) ) Udk Ug, FTM XM &M) ) ) ) Udk Ug, FTM XM &M) ) ) ) Udk Ug, FTM XM &M) ) ) ) Udk Ug, FTM XM &M) ) ) ) Udk Ug, FTM XM &M) )

]]udk;uG,ftm;xm;&m}}
. . [l onf
(emxokwefw&m;a'oemawmf)
yxrwGJ
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
oA'geH "r'geH Zdemwd?

oA&oH "r&aom Zdemwd/
oA&w "r&wd Zdemwd?
wPSua,m oA'kuH Zdemwd/
'getm;vkH;udk "r'geu atmifEdkif\/
t&omtm;vkH;udk w&m;t&omu atmifEdkif\/
arGUavsmfzG,ftm;vkH;udk w&m; arGUavsmfjcif;u atmifEdkif\/
'kutm;vkH;udk wPSmukefjcif;u atmifEdkif\/
pd&H wd|wk o'arm? "ar a[mE K o*g&0g/

bk&m;&Sif\ tqHk;tr omoemawmfonf
t"GefY&SnfpGm wnfygapownf;/
o'roHk;jzm kdaoav;pm;jcif; &SdMuygapukefownf;/
]]"r'ge}}
usrf;pmudk "r'getjzpf
rnfolrqdk ul;,lcGifh ykHESdyfcGifh &Sdonf/
earm w b*0awm t&[awm ormorK'/
yxrwGJ - rmwdum
taMumif;t&m
ed'geuxm - taMumif;jypmwrf;vTm
tcef; (1) temxr&Pykdif;
"r"ZZmwfawmf vm&Sdaom temxr&P
qwygPdvkvif
t*Fg av;yg;
(1) rjiLplwwfjcif;
(2) ao&nfao&uf raomufwwfjcif;
(3) rnfolUudkrQ rcspfwwfjcif;
(4) rnfolUudkrQ rrkef;wwfjcif;
trZmwf vm&Sdaom temxr&P
vuPoH,kwf
ty&my&d,a0'eD,uH
tcef; (2) oemx0d[m&Dykdif;
emxw&m; (10) yg;
yxr emxw&m; = oDv&Sdjcif;
t&SifOyaoe\ avQmufxm;csuf
tmpm& ESifh tempm&
a*gp& ESifh ta*gp&
oukP*dokwef
pwkyg&dok'doDv
ukarmyrokwef
ru#okwef
lyd,odumyk'f
tyfpyfaomenf;jzifh tvSLcH,lcGifh
pmrsufESm
i
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[lonf (yxrwGJ)
c ]]udk;uG,ftm;xm;&m}} ..
..[l
taMumif;t&m
rmwdum *
pmrsufESm
rPdplVuokwef
oDv\ tusKd;*kPftiftmedoif
'kwd, emxw&m; = A[kkw&Sdjcif;
A[kkw (2) rsKd;
tw[lonf . . um&P[lonf . .
'kuopm
ork',opm
wdwm,weokwef vm&Sdaom ork',opm
rSDcdktm;xm;&m emxw&m; jzpfEdkifygovm;
t*Fg (9) wefESifh jynfhpHkawmfrlaom bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;awmf
aomwmEk*wokwefaumufEkwfcsuf
wwd, emxw&m; = uvsmPrdw&Sdjcif;
uvsmPrdwokwef
uvsmPrdw[lonf
uvsmPrdw ynm&SdwdkY\ oabm
pwkw emxw&m; = qHk;rvG,fuljcif;
t&Sif&m[kvm
yr emxw&m; = ulnDdkif;yif;rI&Sdjcif;
q| emxw&m; = w&m;udk jrwfEdk;jcif;
tbd"rmudk y,fol
a0om&ZPfawmfjrwf (4) yg;
bk&m;&SifwkdY\ pum;awmf[lonf
tmo0u,okwef
owr emxw&m; = vHkYv0D&d,&Sdjcif;
t|r emxw&m; = a&mifh&JvG,fjcif;
Oy"d av;jzm
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taMumif;t&m
e0r emxw&m; = owd&Sdjcif;

'orajrmuf emxw&m; = 0dyemynm r*fynm&Sdjcif;
a'oemawmfed*Hk;
tm&rPlyedZmepsmef ESifh vuPlyedZmepsmef
tcef; (3) orxur|mef;ykdif;
opoH,kwf - orm"dokwef
ynma&mif = Pfa&mif
t"dpdwokwef ac: edrdwokwef
lygHk trsKd;rsKd;udk awGUjrifEkdifonf
Pfa&mif av;rsKd;
ok'0dyem,meduyk*dKvf
tmemygeur|mef;
edrdwfukd rupm;ygESifh
tmemygeedrdwf trsKd;rsKd;
O*[edrdwf ESifh y#dbm*edrdwf
aÈig;yg;wdkYukd nDrQatmifusifhyHk
owd-owd-owd
aAmZif (7) yg; nDrQatmif usifhyHk
orm"dESpfrsKd;wkdY\ xl;jcm;csuf
tvGef&EkdifcJaomt&m
yxrpsmeform"dokdY
yxrpsmef\ psmeft*Fgig;yg;
0oDabmf ig;wef
raem'Gg& = b0ifraemtMunf
y&dok' - y&da,m'gw - yb&
psmeft*FgwkdYukd odrf;qnf;ykH
pmrsufESm
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[lonf (yxrwGJ)
C ]]udk;uG,ftm;xm;&m}} ..
..[l
taMumif;t&m
'kwd,psmefokdY
wwd,psmefokdY
pwkwpsmefodkY
a0'emudk y,fpOf
pwkwpsmef\ xl;jcm;aom rSwfausmuf
(32) aum|mookdY
vrf;okH;oG,f
0PuokdPf; = ta&mifuokdPf;
Mo'gwuodkPf; = tjzLa&mifuokdPf;
psmeft*Fg ig;yg;
pwkuenf; - psmef (4) yg;
yuenf; - psmef (5) yg;
eDvuodkPf; ponfodkY
yx0DuokdPf; = ajruodkPf;
tmayguokdPf; = a&uokdPf;
awaZmuodkPf; = rD;uokdPf;
0ga,muokdPf; = avuokdPf;
tmavmuuodkPf; = tvif;a&mifuokdPf;
tmumouodkPf; = aumif;uifuokdPf;
tlyg0p&psmefyidk ;f
tmumomem,wepsmef
0dnmPm,wepsmef
tmudnm,wepsmef
ae0onmemonm,wepsmef
rSwfom;zG,f&m tu&mpOftTef;
pmrsufESm
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jyHK;jyHK;uav;ESifh aoEdkifatmif
g
emxw&m; (10)yg;vkH;ESifh jynfhpkHatmif

0dyem bm0emur|mef;udk
tywfwukwf usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfEdkifojzifh
atmufxpfqkH;tm;jzifh
,kHrSm;rI 0dpdudpmw&m;udk t<uif;rJh y,f&Sm;Edkifonfh
aomwmywdr*fPf zdkvfPfodkYwdkifatmif
xdkYxuftvGef usifhEdkifojzifh . .
ou'g*grdr*fPf zdkvfPf
tem*grd r*fPf zdkvfPfodkYwdkifatmif
qdkufa&mufNyD;olwdkYum; . .
&wem okH;wef uH-uH\tusKd;w&m; ponfwdkYtay:
vkH;0 oHo, r&SdbJ aocgeD;umv0,f
jyHK;jyHK;uav;ESifh b0udk tqHk;owfEdkifolwdkY jzpfMu\/
rdrdudk,fudk rdrd
cspfjrwfEdk;olwdkif; oem;Muifemolwdkif;onf
uJhodkY . .
jyHK;jyHK;uav;ESifh aoEdkifatmif pGrf;aqmifay;Edkifonfh
pGrf;tif tjynfht0&Sdaom
emxw&m; (10)yg;wdkYudk
rtdkrD remrD raorD (tcsdefrD . .)
rdrdoEmefjynfhpHkvmatmif
BudK;pm;tm;xkwfxm;oifhayonf/
(ed'geuxm? pmrsufESm - /)
ed'geuxm - taMumif;jypmwrf;vTm
wpfcsefd f Adro
d m&rif;Bu;D \ rif;q&mjzpfaom ZmPkaomPdyP
k m ;Bu;D onf jrwfpmG bk&m;xHoYkd csO;f uyf jrwfpmG bk&m;ESit
hf wl 0rf;ajrmuf
0rf;om EIwq
f ufpum; ajymqd\
k ? 0rf;ajrmufz,
G f trSw&f zG,pf um;udk
ajymqdkNyD;qHk;apNyD; wpfckaom ae&m xkdifvsuf jrwfpGmbk&m;tm;
pum;udk avQmufxm;\/
t&Siaf *gwr... ]]aojcif;oabm&So
d nf jzpfygvsuf aojcif;rS
raMumufaom xdwfvefYjcif;odkY ra&mufaom olrnfonf r&SdEdkif}}[k
wynfhawmfonf odkY 0g' &Sdygonf? odkY t,l &Sdygonf --- [k
avQmufxm;\/
xkt
d cg bk&m;&Siu
f atmufygtwdik ;f &Si;f vif; rdeMYf um;awmfr\
l /
'g,umawmf ykPm; ... aojcif;oabm&Sdonf jzpfvsuf
aojcif;rS aMumufaom xdwfvefYjcif;odkY a&mufaom olvnf; &Sd\?
'g,umawmf ykPm; ...aojcif;oabm&Sdonf jzpfvsuf aojcif;rS
raMumufaom xdwfvefYjcif;odkY ra&mufaom olvnf; &Sd\/
aojcif;rS aMumufaom xdwfvefYjcif;odkY a&mufaom ol[lonf
tb,fenf;
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
p ]]udk;uG,ftm;xm;&m}} ..
..[l
'g,umawmf ykPm ; ...avmu tcsKUd aomolonf umr*kPfwdkY ruif;aom wyfrufrI (= &m*) &Sd\? ruif;aom vdkvm;
awmifhwrI (= qE) &Sd\? ruif;aom cspfjrwfEkd;jcif; (= ayr) &Sd\?
ruif;aom rGwfodyf qmavmifjcif; (= ydygo) &Sd\? ruif;aom
ylyefjcif; (= y&dVm[) &Sd\? ruif;aom wG,fwmrI (= wPSm) &Sd\/
xdkolodkY (aoavmufaom) jyif;jyaom a&m*g tem wpfrsKd;rsKd;onf
usa&mufvm\/ aoavmufaom jyif;jyaom a&m*g tem wpfrsK;d rsK;d
usa&mufoltm; ]]cspfcifjrwfEkd;zG,f&m umr*kPfwdkYonf ighudk {uef
pGecYf mG oGm;Muvdrrhf nf? igonfvnf; cspcf ifjrwfE;dk zG,&f m umr*kPw
f u
Ydk kd
pGecYf mG oGm;&ayawmht}hH }[k pdwt
f MuH jzpf\/ xko
d o
l nf pk;d &drf ylaqG;\?
pdwf yifyef; EGr;f e,f\? ikad <u;\? &ifbwfpnfw;D jrnfwrf;\? jyif;pGm
awGa0jcif;okdY a&muf\/ 'g,umawmf ykPm; ...aojcif;oabm
&So
d nf jzpfvsuf aojcif;rS aMumufaom xdwv
f efjY cif;okYd a&mufaom
ol[lonf olyifwnf;/ (1)
'g,umawmf ykPm ; ...aemufwpfrsK;d aomfum; --- avmu
tcsKUd aomolonf rdr\
d cEmuk,
d f ruif;aom wyfrufrI (= &m*)&S\
d ?
ruif;aom vkv
d m;awmifw
h rI (= qE) &S\
d ? ruif;aom cspcf ifjrwfE;dk
jcif; (= ayr) &S\
d ? ruif;aom rGwo
f yd jf cif; (= ydygo) &S\
d ? ruif;aom
ylyefjcif; (= y&dVm[) &Sd\? ruif;aom wG,fwmrI (= wPSm) &Sd\/
xkdolokdY (aoavmufaom) jyif;jyaom a&m*g tem wpfrsKd;rsKd;onf
usa&mufvm\/ (aoavmufaom) jyif;jyaom a&m*g tem wpfrsK;d rsK;d
usa&mufot
l m; ]]cspcf ifjrwfE;dk zG,&f m ig\ cEmuk,
d o
f nf ighudk {uef
pGecYf mG oGm;vdrrhf nf? igonfvnf; cspcf ifjrwfE;dk zG,&f m ig\ cEmuk,
d u
f dk
pGecYf mG oGm;&ayawmht}hH }[k pdwt
f MuH jzpf\/ xko
d o
l nf pk;d &drf ylaqG;\?
awGa0jcif;okdY a&muf\/ 'g,umawmf ykPm; ... aojcif;oabm
ed'geuxm - taMumif;jypmwrf;vTm q
&So
f efjY cif;okaYd &mufaom
tcsKUd aomolonf tm;uk;d xku
d o
f nfh aumif;rIudk rjyKvyk &f ao; jzpfae
\? tm;ukd;xkdufonfh ukokdvfukd rjyKpk rysKd;axmif&ao; jzpfae\?
aMumufrufz,
G f oHo&mab;rS wm;jrpfa&; ukov
dk u
f dk rqnf;yl;&ao;
jzpfae\? raumif;rIuu
dk m; jyKNy;D jzpfae\? &ufpuf Murf;MuKwrf u
I u
dk m;
jyKNy;D jzpfae\? npfErG ;f rI (= tukov
dk )f uku
d m; jyKNy;D jzpfae\/ xko
d o
l Ydk
(aoavmufaom) jyif;jyaom a&m*g tem wpfrsK;d rsK;d onf usa&muf
vm\? (aoavmufaom) jyif;jyaom a&m*g tem wpfrsK;d rsK;d usa&muf
oltm; --- ]]igonf tm;ukd;xkdufonfh aumif;rIukd rjyKrdavpGwum;?
tm;ukd;xkdufonfh ukodkvfukd rjyKrdavpGwum;? aMumufrufzG,f
oHo&mab;rS wm;jrpfa&; ukov
dk u
f dk rjyKrad vpGwum;? raumif;rIudk
jyKrdcJhNyDwum;? &ufpuf Murf;MuKwfrIukd jyKrdcJhNyDwum;? npfEGrf;rI
(=tukokdvf)ukd jyKrdcJhNyDwum;/ tcsif;wkdY ...tm;ukd;xkdufonfh
aumif;rIukd rjyK&ao;aom tm;ukd;xkdufonfh ukokdvfukd rjyK&ao;
aom aMumufrufzG,f oHo&mab;rS wm;jrpfa&;ukd rjyK&ao;aom
raumif;rIudk jyKNy;D jzpfaeaom &ufpufMurf;MuKwrf u
I dk jyKNy;D jzpfaeaom
npfErG ;f rI (= tukov
dk )f ukd jyKNy;D jzpfaeaom yk*Kd vw
f \
Ydk vm;a&muf&m
'k*wdokdY b0aemifcg ig vm;a&muf&ayawmhtHhwum;}} --- [k okdY
pdwftMuH jzpf\/ xkdkolonf pkd;&drf ylaqG;\? pdwf yifyef; EGrf;e,f\?
ikad <u;\? &ifbwfpnfw;D jrnfwrf;\? jyif;pGm awGa0jcif;okYd a&muf\/
'g,umawmf ykPm ; ... aojcif;oabm&So
d nf jzpfvsuf aojcif;rS
aMumufaom xdwv
f efjY cif;okYd a&mufaom ol[o
l nf olyifwnf;/
(3)
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
Z ]]udk;uG,ftm;xm;&m}} ..
..[l
tcsKUd aomolonf olawmfaumif;w&m; ,krH mS ;\? ra0cGEJ idk ?f qk;H jzwf

csuf csjcif;okdY ra&mufEkdif/ xkdolokdY (aoavmufaom) jyif;jyaom
a&m*g tem wpfrsKd;rsKd;onf usa&mufvm\/ (aoavmufaom)
jyif;jyaom a&m*g tem wpfrsKd;rsKd; usa&mufoltm; ]]pifppf igonf
olawmfaumif;w&m; ,krH mS ;cJph w
G um;? ra0cGEJ idk cf phJ w
G um;? rqk;H jzwf
EkdifcJhpGwum;}}[k okdY pdwftMuH jzpf\/ xkdolonf pkd;&drf ylaqG;\?
awGa0jcif;odkY a&muf\/ 'g,umawmf ykPm; ...aojcif;oabm
&So
f efjY cif;okYd a&mufaom
aojcif;rS aMumufaom xdwfvefYjcif;odkY a&mufaom olwkdYonf
(4)rsKd;wkdYwnf;/
aojcif;rS raMumufaom xdwfvefYjcif;odkY ra&mufaom ol[lonf
tb,fenf;
'g,umawmf ykPm; ... avmu tcsKdUaomolonf ..
umr*kPfwkdY wyfruffrI (= &m*) uif;\? vkdvm;awmifhwrI (= qE)
uif;\? cspjf rwfE;dk jcif; (= ayr) uif;\? rGwo
f yd jf cif; (= ydygo) uif;\?
ylyefjcif; (= y&dVm[) uif;\? wG,fwmrI (= wPSm) uif;\/ xkdolokdY
(aoavmufaom) jyif;jyaom a&m*g tem wpfrsK;d rsK;d onf usa&muf
vm\/ jyif;jyaom a&m*g tem wpfrsKd;rsKd; usa&mufoltm; ]]cspfcif
jrwfEkd;zG,f&m umr*kPfwkdYonf ighukd {uef pGefYcGmoGm;Muvdrfhrnf?
igonfvnf; cspcf if jrwfE;dk zG,&f m umr*kPw
f u
Ydk dk pGecYf mG oGm;&ayawmh
tHh}}[k pdwftMuH rjzpf/ xkdolonf rpkd;&drf rylaqG;? pdwf ryifyef;
ed'geuxm - taMumif;jypmwrf;vTm ps
rEGrf;e,f? rikda<u;? &ifbwfpnfwD; rjrnfwrf;? jyif;pGm awGa0jcif;okdY

