聞く
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Japanese
[edit]Kanji in this term |
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聞 |
き Grade: 2 |
kun'yomi |
Alternative spellings |
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聴く 訊く |
Etymology
[edit]From Old Japanese. First appears in the Kojiki of 712 CE in its 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis form”), spelled in phonetic man'yōgana as 岐加受 (kikazu).[1][2] Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *kiku.
Cognates
In the Ryukyuan branch of Japonic, cognate with Kikai 聞きゅい (kikyui), Kunigami 聞ちゅん (hichun, shichun), Miyako 聞きぃ (ksïksï), Northern Amami Ōshima 聞きゅり (kikyuri), Okinawan 聞ちゅん (chichun), Okinoerabu 聞きゅん (kikyun), Southern Amami Ōshima 聞きゅむっ (xikyum), Tokunoshima 聞き (kiki), Yaeyama 聞くん (sïkun), Yonaguni 聞ん (kkun), and Yoron 聞きゅん (kikyun).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "聞く"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
聞く | きく | [kìkú] |
Imperative (命令形) | 聞け | きけ | [kìké] |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 聞かれる | きかれる | [kìkárérú] |
Causative | 聞かせる | きかせる | [kìkásérú] |
Potential | 聞ける | きける | [kìkérú] |
Volitional | 聞こう | きこー | [kìkóꜜò] |
Negative | 聞かない | きかない | [kìkánáí] |
Negative perfective | 聞かなかった | きかなかった | [kìkánáꜜkàttà] |
Formal | 聞きます | ききます | [kìkímáꜜsù] |
Perfective | 聞いた | きいた | [kìítá] |
Conjunctive | 聞いて | きいて | [kìíté] |
Hypothetical conditional | 聞けば | きけば | [kìkéꜜbà] |
Verb
[edit]聞く • (kiku) transitive godan (stem 聞き (kiki), past 聞いた (kiita))
Japanese verb pair | |
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active | 聞く |
mediopassive | 聞こえる |
- 聞く, 聴く:[note 1] to hear, to listen
- 聞く: to obey
- 聞く, 訊く: to ask a question
- 聞く: to smell, sniff
- 1603–1604, Nippo Jisho, page 132:
- Cǒ. カゥ (香) 沈香. Cǒuo taqu. (香を炷く) 芳香を放ち薫るように沈香を焚く. Cǒuo tomuru. (香をとむる) 沈香を薫らせる, または, 着物に薫りをつける. Cǒuo qiqu. (香を聞く) 香炉で焚く沈香や加羅などの香を嗅いで, その香の品質を見る, すなわち, 鑑定する.
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
Usage notes
[edit]Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of "聞く" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 聞か | きか | kika |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 聞き | きき | kiki |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 聞く | きく | kiku |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 聞く | きく | kiku |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 聞け | きけ | kike |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 聞け | きけ | kike |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 聞かれる | きかれる | kikareru |
Causative | 聞かせる 聞かす |
きかせる きかす |
kikaseru kikasu |
Potential | 聞ける | きける | kikeru |
Volitional | 聞こう | きこう | kikō |
Negative | 聞かない | きかない | kikanai |
Negative continuative | 聞かず | きかず | kikazu |
Formal | 聞きます | ききます | kikimasu |
Perfective | 聞いた | きいた | kiita |
Conjunctive | 聞いて | きいて | kiite |
Hypothetical conditional | 聞けば | きけば | kikeba |
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Irrealis (未然形) | 聞か | きか | kika |
Continuative (連用形) | 聞き | きき | kiki |
Terminal (終止形) | 聞く | きく | kiku |
Attributive (連体形) | 聞く | きく | kiku |
Realis (已然形) | 聞け | きけ | kike |
Imperative (命令形) | 聞け | きけ | kike |
Key constructions | |||
Negative | 聞かず | きかず | kikazu |
Contrasting conjunction | 聞けど | きけど | kikedo |
Causal conjunction | 聞けば | きけば | kikeba |
Conditional conjunction | 聞かば | きかば | kikaba |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 聞きき | ききき | kikiki |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 聞きけり | ききけり | kikikeri |
Perfect tense (conscious action) | 聞きつ | ききつ | kikitu |
Perfect tense (natural event) | 聞きぬ | ききぬ | kikinu |
Perfect-continuative tense | 聞けり 聞きたり |
きけり ききたり |
kikeri kikitari |
Volitional | 聞かむ | きかむ | kikamu |
Synonyms
[edit]- (ask): 尋ねる (tazuneru)
Related terms
[edit]See also
[edit]References
[edit]- Doi, Tadao (1603–1604) Hōyaku Nippo Jisho (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 1980, →ISBN.
- ^ “聞・聴”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000
- ^ 711–712, Kojiki, poem 72:, text here
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
Kategorien:
- Japanese terms spelled with 聞 read as き
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms inherited from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese terms derived from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese verbs
- Japanese transitive verbs
- Japanese type 1 verbs
- Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji
- Japanese terms with usage examples
- Japanese terms with quotations
- ja:Hearing