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User:Programmeruser/HelpIPAFuzhou dialect

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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Taiwanese Hokkien (also called Taiwanese) pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

Note that the Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ) applied in this page is Ernest Tipson's version, while Chinese Examples are pronounced with literary reading with Taiwanese Romanization System (TL) spelling in default unless specified.

Consonants

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Consonants
IPA BUC FTS Phonetic Symbols Chinese Example English approximation
p p 布 (pòo) span
ph 普 (phóo) pan
b b 明 (bîng) timber [a]
m m- 媽 (má) moon
am, om, im , 暗 (àm), 參 (som)[b], 心 (sim) rim
t t 端 (tuan) stop
th 透 (thò) top
l l 來 (lâi) lime [c]
n n 泥 (nî) noon
-n ㄣ, ㄢ 因 (in), 安 (an)
k k 見 (kiàn) skin
kh 溪 (khe) kin
g g 義 (gī) finger [a]
ŋ ng- 吳 (ngôo) singer
eng, ang, ong ing, ang, ong ㄥ, ㄤ, 櫻 (ing), 幫 (pang), 王 (ông) song
h h 曉 (hiáu) hit
ʔ 影 (íng, [ʔiə̯ŋ˥˩]) uh-oh
t͡s ch [d] ts 走 (tsáu) cats, usually retracted in most cases
t͡ɕ 精 (tsing) like itchy, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).[e]
t͡sʰ chh [d] tsh 菜 (tshài) cats
t͡ɕʰ 市 (tshī) like cheap, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized).[e]
s s 三 (sam) same
ɕ 審 (sím) like sheep, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized).[e]
d͡z j 熱 (jua̍h) pads [f]
z zoo [g]
d͡ʑ 日 (ji̍t) like jeep, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).[f][e]
ʑ like zip, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).[g][e]
Note: Alveolo-palatal consonants ([t͡ɕ], [t͡ɕʰ], [ɕ], and [d͡ʑ / ʑ]) always precede [i] ⟨i / e⟩ as ⟨chi (tsi) / che⟩, ⟨chhi (tshi) / chhe⟩, ⟨si / se⟩, and ⟨ji⟩.
Syllabic consonants
-m 姆 (ḿ) rhythm
ŋ̍ -ng 光 (kng)[h] song [i]
Stop consonant finals
-p 合 (ha̍p) like sip, but no audible release; apt
-t 七 (tshit) like sit, but no audible release
-k 角 (kak) like sick, but no audible release
ʔ -h 桌 (toh) uh-oh

Vowels

[edit]
Vowels
IPA POJ TL Phonetic Symbols Chinese Example English approximation
a a 鴨 (ah) father
e e 家 (ke) day
ɤ o o/or[j] 高 (kor) Roughly like bird [k]
o o 高 (ko) snow [l]
ɔ [m] oo 烏 (oo) thought
ong, om,
op, ok
, ,
,
福 (hok)
i i [n] 一 (it) see [o]
u u 武 (bú) shoe [p]
Diphthongs
ai̯ ai 愛 (ài) fight [o]
au̯ au 交 (kau) out [p]
i̯a ia ㄧㄚ 射 (s) Russia
i̯ɛ ian, iat ㄧㄢ, ㄧㄚ 電 (tn), 結 (kiat) yes [q]
iə̯ eng, ek ing, ik ㄧㄥ, ㄧ 英 (ing), 色 (sik) eon [r][k]
i̯ə io ior ㄧㄜ 腰 (ior)[k]
i̯o io ㄧㄛ 腰 (io)[l] Leo
i̯ɔ iong, iok , ㄧ 中 (tiong), 欲 (io̍k) kiosk
i̯u iu ㄧㄨ 手 (tsh) dew
u̯a oa ua ㄨㄚ 化 (h) like quality
u̯e oe ue 尾 (b)[b] question
u̯i ui ㄨㄧ 水 (s) we
Triphthongs
i̯au̯ iau ㄧㄠ 妖 (iau) meow [o][p]
u̯ai̯ oai uai ㄨㄞ 怪 (kuài) quiet [o]
Nasal vowels
◌̃ m, n, ng , ㄋ, 鰻 (m), 梁 (n), 迎 (ng) Nasalized vowel(s) [s]
ã an ann 衫 (sann) like naive; nasalized [a]
en enn 青 (tsenn)[b] like next; nasalized [e] [t]
ĩ in inn [n] 圓 (înn) like niece; nasalized [i]
ɔ̃ on onn 否 (hónn) French: son; nasalized [ɔ]
ãĩ̯ ain ainn 載 (tsáinn) like nine; nasalized [ai̯]
ĩ̯ã ian iann 兄 (hiann) roughly like civilian; nasalized [i̯a]
ĩ̯ũ iun iunn 羊 (iûnn)[h] like nuance; nasalized [i̯u] [u]
ũ̯ã oan uann 官 (kuann) roughly like wander nasalized [u̯a]
ũ̯ĩ uin uinn 快 (khuìnn)[h] roughly like twin; nasalized [u̯i]
ĩ̯ãũ̯ iaun iaunn 喓 (iaunn) like meow; nasalized [i̯au̯]
ũ̯ãĩ̯ oain uainn 關 (kuainn)[b] roughly like wine; nasalized [u̯ai̯] [v]
Note: ⟨◌n⟩ in POJ is sometimes written as ⟨◌N⟩ when superscript ⟨n⟩ is not supported.