ra&muf/ 'g,umawmf ykPm; ...aojcif;oabm&Sdonf jzpfvsuf
aojcif;rS raMumufaom xdwfvefYjcif;okdkY ra&mufaom ol[lonf
olyifwnf;/ (1)
tcsKdUaomolonf rdrdcEmukd,f wyfrufrI (= &m*) uif;\? vkdvm;awmifw
h rI (= qE) uif;\? cspjf rwfE;dk jcif; (= ayr) uif;\? rGwo
f yd jf cif;
(= ydygo) uif;\? ylyefjcif; (= y&dVm[) uif;\? wG,w
f mrI (= wPSm)
uif;\/ xko
d o
l Ydk (aoavmufaom) jyif;jyaom a&m*g tem wpfrsK;d rsK;d
onf usa&mufvm\/ (aoavmufaom) jyif;jyaom a&m*g tem
wpfrsKd;rsKd; usa&mufoltm; ]]cspfcifjrwfEkd;zG,f&m ig\cEmukd,fonf
ighukd {uef pGefYcGmoGm;vdrfhrnf? igonfvnf; cspfcifjrwfEkd;zG,f&m
cEmukd,fukd pGefYcGmoGm;&ayawmhtHh}}[k okdY pdwftMuH rjzpf/ xkdol
onf rpk;d &drf rylaqG;? pdwf ryifyef; rEGr;f e,f? rikad <u;? &ifbwfpnfw;D
rjrnfwrf;? jyif;pGm awGa0jcif;odYk ra&muf/ 'g,umawmf ykPm ; ...
aojcif;oabm&Sdonf jzpfvsuf aojcif;rS raMumufaom xdwfvefY
jcif;okdY ra&mufaom ol[lonf olyifwnf;/ (2)
tcsKdUaomolonf raumif;rIudk rjyK? &ufpufMurf;MuKufrIudk rjyK?
npfEGrf;rI (= tukodkvf)udk rjyK? tm;udk;xdkufonfh aumif;rIudk jyKNyD;
jzpf\? tm;udk;xdkufonfh ukodkvfudk jyKNyD; jzpf\/ aMumufrufzG,f
oHo&mab;rS wm;jrpfa&;udk jyKNy;D jzpf\/ xko
d o
l Ykd (aoavmufaom)
jyif;jyaom a&m*g tem wpfrsK;d rsK;d onf usa&mufvm\/ (aoavmufaom) jyif;jyaom a&m*g tem wpfrsKd;rsKd; usa&mufoltm; ]]igonf
raumif;rIukd rjyKrcd phJ w
G um;? &ufpufMurf;MuKwrf u
I kd rjyKrcd phJ w
G um;?
npfErG ;f rI (= tukov
kd )f udk rjyKrcd phJ w
G um;? tm;ud;k xdu
k o
f nfh aumif;rI
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
]]udk;uG,ftm;xm;&m}} ..
..[l
udk jyKNy;D jzpfay\? tm;ud;k xdu

k o
f nfh ukov
kd u
f kd jyKNy;D jzpfay\? aMumufrufzG,f oHo&mab;rS wm;jrpfa&;udk jyKNyD; jzpfay\/ tcsif;wdkY ...
pifppf raumif;rIudk rjyKrdaom &ufpufMurf;MuKwfrIudk rjyKrdaom
npfEGrf;rI (= tukodkvf)ukd rjyKrdaom tm;udk;xkdufonfh aumif;rIudk
jyKNyD;jzpfaom tm;udk;xdkufonfh ukodkvfudk jyKNyD;jzpfaom aMumufrufz,
G f oHo&mab;rS wm;jrpfa&;udk jyKNy;D jzpfaom olw\
Ykd vm;a&muf
&m ok*wdbHkb0odkY b0aemifcg ig vm;a&muf&ayawmhtHhwum;}}
[k odkY pdwftMuH jzpf\/ xkdolonf rpdk;&drf rylaqG;? pdwf ryifyef;
rEGrf;e,f? ridka<u;? &ifbwfpnfwD; rjrnfwrf;? jyif;pGm awGa0jcif;odkY
ra&muf/ 'g,umawmf ykPm; ... aojcif;oabm&Sdonf jzpfvsuf
aojcif;rS raMumufaom xdwfvefYjcif;odkY ra&mufaom ol[lonf
olyifwnf;/ (3)
'g,umawmf ykPm ; ... aemufwpfrsK;d aomfum; --- avmu
tcsKdUaomolonf olawmfaumif;w&m; ,HkrSm;rI r&Sd? a0cGJEdkif\?
qHk;jzwfcsuf csEdkif\/ xdkolodkY (aoavmufaom) jyif;jyaom a&m*g
tem wpfrsK;d rsK;d onf usa&mufvm\/ (aoavmufaom) jyif;jyaom
a&m*g tem wpfrsK;d rsK;d usa&mufot
l m; ]]igonf pifppf olawmfaumif;
w&m; ,Hrk mS ;rI r&S?d a0cGEJ ikd \
f ? qH;k jzwfcsuf csEikd \
f }}[k odYk pdwt
f MuH
jzpf\/ xdkolonf rpdk;&drf rylaqG;? pdwf ryifyef; rEGrf;e,f? ridka<u;?
&ifbwfpnfwD; rjrnfwrf;? jyif;pGm awGa0jcif;odkY ra&muf/ 'g,um
awmf ykPm ; ... aojcif;oabm&So
d nf jzpfvsuf aojcif;rS raMumuf
aom xdwfvefYjcif;odkY ra&mufaom ol[lonf olyifwnf;/ (4)
aojcif;rS raMumufaom xdwv
f efjY cif;odYk ra&mufaomolwo
Ykd nf
(4)rsKd;wdkYwnf; -- [k rdefYawmfrl\/ (tH?1?493-495/)
ed'geuxm - taMumif;jypmwrf;vTm #
um; t*Fw
k & edum,f pwkue yd gwf vm&Sad om tb,okwe f
jzpfygonf/ okwefwGif aojcif;rS aMumuf&GHU xdwfvefYol yk*dKvf
(4)rsKd; raMumuf&GHU rxdwfvefYol yk*dKvf (4)rsKd; --- aygif; yk*dKvf
(8)rsKd;wdkYudk cGJjcm;a0zef a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/
xdkwGif yxrtkyfpk yk*dKvf (4)rsKd;wdkYum; udk;uG,ftm;xm;&rnfh
emxw&m; xif&mS ; r&SMd uonft
h wGuf idyk q
JG ifum ]]rJah o}} ao&onfh
yk*dKvf (4)rsKd;wdkY jzpfMu\/ 'kwd,tkyfpk yk*dKvfav;rsKd;wdkYum; udk;uG,f
tm;xm;&rnfh emxw&m; xif&Sm; &SdMuonfhtwGuf ]]jyHK;ao}}
ao&onfh yk*dKvf (4)rsKd;wdkY jzpfMu\/
yxrtkypf k ]]rJah o}}ao&onfyh *k Kd vf (4)rsK;d wdw
Yk iG f eHygwf (1) yk*Kd vf
um; rdryd ikd q
f ikd o
f nfh ouf&o
dS ufrhJ umr0wKtpkpw
k Ykd tay: rcG&J uf
rcGmEdkifatmif wG,fwmrufarmrI tm;BuD;aom yk*dKvfjzpf\/ eHygwf
(2) yk*Kd vu
f m; rdrd cEmud,
k u
f kd rSew
f MunfMh unfjh zifh tvGerf ufarmol
jzpf\/ rcGJ&uf rcGmEdkifol rcGJ&uf rcGmcsifol jzpf\/ wu,fwrf;
cGJ&awmhrnfhtcg tvGef pdwfxdcdkufum idkyGJqifum aoyGJ0if&olwdkY
jzpfMu\/ eHygwf (3) yk*dKvfum; raumif;rI tukodkvf 'kpdkufawGudk
vufou
G o
f u
G jf zifh pkaqmif; &SmazGxm;Ny;D ol jzpf\/ aocgeD;umv0,f
xdktukodkvfuHwdkY\ pGrf;tifaMumifh 'k*wdbHkb0odkY oGm;&awmhrnfh
raumif;onfh tmkHedrdwfwdkYonf --- naecsrf;tcg awmif\ ta&SU
bufjcrf; awmift&dyfwdkYonf wGJavmif;usaeouJhodkY --- xkdol\
oEmef0,f wGJvJqGJaeMuukef\/ xdkraumif;onfh tmkHedrdwfwdkYudk
wGe;f z,f r&Edik af wmhbJ idyk q
JG ifum aoyG0J if&ol jzpf\/ usr;f pm
pmrsufESm (29)ponfwdkY wifjyxm;aom vuPoH,kwf vm&Sd
aom NydwmwdkYuJhodkY aocgeD;umv0,f raumif;onfh tmkHedrdwfwdkY
xifvmolrsm; jzpfMu\/ eHygwf (4) yk*dKvfum; --- bk&m; w&m;
oHCm odum oH;k &yf tusijhf rwf oHo&m\ a&SUtpGe;f (= twdwb
f 0)
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
X ]]udk;uG,ftm;xm;&m}} ..
..[l
oHo&m\ aemuftpGe;f (= tem*wfb0) oHo&m\a&SUtpGe;f aemuf

tpGef; (= twdwf tem*wfb0) aMumif;usKd; qufEG,frI (= y#dporkyg 'f) oabmw&m; --- (8)Xmewnf;[laom ,HMk unfxu
kd o
f nfh
olawmfaumif;w&m;wdkY ,HkrSm;oHo, &Sdae\? oifod usifhodwdkYjzifh
ydik yf ikd Ef ikd Ef ikd f ]]rSeu
f efygonf}}[k qH;k jzwfcsuf rcsEikd o
f l jzpf\/ aocgeD;
umv tm;udk;qkyfudkif&rnfh w&m; r&Sdojzifh w&m;vufvGwfum idkyGJ
qif aoyG0J if&olyif jzpf\/ yk*Kd vf (4)rsK;d wdu
Yk m; ud;k uG,t
f m;xm;
&rnfh emxw&m; xif&Sm; r&SdbJ aoausysufpD;&olwdkY jzpfMu\/
wpfzef 'kwd,tkyfpk ]]jyHK;ao}} ao&onfh yk*dKvf (4)rsKd;wdkYwGif
eHygwf (1) yk*dKvfum; rdrdydkifqdkifonfh ouf&SdoufrJh umr0wK tpkpkwdt
Yk ay:? eHygwf (2) yk*Kd vu
f m; rdrcd Emud,
k t
f ay: wyfrufw,
G -f
wmrI r&SdbJ aoausysufpD;&olwdkYwnf;/ xdkyk*dKvfwdkYonf ,if;&m*
OD;aqmifonfh tukodkvfw&m;wdkYukd ---1/ w'*Fy[mef
2/ 0durey[mef
3/ orkap'y[mef -[laom y[mef oHk;rsKd;wdkYwGif wpfrsKd;rsKd;jzifh y,f&Sm;xm;EdkifolwdkY
jzpfMu\/
0dyembm0emonf udavomwdu
Yk kd w'*Ftm;jzifh y,f&mS ;Edik \
f ?
0dyembm0emudk pD;jzef;aecdu
k f uG,v
f eG o
f mG ;cJv
h Qif ,if;0dyemu
&m*ESifhwuGaom udavomudk w'*Ftm;jzifh y,f&Sm;xm;ojzifh xdk
tcsed t
f cgwGif rdrd ydik q
f ikd o
f nfh ouf&o
dS ufrhJ umr0wK tpkpt
k ay:
vnf;aumif; rdrd cEmukd,ftay:vnf;aumif; wG,fwmrufarmrI
r&SdbJ b0udk tqHk;owfEdkifojzifh jyHK;jyHK;uav;ESifh ao&ol wpfOD;
jzpf\/
ed'geuxm - taMumif;jypmwrf;vTm !
psmeform"drsm;uvnf; &m*ESifh wuGaom udavomwdkYudk cyf

MumMum cGmxm;Edik o
f jzifh psmefukd 0ifpm;um b0udk tqH;k owfEikd v
f Qif
vnf; jyHK;jyHK;uav;ESifhyif aoEdkifol jzpf\/
t&d,r*fPfwdkYum; qdkif&m qdkif&m udavomwdkYudk t<uif;rJh
tjrpfjywf y,f&mS ;Edik o
f jzifh tu,f t&[wr*f t&[wzv
kd t
f xd
qdkufa&mufol jzpfcJhygrl xdkolawmfaumif;um; wG,fwmrufarmrI
tm;vH;k uif;jywfyk o
f rd ;f csKyNf ird ;f Ny;D jzpfojzifh tjyKH ;Bu;D jyKH ;um b0udk
odkYr[kwf oHo&mc&D;udk tqHk;owfEdkifonfholyif jzpfayonf/
wwd,ajrmufyk*dKvfum; raumif;rI[lorQrS a0;pGm a&Smif
ud;k uG,t
f m;xm;&rnfh ukov
kd w
f &m; (= emxw&m;)wdu
Yk dk atmifatmif
jrifjrif qnf;yl;pkaqmif;xm;NyD;ol jzpf\/ tm;udk;xdkufonfh udk;uG,f
tm;xm;&rnfh emxw&m;awG xif&Sm; &SdaeonfhtwGuf aocgeD;
umv0,f aumif;onft
h mkeH rd w
d w
f o
Ykd m xifvmMuojzifh jyKH ;jyKH ;uav;
ESifh b0udk tqHk;owfEdkifol jzpf\/
pwkwy *k Kd vu
f m; atmufxpfq;kH tm;jzifh emrlyy&dap'PfEiS hf
yp,y&d*[Pfudk &&Sda&;twGuf q&morm;wdkYtxH a&S;OD;pGm
'kuopm trnf&onfh kyfw&m; emrfw&m; ork',opm trnf
&onfh taMumif;w&m;wdu
Yk kd wpfenf;qd&k aomf aMumif;usK;d qufE,
G rf I
(= y#dporkyg'f) oabmw&m;wdkYudk usifhpOfESifh wuG oif,l\/ ,if;
'kuo
pm ork',opm trnf&onfh ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd oifot
d aejzifh
odatmif q&morm;wdkYtxH oif,lNyD;onfhtcg usifhodtaejzifh
wu,fvufawGU orm'd|dPfjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf
odjrifatmif usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfxm;NyD;olaomfvnf;
jzpfEdkif\/ emrfESifh kyfudk ydkif;jcm;odwwfonfh emrlyy&dap'PfESifh
taMumif;w&m;wdu
Yk kd Pfjzifh ydik ;f jcm;,lEikd o
f nfh yp,y&d*[
Pfukd
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
]]udk;uG,ftm;xm;&m}} ..
..[l
&&Sx
d m;Ny;D ol[k qdv
k \
kd / emxw&m; (10)yg;wdw
Yk iG f 'kw,
d emxw&m;
ESihf jynfph o
Hk yl ifwnf;/ ,if; emrlyy&dap'PfEiS hf yp,y&d*[
Pf
wdu
Yk &wem ok;H wef uH-uH\tusK;d w&m; ponfwt
Ykd ay: odaYk vm
odkYavm awG;awm,kHrSm;jcif; 0dpdudpmw&m;udk w'*Ftm;jzifh y,f&Sm;
xm;Edkif\/
wpfzef ,if;pwkwy *k Kd vrf mS xdk emrlyy&dap'Pf yp,y&d*[
PfrQwGif &yfwefYraebJ xdkrS wpfqifhwufum emxw&m; (10)yg;

vkH;ESifh jynfhpkHatmif 0dyem bm0emur|mef;udk tywfwukwf
usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfEdkifojzifh atmufxpfqkH;tm;jzifh
,kHrSm;rI 0dpdudpmw&m;udk t<uif;rJh y,f&Sm;Edkifonfh aomwmywdr*f
Pf zdkvfPfodkYwdkifatmif aygufa&mufNyD;olaomfvnf; jzpfEkdif\/
xdkYxuftvGef usifhEdkifojzifh ou'g*grdr*fPf zdkvfPf tem*grd
r*fPf zdv
k
f Pfow
Ykd ikd af tmif qdu
k af &mufNy;D olaomfvnf; jzpfEidk \
f /
&wem okH;wef uH-uH\tusKd;w&m; ponfwdkYtay: vkH;0 oHo,
r&SdbJ aocgeD;umv0,f aumif;aom tmkHedrdwfwdkYudkom &if0,f
ydu
k af xG;vsuf rdrw
d Ykd yGm;rsm;xm;Ny;D onfh w&m;wdu
Yk o
kd m ESv;Hk oGi;f vsuf
jyHK;jyHK;uav;ESifh b0udk tqHk;owfEdkifolwdkY jzpfMu\/
rdru
d ,
kd u
f kd rdrd cspjf rwfE;kd olwikd ;f oem;Muifemolwikd ;f onf uJo
h Ykd
jyKH ;jyKH ;uav;ESihf aoEdik af tmif pGr;f aqmifay;Edik o
f nfh pGr;f tif tjynfh
t0 &Sdaom udk;uG,ftm;xm;&rnfh emxw&m; (10)yg;wdkYudk rtdkrD
remrD raorD tcsdefrD rdrdoEmef jynfhpHkvmatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwf
xm;oifah yonf/ ,if;emxw&m; (10)yg;wdEYk iS hf jynfph akH tmif usiMhf uH
BuKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwv
f o
kd w
l t
Ykd wGuf &nf&,
G v
f suf usr;f pmwGif
1/ temxr&Pydkif;
2/ oemx0d[m&Dydkif;
ed'geuxm - taMumif;jypmwrf;vTm P
orxur|mef;ydkif;
kyfur|mef;ydkif;
emrfur|mef;ydkif;
y#dpo
rkyg 'fyikd ;f
0dyemydkif; - [k
odkYvQif tydkif; (7)ydkif; cGJjcm;um emxw&m; (10)yg;wdkYESifh
jynfjh ynfph pkH kH aexdik Ef ikd o
f nfh oemx0d[m&Dy*k Kd vfrsm; jzpfatmif rnfoYkd
rnfykH usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkw&f rnf[o
l nfh yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf
yHk tpDtpOf t&yf&yfudk tusOf;csKyfum wifjyxm;ygonf/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
wd acg bdua0 0d0a#m r,m acarm ra*g aom0wdaum

yDwd*reDa,m? yd[dawm ukra*g? OD[awm Moupa&m? emodwm
Moup&dum/ ,H bdua0 owm&m u&PD,H om0umeH [dawodem
tEkuraue tEkurH Oyg'g,? uwH a0g wH r,m/ {wmed bdua0
kurlvmed? {wmed oknm*g&med/ psm,x bdua0 rm yrm'w? rm
ypm 0dy#dom&daem t[k0w/ t,H a0g trSmuH tEkomoeD/
(r?1?167/)
&[ef;wdkY ... odkYvQif igbk&m;&Sifonf.. ab; r&Sdaom

aumif;usKd;csrf;omESifh ESpfoufjcif;udk jzpfapwwfonfh ab;&ef
uif;aom ]]t&d,r*fvrf;}}udk zGifhxm;tyfNyD/ rrSefaom ]]rdpmr*fvrf;
qdk;}}udk ydwfqdkYxm;tyfNyD/ xdkxdktmkH xdkxdkbkHb0 wG,fwmrufarm
wwfonfh eE&D m*wnf;[laom ]w,forifz}kd udk y,f&mS ;vsuf t0dZm
wnf;[laom ]w,forifr}udk azsmufzsufxm;cJhavNyD/
&[ef;wdkY ... wynhfom0uwdkY\ tusKd;pD;yGm;udk &SmrSD;vdkvm;
vsuf tpOfoem;pdwf&Sdaom q&mjzpfawmfrlonfh igbk&m;&Sifonf
tpOfoem;pdwu
f kd tpGjJ yK jyKoifjh yKxu
kd af om wm0efukd oifcspo
f m;wdYk
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
w ]]udk;uG,ftm;xm;&m}} ..
..[l
twGuf jyKNyD;NyD/ &[ef;wdkY ...onfwdkYum; opfyif&if;wdkYwnf;?

