–1716.
  27. ^ a b Madgearu (2016), p. 280.
  28. ^ a b Kazhdan (1991), p. 98.
  29. ^ a b c Kazhdan (1991), p. 1904.
  30. ^ Kiminas (2009), pp. 83–84.
  31. ^ a b Kiminas (2009), p. 78.
  32. ^ Kazhdan 1991, p. 1665; Rosser 2001, p. 350.
  33. ^ Kazhdan 1991, p. 1920; Kiminas 2009, pp. 83–84.
  34. ^ a b Kazhdan (1991), p. 1648.
  35. ^ a b Rosser (2001), p. 366.
  36. ^ Kazhdan (1991), p. 78.
  37. ^ Madgearu (2016), p. 281.
  38. ^ Kazhdan (1991), pp. 74, 78, 1904.
  39. ^ a b c Kiminas (2009), p. 73.
  40. ^ a b Kiminas (2009), p. 79.
  41. ^ Shukurov (2001), p. 126.
  42. ^ Kazhdan (1991), pp. 78, 1904.
  43. ^ a b c Kazhdan (1991), p. 1682.
  44. ^ a b Kiminas (2009), p. 76.
  45. ^ a b c Kazhdan (1991), pp. 1615–1616.
  46. ^ Madgearu (2016), pp. 202, 216, 280.
  47. ^ Fine (1994), p. 129.
  48. ^ a b c Madgearu (2016), p. 279.
  49. ^ Rosser 2001, p. 358; Venning 2006, p. 584; Mihajlovski 2006, p. 525; Madgearu 2016, p. 280.
  50. ^ Venning (2006), p. 584.
  51. ^ Madgearu (2016), pp. 240, 279–280.
  52. ^ Madgearu (2016), p. 243: "Through his father-in-law, Rostislav Mihailovič, Michael Asan sued for peace. That was granted to him at a high cost: the peace concluded in the camp of the Byzantine army on the Regina (Ergene) river bank in June 1256 gave Tzepaina to Theodore II Laskaris, even though the Nicaeans had not been able to conquer it. Besides George Akropolites, the details of the peace treaty are known from the emperor’s letter announcing the recuperation, without any battle, of strong fort of Tzepaina. The emperor’s letter describes the Bulgarian-Nicaean frontier as leaving Philippopolis and Sofia to Bulgaria, while the Vardar valley with the cities of Velbužd, Vrania and Skopion was now under Nicaean control. In reality, however, the region between Velbužd and Skopion was not occupied by the Nicaeans, but remained under Bulgarian authority until Serbia conquered it in 1282."
  53. ^ Kazhdan (1991), p. 1882.
  54. ^ Korobeinikov (2014), p. 222.
  55. ^ Venning (2006), p. 591.
  56. ^ Kazhdan 1991, pp. 423–424; Rosser 2001, p. 77.
  57. ^ Kiminas (2009), p. 83.
  58. ^ Venning (2006), p. 595.
  59. ^ a b Kiminas (2009), p. 67.
  60. ^ Heslop (2020), p. 272.
  61. ^ Kazhdan 1991, p. 1933; Madgearu 2016, p. 250.
  62. ^ Kazhdan (1991), p. 1342.
  63. ^ a b Thonemann (2011), pp. 1–4.
  64. ^ Kazhdan 1991, p. 1912; Venning 2006, p. 618.
  65. ^ Kazhdan (1991), p. 1373.
  66. ^ Venning (2006), p. 630.
  67. ^ Nicol (1993), p. 124.
  68. ^ Herda et al. (2019), p. 64.
  69. ^ a b Rosser (2001), p. 250.
  70. ^ Fine (1994), p. 229.
  71. ^ Foss (1979), p. 144.
  72. ^ Kazhdan (1991), p. 1672.
  73. ^ Kiminas (2009), p. 81.
  74. ^ Kiminas (2009), pp. 69, 75.
  75. ^ Kazhdan (1991), p. 1920.
  76. ^ Shaw (1997), p. 14.
  77. ^ Nicol (1993), p. 145.
  78. ^ Herda et al. (2019), p. 41.
  79. ^ Rosser (2001), pp. 77, 350.
  80. ^ Fine 1994, p. 273; Venning 2006, p. 651.
