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User:Steve Quinn/Plas lens

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The Plasmonic Lens is intended to manipulate and focus stimulated surface plasmon polaritons (SPP), resulting in a focus beyond the limitations of conventional lenses. This limitation is known as the diffraction limit and the experimental plasmonic lens is intended to produce image details that are not possible with conventional lenses, below the diffraction limit. These image details are intended to be available at wavelengths smaller than the wavelength of visible light. Another name for this result is "subwavelength imaging". Hence, the physical resolution limit can be overcome with this method. SPPs have been extensively studied, and are produced when light interacts with evanescent waves in the near field interface of conjoined metal and dielectric materials. Its intended uses are focusing, imaging, light beam shaping, subwavelength optics, subwavelength light wave guiding, novel optical and magneto-optic data storage, light generation, microscopy, biophotonics, biological molecule sensors, and solar cells, as well as other applications. [1][2][3][4]

Surface plasmon polaritons

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Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) have been studied extensively, and became important to the surface sciences after the pioneering results produced by R.H. Ritchie, reported in 1957.[5][6][1]

Overview

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When focusing by means of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs), some plasmonic lenses utilize extraordinary transmission. This is accomplished with nanoscale slits, periodically patterned within an ultra-thin metal film. The edge of each slit becomes points of multiple sources, where light can couple with the SPPs. The SPPs are excited by the incoming light. Various wavelengths of light couple with the SPPs with only a single sample.

The resolution of almost all conventional optical systems are governed by the diffraction limit. The evanescent components of an illuminated object can be focused in the near-field region, below the diffraction limit. This allows them to break the conventional barrier of the diffraction limit, and leads to the formation of concentrated light spots at nanometer (sub-wavelength) scales.[2][3][4][7]

Utilizing negative index materials

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The theoretical perfect lens, and the experimentally realized super lens and hyperlens, are types of plasmonic lenses.

The concept of a “perfect lens” was first proposed by John Pendry in 2000 which centered on applying a negative index material. When permittivity and magnetic permeability both have the correct values of -1, then the negative refractive index material becomes a perfect lens. Because of the dispersion and absorption in the materials, the conditions of permittivity equaling -1 and permeability equaling -1 is problematic for the natural materials.[3][8][9]

Superlens

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Hence, although the perfect lens may not exist, the superlens which can provide higher resolution beyond the diffraction limit has been proved. The superlens was analyzed in 2003 and proved by Xiang Zhang's research group in 2005 [10][11] and researched by other groups as well. [3][12]

Because the electric and magnetic responses (permittivity and permeability) of the materials were decoupled in the near field, only the permittivity needs to be considered for the desired electromagnetic radiation. This makes noble metals such as silver natural candidates for optical superlensing, and Zhang's group chose silver. Hence, by employing enhanced transmission, and appropriate interaction with surface plasmons, the superlensing effect was produced. Yet, the images imaged by the superlens are the same size as the objects. Hence, there is no working distance. Further work led to the hyperlens. [3][10]

Nano-optics

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Nanoscale metallic structures

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Two approaches to tuning methods for the purpose of phase modulation are presented. These are called "depth tuning" and "width tuning".

Depth-tuned structures have three types of plasmonic slits (convex, concave, and flat/constant groove depth) with different stepped grooves. Each have been designed and fabricated to achieve efficient plasmonic focusing and focal depth modulation of the transmitted beam. One application of depth-tuned plasmonic lens is focused ion beam milling.[3][13]