onfwu
Ykd m; qdwNf ird &f m Xmewdw
Yk nf;/ &[ef;wdYk ...rdrw
d o
Ykd Emef
wnf&SdMuaom udavomtylrD;wdkYudk avmifuRrf;oGm;atmif orx
0dyem bm0emrD;wdkYjzifh dIUNrdKufMuukefavmh? orx 0dyem
tpjzmonfh ukov
kd w
f &m;wdYk arharhavsmah vsmh ayghayghqq raexdik f
Muukefvifh? aemifaomtcg aocgeD;umvusrS pdwfESvkH; romr,m
rjzpfMuukev
f if/h onfum; oifcspo
f m;wdt
Yk wGuf igbk&m;&Siw
f \
Ykd
tqkH;trawmfyifwnf;/ (r?1?167/)
olawmfaumif;taygif;wdo
Yk nf rdrw
d Ykd ud;k uG,t
f m;xm;&rnhf ,if;
emxw&m; (10)yg;wkdYESifh jynfhjynfhpHkpHk aexdkifEdkifonfh oemx0d[m&D
yk*dKvfrsm; jzpfatmif usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfEdkifMuygap
aom0f .../
g
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
pdwvawmifausmif;?
zm;atmufawm&pBuausmif;wdkuf?
temxr&Pydkif; 1
qkawmif; yefxGmyg
!
pd w f " mwf u d k
ckdifckdifrmrm aqmufwnfum
qkawmif;yefxGmrIukd jyKusifhjcif;aMumifh
xkduHu tusKd;ay;onfhb00,f
rnfolUudkrQ rcspfwwf[kqkdvQif . .
pmukd zwfI aeaom
(cg;awmif;usKduf jzKwfvdkaom pdwfxm;&Sdaom)
toifolawmfaumif;onfvnf;
tb,fhaMumifh . .
aumif;rIukodkvfjyKNyD;wkdif;
uJ h o d k Y a om
qkawmif; yefxGmrI
pdwf"mwfudk ckdifcdkifrmrm aqmufwnfrIudk
rjyKxdkufbJ &SdoifhygtHhenf;?
ow 0 gawGu dk
trsm;qkH; 'kuay;aeaom obm0w&m; wpfckrSm
cspfjcif;w&m;yif r[kwfygavm/
(pmrsufESm?24/)
tcef; (1)
temxr&Pykdif;
bk&m;&Sifonf t*Fkw&edum,f 'ouedygwfawmf --1/ yxremxokwef (tH?3?275-276/)
2/ 'kwd,emxokwef (tH?3?276-279/) -[k emxokwef ESpfckwkdYukd a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJh\/ okwefudk
bk&m;&Sifu odkY ed'gef;ysKd;xm;awmfrl\/
oemxm bdua 0 0d[&x? rm temxm? 'kuH bdua 0 temaxm
0d[&wd/ (tH?3?275/)
]]&[ef;wdkY ...rSDckdtm;xm;&m emxw&m; xif&Sm; &Sdukefvsuf
aexdik Mf uyg? rScD t
dk m;xm;&m emxw&m; xif&mS ; r&Su
d ek b
f J raexdik Mf u
ygukev
f if/h &[ef;wdYk ...rScD t
dk m;xm;&m emxw&m; xif&mS ; r&Sad om
yk*dKvfonf qif;qif;&J&J aexkdif&\/}} -odkY ponfjzifh w&m;awmfudk ed'gef;ysKd;xm;awmfrl\/
rDScdktm;xm;&m emxw&m; xif&Sm; r&SdbJ aexdkifol (temx
yk*dKvf) onf qif;qif;&J&J aexkdif&kHwGifomru qif;qif;&J&Jvnf;
aoausysufpD;&wwf\/ ae&mwGif temxr&P (= rDScdktm;xm;
&mrJh aoausysufpD;&yHk)taMumif;udk a&S;OD;pGm wifjyvdkayonf/
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
2 ]]udk;uG,ftm;xm;&m}} ..
..[l
ig;&mhig;q,f Zmwfedygwfawmfrsm;udk avhvmMunfhIvdkufonfh

tcg temxr&P (= rDScdktm;xm;&mrJh aoausysufpD;&yHk)taMumif;
ESihf qufpyf a[mMum;xm;awmfro
l nfh ZmwfawmftcsKUd udk awGU&\/
xdZk mwfawmfrsm;xJrS a&S;OD;pGm "r"ZZmwfawmftaMumif;udk aqG;aEG;
wifjyvdkayonf/
"r"ZZmwfawmf vm&Sdaom temxr&P

{0H oaE ya&oH [aw r&Pawm t&an temxr&Par0
0&w&H/ (Zm?|?2?174/)
= odkY jzpfvwfaomf olwpfyg;wdkY\ vufwGif; aoausysufpD;
&jcif;xuf awmxJ rDScdktm;xm;&mrJh aoausysufpD;&jcif; (= temx
r&P)uomvQif omvGef jrifhjrwfao;\/ (Zm?|?2?174/)
pum;&yfum; bk&m;tavmif;awmf "r"Zyka&m[dwfykPm;Bu;D \ pOf;pm;awG;awmcef; wpfck jzpf\/ taMumif;um; odYk jzpf\/
vGefavNyD;aom twdwfb0wpfck0,f Am&mPoDjynf ,oygP
ygPdtrnf&adS om &Sib
f &k ifwpfO;D u wdik ;f jynftyk cf sKyf rif;jyKvyk cf \
hJ /
xdk&Sifbk&if\ ppfolBuD;um; umVu trnf &Sd\? t&Sifa'0'wf
tavmif;vsmyifwnf;/ bk&m;tavmif;awmfum; "r"ZZtrnf&onfh
rif;q&m yka&m[dwyf P
k m ;Bu;D jzpfc\
hJ / &Sib
f &k ifBu;D \ qHrw
k q
f w
d u
f kd
oefY&Sif;ay;&ol qwygPd trnf&Sdaom vkvifonfum; bk&m;tavmif;awmf\ yg&rDjznfhzuf rdwfa[mif;BuD; t&Sifom&dykw&m
tavmif;vsmyifwnf;/
&Sib
f &k ifBu;D um; w&m;aom enf;vrf;jzifh wkid ;f jynfudk tkycf sKyaf e
ol w&m;rif;BuD; wpfOD;yif jzpf\/ okdYaomf umVuppfolBuD;u wHpkd;
vufaqmif pm;um w&m;pD&ifwwfojl zpfojzifh wkid ;f oljynfom;wku
Yd
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tcg umVuppfolBuD;ESifh aemufxyf jyKvkyfoifhonfh vkyfief;&yfudk
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temxr&Pydkif; 21
awGaMumifh ,if;wdkYtay: pdwfukefojzifh tysKdBuD; jzpfvdkygu xdkxHk;

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temxr&Pydkif; 23
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vuftyk cf srD ;kd um tdt
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nufnuf aMuatmif eif;ajcypfvdkuf\/
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crnf;awmf udw0gobk&ifBu;D u xko
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temxr&Pydkif; 25
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emb0d? aomaum e OyZ
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(Zm?|?2?179/)
= ]]ig&JU aomuonf cspcf ifjrwfE;dk tyfaom 0wKaMumifh jzpfay:

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temxr&Pydkif; 27
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onf/ aemufxyf rEmefudk r&GwfzwfEdkifojzifh rEmefpGrf;tm;vnf;
ukefcef;ysufpD;oGm;avonf/
q&mxHoYdk wpfzef jyefomG ;aomfvnf; q&mu xkrd Emefudk rkom;
pum; cyfrsm;rsm; ajymMum;wwfol xkdykPm;vkviftm; oifray;awmhbJ ESifxkwfypfvkduf\/
aom {0H tmp&da,e Oa,smZdawm ]]]]u
u r,SH ZD0dawem}}wd
t&nH y0dodwGm temxr&PH r&d/ (Zm?|?4?207/)
xkdykPm;vkvifonf okYd q&mjzpfolu ESifxkwfvkdufonf&Sd-
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
aomf ]]ightm; touf&Sifae&jcif;jzifh tb,ftusKd;&SdEdkifygtHhenf;}}

[k ESvkH;ykdufum awmokdY0if rDScdktm;xm;&mrJh aoausysufpD;&jcif;
temxr&P
temxr&Pjzifh aoausysufpD;&avonf/ q&mudk q&m[k ajymqkd
0efcH&rnfudk &SufEdk;ol 0efav;olwdkY owdjyKzG,f&m Zmwfvrf;wpfck
jzpfayonf/
aus;Zl;rodwwfol ykPm;vkvifum; tjcm;olr[kwf t&Sifa'0'wftavmif;yif jzpfcJh\/ xkdb0wkef;uvnf; q&mudk q&m[k
ajymqkd&ef 0efav;cJhojzifh temxr&Pjzifh aoausysufpD;cJh&\/
a*gwrbk&m;&Si\
f omoemawmfvnf; q&mjzpfawmfral om bk&m;&Siu
f dk q&mr[kw[
f k aus;Zl;rJph um; ajymMum;um bk&m;&Sit
f m; aoG;pdrf; wnfapjcif; oHCmoif;cGJjcif;ponfh raumif;rItukodkvfwkdYudk
vGefusL;cJh\/ rdrd raumif;rIaMumifhyif rSDcdktm;xm;&m emxw&m;
r&SdbJ temxr&Pjzifhyif aoausysufpD;cJh&\/ aoonf\ tjcm;rJh
vnf; t0Dpdi&J usuf&jyef\/ wpfvkwfpm;zl; olUaus;Zl;ukdrQ
rodwwfolwkdY oGm;&mvrf;wnf;/
rDcS t
kd m;xm;&rnfh uvsmPrdwt
rnf&onfh yk*Kd vf wpfpw
Hk pf&m
r&Sb
d J aoausysupf ;D &jcif; rScD t
kd m;xm;&rnfh tjcm;tjcm;aom emx
w&m; xif&mS ; r&Sb
d J aoausysupf ;D &jcif;rsK;d ukd &nfeT ;f xm;ayonf/
vuPoH,kwf (oH?2?446-449/)
yd#upmaywGif uk;d uG,t
f m;xm;&rnfh emxw&m; xif&mS ; r&Sb
d J
aoausysufpD;oGm;&ykHESifh qufpyfonfh 0wKZmwfvrf;rsm; rsm;pGm
vm&Sad yonf/ ,if;0wKZmwfvrf;wkx
Yd rJ S vuPoH,w
k w
f iG v
f m&Sad om
0wKZmwfvrf;tcsKdUukd qufvuf wifjytyfygonf/
wpfcsdefwGif bkef;awmfajcmufyg;ocif bk&m;&Sifonf &mZN*dK[f
temxr&Pydkif; 29
jynf &SOfheufwkdYukd tpmauR; arG;jrL&mjzpfaom 0g;awm ywf&Honfh

a0VK0efausmif;wku
d af wmf oDwif;ok;H pHaeawmfrq
l J jzpf\/ xkt
d csed f
tcg t&SifvuPrax&fjrwfBuD;ESifh t&Sifr[marm*vmefrax&f
jrwfBuD;wkdYonf *dZuk#fawmif oDwif;okH; pHaeawmfrlMu\/
t&SifvuPrax&fjrwf --- t&SifvuPrax&fjrwfum; Oka0vuy *,muy e'Duy [laom uynDaemifwkdY
OD;aqmifonfh &aohnDaemif &SifwpfaxmifwkdYwGif wpfyg; tygt0if
jzpfawmfrl\/ bk&m;&Sif xHawmfarSmuf - ]{[d bduK} &[ef;tjzpfukd
cH,l&&Sdawmfrlaom olawmfaumif;wpfOD; jzpfawmfrl\/ ,if; ]{[d
bduK } &[ef;awmf wpfaxmifwt
Ydk m; bk&m;&Sio
f nf *,moDot&yf
tm'dwo
w
k e f (oH?2?251-252?)ukd a[mMum;jyoawmfr\
l / xko
d w
k e \
f
tqkH;wGif ,if; tm;vkH;aom &SifwpfaxmifwkdYonf t&[wzkdvfodkY
qkdufa&mufawmfrlMu\/ ,if; ]{[d bduK} &[Emrax&fjrwf
wpfaxmifwkdYwGif t&SifvuPrax&fjrwfvnf; wpfyg;tygt0if
jzpfawmfrl\? r[mom0uwpfyg;vnf; jzpfawmfrl\/ a,mufsm;jrwf
wk\
Yd toGit
f jyifvuPmESihf jynfph &Hk um; cyford ;f aom tjcif;t&m
tm;jzifh jynfhpkHaom jA[mESifhwlaom cEmukd,ftwabmESifh jynfh0
pkHvifaeonfhtwGuf vuP[laom trnfjzifh ac:a0:jcif; jzpf\/
(oH?|?2?199/)
tkd;pkNydwm ---- wpfaeYwGif 'kwd,t*om0u jzpfawmfrlaom

t&Sifr[marm*vmef udk,fawmfjrwfBuD;onf t&SifvuPESifhtwl
&mZN*dK[fNrdKUwGif; qGrf;cH&eftwGuf *dZuk#fawmifrS qif;oufawmf
rlvm\/
xdkodkY qif;oufawmfrlvmpOf t&Sifr[marm*vmef udk,fawmfjrwfBu;D onf 'dAp uKtbdnmPfukd 0ifpm;awmfrv
l suf aumif;uifoYkd
tbdnmPfPfjzifh tmkH,lum vSrf;ajrmfMunfhIawmfrlvwfaomf
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
temxr&Pydkif; 31
aumif;uif,HwGif tdk;pkNydwmponfh NydwmwdkYudk jrifawmfrlavaomf

jznf;nif;pGm jyHK;&,fawmfrlavonf/
t&Sirf [marm*vm efrax&fjrwftm; jyKH ;&,fawmfr&l jcif;\ taMumif;

&if;ukd ar;jref; avQmufxm;awmfrlvkduf\/
uJhodkY oabm&Sdaom cEmudk,ftwabmudk awGUjrif&onfh

tcg oem;ukPm jzpfoifjh yKoifyh gvsuf tb,faMumifh jyKH ;&,fawmf
rl&ygoenf;[k ar;&ef &Sd\/ rdrd\ jynfhpHkrI orwdudkvnf;aumif;
bk&m;&Si\
f Pfawmfjrwf\ jynfph rkH I orwu
d v
kd nf;aumif; tzefzef
atmufarh trSwf&aomaMumifh jyHK;&,fawmfrljcif; jzpf\/ xdkNydwmudk
jrifawmfrlaomtcg t&Sifr[marm*vmef udk,fawmfjrwfu odkY
pOf;pm;awmfrl\/
]]opmav;&yf w&m;jrwfukd xGi;f azmuf rodjrifao;aom yk*Kd vf
wpfO;D taejzifh &oif&h xdu
k af om uJo
h aYkd om cEmud,
k f twabmrsKd;rS igonf vGwfajrmuf&ayaygh? igonf t&awmfavpG? igonf
b0udk aumif;pGm &tyfygaypG}}[k rdrd\ jynfhpHkjcif; orwd*kPfudk
atmufarhrdaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; ]]bkef;awmfajcmufyg;ocif
bk&m;&Si\
f Pfawmfjrwf\ jynfph jkH cif;onfum; aMomf ... thMH ozG,f
aumif;aypG? ]&[ef;wdkY ... uH\ tusKd;w&m;udk rMuHpnftyf
rMupH nfxu
kd }f [laom tMuifw&m;pum;awmfukd a[mMum;xm;awmf
rl\/ xdw
k &m;pum;awmfukd pifppf ypu
Pfjzifh ud,
k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf
xGif;azmufodjrifNyD;&mtcgom bk&m;&SifwdkYonf a[mMum;awmf
rlukef\/ bk&m;&SifwdkYonf "r"mwfukd xGif;azmuf odjrifawmfrlMuuke\
f }}[k odv
Yk Qif bk&m;&Si\
f Pfawmfjrwf\ jynhpf jkH cif;udv
k nf;
atmufarh trSw&f aomaMumifv
h nf;aumif; jznf;nif;pGm jyKH ;&,fawmf
rljcif;udk xif&Sm; jyKawmfrlavonf/ (oH?|?2?199/)
t&mwGif ar;p&m wpfck &Sdvmjyef\? ]]t&SifvuPrax&fjrwfu xkt

d k;d pkNyw
d m ponfwu
Ydk dk rjrifoavm? xkt
d &Siv
f uPtm;
'dApuK tbdnmPfonf r&Sdoavm}}[k ar;&ef &Sd\/ tajzum; --r&Sdonf r[kwf? &Sdyg\/ t&Sifr[marm*vmefrax&fjrwfu 'dApuK
tbdnmPfudk 0ifpm;vsuf qifjcifawmfral omaMumifh ,if;tk;d pkNyw
d m
ponfwu
Ydk dk jrifawmfrjl cif; jzpf\/ t&Siv
f uPrax&fjrwfum; xko
d Ydk
qifjcifawmf rrlaomaMumifh rjrifjcif; jzpfayonf/ (oH?|?2?199/)
&[Emt&Sijf rwfwo
Ykd nf taMumif;xl; wpfcck k r&Sb
d J jyKH ;&,fru
I kd
jyKawmfrMl ud;k "rwmum; r&Sd jzpfc\
hJ / odt
Yk wGuf t&Siv
f uPrax&fjrwfu jyKH ;&,fawmfr&l jcif;\ taMumif;&if;ukd odawmfrv
l o
dk nft
h wGuf
xko
d Ydk ar;jref; avQmufxm;awmfral omtcg t&Sirf [marm*vm ef
rax&fjrwfu ]]t&Sifbk&m; vuP ...jyemukd ajzqkdjcif;iSm
tcg r[kwfao;? jrwfpGmbk&m;\ xHawmfarSmufokdY a&muf&Sdaom
tcgrS wynfhawmftm; jyemukd xyfrH ar;awmfrlyg}} --- [k
avQmufxm; ajymqkdvkduf\/
taMumif;um; --- okdY tkd;pkNydwmponfh jzpf&yfum; ukd,fwkdif
rjrifow
l t
Ydk zkYd ,kMH unfz&Ydk ef tvGecf ufcv
J \
S ? xkad Mumifh jrwfpmG bk&m;
ukd oufaojyKum ajzMum;awmfrv
l o
kd nft
h wGuf xku
d o
hJ Ydk avQmufxm;
awmfrljcif; jzpf\/ (oH?|?2?200/)
xkdaemuf t&SifvuPrax&fjrwfESifh t&Sifr[marm*vmef
rax&fjrwfwo
Ydk nf &mZN*Kd [Nf rKd UwGi;f qGr;f cHvn
S v
hf nfNy;D qGr;f pm;jcif;udp jyKvyk Nf y;D aemuf qGr;f pm;Z&yfrS zJcmG vmMuNy;D vQif jrwfpmG bk&m;
xHokdY csOf;uyfMu jrwfpGmbk&m;ukd &Sdckd;vsuf wpfckaom ae&m
xkdifaeMuNyD;aomf t&SifvuPrax&fjrwfu t&Sif r[marm*vmef
rax&fjrwftm; ]]t&Sirf [marm*vm efonf *dZu#k af wmifrS qif;ouf
vwfaomf ae&mwpfck jyHK;awmfrl\/ t&Sifbk&m; arm*vmef ...
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
jyHK;&,fawmfrljcif;\ taMumif;taxmuftyHhum; tb,fygenf;}}[k

