Operasi Overlord
Operasi Overlord | |||||||
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Sebahagian daripada Barisan Barat dalam Perang Dunia II | |||||||
![]() Kapal pendarat kereta kebal, bersama belon baraj terapung di udara, memunggah bekalan ke Pantai Omaha untuk persiapan memecah keluar dari Normandy. | |||||||
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Pihak yang terlibat | |||||||
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Komandan dan pemimpin | |||||||
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Kekuatan | |||||||
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Kematian Orang Awam: |
Operasi Overlord adalah nama kod bagi Pertempuran Normandy, iaitu operasi Pihak Bersekutu yang melancarkan penyerbuan yang berjaya ke atas Barat Eropah taklukan Jerman semasa Perang Dunia II. Operasi ini telah dilancarkan pada 6 Jun 1944 dengan pendaratan Normandy (Operasi Neptune, lebih dikenali sebagai D-Day). Sejumlah 1,200-pesawat serangan payung terjun mendahului serangan amfibia yang melibatkan lebih daripada 5,000 kapal. Hampir 160,000 askar menyeberangi Selat Inggeris pada 6 Jun, dan lebih daripada dua juta askar Bersekutu berada di Perancis pada akhir bulan Ogos.
Keputusan untuk melakukan serbuan lintas selat pada tahun 1944 telah diambil dalam Persidangan Trident di Washington pada Mei 1943. Jeneral Dwight D. Eisenhower telah dilantik sebagai Panglima Markas Tertinggi Angkatan Ekspedisi Bersekutu (SHAEF), dan Jeneral Bernard Montgomery dinamakan sebagai Panglima Kumpulan Tentera Darat Ke-21, yang mengandungi semua pasukan darat yang terlibat dalam penyerbuan ini. Pantai Normandy telah dipilih sebagai lokasi penyerbuan, dengan pihak Amerika ditugaskan mendarat di sektor bernama Utah dan Omaha, pihak British di Sword dan Gold, manakala pihak Kanada di Juno. Untuk berdepan dengan keadaan yang dijangkakan di tumpuan pantai Normandy, teknologi khas telah dibangunkan, seperti dua pelabuhan tiruan yang dipanggil pelabuhan Mulberry dan barisan kereta kebal khusus yang diberi nama Hobart's Funnies. Berbulan-bulan sebelum penyerbuan itu, pihak Sekutu menjalankan muslihat tentera yang besar, Operasi Bodyguard, menggunakan maklumat elektronik dan visual yang salah. Ini mengelirukan pihak Jerman tentang tarikh dan lokasi pendaratan utama Bersekutu. Adolf Hitler meletakkan Fil Marsyal Erwin Rommel memimpin pembinaan barisan kubu di sepanjang Tembok Atlantik bagi menentang penyerbuan tentera Bersekutu.
Pihak Sekutu gagal mencapai objektif hari pertama mereka, tetapi mendapat sedikit tapak dimana mereka secara perlahan-lahan berkembang setelah pelabuhan Cherbourg ditawan pada 26 Jun dan bandar Caen pada 21 Julai. Kegagalan serangan balas oleh tentera Jerman pada 8 Ogos menyebabkan 50,000 askar Tentera Darat Ke-7 terperangkap dalam Kelompok Falaise. Pihak Sekutu melancarkan satu penyerbuan di selatan Perancis (diberi nama kod Operasi Dragoon) pada 15 Ogos, dan diikuti Pembebasan Paris pada 25 Ogos. Tentera Jerman berundur merentasi sungai Seine pada 30 Ogos 1944, menandakan berakhirnya Operasi Overlord.
Lihat juga
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Senarai tentera Bersekutu dalam Kempen Normandy
- Pendaratan Normandy
- Pertempuran Normandy
- Operasi Dragoon
- Operasi Downfall
Nota
[sunting | sunting sumber]Nota penerangan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Around 812,000 were American and 640,000 were British and Canadian (Zetterling 2000, halaman 408).
Ralat petik: Tag <ref>
dengan nama "American casualties" yang ditentukan dalam <references>
tidak digunakan dalam teks sebelumnya.
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dengan nama "British casualties" yang ditentukan dalam <references>
tidak digunakan dalam teks sebelumnya.
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dengan nama "Rockets" yang ditentukan dalam <references>
tidak digunakan dalam teks sebelumnya.
