Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xala
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Proto-Slavic
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Per Snoj and Trubačev, from Proto-Indo-European *ksōleh₂, *ksōlyeh₂, perhaps an action/resultant noun of *xalati (“to wear out, to rag”) + *-a or substantivized from the l-participle of Proto-Slavic *xati (“to stagger, to reel; to be concerned”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kes- (“to mow”). Trubačev further identifies this term with Etymology 2.
Nomen
[edit]*xàla f[1]
Alternative forms
[edit]Declension
[edit]Declension of *xala (hard a-stem, accent paradigm a)
singular | dual | plural | |
---|---|---|---|
nominative | *xala | *xàlě | *xàly |
genitive | *xàly | *xàlu | *xàlъ |
dative | *xàlě | *xàlama | *xàlamъ |
accusative | *xàlǫ | *xàlě | *xàly |
instrumental | *xàlojǫ, *xàlǭ** | *xàlama | *xàlamī |
locative | *xàlě | *xàlu | *xàlasъ, *xàlaxъ* |
vocative | *xàlo | *xàlě | *xàly |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]- *xalъkъ, *xalovъ ("crummy, intrusive; insolent, quarrelsome (for person)”)
- >? *xalostь ("vanity, futility”)
- *xalavъ, *xalovitъ (“avid, insatiable”) (possibly)
- *xoliti (“to tend, to care for”) (possibly)
Descendants
[edit]- East Slavic
- Belarusian: халь f (xalʹ, "rag”)
- Russian: хальё (xalʹjó, "old dress”) (dialectal)
- ⇒ Russian: хал (xal), ха́ловщина (xálovščina, "junk, worthless stuff”)
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
Further reading
[edit]- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “хал”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1981), “*xala/*xalъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 8 (*xa – *jьvьlga), Moscow: Nauka, page 12
References
[edit]- ^ Snoj, Marko (2016) “halja”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *xa̋la, *xa̋l'a”
Etymology 2
[edit]Unclear. Several proposed etymologies exist:
- Based on sense “hail, blizzard, tempest”:
- Borrowed origin: According to Iv. Georgieva,[1] from some dialectal form of Ancient Greek χάλαζα (khálaza, “hail”), likely cognate with Proto-Slavic *želdъ (“sleet”).
- Native grammatical origin: Per Brückner, related to *xalěpa (“bad weather”) (of disputed origin), *xoľavъ (“murky, muddy”). Possibly akin to Etymology 1 + Proto-Slavic *xoliti (“to indulge, to behave”) and further to Lithuanian skaláuti (“to rinse”).
- Based on sense “typhon, calamity”:
- Native or borrowed expressive origin: Per M. Bjeletić[2], from *xaliti, *xalěti (“to bash, to strike”) + *-a or from Ancient Greek χαλάω (khaláō, “to wreck havoc, to slacken”) (whence Bulgarian хало́сам (halósam, “to smack”)).
- Onomatopoeic origin: Per Iljinsky, possibly akin to semi-onomatopoeic *šalъ (“intemperate, naughty”), *šaliti (“to play pranks, to infuriate”). Favoured by Trubačev and Meljničuk (ESSJa).
- Substantivized origin: Perhaps from a substantivization of *xalavъ (“insatiable, gluttonous”), *xalъkъ (“insolent”), related to the above hypothesis.
- Based on sense “dragon” in Serbian and Macedonian:
- Recent borrowing from Ottoman Turkish: According to early Serbo-Croatian philologists,[3] South Slavic term has developed from Ottoman Turkish آلا (ala, “spotted, variegated”), euphemistic for ییلان (yılan, “snake”)[4]. Correspondances in other branches are presumably coincidental. Disputed on phonetical basis by Trubačev, Brückner, and some Serbo-Croatian linguists[5].
Skok does not exclude contamination of various sources.
Nomen
[edit]*xala f[2]
- (Slavic mythology) tempest, blizzard, hail-bringer depicted as a serpentine oder ichthyoid monster, as a stormy nebula, or personified as a witch
Declension
[edit]Declension of *xala (hard a-stem)
singular | dual | plural | |
---|---|---|---|
nominative | *xala | *xalě | *xaly |
genitive | *xaly | *xalu | *xalъ |
dative | *xalě | *xalama | *xalamъ |
accusative | *xalǫ | *xalě | *xaly |
instrumental | *xalojǫ, *xalǫ** | *xalama | *xalami |
locative | *xalě | *xalu | *xalasъ, *xalaxъ* |
vocative | *xalo | *xalě | *xaly |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
- Non-Slavic:
- → Romanian: hală ("mythical being, monster”) (regional)
References
[edit]- ^ Георгиева, Иваничка (1993) Българска народна митология (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Наука и изкуство, page 119
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Bjeletić, Marta (2004) “Јужнословенска лексика у балканском контексту. Лексичка породица именице хала”, in Balcanica[1] (in Serbo-Croatian), volume 34, →ISSN, pages 143–146
- ^ Knežević, Anton (1961) “Die Turzismen in der Sprache der Kroaten und Serben”, in Slavisch-Baltisches Seminar der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster (Westf.), volume 3
- ^ Knüppel, Michael (2009) “Zu serbo-kroatisch hȁla ∼ ȁla ‘Drache’”, in Wiener Slavistisches Jahrbuch[2] (in German), volume 55, pages 179–183
- ^ Radenković, Ljubinko (1996) “Митска бића српског народа: (Х)АЛА”, in Liceum 2, pages 11-16
Further reading
[edit]- Skok, Petar (1971) “(h)ala”, in Etimologijski rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika [Etymological Dictionary of the Croatian or Serbian Language] (in Serbo-Croatian), volumes 1 (A – J), Zagreb: JAZU, page 650
Kategorien:
- Proto-Slavic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Proto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-a
- Proto-Slavic lemmas
- Proto-Slavic nouns
- Proto-Slavic feminine nouns
- Proto-Slavic hard a-stem nouns
- Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm a
- Proto-Slavic terms borrowed from Ancient Greek
- Proto-Slavic terms derived from Ancient Greek
- sla-pro:Slavic mythology