ar;jref; avQmufxm;awmfrlvkduf\/
t&Sifbk&m; ...wynfhawmfonf *dZuk#fawmifrS qif;oufvwfaomf aumif;uif oGm;aeaom tk;d pkNyw
d m udk jrif&\? xkt
d k;d pk
Nydwmukd vif;w usD;iSuf pGef&JwkdYonf vkduf vkduf eHkd;Mum;wkdY
xkd;qdwfMuukef\/ xkdNydwmonf emusifaom toHukd jyK\/ t&Sifbk&m; ... xkdwynfhawmftm; ]]tcsif;wkdY ..tHhzG,f &SdpGwum;?
tcsi;f wkYd ..rjzpfz;l jrJ jzpfpw
G um;? uJo
h aYdk om ow0g[k &S&d wkb
H \
d ?
uJhokdYaom Nydwm[k &Sd&wkHbd\? uJhokdYaom twabmukd &ol[k
&Sd&wkHbd\}}[k pdwftMuH jzpfcJhygonf[k ajymqkd avQmufxm;\/
xkdtcg jrwfpGmbk&m;onf &[ef;wkdYukd okdY rdefYawmfrl\ ../
]]&[ef;wkYd ... wynfo
h m0uwko
Yd nf pifppf rsupf t
d jrif &Su
d ek o
f nfjzpf aeMuayonfwum;? &[ef;wkdY ... wynfhom0uwkdYonf
Pftjrif &Sdukefonfjzpf aeMuayonfwum;/ tMuifokdYaom
wynfhom0u pifvsuf okdYaom ow0gukd odvnf; odEkdifwkHbd\?
jrifvnf; jrifEkdifwkHbd\? oufaoukdaomfvnf; jyKEkdifwkHbd\/
&[ef;wkdY ... a&S;uyif (= aAm"dr@dKif oAnKwPfawmfjrwfukd xkd;xGif; odjrifawmfrlcJhpOfuyif twkdif;twmyrmP
r&Sad om pMu0VmwkYd twkid ;f twmyrmP r&Sad om ow0gwku
Yd dk 'dA-
puKPfawmfjrwfjzifh rsufarSmufjyKawmfrlpOf) xkdow0gukd igbk&m;
&Sio
f nf jrifawmfrcl \
hJ / okaYd omfvnf; igbk&m;&Sio
f nf rajymqkcd ahJ y/
igbk&m;&Sifonf xkdtaMumif;t&mukd ajymqkdcJhygrl olwpfyg;wkdYonf
igbk&m;&Siftm; r,kHMunfEkdifMuay&m?? igbk&m;&Sifukd r,kHMunf
Muoltm; xkrd ,kMH unfjcif;onf Mumjrifph mG aom umvywfv;Hk tusK;d
pD;yGm; rJhjcif;iSm qif;&Jjcif;iSm jzpfav&m\/ &[ef;wkdY ... xkdtkd;pk
Nyw
d m ow0gonf &mZN*Kd [jf ynfyif EGm;owform; jzpfczhJ ;l avNy?D
temxr&Pydkif; 33
xkdow0gonf xkduH\ tusKd;tjzpfjzifh rsm;pGmaom ESpfwkdYywfvkH;

rsm;pGmaom ESpft&mwkdYywfvkH; rsm;pGmaom ESpftaxmifwkdYywfvkH;
rsm;pGmaom ESpftodef;wkdYywfvkH; i&J usufcJh xkduH\ tusKd;<uif;
tjzpfjzifv
h Qif okaYd om twabmukd &&Scd pH m;ae&\}}[k rdeMYf um;awmf
rl\/ (oH?1?446-447/)
tvkH;pkHaom atmufyg taMumif;t&mwkdY /y/ (ay,smv)
[lrQudk enf;twdkif; csJUav/
EGm;owform;um; EGm;wkdYukd owfNyD;vQif tkd;rS tom;ukd
cGmNyD;vQif EGm;om;ukd a&mif;csum toufarG;ol txD;usef olowform;wnf;/ xkdEGm;owform;\ txl;xl; tjym;jym;ukefaom
tukov
dk af pwemwkjYd zifh tm;xkwq
f nf;yl;tyfco
hJ nfh (b0tqufquf
tusK;d ay;zk&Yd ef pGr;f tm;&Sad eaom) ty&my&d,uH\ pGr;f tm;aMumifh
,ckuJhokdY Nydwmb0okdY qkdufa&mufvm&jcif; jzpf\/ xkdow0g\
oEmef0,f i&J tusKd;ay;aeaom tukokdvfuHwkdY\ pGrf;tifrsm;
ukefcef;oGm;aomtcg i&JrS pkawcgeD; tcsdefumv r&PmoEaZm
apmonfh tcsed u
f mv0,f tom;r&Sad tmif xGix
f m; vS;D jzwfxm;tyfukefaom EGm;wkdY\ tkd;pk tpktykHBuD;onfomvQif uredrdwftjzpf
xifvm\/ xkdow0g\ zkH;uG,faeaom xkdtukokdvfuHonfvnf;
ynm&Sw
d t
Ydk m; xif&mS ;atmif jyKouJo
h Ydk xko
d w0gonf xkt
d ukov
dk -f
uHaMumifh uHukd xlaxmifpOfu tmkHwGif xifvSmaeaom tkd;pk
tmkHESifh wlpGm tkd;pkNydwm jzpfvmayonf/ (oH?|?2?201/)
tom;wpfNyw
d m ---- t&Sib
f &k m; ... wynfah wmfonf *dZu#k f
awmifrS qif;oufvwfaomf aumif;uif oGm;aeaom tom;wpf
Nydwmukd jrif&\/ xkdNydwmukd vif;w usD;iSuf pGef&JwkdYonf vkduf
vkduf xkd;qdwfMuukef\? xkdNydwmonf emusifaom toHukd jyK\/
y / &[ef;wkYd ... xko
d w0gonf &mZN*Kd [jf ynfyif EGm;owform;
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
temxr&Pydkif; 35
jzpfcJhzl;avNyD/ y / (oH?1?447/)
&mZN*dK[fjynfyif qdwfowform; jzpfcJhzl;avNyD/ /y/ (oH?1?448/)
tom;wpfNyw
d m um; vlUb0u EGm;ukd owfNy;D vQif tom;wk;H
jyKvkyfum tajcmuf vSrf;NyD;vQif tom;ajcmuf a&mif;csjcif;jzifh
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm toufarG;cJh\/ xkdtukokdvfuHaMumifh xkdow0g\
oEmef0,f i&JrS pkawcgeD; umv tom;wpfonfomvQif r&PmoEaZm\ tmkeH rd w
d t
f jzpf xifvmayonf/ xko
d w0gonf tom;wpfNydwm jzpfvm&ayonf/ (oH?|?2?201/)
xkq
d w
d o
f wform;um; ok;d qdww
f u
Ydk dk owfNy;D ta&cGu
H dk qkwu
f m
tom;wkdYukd a&mif;csvsuf toufarG;aom yk*dKvf jzpf\/ ,if; tukov
dk u
f w
H u
Ydk dk xlaxmifcphJ Ofu Nyw
d m b0okYd jzpfapEkid o
f nfh pGr;f tm;
&Sdaom tukokdvf ty&my&d,uHwkdY\ pGrf;tm;aMumifh xkduHukd
xlaxmifcJhpOfu tmkHedrdwfwpfcktjzpf aus;Zl;jyKay;aeaom ta&
r&Sdaom okd; qdwfwkdY\ ukd,faumif[laom uredrdwftmkHonf
xkdi&Jom;ow0g\ r&PmoEaZm\ tmkHtjzpf xifvmayonf/
xkdaMumifh xkdow0gonf i&JrS pkawaomtcg NydwmbkH ta&
r&Sdaom a,mufsm;Nydwm jzpfvm&ayonf/ (oH?|?2?201/)
tom;wkH;Nydwm ---- t&Sifbk&m; ... wynfhawmfonf *dZuk#fawmifrS qif;oufvwfaomf aumif;uif oGm;aeaom tom;wkH;
Nydwmukd jrif&\/ xkdNydwmukd vif;w usD;iSuf pGef&JwkdYonf vkduf
vkduf xkd;qdwfukef\? xkdNydwmonf emusifaom toHukd jyK\/ y/
&[ef;wkYd ...xko
d w0gonf &mZN*Kd [jf ynfyif iSurf q
k ;dk jzpfczhJ ;l Ny/D
/ y / (oH?1?447/)
iSufrkqkd;um; iSufwdkYukd zrf;,lNyD; a&mif;csaomtcg tarG;tawmifESifh ta&cGHukd qkwfum tom;wkH;rQ jyKvkyfum a&mif;cs
toufarG;cJ\
h / xkaYd Mumifh xdo
k w0g\ oEmef0,f ,if; ty&my&d,
tukokdvfuH\ pGrf;tm;aMumifh i&JrS pkawcgeD; tcg0,f tom;wkH;onf o mvQif r&PmoE a Zm\ ed r d w f t jzpf xif v mayonf /
xkdaMumifh xkdow0gonf rdrd jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhaom uHESifh avsmfnDpGm
tom;wkH;Nydwm jzpfvm&ayonf/ (oH?|?2?201/)
ta& r&Sdaom a,mufsm;Nydwm ---- t&Sifbk&m; ... wynfhawmfonf *dZu#k af wmifrS qif;oufvwfaomf aumif;uif oGm;aeaom ta& r&Sdaom a,mufsm;Nydwmukd jrif&\/ xkdNydwmukd vif;w
us;D iSuf pGe&f w
J o
Ydk nf vku
d
f vku
d
f xk;d qdwMf uuke\
f ? xkNd yw
d m onf
emusifaom toHukd jyK\/ y / &[ef;wkdY ... xkdow0gonf
oHvsuftarG;aygufaom a,mufsm;Nydwm ---- t&Sifbk&m; ...

wynfhawmfonf *dZuk#fawmifrS qif;oufvwfaomf aumif;uif
oGm;aeaom oefvsuftarG;aygufaom a,mufsm;Nydwmukd jrif&\/
xkdNydwm\ xkdoHvsuftarG;wkdYonf txufokdY ysHwuf ysHwuf
xkNd yw
d m \ uk,
d af y:yif usa&mufuek \
f ? xkNd yw
d m onf emusiaf om
toHudk jyK\/ y / &[ef;wkYd ... xko
d w0gonf &mZN*Kd [jf ynfyif
0ufowform; jzpfcJhzl;NyD/ y / (oH?1?448/)
0ufowform;um; aeYnOfo
h o
H &m &Snjf rifph mG aom tcsed t
f cg
umvywfv;Hk 0ufwu
Ydk dk tpmauR; arG;jrLcJ\
h / ,if;0ufwu
Ydk dk oHvsuf
jzifh owfumowfum &Snjf rifph mG aom tcsed t
f cgumvywfv;Hk touf
arG;cJzh ;l \/ xko
d w0gonf i&JoYdk a&mufNy;D aemuf i&JrS pkawcgeD;tcsed f
umvwGif rdrd 0ufwkdYukd owfjzwfcJhpOfu oefvsufjzifh ajrmufcsDum
ckwjf zwfco
hJ nhf tmkeH rd w
d o
f nfomvQif r&PmoEaZm\ tmkeH rd w
d f
tjzpf xifvm\/ xkdaMumifh xkdow0gonf rdrd jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhaom
uHEiS hf tvm;wlpmG oefvsut
f arG;aygufaom Nyw
d m jzpfvm&ayonf/
(oH?|?2?202/)
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
vSHtarG;aygufaom a,mufsm;Nydwm ---- t&Sifbk&m; ...

oGm;aeaom vSt
H arG;aygufaom a,mufsm;Nyw
d m ukd jrif&\/ xkNd yw
d m \ xkdvSHtarG;wkdYonf txufokdY ysHwuf ysHwuf xkdNydwm\
uk,
d af y:yifvQif usa&mufuek \
f / xkNd yw
d m onf emusiaf om toHudk
jyK\/ y / &[ef;wkYd ... xko
d w0gonf &mZN*Kd [jf ynfyif om;rkq;dk
jzpfcJhzl;NyD/ y / (oH?1?448/)
om;rkqkd;um; wnforif wpfaumifukdvnf;aumif; vSHukdvnf;aumif; ,laqmif awmoko
Yd mG ;um xkw
d nforifteD;okYd a&muf
vmwkid ;f a&mufvmwkid ;f ukeaf om om;orifwu
Ydk kd vSjH zifh xk;d owfczhJ ;l \/
xkdvkyfief;&yfjzifh ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm toufarG;cJh\/ xkdtukokdvfuHaMumifh i&J usu&f Ny;D onf\ tqk;H xdo
k m;rkq;dk \ om;aumifwu
Ydk dk
vSjH zifh xk;d qGaeaom tmkeH rd w
d o
f nfomvQif i&JrS pkawcgeD;tcg0,f
r&PmoEaZm\ tmkeH rd w
d t
f jzpf xifvmayonf/ xkad Mumifh xko
d m;
rkqkd;onf rdrd jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhaom xkdtukokdvfuHESifh tvm;wlpGm
vSHtarG;aygufaom Nydwm jzpfvm&ay\/ (oH?|?2?202/)
jrm;tarG;aygufaom a,mufsm;Nydwm ---- t&Sifbk&m; ...
oGm;aeaom jrm;tarG;aygufaom a,mufsm;Nyw
d m
\ xkdjrm;tarG;wkdYonf txufokdU ysHwuf ysHwuf xkdNydwm\
ukd,fay:yif usa&mufukef\/ xkdNydwmonf emusifaom toHukd
jyK\/ y / &[ef;wkYd ... xko
d w0gonf &mZN*Kd [jf ynfyif vufr&GUH
tmPmom; jzpfcJhzl;NyD/ y / (oH?1?448/)
vufr&GUH tmPmom;um; rif;jypfrif;'Pfoifo
h w
l u
Ydk dk enf;rsK;d pkHjzifh nOf;yef; ESdyfpufNyD;aemuf aemufqkH;wGif xkdrif;'Pfxm;jcif;
cH&olwkdYukd jrm;jzifh ypfcGif;um taoowfcJhzl;aom a,mufsm;jzpf\/
temxr&Pydkif; 37
xko
d Ydk w&m;cHwu
Ydk dk jrm;jzifh ypfciG ;f vku
d af omtcg --- ]]t&yfudk ypfchJ
aomf aovdrfhrnf}}[k od&SdrSomvQif jrm;jzifh ypfcGif;cJh\/ vkyfief;
&yfjzifh ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm toufarG;cJo
h l jzpf\/ tukov
dk u
f aH Mumifh
i&J ESpo
f ed ;f aygif;rsm;pGm usucf &hJ Ny;D aemuf i&JrS uRwcf geD; tcsed 0f ,f
NydwmbkHokdY a&mufoifhaom ty&my&d,uHwkdYu tusKd;ay;zkdY&ef tcg
tcGifh oifhvmojzifh i&JrS pkawcgeD; tcgwGif w&m;cHwkdYtm; jrm;jzifh
ypfcGif;cJhaom tmkHedrdwfonfyifvQif r&PmoEaZm\ tmkHedrdwf
tjzpf xifvmayonf/ xkad Mumifh ow0gonf rdrd jyKpyk sK;d axmifcahJ om
tukokdvfuHESifh avsmfnDpGm jrm;tarG;aygufaom Nydwm jzpfvm&ay
onf/ (oH?|?2?202/)
tyftarG;aygufaom a,mufsm;Nydwm --- t&Sifbk&m; ...
oGm;aeaom tyftarG;aygufaom a,mufsm;Nydwmukd jrif&\/
xkNd yw
d m \ xkt
d yftarG;wko
Yd nf txufoYdk ysw
H uf ysw
H uf xkNd yw
d m
\ uk,
d af y:yif usa&mufuek \
f ? xkNd yw
d m onf emusiaf om toHudk
jyK\/ y / &[ef;wkdY ... xkdow0gonf &mZN*dK[fjynfyif
&xm;xdef; jzpfcJhzl;NyD/ y / (oH?1?448-449/)
xkdNydwmum; wpfcsdef vlUb0wGif jrif;wkdYukd okdYr[kwf EGm;wkdYukd
qkdqkH;ronfh &xm;xdef;b0wGif ESifwH\ xdyf oHpl;ukd wyfum
jrif;wkdYukd (EGm;wkdYukd) xkdoHcRefwyf ESifwHjzifh xkd;qGum qkdqkH;rcJhzl;\?
armif;ESifcJhzl;\/ xkdvkyfief;&yfjzifh ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm toufarG;cJhzl;\/
xkt
d y&my&d,uHw\
Ydk pGr;f tm;aMumifh i&JrS pkawcgeD;umv0,f jrif;
(EGm;)wkdYukd oHcRefwyfxm;aom ESifwHjzifh xkd;qGcJhzl;aom tmkHedrdwfonfyifvQif r&PmoEaZm\ tmkHedrdwf tjzpf xifvmayonf/
xkad Mumifh xko
d w0gonf tyftarG;aygufaom Nyw
d m jzpfvm&ayonf/
(oH?|?2?202/)
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
temxr&Pydkif; 39
'kw,
d tyftarG;aygufaom Nyw
d m ---- t&Sib
f &k m; ... wynf-h
awmfonf *dZuk#fawmifrS qif;oufvwfaomf aumif;uif ysHoGm;
aeaom tyftarG;aygufaom a,mufsm;Nyw
d m \
xkdtyftarG;wkdYonf OD;acgif;rS 0if cHwGif;rS xGufukef\? cHwGif;rS
0if &ifrS xGufukef\? &ifrS 0if 0rf;AkdufrS xGufukef\? 0rf;AkdufrS
0if aygifwrYdk S xGuu
f ek \
f ? aygifwrYdk S 0if ajcovk;H wkrYd S xGuu
f ek \
f ?
ajcovkH;wkdYokdY 0if ajcz0g;wkdYrS xGufukef\/ xkdNydwmonf emusifaom toHukd jyK\/ y / &[ef;wkdY ... xkdow0gonf &mZN*dK[fjynfyif ukef;wkdufol jzpfcJhzl;NyD/ y / (oH?1?449/)
Nyw
d m um; vlUb0u acsmypfuek ;f wku
d o
f l jzpfczhJ ;l \/ xko
d o
l nf
vlUb0wGif cspfcifaeol tcsif;csif;ukd pdwf0rf;uGJjym;atmif ysufpD;atmif jyKvkyfcJhzl;\? rif;eef;awmf w&m;kH;ponfwkdY ]]oltm;
rnfaom trIonf &Sd\? olonf rnfaom trIukd jyKcJhzl;\}}
okdY acsmypfukef;wkdufum acsmypfukef;wkdufum (rw&m; a&SUae
vkdufum) tusKd;rJh ysufpD;jcif; qkH;IH;jcif;okdY a&mufapcJh\/ xkdaMumifh
xkdolonf acsmypfukef;wkduf vlwkdYukd pdwf0rf;uGJjym;atmif ysufpD;atmif zsuq
f ;D cJzh ;l ouJo
h Ydk tvm;wlyif rdrd ysupf ;D atmif zsuq
f ;D rnfh
tyfwkdYjzifh zsufqD;onfh xkd;qGcH&onfh 'kuukd tpOfwpkduf cHpm;zkdY&ef
twGuf rdrd jyKpyk sK;d axmifcahJ om acsmypfuek ;f wku
d o
f nfh uHonfyifvQif
i&JrS pkawcgeD;umvwGif r&PmoEaZm\ edrdwftjzpf jyKvkyfum
xifvmojzifh ,ckuo
hJ Ykd tyftarG;aygufaom Nyw
d m jzpfvm&ayonf/
(oH?|?2?202-203/)
acsmypfukef;wkdufpum;ukd o,faqmifum olxHrS Mum;aom