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dengan nama "British command" yang ditentukan dalam <references>
tidak digunakan dalam teks sebelumnya.
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dengan nama "Other divisions" yang ditentukan dalam <references>
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dengan nama "tanks" yang ditentukan dalam <references>
tidak digunakan dalam teks sebelumnya.Petikan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ a b Beevor 2009, m/s. 82.
- ^ a b Williams 1988, m/s. x.
- ^ Beevor 2009, m/s. 492.
- ^ Luxembourg Army website.
- ^ Beevor 2009, m/s. 76.
- ^ Badsey 1990, m/s. 85.
- ^ Zetterling 2000, m/s. 32.
- ^ a b Shulman 2007, m/s. 192.
- ^ a b Wilmot 1997, m/s. 434.
- ^ Buckley 2006, m/s. 117–120.
- ^ Tamelander & Zetterling 2003, m/s. 341.
- ^ Tamelander & Zetterling 2003, m/s. 342.
- ^ Whitmarsh 2009, m/s. 109.
- ^ Giangreco, Moore & Polmar 2004, m/s. 252.
- ^ Tamelander & Zetterling 2003, m/s. 342–343.
- ^ Beevor 2009, m/s. 519.
- ^ Flint 2009, m/s. 336–337.
Rujukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Ambrose, Stephen (1994) [1993]. D-Day June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War II. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-67334-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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- Beevor, Antony (2012). The Second World War. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-02374-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Bickers, Richard Townshend (1994). Air War Normandy. London: Leo Cooper. ISBN 0-85052-412-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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- Brown, Anthony Cave (2007) [1975]. Bodyguard of Lies: The Extraordinary True Story Behind D-Day. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot. ISBN 978-1-59921-383-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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- Churchill, Winston (1949). Their Finest Hour. The Second World War. II. Boston; Toronto: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 396145.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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- Copp, J. Terry (2000). Montgomery's Scientists: Operational Research in Northwest Europe: The Work of No. 2 Operational Research Section with 21 Army Group, June 1944 to July 1945. Waterloo, Ontario: Laurier Centre for Military, Strategic and Disarmament Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University. ISBN 978-0-9697955-9-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Copp, J. Terry (2003). Fields of Fire: The Canadians in Normandy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-3730-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Corta, Henry (1952). Les bérets rouges [The Red Berets] (dalam bahasa French). Paris: Amicale des anciens parachutistes SAS. OCLC 8226637.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Corta, Henry (1997). Qui ose gagne [Who dares, wins] (dalam bahasa French). Vincennes, France: Service Historique de l'Armée de Terre. ISBN 978-2-86323-103-6.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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- D'Este, Carlo (2004) [1983]. Decision in Normandy: The Real Story of Montgomery and the Allied Campaign. London: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-101761-9. OCLC 44772546.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Forty, George (2004). Villers Bocage. Battle Zone Normandy. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-3012-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Ellis, L.F.; Allen, G.R.G.; Warhurst, A.E. (2004) [1962]. Butler, J.R.M (penyunting). Victory in the West, Volume I: The Battle of Normandy. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. London: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-058-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Evans, Richard J. (2008). The Third Reich At War. New York: Penguin Group. ISBN 978-0-14-311671-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Fenton, Ben (26 April 2004). "The disaster that could have scuppered Overlord". The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. Dicapai pada 16 February 2014.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Flint, Edward R (2009). The development of British civil affairs and its employment in the British Sector of Allied military operations during the Battle of Normandy, June to August 1944 (Tesis). Cranfield, Bedford: Cranfield University; Cranfield Defence and Security School, Department of Applied Science, Security and Resilience, Security and Resilience Group. OCLC 757064836.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Ford, Ken; Zaloga, Steven J (2009). Overlord: The D-Day Landings. Oxford; New York: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84603-424-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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- Gilbert, Martin (1989). The Second World War: A Complete History. New York: H. Holt. ISBN 978-0-8050-1788-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Goldstein, Donald M.; Dillon, Katherine V.; Wenger, J. Michael (1994). D-Day: The Story and Photographs. McLean, Virginia: Brassey's. ISBN 0-02-881057-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Government of Luxembourg. "Les Luxembourgeois de la "Brigade Piron"" [The Luxembourg "Brigade Piron"] (dalam bahasa French). Dicapai pada 28 March 2017.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- Hastings, Max (2006) [1985]. Overlord: D-Day and the Battle for Normandy. New York: Vintage. ISBN 0-307-27571-X.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Horn, Bernd (2010). Men of Steel: Canadian Paratroopers in Normandy, 1944. Toronto, CA: Dundurn Press. ISBN 978-1-55488-708-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Hughes, Thomas Alexander (2010). Overlord: General Pete Quesada and the Triumph of Tactical A. New York City, NY: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 1-43911-853-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Shulman, Milton (2007) [1947]. Defeat in the West. Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger. ISBN 0-548-43948-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Stacey, C.P. (1948). The Canadian Army 1939–45: A Historical Summary. Ottawa: Published by Authority of the Minister of National Defence.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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has extra text (bantuan)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) - Tamelander, Michael; Zetterling, Niklas (2003) [1995]. Avgörandets Ögonblick: Invasionen i Normandie [Determining the Decisive Moments: The Invasion of Normandy] (dalam bahasa Swedish). Stockholm: Norstedts. ISBN 978-91-1-301204-9.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- US Department of the Navy, Naval History and Heritage Command. "D-Day, the Normandy Invasion, 6 – 25 June 1944". Frequently asked questions. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2010-11-24. Dicapai pada 30 March 2017.