  81. ^ Venning (2006), p. 652.
  82. ^ Fine (1994), p. 274.
  83. ^ a b Kazhdan (1991), p. 1665.
  84. ^ Venning (2006), p. 656.
  85. ^ Kazhdan (1991), p. 1881.
  86. ^ Kazhdan 1991, pp. 423–424; Rosser 2001, pp. 77, 350.
  87. ^ Necipoglu (2009), p. 25.
  88. ^ Fine (1994), p. 326.
  89. ^ Luttrell (1986), p. 107.
  90. ^ Kiminas (2009), p. 64.
  91. ^ Kiminas (2009), p. 56.
  92. ^ Venning (2006), p. 677.
  93. ^ Fine 1994, p. 423; Venning 2006, p. 677.
  94. ^ Venning (2006), p. xx: "it was for a long time believed that the Ottoman Turks must have captured the city of Adrianople in 1362, only eight years after their capture of Gallipoli in 1354, although no chronicle or history supplies a precise date. A poem composed in Adrianople around 1366, however, clearly indicates that the city was still in Byzantine hands at that time, so that 1369 now seems a more likely date"
  95. ^ Fine 1994, p. 407; Venning 2006, p. 683.
  96. ^ Luttrell (1986), p. 110.
  97. ^ Necipoglu (2009), p. 39.
  98. ^ a b Kazhdan (1991), p. 532.
  99. ^ Rosser (2001), p. 196.
  100. ^ Fine (1994), p. 423.
  101. ^ Venning 2006, pp. 699–700; Necipoglu 2009, p. 33.
  102. ^ Kazhdan (1991), pp. 1597–1598.
  103. ^ Kiminas (2009), p. 55.
  104. ^ Kiminas (2009), p. 65.
  105. ^ Venning (2006), p. 726.

Bibliography

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  • Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press.
  • Foss, Clive (1979). Ephesus After Antiquity: A Late Antique, Byzantine, and Turkish City. Cambridge University Press.
  • Herda, Alexander; Brückner, Helmut; Müllenhoff, Marc; Knipping, Maria (2019). "From the Gulf of Latmos to Lake Bafa: On the History, Geoarchaeology, and Palynology of the Lower Maeander Valley at the Foot of the Latmos Mountains". Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. 88 (1): 1–86.
  • Heslop, Michael (2020). Medieval Greece: Encounters Between Latins, Greeks and Others in the Dodecanese and the Mani. Routledge.
  • Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium.
  • Kiminas, Demetrius (2009). The Ecumenical Patriarchate: A History of Its Metropolitanates with Annotated Hierarch Catalogs. Wildside Press LLC.
  • Korobeinikov, Dimitri (2014). Byzantium and the Turks in the Thirteenth Century. Oxford University Press.
  • Luttrell, Anthony (1986). "John V's Daughters: A Palaiologan Puzzle". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 40. Dumbarton Oaks: 103–112.
  • Madgearu, Alexandru (2016). The Asanids: The Political and Military History of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185-1280). Brill.
  • Mihajlovski, Robert (2006). "Three Byzantine Lead Seals from Devolgrad (Ancient Audaristos) near Stobi". In John Burke; Ursula Betka; Penelope Buckley; Kathleen Hay; Roger Scott; Andrew Stephenson (eds.). Byzantine Narrative: Papers in honour of Roger Scot. BRILL.
  • Necipoglu, Nevra (2009). Byzantium between the Ottomans and the Latins: Politics and Society in the Late Empire. Cambridge University Press.
  • Nicol, Donald M. (1993). The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453 (Second ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Nicholson, Oliver, ed. (2018). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press.
  • Rosser, John H. (2001). Historical Dictionary of Byzantium. Scarecrow Press.
  • Shaw, Stanford J. (1997). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 1, Empire of the Gazis. Cambridge University Press.
  • Shukurov, Rustam (2001). "The enigma of David Grand Komnenos". Mésogeios. 12: 125–136.
  • Thonemann, Peter (2011). The Maeander Valley: A Historical Geography from Antiquity to Byzantium. Cambridge University Press.
  • Venning, Timothy, ed. (2006). A Chronology of the Byzantine Empire. Palgrave Macmillan.