pum;ukd xko
d x
l o
H aYdk &mufatmif xko
d x
l rH S Mum;aompum;ukd olxHokdY a&mufatmif acsmypfukef;wkdufwwfolwnf;/ uJhokdYaom
vkyfief;&yfjzifh vlwkdYukd tusKd;rJh ysufpD;jcif;okYd a&mufatmif jyKvkyf
aqmif&GufcJhayonf/ (oH?#D?2?184/)
tk;d yrmPrQ a0S;aph&adS om Nyw
d m ------ t&Sib
f &k m; ... wynfah wmf
onf *dZu#k af wmifrS qif;oufvwfaomf aumif;uif oGm;aeaom
tkd;yrmPrQ a0S;aph&Sdaom a,mufsm;Nydwmukd jrif&\/ xkdNydwmonf
oGm;aomfvnf; xkad 0S;aphwu
Ydk o
dk mvQif yck;H wif xrf; oGm;&av\?
xkdifaomfvnf; xkda0S;aphwkdYtay:omvQif xkdif&\/ xkdNydwmukd
vif;w us;D iSuf pGe&f w
J o
Ydk nf vku
d
f vku
d
f xk;d qdwu
f ek \
f ? xkNd yw
d m
onf emusifaom toHukd jyK\ / y / &[ef;wkdY ...xkdow0gonf
&mZN*dK[fjynfyif pOf;vJaumufuspfaom w&m;olBuD; jzpfcJhzl;NyD/
/ y / (oH?1?449/)
w&m;olBuD;um; wHpkd;vufaqmifpm;um w&m;pD&ifcJhzl;aom
aumufuspfpOf;vJonfh w&m;olBuD;wnf;/ xkdow0gtm; rdrd jyKpkysKd;
axmifcahJ om qnf;yl;cJah om tukov
dk u
f EH iS hf oabmwlpmG wpfurk r Q
twkid ;f twmyrmP&Sad om tk;d p&nf;Bu;D yrmP&Sad om a0S;aphwo
Ydk nf
jzpfay:aeMuuke\
f / xkw
d &m;olBu;D um; vQKUd 0Suzf ;Hk uG,&f mt&yf wHp;dk
vufaqmifukd,lum aumufuspfpOf;vJaom w&m;pD&ifrIjzifh tjcm;
xif&Sm;aom tjypfukd azmfjyvsuf ykdif&SifwkdYukd ykdif&Sifr[kwfatmif
jyKvkyfwwf\/ xkdaMumifh xkdow0g\ vQKdU0SufzkH;uG,fxm;oifhaom
uk,
d t
f *Fgtpdwt
f ykid ;f onf zk;H uG,v
f rYdk &atmif xifxif&mS ;&Sm; jzpfay:
vm&ayonf/ w&m;pD&if&m 'Pfxm;cJah omf 'PfwyfcahJ omf olwpf
yg;wkt
Yd m; onf;rcHEidk af vmufatmif Bu;D rm;aom 'Pfxm;jcif;[laom
0efxkyf0efykd;ukd tEkdiftxuf 'Pfay;wwfcJh\/ xkdraumif;rI tukokv
d u
f aH Mumifh xko
d w0g\ oEmef0,f vQKUd 0Sux
f m;oifah om uk,
d t
f *Fg
tpdwftykdif;ukd onf;rcHEkdifavmufatmif xrf;aqmifae&ay\/
wpfzef w&m;pD&if&m t&yf &yfwnfonft
h cg tnDtGwjf zpfatmif
jyKvyk o
f ifyh gvsuf rnDw
G af tmif jyKvyk cf \
hJ ? xkrd aumif;rI tukov
dk f
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
uHaMumifh vQKdU0Suftyfaom a0S;apht*Fg&yf[laom rnDGwfonfh

t&yfomvQif xkdifcGifhukd &&SdcJhjcif; jzpfayonf/ (oH?|?2?203/)
rpifwiG ;f epfjrKyaf eaom Nyw
d m --- t&Sib
f &k m; ... wynfah wmf
onf *dZu#k af wmifrS qif;oufvwfaomf rpifwiG ;f OD;acgif;ESiw
hf uG
epfjrKyfaeaom a,mufsm;Nydwmukd jrif&\/ y / &[ef;wkdY ...
xkdow0gonf &mZN*dK[fjynfyif olwpfyg;r,m;ukd vGefusL;cJhol
jzpfcJhzl;NyD/ y / (oH?1?450/)
xkdow0gum; olwpfyg;\ &udwa*gydw (== apmifha&Smuf
xde;f odr;f xm;tyfaom ykid &f iS &f adS om) azm|Amkt
H awGUtxdudk ck;d 0Suf
awGUxdvsuf rpifbifykyf csrf;omESifh wlaom umrcsrf;omjzifh rdrd
pdw"f mwfudk arGUavsmaf pcJo
h nft
h wGuf rdrjd yKpyk sK;d axmifvu
dk o
f nfu
h EH iS hf
tvm;wlpmG rpiftawGUtxdjzifh awGUxdvsuf qif;&J'u
k u
dk cHpm;zk&Yd ef
xkdrpifwGif; Nydwm jzpfvm&ayonf/ (oH?|?2?203/)
rpifpm;aom Nydwm ------ t&Sifbk&m; ... wynfhawmfonf
*dZuk#fawmifrS qif;oufvwfaomf rpifwGif; OD;acgif;ESifhwuG
epfjrKyv
f suf vufEpS zf ufwjYdk zifh rpifudk pm;aeaom a,mufsm;Nyw
d m ukd
jrif&\/ y / &[ef;wkYd ...xkdow0gonf &mZN*dK[fjynfyif
ykPm ;ysuf jzpfczhJ ;l Ny?D xkyd P
k m ;ysuo
f nf uyjrwfpmG bk&m; omoemawmf &[ef;oHCmudk rdrad etdro
f Ydk qGr;f pm;<u&ef yifzh w
d
f pm;usi;f
rpifjynfah pvsuf &[ef;oHCm <uvmaomtcg ]]t&Siw
f Ydk ...tvk&d dS
wkdif; pm;vnf;pm;ukefavmh? aqmif,lvnf; aqmif,lukefavmh}}[k
ajymqkdcJhzl;NyD/ y / (oH?1?450/)
ta& r&Sdaom rdef;rNydwm ------ t&Sib
f &k m; ...wynfah wmfonf
*dZu#k af wmifrS qif;oufvwfaomf aumif;uif oGm;aeaom ta&
r&So
d m rde;f rNyw
d m rukd vif;w us;D iSuf pGe&f w
J o
Ydk nf
vkduf vkduf xkd;qdwfukef\? xkdNydwmronf emusifaom toHukd
temxr&Pydkif; 41
jyK\/ y / &[ef;wkdY ...xkdNydwmronf &mZN*dK[fjynfyif rdrd\

vifudk vGefusL; usifhaom (= tjcm;a,mufsm;wkdYESifh azmufjym;avh
&Sdaom) rdef;r jzpfcJhzl;avNyD/ y / (oH?1?450/)
trsK;d orD;rnfonfum; rdr\
d umr*kPt
f awGUtxdudk rdru
d rykid f
qkid af y/ xku
d mr*kPt
f awGUtxdum; tdr&f iS af ,mufsm;\ uk,
d yf idk Of pm
om jzpf\/ (y&rwopmenf;tm;jzifh ajymqdjk cif; r[kw?f orkwo
d pm
enf;t&om pum;udk ajymqdjk cif; jzpf\/) xkt
d rsK;d orD;onf tdr&f iS f
a,mufsm;\ uk,
d yf idk Of pm jzpfaom xku
d mr*kPt
f awGUtxdudk tdr&f iS f
a,mufsm; rodatmif ck;d a,mufsm;wpfyg;wkt
Yd m; arGUavsmaf ysmyf u
dk f
jcif;udk jzpfap\/ xkdaMumifh rdrd jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhaom tukokdvfuHESifh
avsmn
f pD mG wlnaD om tusK;d ukd ay;zk&Yd eftwGuf csr;f omaom tawGU
txdwkdYonf ajymif;jyefvSefukef qif;&Jaom tawGUtxdukd tpOf
wpku
d f cHpm;zk&Yd ef ta& r&Sad om Nyw
d m r jzpfvm&ayonf/ (oH?|?2?203??)
teYHraumif;aom tkyfqkd;aom Nydwmr --- t&Sifbk&m; ...
oGm;aeaom teYHraumif;aom tkyfqkd;aom Nydwmrukd jrif&\/ xkd
Nyw
d m rudk vif;w us;D iSuf pGe&f w
J o
Ydk nf vku
d
f vku
d
f xk;d qdwu
f ek \
f ?
xkNd yw
d m ronf emusiaf om toHudk jyK\/ y / &[ef;wkdY ...xdNk yw
d m r
onf &mZN*dK[fjynfyif ewf0ifonfr jzpfcJhzl;NyD/ y / (oH?1?450/)
xkt
d rsK;d orD;um; vlb0wGif ewf0f ifonfr b0jzifh toufarG;pOf
ewfyl;jcif; trIukd jyKvsuf ]]rnf rnfaom 0wKypnf;jzifh okdY
Avdewfpm auR;jcif; ylaZmfjcif;trIudk jyKcahJ omf oifwt
Ydk zkYd rnfaom
Bu;D yGm;wk;d wufro
I nf jzpfay:vmvwU}H }[k okv
Yd Qif vlrsm;taygif;\
eHYom yef;ponfwkdYukd vSnfhywfum ,laqmifNyD;vQif vlrsm;taygif;
ukd rrSefuefaom t,ltjrif rdpm'd|dukd aqmufwnf usifhokH;ap\/
xkaYd Mumifh xkrd rd jd yKpyk sK;d axmifcahJ om tukov
dk u
f EH iS hf avsmn
f pD mG wln-D
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
aom tusKd;udk ay;zkdY&eftwGuf eHYom yef;ponfwkdYukd vdrfvnfum

ck;d ,lco
hJ nft
h wGuf raumif;aom teH&Y o
dS l jzpfvm&\? rrSeu
f efaom
t,ltjrifudk pJ,
G cl o
hJ nft
h wGuf pG,
J al pcJo
h nft
h wGuf tkyq
f ;dk aom
&GH&SmpufqkyfzG,faumif;onfh Nydwmr jzpfvm&ayonf/ (oH?|?2?204/)
rD;usD;ykH rD;avmifcHae&aom Nydwmr --- t&Sifbk&m; ...
oGm;aeaom xuf0ef;usif rD;cJ wzGm;zGm;us rD;usD;ykH vl;vdrfhcH
ae&aom rD;avmifzw
k rYdk S t&nfwpfpufpuf ,kx
d u
G af eaom Nyw
d m rukd
jrif&\/ xkNd yw
d m ronf emusiaf om toHudk jyK\/ y / &[ef;wk.Yd ..
xkNd yw
d m ronf uvd*rF if;\ rdz&k m;acgifBu;D jzpfczhJ ;l \? xkrd zd &k m;acgif
Bu;D onf jiLpljcif;jzifh ESyd pf uftyf&um; vifwrl ed ;f rukd rD;us;D tk;d uif;jzifh
avmif;cJhzl;avNyD/ y /
xkNd yw
d m rum; &J&aJ wmufavmifaeaom rD;us;D cJyaHk y: vJavsmif;
um wkew
f ek &f &D jD zifh vl;vdru
hf m qif;&J'u
k u
dk cHae&\? rD;us;D cJ usuf
ae&\/ xkaYd Mumifh xkNd yw
d m ronf 0ef;usiyf wfcsm t&yfrsuEf mS tm;vk;H rS
rD;usD;cJwkdYjzifh avmifNrdKufrIukdvnf; cHae&\? tvGef jyif;xefaom
rD;yljzifh usuaf e&aom cEmuk,
d v
f nf; &S\
d ? rD;us;D cJwu
Ydk uk,
d af y:okYd
wzGm;zGm; usaeMuojzifh tvGefndK;EGrf;yifyef;aom cEmukd,fvnf;
&Sdae\? rD;avmifzkwkdYonf aygufuGJum cEmukd,frS ,kdpD;usaeMu\?
rD;usD;cJwkdYjzifh xuf0ef;usif jynfhESufaeonfhtwGuf rD;usD;cJwkdYjzifh
wzGm;zGm; tMuJcHae&olvnf; jzpf\/ xkdNydwmr\ atmuft&yfrS
vnf;aumif; ab;ESpb
f ufwrYdk v
S nf;aumif; txuft&yfaumif;uif
rSvnf;aumif; aygufyGifYtqif;ESifh wlukefaom &J&Jnd awmufyukef
aom rD;us;D cJwo
Ydk nf Nyw
d m r\ uk,
d t
f xufoYdk usa&mufaeMuuke\
f /
xkdNydwmronf uvd*Frif;\ rdzk&m;jzpfcJhpOfu uvd*Frif;tm;
azsmaf jztok;H awmfcaH eaom uacsonf armif;rrdw
H pfO;D ukd jypfrmS ;
temxr&Pydkif; 43
cJhzl;\/ xkduacsonfum; a&csKd;NyD;p jzpfaom &Sifbk&if\ teD;wGif

rD;us;D cJrsm; xnfx
h m;aom cGuu
f dk xm; &Sib
f &k if\uk,
d rf S a&rsm;ukd
okwfay;ae\? vufjzifhvnf; a&ajcmufatmif jyKvkyfay;ae\/
&Sifbk&ifuvnf; xkdtrsKd;orD;ESifh twl pum;ajymae\? ESpfouf
auseyfonfh tjcif;t&mukv
d nf; xif&mS ;azmfjyae\/ rdz&k m;acgifBu;D um; xkdtjyKtrlukd onf;rcHEkdifjzpfum ukd,fhxufom remvkdonfh
mw&m;u nO;f yef;ESyd pf uftyfonfjzpf &Sib
f &k ifBu;D xGucf mG oGm; rMumrD xkrd ;D us;D tk;d uif;uk,
d u
l m xku
d acsonfr\ cEmuk,
d -f
ay:okdY rD;usD;cJwkYdukd avmif;csvkdufavonf/ xkduvd*Frif;\ rdzk&m;
acgifBuD;onf xkdraumif;rI tukokdvfuHukd jyKpkysKd;axmifvdkufrdonfh
twGuf xko
d o
Ydk abm&So
d nfomvQif jzpfaom rD;us;D cJwjYdk zifh avmifNrKd uf
cH&jcif;wnf;[laom tusKd;w&m;udk tpOfwpkduf cHpm;zkdY&eftwGuf
Nydwmavmu jzpfvm&ayonf/ (oH?|?2?204/)
OD;acgif; r&Sdaom Nydwm --- t&Sifbk&m; ...wynfhawmfonf
*dZuk#fawmifrS qif;oufvwfaomf aumif;uif oGm;aeaom
OD;acgif;ryg uk,
d o
f m&Sad om Nyw
d m ukd jrif&\? xkNd yw
d m \ &if rsuv
f ;Hk
ESifh yg;pyfwkdYonf jzpfay:ukef\? xkdNydwmukd vif;w usD;iSuf pGef&J
wkdYonf vkduf vkduf xkd;qdwfukef\? xkdNydwmonf emusifaom
toHudk jyK\/ y / &[ef;wkYd ...xko
d w0gonf &mZN*Kd [jf ynfyif
[m&du ac: ckd;olowfa,mufsm; jzpfcJhzl;avNyD/ (oH?1?451/)
xkNd yw
d m um; vlUb0wGif rif;\tmPmjzifh olc;dk "m;jywku
Yd dk &Snjf rifh
pGmaom tcsdeftcgumvywfvkH; OD;acgif;wkdYudk jzwfum owfjzwf
cJzh ;l \/ aocgeD;umvwGif ,if;OD;acgif;jywfaeaom tavmif;aumif
wko
Yd nf r&PmoEaZm\ tmkt
H jzpf xifvmum Nyw
d m bko
H Ydk a&muf&dS
vmaomtcg OD;acgif;ryg ukd,fom&SdaomNydwm jzpfvm&ayonf/
(oH?|?2?204/)
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
&[ef;Nyw
d m omraPNyw
d m --- t&Sib
f &k m; ...wynfah wmfonf
*dZuk#fawmifrS qif;oufvwfaomf aumif;uif oGm;aeaom
&[ef;Nydwmukd / y /
&[efrdef;r Nydwmukd / y /
odurmef (= &[ef;ravmif;) Nydwmukd / y /
omraPNydwmukd / y /
omraPr Nydwmukd jrif&\/
xkdNydwm\ 'kuk#fouFef; oydwf cg;yef;BudK;ESifh cEmukdk,fwkdYonf
rD;tvQaH jymifajymif awmufavmifaeuke\
f ? xuf0ef;usif rD;awmuf
rD;vQHESifhwuG ta&miftvif;ESifhwuG rD;awmufrD;vQH wajymifajymif
awmufavmifae\/ xkdNydwmonf emusifaom toHukd jyK\/
]]t&Sib
f &k m; ...wynfah wmftm; ]tcsi;f wkYd ..tHzh ,
G &f pdS w
G um;?
tcsi;f wkdY .. rjzpfz;l jrJ jzpfpw
G um;? uJo
h aYdk om ow0g[k &S&d wkb
H \
d ?
uJhokdYaom Nydwm[k &Sd&wkHbd\? uJhokdYaom twabmukd &ol[k
&Sd&wkHbd\}[k pdwftMuH jzpfcJhygonf}}[k avQmufxm; ajymqkd\/
xkt
d cg jrwfpmG bk&m;onf &[ef;wku
Yd dk rdeaYf wmfr\
l --- ]]&[ef;wkYd ...
wynfhom0uwkdYonf rsufpdtjrif &Sdukefonfjzpf aeMuayonf
wum;? wynfhom0uwkdYonf Pftjrif &Sdukefonfjzpf aeMu
ayonfwum;/ tMuifokdYaom wynfhom0u pifvsuf okdYaom
ow0gukd odvnf; odEikd w
f b
Hk \
d ? jrifvnf; jrifEidk w
f b
Hk \
d ? oufaoukd
aomfvnf; jyKEkdifwkHbd\? &[ef;wkdY ... a&S;uyif (= aAm"dr@dKif
oAnKwPfawmfjrwfudk xk;d xGi;f odjrifawmfrpl Ofuyif twkid ;f twm
yrmP r&Sdaom pMu0VmwkdY twkdif;twmyrmP r&Sdaom ow0g
wku
Yd dk 'dAp uKPfawmfjrwfjzifh rsuaf rSmufjyKawmfrpl Of ) xk&d [ef;Nyw
d m
ukd / y / &[ef;rdef;r Nydwmukd / y / odurmef Nydwmukd / y /
omraPNydwmukd / y / omraPr Nydwmukd igbk&m; jrifawmfrlcJhNyD/
temxr&Pydkif; 45
okaYd omfvnf; igbk&m;onf rajymqkcd ahJ y? igbk&m;onf xkt