References

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  1. ^ a b Barnes, William L.; Dereux, Alain; Ebbesen, Thomas W. (2003). "Surface plasmon subwavelength optics" (free PDF download). Nature. 424 (6950): 824–30. doi:10.1038/nature01937. PMID 12917696.
  2. ^ a b Liu, Zhaowei; Steele, Jennifer M.; Srituravanich, Werayut; Pikus, Yuri; Sun, Cheng; Zhang, Xiang (2005). "Focusing Surface Plasmons with a Plasmonic Lens" (free PDF download). Nano Letters. 5 (9): 1726–9. doi:10.1021/nl051013j. PMID 16159213.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Fu, Yongqi; Wang, Jun; Zhang, Daohua (2012). "Plasmonics - Principles and Applications" (free PDF download (Google scholar)). doi:10.5772/50029. ISBN 978-953-51-0797-2. {{cite journal}}: |chapter= ignored (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help)Published: October 24, 2012 under CC BY 3.0 license
  4. ^ a b Srituravanich, Werayut; Pan, Liang; Wang, Yuan; Sun, Cheng; Bogy, David B.; Zhang, Xiang (2008). "Flying plasmonic lens in the near field for high-speed nanolithography" (Free PDF download). Nature Nanotechnology. 3 (12): 733–7. doi:10.1038/nnano.2008.303. PMID 19057593.
  5. ^ "Surface plasmon resurrection" (Free article download). Nature Photonics. 6 (11): 707. 2012. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2012.296.
  6. ^ "Perspective on plasmonics" (Free article download). Nature Photonics. 6 (11): 714. 2012. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2012.275.
  7. ^ Verslegers, Lieven; Catrysse, Peter B.; Yu, Zongfu; White, Justin S.; Barnard, Edward S.; Brongersma, Mark L.; Fan, Shanhui (2009). "Planar Lenses Based on Nanoscale Slit Arrays in a Metallic Film" (Free PDF download). Nano Letters. 9 (1): 235–8. doi:10.1021/nl802830y. PMID 19053795.
  8. ^ Pendry, J. B. (2000). "Negative Refraction Makes a Perfect Lens" (Free PDF download). Physical Review Letters. 85 (18): 3966–9. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.3966. PMID 11041972. Retrieved 2013-07-12.
  9. ^ Pendry, J.B.; Ramakrishna, S.Anantha (2003). "Refining the perfect lens" (Free PDF download). Physica B: Condensed Matter. 338: 329. doi:10.1016/j.physb.2003.08.014. Retrieved 2013-07-12.
  10. ^ a b Zhang Superlens research:
    • N. Fang, X. Zhang, “. Imaging, of. a. properties, superlens”. metamaterial, Appl, Phys. Lett. 82(2), 161 EOF(2003)
    • N. Fang, H. Lee, C. Sun and X. Zhang, “Sub-Diffraction-Limited Optical Imaging with a Silver Superlens”, Science 308, 534-537 (2005)
  11. ^ Zhang lab. UC Berkley. 2013.
  12. ^ Other groups research:
    • D.O.S. Melville, R.J. Blaike, C.R. Wolf, “Submicron imaging with a planar silver lens”, Appl.Phys. Lett. 84(22), 4403 EOF4405 EOF (2007)
    • Salandrino, N. Engheta, “. Far-field, Optical. Subdiffraction, Using. Microscopy, Crystals. Metamaterial, Theory, Phys. Simulations”, Rev. B 74, 075103 EOF (2006)
    • W. Nomura, M. Ohtsu, T. Yatsui, “. Nanodot, with. a. coupler, plasmon. surface, condenser. polariton, optical. for, conversion”. far/near-field, Appl, Phys. Lett. 86, 181108 EOF (2005)
    • Feng. A. Liang, Tetz. Kevin, Slutsky. Boris, Lomakin. Vitaliy, Fainman. “. Yeshaiahu, plasmonics. Fourier, focusing. diffractive, in-plane. of, plasmon. surface, waves”. polariton, Appl, Phys. Lett. 91, 081101 EOF (2007)
    • Z. Liu, H. Lee, Y. Xiong, C. Sun and X. Zhang, “Far-Field Optical Hyperlens Magnifying Sub-Diffraction-Limited Object”, Science 315, 1686 (2007)
    • A. V. Zayats, I. I. Smolyaninov, A. A. Maradudin, “. Nano-optics, surface. of, polaritons”. plasmon, Phys, Rep. 408, 131 EOF314 EOF (2005)
    • L. Zhou, C. T. Chan, “. Relaxation, in. mechanisms, metamaterial. three-dimensional, focusing”. lens, Opt, Lett. 30, 1812 EOF4 EOF (2005)
  13. ^ Depth tuning:
    • H. F. Shi, C. T. Wang, C. L. Du, X. G. Luo, X. C. Dong, and H. T. Gao, "Beam manipulating by metallic nano-slits with variant widths," Opt. Express 13, 6815-6820 (2005)
    • Avner Yanai and Uriel Levy, “The role of short and long range surface plasmons for plasmonic focusing applications”, Opt. Express 17, 162009
    • M. H. Wong, C. D. Sarris, and G. V. Eleftheriades, “Metallic Transmission Screen For Sub-Wavelength Focusing”, Electronics Letters, 43, 1402-1404,(2007).
    • Yongqi Fu, Wei Zhou, Lennie E.N. Lim, Chunlei Du, Haofei Shi, Changtao Wang, “Geometrical characterization issues of plasmonic nanostructures with depth-tuned grooves for beam shaping”. Opt. Eng. 45, 108001 EOF (2006)

Further reading

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