- Weinberg, Gerhard (1995) [1993]. A World At Arms: A Global History of World War II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-55879-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Whitmarsh, Andrew (2009). D-Day in Photographs. Stroud: History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-5095-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Williams, Jeffery (1988). The Long Left Flank: The Hard Fought Way to the Reich, 1944–1945. Toronto: Stoddart. ISBN 0-7737-2194-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Wilmot, Chester (1997) [1952]. The Struggle For Europe. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions. ISBN 1-85326-677-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Zaloga, Steven J (2013). The Devil's Garden: Rommel's Desperate Defense of Omaha Beach on D-Day. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-1228-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Zaloga, Steven J (2015). Armored Champion: The Top Tanks of World War II. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-6113-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Zetterling, Niklas (2000). Normandy 1944: German Military Organisation, Combat Power and Organizational Effectiveness. Winnipeg: J.J. Fedorowicz. ISBN 0-921991-56-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Zuehlke, Mark (2004). Juno Beach: Canada's D-Day Victory: June 6, 1944. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 1-55365-050-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Bacaan lanjut
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Ambrose, Stephen E. (1969). The Supreme Commander: The War Years of General Dwight D. Eisenhower. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. OCLC 660826327.
- Foot, M. R. D. (1984). SOE: An Outline History of the Special Operations Executive 1940–1946. London: BBC Publications. ISBN 978-0-563-20193-9.
- Keegan, John (1982). Six Armies in Normandy. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-005293-0.
- Montgomery, Bernard (1946). Normandy to the Baltic. London: Hutchinson. OCLC 637320842.
- Neillands, Robin (2002). The Battle of Normandy, 1944. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-35837-3.
- Pogue, Forrest C. (1954). "Chapter XIV: The Pursuit Stops Short of the Rhine". United States Army in World War II: European Theater of Operations: The Supreme Command. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. LCCN 53-61717.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Ryan, Cornelius (1959). The Longest Day: June 6, 1944. New York: Simon & Schuster. OCLC 1175409.
- Whitlock, Flint (2004). The Fighting First: The Untold Story of The Big Red One on D-Day. Boulder: Westview. ISBN 978-0-8133-4218-4.
- Zaloga, Steven (2001). Operation Cobra 1944: Breakout from Normandy. Osprey Campaign Series #88. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84176-296-8.
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- Ambrose, Stephen (5 June 1994). "D-Day: June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War II". Booknotes. C-SPAN. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (Video of interview) pada 2016-09-07. Dicapai pada 2017-11-18.
- Churchill, Winston (21 October 1940). "Dieu Protege (sic) la France" (Transcript of speech). London: The Churchill Society.
- Leighton, Richard M. (2000) [1960]. "Overlord Versus the Mediterranean at the Cairo-Tehran Conferences". Dalam Greenfield, Kent Roberts (penyunting). Command Decisions. Washington: United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 70-7. Unknown parameter
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ignored (bantuan) - "World War II: D-Day, The Invasion of Normandy". Eisenhower Presidential Center. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2019-06-05. Dicapai pada 2017-11-18.
- "Operations:D-Day and the Normandy Campaign". Democracy: Canadian Newspapers and the Second World War. Canadian War Museum. 19 September 2003.