浪人

Chinese

		wave; breaker; unrestrained wave; breaker; unrestrained; dissipated	man; person; people
simp. and trad. (浪人)		浪	人

Etymology

Attested earliest in Qimin Yaoshu (Essential Techniques for the Welfare of the People) [1]:

摘瓜法：在步道上，引手而取；勿聽浪人踏瓜蔓，及翻覆之。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]

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摘瓜法：在步道上，引手而取；勿听浪人踏瓜蔓，及翻覆之。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]

From: 544 CE, Jia Sixie, Qimin Yaoshu

Zhāiguā fǎ: zài bùdào shàng, yǐn shǒu ér qǔ; wù tīng làngrén tà guāmàn, jí fānfù zhī. [Pinyin]

How to pluck melons: on the footpath, reach out one's hands and take them; do not allow drifters to trample the melon-vines and toss and turn them [melons].

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): làngrén

  (Zhuyin): ㄌㄤˋ ㄖㄣˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): long⁶ jan⁴

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: làngrén
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄤˋ ㄖㄣˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: làngrén
    • Wade–Giles: lang⁴-jên²
    • Yale: làng-rén
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lanqren
    • Palladius: ланжэнь (lanžɛnʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɑŋ⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: long⁶ jan⁴
    • Yale: lohng yàhn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: long⁶ jan⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: long⁶ yen⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɔːŋ²² jɐn²¹/

Nomen

浪人

1. hobo; vagabond
2. ruffian
3. Japanese ronin
4. (colloquial) lewd person; lecher

Synonyms

• (lecher):

Dialectal synonyms of 色鬼 (“lecher”) [map]

Variety	Standort	Words edit
Classical Chinese		登徒子
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		色鬼, 色狼, 好色之徒
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	色迷, 色毛, 色迷鬼兒, 迷瞪鬼兒, 色坯子
	Taiwan	色鬼, 色狼
	Harbin	羊扒子
	Singapur	色狼
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	色迷
Cantonese	Guangzhou	鹹濕佬, 鹹濕鬼, 鹹蟲, 雞蟲, 麻甩佬, 色狼, 生雞
	Hongkong	鹹濕佬, 鹹濕仔, 鹹濕鬼, 狗公, 鹹蟲, 淫蟲, 色狼
	Kaiping (Chikan)	鹹濕佬
	Dongguan	鹹濕佬, 毛騷佬, 鹹蟲, 生雞精, 麻甩佬
	Nanning	鹹濕公, 扒灰佬
	Ipoh (Guangfu)	鹹濕鬼
	Singapore (Guangfu)	鹹濕佬
Hakka	Meixian	沙鬼, 沙骨頭, 色鬼, 鹹濕鬼
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	鹹濕佬, 豺牯, 豺牯佬, 豺鬼, 生雞頭
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	豬哥
	Miaoli (Gongguan; N. Sixian)	豬哥
	Miaoli (Zhuolan; N. Sixian)	豬哥
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	豬哥
	Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian)	豬哥
	Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian)	豬哥仔
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	豬哥, 豬哥仙, 痴哥牯, 騷牯
	Miaoli (Zhuolan; Raoping)	豬哥
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	豬哥
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	豬哥
Southern Min	Xiamen	豬哥, 痴哥, 五枝鬚, 痟狗, 臭臊神, 豬哥神
	Quanzhou	豬哥, 五枝鬚, 臭臊神, 豬哥神
	Zhangzhou	豬哥, 五枝鬚, 痟狗, 臭臊神, 豬哥神
	Kaohsiung	不死鬼, 豬哥, 痴哥
	Tainan	豬哥, 痴哥, 痟狗
	Singapore (Hokkien)	痴哥伯, 豬哥
	Manila (Hokkien)	豬哥
	Shantou	痴哥伯, 痴哥鬼
	Shantou (Chenghai)	痴哥伯, 痴哥鬼
	Nan'ao (Houzhai)	痴哥伯, 痴哥鬼
	Nan'ao (Yun'ao)	痴哥伯, 痴哥鬼
	Jieyang	痴哥鱉
	Haifeng	豬哥, 豬哥伯, 利痴哥
	Singapore (Teochew)	痴哥伯
	Leizhou	白鼻
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	鹹濕公, 鹹濕佬
Wu	Shanghai	騷卵

Japanese

Kanji in this term
浪	人
ろう Grade: S	にん Grade: 1
on'yomi

Etymology

From Middle Chinese compound 浪人 (lang nyin, literally “wasteful or reckless person”). Compare modern Mandarin reading làngrén.