d aMumif;ukd
ajymqkdcJhygrl olwpfyg;wkdYonf igbk&m;tm; r,kHMunfEkdifMuay&m? xkd
r,kMH unfow
l t
Ydk m; xkrd ,kMH unfjcif;onf Mumjrifph mG aom umvywfv;Hk
tusKd;pD;yGm;rJhjcif;iSm qif;&Jjcif;iSm jzpfav&m\/ &[ef;wkdY ... xkd
&[ef;Nydwmonf / y / xkd&[ef;rNydwmonf / y / xkdodurmef
Nyw
d m onf / y / xko
d mraPNyw
d m onf / y / xko
d mraPrNyw
d m onf
/ y / uyjrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif\ omoemawmf ,kwfrmaom&[ef;
/ y / ,kwfrmaom &[ef;r / y / ,kwfrmaom odurmef / y /
,kwfrmaom omraP / y / ,kwfrmaom omraPr jzpfcJhzl;NyD/
rdrdwdkY jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhaom xkdtukokdvfuH\ tusKd;tjzpfjzifh rsm;pGm
aom ESpfwkdYywfvkH; rsm;pGmaom ESpft&mwkdYywfvkH; rsm;pGmaom ESpf
taxmifwyYdk wfv;Hk rsm;pGmaom ESpt
f ode;f wkyYd wfv;Hk i&J usucf &hJ
xkduH\ tusKd;<uif;jzifhyifvQif uJhokdYaom twabmukd &&SdcHpm;
ae&\}}[k a[mawmfrl\/ (oH?1?451-452/)
aom ud& avmu o'ga'a,s pwma&m ypa, y&dbk w
d mG
um,0pD'Gga&[d toH,awm bdEmZDa0g pdwau
uVV uDVaEm 0dp&d/
wawm {uH Ak'E&H ed&a, ypdwGm aywavmau edAwaEm bduKo'daoae0 twbma0e edAwd/ bduKeDodurmemomraP&omraP&D0wLokyd t,ar0 0dedpa,m/ (oH?|?2?205/)
xk&d [ef;Nyw
d m um; wpfcsed u
f uybk&m;&Si\
f omoemawmf
&[ef;awmfwpfyg;yif jzpfcJh\/ xkd&[ef;onf uybk&m;&Sif\
omoemawmfwGif rSDwif;aexkdifpOf vlrsm;taygif;\ o'gw&m;
jy"mef;vsuf vSL'gef;ylaZmftyfaom ypn;f av;yg;wku
Yd dk ok;H aqmifNy;D vQif
um,'Gg& 0pD'Gg&wkdYjzifh &[ef;wkdY\ oDvukd apmifhpnf;rI r&SdbJ
toufarG;rI tmZD0yg&dok'doDv ysufpD;vsuf pdwf\ tvkdtwkdif;
xkdxdktmkHukd aysmfjrL;jcif;ukd aysmfjrL;vsuf vSnfhvnf aexkdifcJh\/
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
(oDv orm"d ynm odum okH;&yf tusifhjrwfjzifh odrf;usKH;

a&wGut
f yfaom omoejA[p&d,ukd jzLjzLpifpif tm;uk;d xku
d af tmif
rScD t
dk m;xm;&mjzpfatmif rjznfu
h sichf ahJ y/) xk&d [ef;b0rS pkawvwfaomf i&JoYdk a&muf&o
dS mG ;cJ\
h / uybk&m;&Si\
f omoemawmfro
S nf
a*gwrbk&m;&Si\
f omoemawmfoYdk wkid af tmif Ak'E & toacs,
F suyf
wpfuyfywfv;Hk i&J usucf &hJ Ny;D aemuf Nyw
d m avmu Nyw
d m jzpfjyefvwfaomf &[ef;ESihf wlnaD om cEmuk,
d t
f wabmjzifo
h mvQif Nyw
d m
jzpfvm&ayonf/ &[ef;rdef;r odurmef omraP omraPr
0wKwkdYvnf; tqkH;tjzwfwkdif;om rSwfom;ygav/ (oH?|?2?205/)
wpfcsdef &[ef;b0wGif aexkdifcJhpOfu rpifMu,faom oDv
,kwfrmaom ukd,fusifhw&m; &Sdvsuf vlrsm;taygif;\ o'gw&m;jzifh
vSL'gef;tyfaom ouFef;ukd cRwfrypfbJ qufvuf okH;aqmifcJh\/
oydwf ponfukdvnf; tvm;wlyif okH;aqmifcJh\/ xkdraumif;rI
tukokdvfuHaMumifh Nydwmb0okdY a&mufonfhtcgvnf; tvQHajymifajymif rD;w[kef;[kef; awmufavmifaeaom ouFef; oydwf
y&du&mwkdYkukd cRwfypfvkdY r&Ekdif jzpfae\? pGefYypfvkdY r&Ekdif jzpfae\/
tukov
dk rf sm;onf tusK;d ay;vmygu tvGeaf Mumufrufz,
G f aumif;
vSayonf/ tukokdvfuH\ t&Sdeft0g rukefoa&GU cHae&OD;rnfom
jzpfayonf/
txufyg 0wKZmwfvrf; taMumif;t&mwkdYum; vuPoH,kwfESifh ,if;t|uxm #DumwkdY vm&Sdaom taMumif;t&mwkdY
jzpfMuonf/ tvm;wl 0wKrsm;onf yg&mZduygVdawmf pwkwyg&mZduvnf; vm&Sdayonf/
oHo&mc&D; quf&ef &Sdaeao;olwkdY owdw&m; BuD;pGmxm;vsuf
a&Smif&Sm;oifhaom tukokdvf 'kpkdufrsm;vnf; jzpfMu\/ rpifMu,f-
temxr&Pydkif; 47
aom oDvjzifh &Sib

f 0 &[ef;b0wGif raexkid rf zd &Ydk ef qifjcifEv
S ;Hk oGi;f
&rnfh 0wKZmwfvrf;wkdYvnf; jzpfMuayonf/ ukd;uG,ftm;xm;&rnfh
emxw&m; xif&mS ;r&Sb
d J aoausysupf ;D oGm;Mu&aom xk;H a[mif;rsm;
jzpfMuayonf/
ty&my&d,a0'eD,uH
ty&my&d,a0'eD,uH[lonf tqufquf a&mufxkdufaom
b0 tusK;d ukd cHp&H rnfh uHwnf;/ umraZmwko
Yd nf a,bk,stm;jzifh
0Dxpd Of wpfct
k wGi;f (7)Burd f apmk;d "rwm &SMd u\/ xkd aZm (7)Burd f
wkdYwGif yxraZm apwemum; uHudk jyKpkysKd;axmif&m xdkrsufarSmuf
b0 tusKd;ukd jzpfapwwfaom rsufarSmufb0 tusKd;ukd cHpH&rnfh
uH jzpf\? 'd|"ra0'eD,uH [k ac:qkd\/ ,if;uHonf tu,f
rsufarSmufb0 tusKd;ray;vQif ta[moduH jzpf\/ uHjzpfkHom
jzpf tusKd;ray;aom uHrsKd;wnf;/
xkdaZm (7)BudrfwkdYwGif owraZm apwemum; 'kwd,b0
(=yxr vmrnfh tem*wfb0) tusK;d ay;wwf\? OyyZa0'eD,uH
[k ac:\/ uyfa&mufxu
dk af om b0 tusK;d ukd cHp&H rnfh uHrsK;d wnf;/
txufyg 0wKZmwfvrf;wkdY tkd;pkNydwmb0 ponfokdY ra&mufrD
i&J tusKd;ay;aom uHrsKd;wnf;/ xkdowraZm apwemonf 'kwd,
b0 tusKd; ray;cJhaomf ta[moduHyif jzpfoGm;ayonf/ xkd aZm
(7)wefwkdYteuf tv,faZm (5)wefwkdYum; wwd,b0rS p
(= 'kwd,ajrmuf tem*wfb0rS p) tqufquf a&mufxkdufaom
b0wkdY uHt&Sdeft0g rukefao;orQ edAmefr&rcsif; tusKd;ay;wwf
aom uHwnf;/ ,if;uHukd ty&my&d,a0'eD,uH (= tqufquf
a&mufxkdufaom b0 tusKd;ukd cHpH&rnfh uH) [k ac:qkd\/
uHrsKd;um; oHo&m\ jzpfjcif;onf xif&Sm; &Sdaeygrl ta[moduH
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
rjzpfEidk Nf y/D (0do'k ?d 2?236/) wpfcsed cf sed w

f iG f tusK;d ay;cGihf omygu tusK;d
ay;rnfom jzpfonf/ okdYaomf edAmefokdY qkdufa&mufoGm;vQifum;
y&dedAmepkwd\ aemufqG,fwGif tusKd;ay;Ekdifonfh pGrf;tifrsm;onf
t0dZm wPSmwnf;[laom taygif;tazmfudk r&&Sdonfjzpf tusKd;
ray;Ekid af wmhbJ tusK;d ay;Ekid o
f nfh pGr;f tifrsm; ukecf ef;oGm;&ayonf/
uHwpfckukd jyKpkysKd;axmif&m aZm (7)Budrf apmonfh aZm0Dxdaygif;um; rsm;pGm apmEkid af yonf/ rsupf w
d pfrw
dS f vQyw
f pfjyuf vufzspf
wpfwu
G f tcsed u
f mvtwGi;f ,if;uJoaYdk om aZm0Dxad ygif; ode;f ESihf
csD jzpfEkdifayonf/ aZm0Dxdwkdif; aZm (7)wef apmvsuf &Sdojzifh
'd|"ra0'eD,uHaygif; OyyZa0'eD,uHaygif; ty&my&d,a0'eD,uHaygif; rnfrQ rsm;jym;rnfukd cefYrSef;om Munfhav&monf/ wpfoufwmvkH; vGefusL;ae&mum; xkduJhokdYaom uHrsKd;awG rnfrQ
rsm;jym;aernfukd txl; ajymzG,f&myif rvkdawmhNyD jzpfayonf/
t&d,r*fw&m;wnf;[laom arG;nyfjzifh ry,fEIwfEdkiforQ
umvywfvkH; xkduHwkdYrS rvGwfajrmufEkdifonfom jzpfayonf/
xkduJhokdYaom temxr&P
temxr&Pab;rS vGwfajrmuf&ef emxw&m;
(10
(10)) yg;
yg;ukd bk&m;&Sio
f nf t*Fw
k & edum,f 'ouedygwfwiG f atmufyg
twkdif; a[mMum;xm;awmfrlayonf/
!!!
temxr&Pydkif; 49
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
udk,fwdkifyif tm;xkwfMuyg
!
oifcspfom;wdkY . . .
udk,fwdkif jyKoifhjyKxkdufonfh
orx0dyem bm0emvkyfief;&yfwdkYudk
oifcspfom;wdkY udk,fwdkifyif
usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfMuyg/
wxm*w trnf&awmfrlonfh
igbk&m;&SifwdkYonfum;
r*if&Spfyg; usifhpOfw&m;wnf;[laom vrf;rSefudk
TefMum; jyo qkdqHk;rwwfolwdkYom jzpfMu\/
(pmrsufESm?145/)
oemx0d[m&Dydkif; 49
tcef; (2)
oemx0d[m&Dykdif;
emxw&m; (10) yg;
&[ef;wkdY ... rSDckdtm;xm;&m emxw&m; xif&Sm;&SdMuukefonf
jzpf aexkid Mf uygukeaf vmh? rScD t
dk m;xm;&m emxw&m; xif&mS ; r&SMd uukefbJ raexkdifMuygukefvifh/ &[ef;wkdY ... rSDcdktm;xm;&m emx
w&m; xif&Sm; r&Sdolonf qif;qif;&J&J aexkdif&\/ (tH?3?275-277/)
okYd w&m;ed'gef;ysK;d um emxw&m; (10)yg;
(10)yg;ukd wpfyg;Ny;D wpfyg;
a[mMum;awmfral vonf/ ,if;emxw&m; (10)yg;wdEYk iS hf jynfjh ynfph pHk Hk
aexdkifaeaom yk*dKvfrsKd;udk oemx0d[m&DD yk*dKvf[k ac:qdk\/ ,if;
(10)yg;wdkYwGif a&S;OD;pGm yxr emxw&m;ukd bk&m;&Sifu okdY ..
a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/
yxr emxw&m; = oDv&Sdjcif;

" bdua0 bduK oDv0g a[mwd? ygwdarmuoH0&oH0kawm
0d[&wd tmpm&a*gp&oraEm? tPkrawok 0aZok b,'m0D
orm'g, oduw
d odum ya'ok/ ,rd bdua 0 bduK oDv0g a[mwd
/ y / orm'g, oduwd odumya'ok? t,rd "arm emxu&aPm/
(tH?3?275/)
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
&[ef;wkdY ...omoemawmf &[ef;onf oDv&Sd\/ ygwdarmuoH0&oDv[k ac:qkdtyfonfh 0denf;oDvawmfukd apmifhpnf;vsuf aexkdif\/ usifh0wfy#dywfukd jznfhusifhjcif;[laom tusifh
tmpm& usupf m;oifh usupf m;xku
d o
f nfh tmk+H t&yfwYkd usupf m;jcif;[lonfh usufpm;&m a*gp&ESifh jynfhpkH\/ tPkjrLyrm ao;i,fvS
aom tjypfwkdYaomfvnf; tvGef aMumufrufzG,fab;[k Ijrifavh
&Sd\/ odumyk'fwkdY aumif;pGm aqmufwnf usifh\/
&[ef;wkdY ... &[ef;onf ,if;uJhokdY oDv&Sd\/ ygwdarmu
oH0&oDv[k ac:qkdtyfonfh 0denf;oDvawmfukd apmifhpnf;vsuf
aexkdif\/ usifh0wfy#dywfukd jznfhusifhjcif;[laom tusifh tmpm&
usupf m;oifh usupf m;xku
d o
f nfh tmk+H t&yfwYdk usupf m;jcif;[lonfh
usufpm;&m a*gp&ESifh jynfhpkH\/ tPkjrLyrm ao;i,fvSaom tjypf
wkYd aomfvnf; tvGef aMumufrufz,
G af b;[k Ijrifavh &S\
d / odum yk'fwkdY aumif;pGm aqmufwnf usifh\ --- [laom w&m;onf
vnf; rSDckdtm;xm;&mukd jyKwwfaom emxw&m;wnf;/ (tH?3?275/)
xk&d [ef;rsK;d ukd oDwif;Bu;D (= rax&fBu;D )&[ef;wku
Yd vnf; ajymqkd
oif\
h qH;k roif\
h [k rSwx
f ifMuuke\
f / oDwif;vwf &[ef;wku
Yd vnf;
ajymqkdoifh\ qkH;roifh\[k rSwfxifMuukef\/ oDwif;i,f &[ef;wkdY
uvnf; ajymqkdoifh\ qkH;roifh\[k rSwfxifMuukef\/ oDwif;BuD;
(= rax&fBuD;) &[ef;wdkY\ tpOfoem;apmifha&SmufrIukd cH,l&aom
oDwif;vwf &[ef;wkdY\ tpOfoem;apmifha&SmufrIukd cH,l&aom
oDwif;i,f &[ef;wkdY\ tpOfoem;apmifha&SmufrIukd cH,l&aom xkd
&[ef;tm; oDv orm"d ynm tpjzmonfh ukokdvfw&m;wkdY wkd;yGm;
rIom rcRwf{uef jzpfvdrhfrnf[k arQmfvifhtyf\? qkwf,kwfrI jzpfvdrfh
rnf[k rarQmfvifhtyf/ onfvnf; rSDckdtm;xm;&mukd jyKwwfaom
emxw&m;wnf;/ (tH?3?275/)
oemx0d[m&Dydkif; 51
0denf;a'oemawmf vm&Sad om oDvusiphf Ofyikd ;f [lonfrmS vnf;

us,fjyefYeufIdif;aom oabm&Sd\/ omoemawmf txGwftxdyf
xm;tyfaom usifhpOfjzpfonfh r*jA[p&d,trnf&onfh t&d,r*f
usifhpOfodkY qdkufa&mufa&;twGuf omoejA[p&d,trnf&onfh
oDvusipfh Of orm"dusiphf Of ynmusiphf Ofwu
Ykd kd pepfwus usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkw&f rnfjzpf&m xdo
k moejA[p&d,usiphf Ofyikd ;f wGif
a&S;OD;pGm jznfhusifh&rnfh usifhpOfum; oDvusifhpOfyif jzpf\/ r*fzdkvf
edAm efukd (wpfenf;qd&k aomf) r*jA[p&d,trnf&onfh t&d,r*fPf
jzifh edAm efukd rsuaf rSmufjyKvo
kd nfh olawmfaumif;wdik ;f olawmfaumif;
wdkif;onf rcRwf{uef jznhfusifh&rnfh usifhpOfum; oDvusifhpOfyif
jzpf\/
odumoHk;&yf tusifhjrwfwdkYwGif tajccHtkwfjrpf jzpfonfh oDv
usihfpOfydkif;udk vkdufemjyKusifh&m &[ef;awmfwpfyg;taejzifh xm;&Sdoifah om pdwaf epdwx
f m;udk edo'D eoEw odum yk'fwiG f odYk azmfjy
xm;\/
t&SifOyaoe\ avQmufxm;csuf
(0d?1?336-338/ 0d?|?2?264-265/)
wpfcsed w
f iG f bk&m;&Sio
f nf om0wjd ynfreG f aZw0efausmif;wdu
k f
awmf oDwif;oH;k pHaeawmfrq
l J jzpf\/ xkEd pS f 0gwGi;f umvtwGi;f 0,f
bk&m;&Sif cRwaf wmfryl grS uRww
f rf;0ifrnfh Ak'a 0ae,sow0g wpfp-kH
wpfOD;udkrQ jrifawmfrrlojzifh bk&m;&Sifu &[ef;awmfwdkYudk odkY
rdefYMum;awmfrl\/
]]&[ef;wdkY ...igbk&m;&Sifonf 0gwGif;oHk;vwdkY umvywfvHk;
wpfyg;xD;wnf; ude;f atmif;arGUavsmf pHaysmaf wmfrjl cif;iSm tvd&k adS wmf
rl\/ igbk&m;&SifxHokdY qGrf;ydkYaqmifvmaom &[ef;awmfrSwpfyg;
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ igbk&m;&SifxHawmfodkY rcsOf;uyf&}} [k