Tones

[edit]
Tones
Tone
Number
IPA
(WP)
POJ TL Phonetic Symbols Chinese Example Dialect values (IPA)
Kaohsiung Taipei Lukang
0 ◌--a (āu--ji̍t) (varying)
1 ˦ a [˥] 55 [˦] 44 [˧] 33
2 ˥˩ á ˋ [˥˩] 51 [˥˧] 53 [˥] 55
3 ˧˩ à ˪ [˧˩] 31 [˨˩] 21 [˧˩] 31
4 ʔ˧˨ a◌ [˧] 3 [˨] 2 [˥] 5
5 ˨˦ â ˊ [˨˦] 24
6 ˨ ǎ ˋ [˨] 22
7 ˧ ā ˫ [˧] 33 [˧˩] 31
8 ʔ˦ a̍◌ ◌˙ [˥] 5 [˦] 4 [˧˥] 35
9 ˧˥ [˧˥] 35
Note: ◌ can be any of the four stop consonant finals in Taiwanese as listed in the above.

Notes

  1. ^ a b [b] and [g] are sometimes transcribed as [] and [] respectively.
  2. ^ a b c d In Taiwanese Chiang-chiu accent.
  3. ^ In most varieties of Hokkien, /l/ is pronounced as an alveolar tap [ɾ]. Although the IPA symbol ⟨l⟩ represents a lateral approximants, ⟨l⟩ is widely used instead of ⟨ɾ⟩ in broad transcriptions of Hokkien.
  4. ^ a b In some POJ variants, ch and chh are written as ⟨ts⟩ and ⟨tsh⟩ respectively.
  5. ^ a b c d e [t͡ɕ], [t͡ɕʰ], [ɕ], and [ʑ] are pronounced as [t͡s], [t͡sʰ], [s], and [z] in some accents.
  6. ^ a b [d͡z] and [d͡ʑ] are used in Taiwanese Choân-chiu accent; they are pronounced as [l] in some sub-accents.
  7. ^ a b [z] and [ʑ] is used in Taiwanese Chiang-chiu accent, while [ʑ] is pronounced as [g] mainly in Taiwanese Hok-Ló-Kheh [zh] sub-accents.
  8. ^ a b c In Taiwanese Choan-chiu accent.
  9. ^ ⟨-ng⟩ [ŋ̍] is pronounced as [ũĩ] mainly in Taiwanese Chiang-chiu accent.
  10. ^ ⟨o⟩ in TL can present both southern accent and northern accent, while ⟨or⟩ in TL is used to specify southern accent for differentiation.
  11. ^ a b c ⟨or⟩ [ɤ], also transcribed as [ə], is used in Taiwanese southern accent and sometimes transcribed as [ɤ].
  12. ^ a b ⟨o⟩ [o] is used in Taiwanese northern accent.
  13. ^ ⟨o͘⟩ [ɔ] is sometimes written as ⟨ou⟩ in POJ as the dot is barely visible for readers.
  14. ^ a b In horizontal writing, it might be written in 90 degrees rotated.
  15. ^ a b c d [] can be transcribed as [ɪ] in ⟨-ai, -ia, -io, -iau⟩.
  16. ^ a b c [] can be transcribed as [ʊ] in ⟨-au
  17. ^ ⟨ian⟩ is pronounced as either [i̯ɛn], [ɛn], or [en] depending on accents.
    ⟨iat⟩ is pronounced as either [i̯ɛt̚], [ɛt̚], or [et̚] depending on accents.
  18. ^ ⟨ing⟩ is pronounced as either [iə̯ŋ], [] or [], depending on accents.
    ⟨ik⟩ is pronounced as either [iə̯k̚], [ik̚] or [ek̚] depending on accents.
  19. ^ The combination of a nasal consonant preceding vowel(s) represents nasal vowel(s) due to a natural process of assimilation.
  20. ^ Cite error: The named reference cchiu was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  21. ^ [ĩ̯ũ] is only used in Choân-chiu accent.
  22. ^ [ũ̯ãĩ̯] is pronounced as [ũ̯ĩ], [ũ̯ã], and [u̯ai̯] mainly in Taiwanese Choân-chiu accent.

References

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  • "Tai-Hoa Dictionary". Peh-oe-ji Tai-gu-bun Bang-cham - Written Taiwanese Southern-Min.
  • "Dictionary for Common Vocabulary in Taiwanese Hokkien". Ministry of Education (Taiwan).
  • "Taiwanese Hokkien Romanization and Pronunciation Learning Network". National Taichung University of Education.

See also

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