Originally referred to someone who had no fixed residence. Used in the context of the Ritsuryō legal system of Nara and Heian period Japan to refer to someone who had intentionally left their registered residence in order to avoid tax liabilities and corvee labor requirements. Later in the Muromachi period, came to refer to samurai who had left or lost their lords. This meaning was extended in more recent times to refer to potentially anyone who was not employed, and then again to refer to high-school graduates who have failed the annual university entrance exams and are studying for the next year's exams.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) ろーにん [ròóníń] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [ɾo̞ːɲ̟ĩɴ]

Nomen

浪(ろう)人(にん) • (rōnin) ^{←らうにん (raunin)?}

1. a masterless samurai
2. a vagrant, a vagabond, a wanderer
   • 1177–1188: Iroha Jiruishō:

     浪（ラウ）人

3. someone in exile
   • 1603–1604, Nippo Jisho, page 541:

     Rǒnin. ラゥニン (牢人) 追放された人.

   More specifically spelled 牢人.

4. a prisoner

   More specifically spelled 牢人.

5. someone who has been laid off oder fired, an unemployed person
   • 1682: 好色一代男 (page 70)

     罷出たるは此あたり八百八祢宜の子共、諸方の浪人友噪ぎにして、かざえ扇は、何しのぶぞかし。

   • 1686: 好色一代女 (page 363)

     「こなたは御牢人衆なるが、御奉公済ざるうちは、折ふし気慰に御入あるべし。」

   • 1686: 好色一代女 (page 437)

     「京の石垣くづれなりと、さる御牢人衆の娘御なりと、新町で天神して居た女郎の果なりと、おまえへさまも見しらしやつて御ざんす事も」と

6. a student who failed the annual university entrance exams and is waiting to take them again: 浪人生 (​rōninsei)

Synonyms

• (wanderer): 流浪人(るろうにん) (rurōnin), 流浪者(るろうしゃ) (rurōsha)
• (unemployed person): 失業者(しつぎょうしゃ) (shitsugyōsha)
• (exile, prisoner): 牢者(ろうしゃ) (rōsha)

Derived terms

• 浪人生(ろうにんせい) (rōninsei): a student who failed the annual university entrance exams and is waiting to take them again

Verb

浪(ろう)人(にん)する • (rōnin suru) ^{←らうにん (raunin)?}suru (stem 浪(ろう)人(にん)し (rōnin shi), past 浪(ろう)人(にん)した (rōnin shita))

1. to become unemployed, to lose one's job
2. (archaic) to lose one's master
3. to study for the following year's annual university entrance exams after failing

Conjugation

Conjugation of "浪人する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	浪人し	ろうにんし	rōnin shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	浪人し	ろうにんし	rōnin shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	浪人する	ろうにんする	rōnin suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	浪人する	ろうにんする	rōnin suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	浪人すれ	ろうにんすれ	rōnin sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	浪人せよ¹ 浪人しろ²	ろうにんせよ¹ ろうにんしろ²	rōnin seyo¹ rōnin shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	浪人される	ろうにんされる	rōnin sareru
Causative	浪人させる 浪人さす	ろうにんさせる ろうにんさす	rōnin saseru rōnin sasu
Potential	浪人できる	ろうにんできる	rōnin dekiru
Volitional	浪人しよう	ろうにんしよう	rōnin shiyō
Negative	浪人しない	ろうにんしない	rōnin shinai
Negative continuative	浪人せず	ろうにんせず	rōnin sezu
Formal	浪人します	ろうにんします	rōnin shimasu
Perfective	浪人した	ろうにんした	rōnin shita
Conjunctive	浪人して	ろうにんして	rōnin shite
Hypothetical conditional	浪人すれば	ろうにんすれば	rōnin sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Synonyms

• (become unemployed): 失業(しつぎょう) (shitsugyō)

Korean

Hanja in this term
浪	人

Nomen

浪人 • (nang'in) (hangeul 낭인)

1. hanja form^? of 낭인 (“vagabond; ronin”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
浪	人

Nomen

浪人

1. chữ Hán form of lãng nhân (“ronin”).