trdeaYf wmfjrwf owfrw
S x
f m;awmfr\
l / wpfyg;xD;wnf; ormywfjzifh
udef;atmif;aeawmfrl\/
&[ef;awmfwu
Ydk vnf; bk&m;&Si\
f trdeaYf wmfjrwftwdik ;f vdu
k ef m
jyKusifhum qGrf;ykdYaqmifonfh &[ef;awmfwpfyg;rS vGJvQif rnfonfh
&[ef;awmfrQ bk&m;&Six
f o
H Ykd rcsO;f uyfcMhJ uay/ bk&m;&Si\
f trdeaYf wmf
jrwfudk OD;xdyf&Gufyefqifum vdkufemaqmif&GufawmfrlMu\/
ar;oifhaom tcsufwpf&yf
xk0d gwGi;f umv0,f bk&m;&Sif acscRwaf wmfryl grS uRww
f rf;0ifrnfh
Ak'a0ae,s r&Sdyif r&SSdjim;aomfvnf; a&S;a&S;bk&m;&SifwdkY\ tpOf
tvmtwdkif; w&m;awmfudk a[mMum;jyo qdkqHk;rawmfrloifhonf
r[kwfygvm; --- [k ar;&ef&Sd\/ bk&m;&Sif\ pdwftMuHtpnfawmfrSm
odkYjzpf\/
]]igbk&m;&Sifonf ,ckuJhokdY wpfyg;xD;wnf; udef;atmif;awmf
rlonf&Sdaomf &[ef;awmfwkdYonf w&m;ESifh ravsmfnDonfh t"rdu
uwdu0wfukd jyKvyk Mf uukev
f wHU ? xdt
k "ru
d uwdu0wfukd Oyaoe
rax&fonf zsuq
f ;D ypfvwUH / xdt
k cg igbk&m;&Sio
f nf Oyaoe&[ef;awmftm; MunfndKum &[ef;awmfwdkYudk igbk&m;&Siftm; zl;ajrmfcGifhudk
cGijhf yKawmfral ytH?h xkt
d cgwGif igbk&m;&Siu
f kd zl;ajrmfvMkd uukeo
f nfjzpf
rsm;pGmukefaom &[ef;wdkYonf "kwifusifh0wf y#dywfwkdYudk aqmufwnfMuukefvwHU? igbk&m;&Sifonfvnf; xkdxdk"kwifudk aqmifvkdMuukeaf om &[ef;awmfwu
Ykd pGeyYf pfxm;tyfuek af om r&ufbJ Buw
d x
f m;tyfonfh tcif; (oEw) wdkYudk taMumif;jyKum odumyk'fawmfudk
ynwfawmfrl&aytHh/}}
oemx0d[m&Dydkif; 53
odaYk om pdwt
f Mut
H pnf&adS wmfro
l nft
h wGuaf Mumifh bk&m;&Si-f
u w&m;a[mawmf rrlbJ wpfyg;xD;wnf; udef;atmif;awmfrljcif;
jzpf\/ (0d?|?2?264-265/)
xdktcsdefwGif &[ef;awmfwdkYonf rdrdu 0g wpf0grQom &&Sdao;aomfvnf; 0g ESpf0grQom &&Sdao;aomfvnf; &[ef;avmif;wpfOD;udk
OyZm,fjyKum &[ef;jyKay;Muukef\/ 0*FEykPm;BuD;\ om;&wem
wpfOD;jzpfaom t&Sifom&dykw&m rax&fjrwfBuD;\ nDawmfjzpfol
t&SifOyaoeonfvnf; rdrdu &[ef;0g wpf0grQom &&Sdao;aomfvnf; tjcm;&[ef;avmif;wpfOD;udk OyZm,fjyKum &[ef;jyKay;awmf
rlavonf/ &[ef;0g ESpf0grQom &&Sdao;aom xdkt&SifOyaoeonf
wpf0grQom &&Sdao;aom rdrd\ wynfh&[ef;awmfukd ac:aqmifum
0guRwaf omtcg bk&m;&Sit
f m; oGm;a&mufz;l ajrmfuefawmhavonf/
0wKudk taMumif;jyKum bk&m;&Sifu atmufygtwdkif; odumyk'fawmfudk ynwfawmfrlavonf/
]]e bdua0 ODe'o0ae Oyorma'waAm? a,m Oyorma',s? tmywd 'ku#/ tEkZmemrd bdua0 'o0ae 0g twda&u'o0ae 0g Oyorma'wHk/}} (0d?3?75/)
= &[ef;wkdY ...q,f0g rjynfhao;aom &[ef;onf OyZm,fjyKum &Sif&[ef; rjyKay;tyf? OyZm,fjyKum &Sif&[ef;jyKay;aom
&[ef;tm; 'ku#ftmywf oifhap/ &[ef;wdkY ...q,f0gjynfhaom
&[ef;onfvnf;aumif; q,f0gxuf ydv
k eG af om 0g&Sad om &[ef;onf
vnf;aumif; OyZm,fjyKum &Sif&[ef;jyKay;&ef igbk&m; cGifhjyKawmf
rl\/ (0d?3?75/)
t&SiOf yaoe rax&fonfvnf; ---]]r*fzv
kd rf S tcsn;f ES;D jzpfaom
a,mufsm; ...oifonf olwpfyg;wku
Yd qdq
k ;kH rxdu
k o
f l Burd zf efrsm;pGm
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
xyfumxyfum qdkqHk;rxdkufol jzpfygvsuf olwpfyg;udk qdkqHk;rzdkY&ef

Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum qdkqHk;rzdkY&ef tb,ftaMumif;aMumifh
atmufarhrw
S x
f ifbo
d enf;}}--- odYk ponfjzifh bk&m;&Si\
f uJ&h UJ rIukd
cH,lcJh&\/ (0d?3?74/)
]]bk&m;&Sifonf ightm; y&dowfudk taMumif;jyKum uJh&JUIwfcsawmfr\
l ? ,cktcg igonf vjynf0h ef;yrm usuo
f a&r*Fvmtjzmjzm
wdkY jynfhpHkawmfrlaom xkdEIwfcrf;awmfjzifhyif jA[mrif;\ toHudk
>ruf[awmfrlvsuf y&dowfudkyif taMumif;jyKum aumif;csD;Ekarmf
om"kac:qdkrIudk jyKaytHh}}[k rGefjrwfaom pdwfESvHk;"mwfcH &Sdaom
trsK;d aumif;om;jzpfonfh t&SiOf yaoeonf om0wrd S ,lZemwpf&mausmf a0;uGm&mt&yfokdY <uoGm;awmfrlum y&dowfudk a&G;cs,fawmf
rlNyD;vQif oDwif;oHk;aexdkifawmfrl\/
jrwfpmG bk&m;&Siw
f pfyg;xD;wnf; ude;f atmif;awmfr&l m xk0d gwGi;f
umv bk&m;&Si\
f xHawmfoYdk qGr;f ykaYd qmifonfh &[ef;awmfrS wpfyg;
rnfonf&h [ef;wpfyg;rQ xk0d gwGi;f wGif bk&m;&Si\
f xHawmfoYkd csO;f uyfawmfrrlay/ xk0d gwGi;f om0wo
d C
H muvnf; okYd w&m;ESihf ravsm-f
nDonfh t"rdu uwdu0wf wpfckudk jyKxm;Mu\/
]]igh&SifwdkY ... jrwfpGmbk&m;onf 0gwGif;oHk;vumvywfvHk;
wpfyg;xD;wnf; ude;f atmif;arGUavsmf pHaysmaf wmfrjl cif;iSm tvk&d adS wmf
rl\? bk&m;&Sif\ xHawmfodkY qGrf;udk ydkYaqmifonfh &[ef;rS wpfyg;
rnfonfh &[ef;awmfrQ rcsOf;uyftyf? csOf;uyfaom &[ef;onf
ygpdwftmywfudk a'oemajymMum;&rnf/}}
odkY w&m;ESifh ravsmfnDaom t"rdu uwdu0wfudk jyKvkyfxm;awmfrl\/ tmywf[o
l nf bk&m;&Siw
f o
Ykd m ynwfawmfrMl uonfh
t&mXme jzpf\? om0uwdkY ynwfEdkifonfh t&mXme r[kwfay/
oemx0d[m&Dydkif; 55
om0ursm;u ,ckuJhodkY ]]ygpdwftmywf oifhap}}[k ynwfjcif;onf

t"rdu (= w&m;ESifh ravsmf) jzpfae\/
xdktcsdefwGif t&SifOyaoeonf q,f0gausmfum &[EmjzpfawmfrlNyD;onfhtcsdef jzpfayonf/ xdktcg t&SifOyaoeonf ig;&m
rQaom rdrd\ y&dowfESifhtwl jrwfpGmbk&m;xHawmfokdY csOf;uyfum
tvGefdkaopGm &Sdcdk;0wfjyKNyD;aemuf oifhwifhavsmufywfaom ae&m
xkdifum oDwif;oHk;awmf rlvdkuf\/ t&SifOyaoe\ y&dowfudk
Munfhum bk&m;&Sifonfvnf; tvGef ESpfNcdKufawmfrl\/ xkdy&dowf
twGif;rS &[ef;awmfwpfyg;udk bk&m;&Sifu odkY ar;jref;awmfrl\/
]]cspfom; &[ef; ...yHokulouFef;wdkYonf oifhtm; ESpfouf
jrwfEkd;apukef\avm? rdrd&JU tvdktBudKuftwkdif; aqmifxm;tyfyg
ukefoavm}}[k ar;jref;awmfrl\/
]]jrwfpGmbk&m; ...wynfhawmfudk,fwdkifu rdrd&JU tvdktBudKuf
twdkif; yHokulouFef;wkdYudk aqmifxm;onfum; r[kwfygbk&m;?
wynfhawmf\ OyZm,fq&mawmfu yHokulouFef;udk aqmifawmfrl
yg\/ tvm;wlyif wynfah wmfonfvnf;yJ yHou
k o
l uFe;f udak qmifjcif;
jzpfygonf jrwfpGmbk&m;}}[k wifjy avQmufxm;vdkufavonf/
xkt
d cgwGif bk&m;&Siu
f 0*FEy P
k m ;\ om;jzpfaom t&SiOf yaoe
udk odkY rdefYMum;awmfrl\/
]]Oyaoe ...oif\ y&dowfwdkYonf MunfndKzG,f &SdMuygay\/ oifonf b,fyHk b,fyef; b,fenf;vrf;jzifh y&dowfudk
qdkqHk;rxm;ygoenf;}}[k ar;jref;awmfrl\/
]]jrwfpGmbk&m; ...wynfhawmfxHudk &[ef;jyK&ef awmif;yefvmolukd --- ]igh&iS f ...igonf tm&nuif (= awm&) "kwif aqmufwnf\? yd@ygwf"w
k if aqmufwnf\? yHou
k "l w
k if aqmufwnf\/
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
oifonfvnf;yJ tu,f tm&nuif"w

k if aqmufwnft?hH yd@ygwf
"kwif aqmufwnft?hH yHou
k "l w
k if aqmufwnft?hH odYk aqmufwnf
usio
hf ;kH cJah omf igonf oifu
h kd OyZm,fjyKum &[ef;jyKay;ygtH}h [k odYk
wynfhawmfu qkdqHk;rygonf jrwfpGmbk&m;/
tu,f wynfhawmf\ tqHk;trukd em,lygtHh? wynfhawmfu
OyZm,fvkyfum &[ef;jyKay;ygonf jrwfpGmbk&m;/ tu,f tqkH;
trudk rem,lt?hH wynfah wmfu OyZm,fjyKum &[ef;jyKray;ygbk&m;/
wynfah wmfukd q&mtjzpf rSw
D if;aexkid zf &Ykd ef ed&nf;awmif;cH
vmoludkvnf; wynfhawmfu --- ]igh&Sif...igonf tm&nuif"kwif
aqmif\? yd@ygwf"kwif aqmif\? yHholul"kwif aqmif\? tu,f
oifonfvnf; tm&nuif"w
k if aqmift?Hh yd@ygwf"w
k if aqmift?hH
yHholul"kwif aqmiftHh? igonf oifhudk ed&nf;ay;ygrnf}[k odkY
wynfah wmfu qdq
k ;kH rygonf jrwfpmG bk&m;}} --- odYk avQmufxm;\/
xkt
d cg bk&m;&Siu
f --- ]]Oyaoe ...om"k om"k = aumif;avpG
aumif;avpG/ Oyaoe ...oifonf y&dowfudk aumif;pGmomvQif
qdq
k ;kH ray\/ Oyaoe ... oifonf om0wNd rKd U aeaom oHCm\
uwdu0wfudk od&Sdygoavm}}[k ar;jref;awmfrl\/
]]jrwfpmG bk&m; ... wynfah wmfonf om0wNd rKd Uaeaom oHCm\ uwdu0wfudk rodyg}}[k avQmufxm;\/
]]Oyaoe ... om0wdNrdKU aeaom oHCmonf ]igh&SifwdkY ..
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf 0gwGif;oHk;vumvywfvHk; wpfyg;xD;wnf; udef;atmif;arGUavsmf pHaysmfawmfrljcif;iSm tvdk&Sdawmfrl\? jrwfpGmbk&m;
xHodkY qGrf;ykdYaqmifaom &[ef;rSwpfyg; rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ
jrwfpmG bk&m;xHoYkd rcsO;f uyf&? csO;f uyfaom &[ef;onf ygpdwt
f mywf
udk a'oemMum;&rnf}[k uwdu0wfukd jyKxm;\}}[k rdeMYf um;awmfr\
l /
oemx0d[m&Dydkif; 57
xdktcg t&SifOyaoeu odkY wifjyavQmufxm;awmfrl\/

ynm,dwd baE om0wd,m oHaCm oum, uwdum,?
e r,H tynwH ynaymr? ynwH 0g e orkpdEdmr? ,xmynawok odumya'ok orm'g, 0wdmrmwd/ (0d?1?337/)
]]bke;f awmfBu;D jrwfawmfryl gayaom jrwfpmG bk&m; ... om0wrd S
oHCmonf rdrd\ uwdu0wfjzifh xif&Sm;ygvdrfhrnf? wynfhawmfwdkYonfum; jrwfpGmbk&m; rynwftyfao;onfudkvnf; rynwfygukeftHh? ynwfawmfrlNyD;aom odumyk'fudkvnf; rzsufqD;MuygukeftHh?
ynwfawmfrw
l ikd ;f aom odum yk'af wmfwYkd aumif;pGm aqmufwnf
usifhMuygukeftHh}}[k wifjy avQmufxm;awmfrl\/
xdktcg bk&m;&Sifu om"kac:awmfrlum odkY rdefYMum;awmfrl\/
om"k om"k Oyaoe? tynwH e ynaywAH? ynwH 0g e
orkpdEdwAH? ,xmynawok odumya'ok orm'g, 0wdwAH/
(0d?1?337/)
]]om"k om"k Oyaoe ...igbk&m; rynwftyfonfudk rynwftyf? ynwftyfNy;D onfuv

kd nf; rzsuq
f ;D tyf? ynwfawmfrw
l ikd ;f aom
odumyk'fwkdY aumif;pGm aqmufwnf usifh&rnf}}[k rdefYMum;awmf
rlvdkuf\/
odkY bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlonfESifh tnD &[ef;
awmfwdkYrnfonf bk&m;&Sif rynwftyfonfudkvnf; rynwftyf?
ynwfawmfrt
l yfNy;D onfuv
kd nf; rzsuq
f ;D tyf? ynwfawmfrw
l ikd ;f aom
odumyk'fwdkY aumif;pGm aqmufwnf usifhtyfayonf/ okdYrSom
rdrw
d Ydk jznfu
h sit
hf yfonhf oDvonf jzLpifaernf jzpfayonf/ ckoif;
yGwfopfESifhtwl jzLpifaom xdkoDvuomvQif rSDcdktm;xm;&m emx
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
w&m;tppf jzpfayonf/ usKd; ayguf ajymuf usm;vsuf&Sdaom rjzL

pifaom oDvum; rSDcdktm;xm;&m emxw&m;tppf rjzpfEdkifay/
tmpm& ESifh tempm&

tmpm&a*gp&oraEm = usi0hf wfy#dywfukd jznfu
h sijhf cif;[laom
tusifh ]]tmpm&}} usufpm;oifh usufpm;xdkufonfh tmHkt&yfwdkY
usufpm;jcif;[lonfh usufpm;&m ]]a*gp&}}ESifh jynfhjynfhpHkpHk aexkdif&ef
ukdvnf; bk&m;&Sifu oDvusifhpOfykdif;wGif xnfhoGif;um TefMum;
xm;awmfr\
l / TeMf um;csuEf iS hf qufpyfvsuf tmpm&ESihf tempm&
a*gp&ESifh ta*gp&
ta*gp&[k av;rsKd;cGJjcm;um 0dbif;ygVdawmf bk&m;&Sifu
TeMf um;jyo qdq
k ;kH rxm;awmfr\
l / xkw
d iG f &[ef;awmfwYdk rjyKusio
hf ifh
rjyKusifhxkdufonfh tempm&
tempm&w&m;udk okdY a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/
xdw
k iG f rusio
hf ifh rusix
hf u
dk af om tempm&
tempm&[lonf tb,fenf;/
udk,f jzpfaom vGefusL;jcif; EIwf jzpfaom vGefusL;jcif; ukd,fEIwf
wdkY jzpfaom vGefusL;jcif;udk tempm&
tempm&[k qdktyf\/ tvHk;pHkaom
oDvysufpD;rI (= 'kDv)oabmudkvnf; tempm&
tempm&[k qdktyf\/
omoemawmf tcsKUd aom &[ef;onf 0g; ay;jcif;jzifv
h nf;aumif;
t&Guf ay;jcif;jzifv
h nf;aumif; yef; ay;jcif;jzifv
h nf;aumif; opfo;D
ay;jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif; a&csKd;uo,frIefY ay;jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;
'efyl ay;jcif;jzifv
h nf;aumif; rdru
d ,
kd u
f kd cspcf ifMunfnKd vmapvdo
k nfh
twGuf rdrdudk,fudk ESdrhfcsum 'g,um 'g,dumrwdkYtm; ajrmufyifh
ajymqdkjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif; yJaemuf[if;ESifh wlaom rrSefwcsKdU rSef
wcsKUd aom pum;udk ajymqdjk cif;jzifv
h nf;aumif; uav;oli,fwt
Ykd m;
wefqmqifay;jcif; ponfjzifh tcpm; tapcH jyKvkyfay;jcif;jzifh
vnf;aumif; ovH;k jrif;acgif; ajcESpaf csmif;jzifh vlw\
Ykd owif;pum;udk
o,f,lykdYaqmifa&; jyKvkyfjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif; opfoD;ay;jcif; yef;
oemx0d[m&Dydkif; 59
ay;jcif; aq;ukjcif; qGr;f udk tjyeftvSef tay;t,lvyk jf cif; oHCmh

ypnf; apwDawmfypnf;wdkYudk tvGJoHk;pm;jyKjcif; paom bk&m;&Sif
&GH&Smpufqkyfawmfrlaom wpfrsKd;rsKd;aom rSm;,Gif;aom toufarG;rI
(= rdpm tmZD0rI) jzifh toufarG;jrL\/ uJo
h aYdk om toufarG;rIrsK;d udk
tempm& (== rusifhoifh rusifhxdkufaomtusifh)[k qdktyf\/
(tbd?2?255/)
xkw
d iG f usio
hf ifu
h six
hf u
kd af om tmpm& (= usi0hf wfy#dywf)[lonf
tb,fenf;/ udk,f jzpfaom rvGefusL;rI (= um,'kpdkuf oHk;yg;rS
a&SmifMuOfrI) EIwf jzpfaom rvGefusL;rI (= 0pD'kpdkuf av;yg;rS
a&SmifMuOfrI) ukd,fEIwf jzpfaom rvGefusL;rIudk tmpm& (= usifh0wf
y#dywf)[k qdt
k yf\/ (pum;&yfwjYdk zifh tmZD0|ruoDvudk &nfeT ;f
xm;ayonf/) tvHk;pHkaom oDvudk apmifhpnf;jcif; (= oDvoH0&)
onfvnf; tmpm& (= usifh0wfy#dywf) rnf\/ omoemawmf
tcsKdUaom yk*dKvfonf 0g; ay;jcif; t&Guf ay;jcif; yef; ay;jcif;
opfo;D ay;jcif; a&csK;d uo,freI Yf ay;jcif; 'efyl ay;jcif;ponfh bk&m;&Sif
&G&H mS pufqyk af wmfral om rSm;,Gi;f aom toufarG;rI (= rdpm tmZD0rI)jzifh
vnf; toufarG;rIudk rjyKvkyf? rdrdukd,fukd cspfcifMunfndKvmapvdk
onft
h wGuf rdru
d ,
dk u
f kd EdrS cfh sum 'g,um 'g,dumrwdt
Yk m; ajrm ufyifh
ajymqdkjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif; yJaemuf[if;ESifh wlaom rrSefwcsKdU
rSefwcsKdUaom pum;udk ajymqdkjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif; uav;oli,fwkdYtm; wefqmqifay;jcif; ponfjzifh tcpm;tapcH jyKvkyfjcif;jzifh
vnf;aumif; ovH;k jrif;acgif; ajcESpaf csmif;jzifh vlw\
Ydk owif;pum;ukd
o,f,yl aYdk qmifa&; jyKvyk jf cif;jzifv
h nf;aumif; okpYd aom bk&m;&Sif
&GH&Smpufqkyfawmfrlaom wpfrsKd;rsKd;aom rSm;,Gif;aom toufarG;rI
(= rdpmtmZD0)jzifh toufarG;rIudk rjyKvkyf/ odkY rjyKvkyfjcif;udk
tmpm& (= usifh0wfy#dywf) [k qdktyf\/ (tbd?2?255/)
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
a*gp& ESifh ta*gp&

&[ef;wdkY rusufpm;oifhaom ta*gp&
ta*gp&ESifh usufpm;oifhaom
a*gp&
a*gp&udkvnf; odkY qufvufum a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/
xdkwGif &[ef;wdkY rusufpm;oifhaom ta*gp& [lonf tb,f
enf;/ omoemawmf tcsKdUaom &[ef;onf jynfhwefqmrtdrf
(rdwfaqGtjzpfjzifh) usufpm;rI rsm;jym;\? vifuGm+rkqdk;rtdrf
usupf m;rI rsm;jym;\? tysKBd u;D tdrf usupf m;rI rsm;jym;\? eyH;k y@Ku-f
tdrf usufpm;rI rsm;jym;\? bduKeDausmif; usufpm;rI rsm;jym;\?
aowif;ukwf (= t&ufqikd )f usupf m;rI rsm;jym;\/ rif;wdEYk iS v
hf nf;aumif; rif;trwfwEYkd iS v
hf nf;aumif; wdww
d EYkd iS v
hf nf;aumif; wdw-d
wdkY\ wynfhom0u 'g,um 'g,dumrwkdYESifh vnf;aumif; oDv
orm"d ynm[laom odum oH;k &yf tusijfh rwfwEYkd iS hf xdyw
f u
kd q
f efu
Y sif
bufjzpfaom ravsmaf om a&maESmrIjzifh a&ma&maESmaESm aexdik \
f /
&wemoH;k yg;wkYd ,HMk unfrI o'gw&m; r&SMd uukeaf om &wemoH;k yg;wku
Yd kd rMunfnKd Muukeaf om &[ef;wk\
Yd a&wGi;f a&uefozG,f rjzpfMuukefaom &[ef;wkdYudk qJa&;Ncdrf;ajcmufwwfMuukefaom &[ef;a,mufsm; &[ef;rdef;r vlOygoum vlOygodumrwkdY\ tusKd;rJhudk
vdkvm;Muukefaom tpD;tyGm;rJhudk vkdvm;Muukefaom rBuD;yGm;rIudk
vkdvm;Muukefaom a,m*av;yg;wdkY\ ukef&m edAmefudk tvdkr&SdMu
ukefaom trsKd;'g,um 'g,dumrwdkYudk rSD0Jqnf;uyf cpm;wwf\/
uJo
h Ykd jyKrjl cif;udk ta*gp& (= rusupf m;oifah om t&yf usupf m;rI)
[k qdktyf\/ (tbd?2?255-256/)
xdw
k iG f &[ef;wdYk usupf m;oifah om a*gp& [lonf tb,fenf;/
omoemawmf tcsKUd aom &[ef;onf jynfw
h efqmrtdrf rusu-f
pm;? vifuGm+rkqdk;rtdrf rusufpm;? tysKdBuD;tdrf rusufpm;? eykH;
y@Kuftdrf rusufpm;? bduKeDausmif; rusufpm;? aowif;ukwf
oemx0d[m&Dydkif; 61
(= t&ufqkdif) rusufpm;? rif;wdkYESifhvnf;aumif; rif;trwfwkdYESifh

vnf;aumif; wdww
d EYkd iS v
hf nf;aumif; wdww
d \
Ykd wynfo
h m0u 'g,um 'g,dumrwdkYESifh vnf;aumif; oDv orm"d ynm[laom odum
oHk;&yf tusifhjrwfwkdYESifh xdyfwdkufqefYusifbufjzpfaom ravsmfaom
a&maESmrIjzifh a&ma&maESmaESm raexdkif/ &wemoHk;yg;wkdY ,HkMunfrI
o'gw&m; &SdMuukefaom &wemoHk;yg;wkdYudk MunfndKMuukefaom
&[ef;wdkY\ a&wGif; a&uefozG,f jzpfMuukefaom &[ef;a,mufsm;
&[ef;rdef;rwdkY\ 0wfHkxm;tyfaom ouFef;a&mifwdkYjzifh wpfcJeuf
awmufyaom ta&mif&MdS uukeaf om &[ef;a,mufsm; &[ef;rde;f r[k
ac:qdktyfukefaom &aoh &[ef;wkdY\ ouFef;&eHY ukd,f&eHYwdkYjzifh
BuKd iv
f iId v
f suf &Sd Muukeaf om &[ef;a,mufsm; &[ef;rde;f r vlOygoum
vlOygodumrwk\
Yd tusK;d udk vkv
d m;awmifw
h Muukeaf om tpD;tyGm;
udk vkdvm;awmifhwMuukefaom BuD;yGm;rIudk vdkvm;awmifhwMuukef
aom a,m*av;yg;wdkY\ukef&m edAmefudk tvdk&SdMuukefaom trsKd;
'g,um 'g,dumrtdrw
f o
Ykd Ykd rS0D q
J nf;uyfcpm;\/ uJo
h aYkd om jyKusihf
rIudk usufpm;oifhaom t&yf usufpm;rI (= a*gp
a*gp&& ) [k qdktyf\/
odkYvQif uJhodkYaom usifh0wfy#dywfudk jznfhusifhjcif; tusifh
]]tmpm&}}
]]tmpm&}}ESifh vnf;aumif; usufpm;oifh usufpm;xdkufonfh tmkH+
t&yfwdkY usufpm;jcif;[lonfh usufpm;&m ]]a*gp&}}
]]a*gp&}}ESifh jynfhpkHaom
&[ef;awmfukd tmpm&a*gp&orE (= tusihf ]]tmpm&}} + usupf m;&m
]]a*gp&}}
]]a*gp&}}ESifh jynfhpkHaom &[ef;) [k ac:qdktyfayonf/
(tbd?2?255-256??)
]]tmpm&}}
]]tmpm&}}t& --- ]]oaAmyd oDvoH0a&m tmpma&m =
tvHk;pHkaom oDvudk apmifhpnf;jcif; [lorQonf tmpm& rnf\/
( tbd?2?255/) --- [k a[mMum;xm;awmfral omaMumifh tmpm& (= usi-hf
0wfwdkY)ESifh jynfhpHk&ef cEu vm&Sdaom 0wfBuD;0wfi,f toG,foG,f
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
wdkYudkvnf; rysif;r&d vHkYv&Sd&Sdjzifh jzLpifatmif jznfhusifh&rnf jzpfay

0wH ty&dyal &aEm? e oDvH y&dy&l wd = 0wfukd rjznfu
onf/ ]]0w
h siahf om
olonf oDvudk jznfhusifhonf rrnf}} (0d?4?416/) --- [lonfESifh tnD
ckoif;yGwfopfESifh twl jynfh0pkHvif jzLpifjrifhjrwfonfh oDv&Sda&;
twGuf cEu vm&Sdaom 0wfBuD;0wfi,f toG,foG,fwdkYudkvnf;
tm;oGefcGefpdkuf jznfhusifh&ef &nfoefawmifhwawmfrlonfhtwGuf
bk&m;&Sifu tusifh ]]tmpm&}}ESifh jynfhjynfhpHkpHk aexdkif&efudkvnf;
xnfhoGif;um qdkqHk;rxm;awmfrlayonf/
a*gp&
a*gp&}}[lonf qGr;f ouFe;f ausmif; aq;[laom
wpfzef ]]a*gp&
ypnf;av;yg;twGuf cifcifrifrif &if;&if;ESD;ESD;jzifh jynfhwefqmrtdrf
vifuGm+rkqdk;rtdrf tysKdBuD;tdrf eyHk;y@Kuftdrf bduKeDrausmif;
aowif;ukwf (= t&ufqdkif)wdkY t0iftxGuf toGm;tvmrsm;rIudk
qdkvdkonf/ tdrfpOftwdkif; vSnfhvnf &GmwGif; qGrf;cHjcif;rsKd;udk
rqdkvdkay/
a0od,m a*gpa&m tmwd a0od,ma*gpa&m? rdwoE00aoe OyouFrw
d |meEd tawm/ ww a0od,m emr lyyl ZD0ed ad ,m
a,e auepda'0 okvbZmpm&wm rdwoE0odae[0aoe OyouFraEm a0od,m a*gpa&m emr a[mwd/ wom {0H OyouFrdwHk
e 0wd/ u um&Pm tm&u0dywdawm/ {0H OyouFrE [d
pd&H &uw
d a*gydawm yd orP"arm uwdyga[ae0 ewd/ oapyd
e ewd? *&[H vbwd/ 'udPm0aoe ye OyouFraEe ow
Oy|maywGm OyouFrdwAH/ (tbd?|?2?325/)
= jynfw
h efqmrtdrf usupf m;rI rsm;jym;aom &[ef;onf a0od,m
a*gp& rnf\/ wpfa,mufuw
kd pfa,muf cs;D rGr;f pum; ajymMum;vsuf
cifrif&if;ES;D onf\ tpGr;f jzifh csO;f uyf&mXme[k qdv
k \
kd / xdpk um;&yf
]]a0od,m}}[lonf jynfhwefqmrwnf;/ xdkjynfhwefqmrum; wpfpHk
oemx0d[m&Dydkif; 63
wpfckaom tmrdojzifhyifvQif vGefusL;rI (= tZmpm&)udk jyKusifhrnf

qdkygu &vG,faom oabm&Sd\/ cifrif&ifESD;onf\ tpGrf;jzifh
,if;tdrfodkY csOf;uyfrIonf ]]a0od,ma*gp& = jynfhwefqmrtdrf
usupf m;rI}} rnfayonf/ xdak Mumifh odYk cifcifrifrif &if;&if;ES;D ES;D jzifh
rcsO;f uyfoihaf y/ tb,faMumifeh nf; &[ef;oDvudk apmifph nf;rI\
ysufpD;oGm;EdkifaomaMumifhwnf;/ okdY cifcifrifrif &if;&if;ESD;ESD;
csOf;uyfaom &[ef;tm; MumjrifhpGm xdrf;odef; apmifha&Smufxm;tyf
aom orP"r = &[ef;w&m;
w&m;onfvnf; ESp&f ufo;kH &uftwGi;f rSmyif
ysufpD;oGm;Edkif\/ tu,f &[ef;w&m;onf rysufpD;apumrl
vltrsm;\ uJh&JUrIudkum; &&SdEdkif\/ xdkaMumifh tvSL'getwGuf ,if;
tdrfodkY csOf;uyfcJhaomf owdudk a&S;SLwnfapom csOf;uyfygav/
(tbd?|?2?325/)
txufyg t|uxm\ zGiq

hf &kd iS ;f vif;csuEf iS hf tnD qGr;f tvSL
paom tvSL'ge wpfckcktwGuf jynfhwefqmrtdrfodkY oGm;cGifhum;
&Sad e\? qGr;f cHomG ;aumif;\[k odyg/ odaYk omf owdxm;yg[k t|uxm
u owday;xm;\/ wpfzef vifuGm+rkqdk;rtdrf ponfwdkYvnf;
enf;wlyif oabmaygufyg/ (tbd?|?2?325??)
y@u (= y@Kuf)wdkY[lonf rsm;jym;vGef;vSaom umr*kPfwnf;[laom avmumrdoudk rSaD om pum;&Su
d ek af om udavom&m*
xlajymukeaf om rNird ;f at;Edik af om rNird ;f at;vG,af om udavom&m* tylr;D &Su
d ek af om eyH;k y@Kuw
f u
Ykd kd qdv
k akd yonf/ &[ef;rsm;twGuf
tE&m,fBuD;rm;vSaom yk*dKvfwdkYyifwnf;/ (tbd?|?2?325/)
rusufpm;oifhonfh t&yfa'owdkY rusufpm;&efrQom r[kwfao;? rusupf m;oifo
h nfh tmHw
k Ykd vnf; rdrw
d \
Ykd pdw"f mwfukd rusu-f
pm;rdap&ef bk&m;&Sio
f nf qdq
k ;kH rcJo
h nfom jzpf\/ xdt
k qH;k trwdw
Yk iG f
atmufyg oukP*dokwefonfvnf; wpfcktygt0if jzpfayonf/
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
oukP*dokwef (oH?3?127-128/)
&[ef;wdYk ... a&S; jzpfz;l onfum; --- ode;f iSuw
f pfaumifonf
vsijf refpmG qdu
k af &mufvm ADv;kH iSuif ,fukd zrf;okwaf v\/ &[ef;wdYk
xdt
k cg ADv;kH iSuif ,fonf ode;f iSuu
f xd;k okwaf qmif,t
l yfonf jzpf
odkY ikda<u;jrnfwrf;av\/ ]]igwdkYom usufoa&rJhukef\? igwdkYom
bkef;uHenf;yg;ukef\? igwdkYonf rusufpm;oifhaom olwpfyg;wkdY\
ae&mt&yf usufpm;rdukef\/ ,aeY igonf rdrdtz\ usufpm;&m
ae&m rddk;zvmt&yfjzpfaom usufpm;&m pm;usuf usufpm;rdcJhygrl
ode;f iSuo
f nf ightm; rzrf;,lEikd af v&m? ppfx;kd jcif;om jzpfav&m\}}
[k jrnfwrf;av\/
]]tdk ADvHk;iSuf ... rdrdtz\ usufpm;&mae&mjzpfaom oif\
rddk;zvmusufpm;&m pm;usufum; tb,fenf;}}--- [k odef;iSufu
ar;av\/
]]xGejf zifh xGe,
f ufjcif;udjk yK&m xGeaf cs;cJ&&dS m t&yfyg}}--- [k tajz
ay;av\/
&[ef;wdYk ... xdt
k cg ode;f iSuo
f nf rdr\
d tm;tpGr;f udk tm;ud;k
,HkMunfvsuf rdrd\ tm;tpGrf;udk txl;taxG rajymqdkawmhbJ ]][hJADv;kH iSuf ... oifomG ;avavmh? xdt
k &yfoYkd a&mufygaomfvnf; oifonf ighvufrS rvGwfajrmufEdkifvwHU}}[k ajymqdkum ADvHk;iSufi,fudk
vTwfvdkufav\/
&[ef;wdkY ... xdktcg ADvHk;iSufi,fonf xGefjzifh xGef,ufjcif;udkjyK&m xGefacs;cJ&Sd&m t&yfodkY oGm;NyD;vQif xGefacs;cJBuD;xufodkY
wuf ]]tdk ...ode;f iSuf ,ck ighae&modYk vmcJah vmh? tdk ...ode;f iSuf
,ck ighae&modYk vmcJah vmh}}[k ode;f iSuu
f kd pdeaf c:um xGepf mcJtxuf
&yfwnfaeav\/
oemx0d[m&Dydkif; 65
&[ef;wdYk ... xdt

k cg ode;f iSuo
f nf rdr\
d tm;tpGr;f udk tm;ud;k
,HkMunfvsuf rdrd\ tm;tpGrf;udk txl;taxG rajymqdkawmhbJ
tawmif ESpfzufwdkYudk ,Suf ADvHk;iSufi,fudk xdk;okwf&ef ADvHk;
iSufi,fxHodkY vsifjrefaom t[kefjzifh xdk;qif;vdkufav\/
&[ef;wdkY ... odef;iSufonf ighudk xdk;okwf&ef rsm;pGm eD;uyf
vmNyD[k ADvHk;iSufi,fu odaomtcg xdkxGefacs;cJ\ tMum;odkYom
0ifa&mufomG ;av\/ &[ef;wdYk ... xdt
k cg ode;f iSuo
f nf xdx
k eG af cs;cJyif rdrd\&ifbwfjzifh jyif;xefpGm wdkufcwfrdav\/
&[ef;wdkY ... rusufpm;oifh rusufpm;xdkufaom olwpfyg;wdkY\ ae&mt&yf usufpm;oGm;vmaom olonf twlyif ysufpD;
wwf\/
xdkaMumifhyif rusufpm;oifhaom olwpfyg;wkdY\ usufpm;&m
ae&mt&yf rusupf m; roGm;vmMuukev
f if/h &[ef;wdYk ... rusu-f
pm;oifhaom olwpfyg;wkdY\ usufpm;&mt&yf usufpm;oGm;vmukefolwdkYtm; udavomrm&fonf zsufqD;&eftcGifhudk &wwf\/
udavomrm&fonf zsufqD;&eftaMumif;udk &wwf\/
&[ef;wdkY ... &[ef;\ rusufpm;oifhaom olwpfyg;wdkY\
usufpm;&m ae&mt&yfum; tb,fenf; umr*kPf ig;yg;wdkYyif
wnf;/ tb,fig;yg;wdkYenf;
tvdk&Sdtyfukef ESpfouftyfukefaom pdwfESvHk;0,f tukokdvf
w&m;udk wkd;yGm;apwwfukefaom cspfcifzG,foabm&Sd umrESifh
pyf,SOfukefaom wyfrufzG,faumif;ukefaom --1/ puK0dnmPfjzifh jrifodtyfaom lygHk
2/ aomw0dnmPfjzifh Mum;odtyfaom o'gHk
3/ Cme0dnmPfjzifh erf;SLodtyfaom *EmHk
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
4/ Zd0Sg0dnmPfjzifh vsufodtyfaom &omHk

5/ um,0dnmPfjzifh xdodtyfaom azm|AmHkwdkYwnf;/
&[ef;wdkY ... &[ef;\ rusufpm;oifhaom olwpfyg;wdkY\
usufpm;&m ae&mt&yfum; umr*kPf ig;yg;wdkYyifwnf;/
&[ef;wdkY ... rdrdtz\ae&m rddk;zvmusufpm;&m pm;usufom usufpm;Muukefavmh? rdrdtz\ae&m rddk;zvmusufpm;&m
pm;usufom usufpm;ukefaomolwdkYtm; udavomrm&fonf zsufqD;&ef tcGifhudk r&Edkif? udavomrm&fonf zsufqD;&eftaMumif;udk
r&Edik /f
&[ef;wdkY ... rdrdtz\ae&m rddk;zvm usufpm;&mjzpfaom
pm;usuf[lonfum; tb,fenf; owdy|mefw&m; av;yg;wkdYyifwnf;/ tb,fav;yg;wkdYenf;
&[ef;wkdY ...omoemawmf &[ef;onf udavomwkdYukd
ylyefapwwf avmifuRr;f apwwfaom tjyif;txef BuKd ;pm;tm;xkw-f
aom vHv
Yk 0D&,
d &So
d nfjzpf ur|mef;tmHu
k kd uGu
J jJG ym;jym; odwwfaom orZOfPf &So
d nfjzpf ur|mef;tmHu
k kd trSw&f rI owd&o
dS nf
jzpf Oyg'geuEmig;yg;wnf;[laom avmu vdkvm;wyfrufjcif;
(= tbdZmw&m;) pdwfrcsrf;omjcif; (= a'grew&m;)udk y,f&Sm;
vsuf ..
1/ um, um,[k tzefzef Iavh&Sdonfjzpf
2/ a0'emwdkY a0'em[k tzefzef Iavh&Sdonfjzpf
3/ pdwf pdwf[k tzefzef Iavh&Sdonfjzpf
4/ "roabmw&m;wdkY "roabmw&m;[k tzefzef Iavh&Sdonf
jzpf ae\/
&[ef;wdkY ...&[ef;\ rdrdtz\ usufpm;&mae&mjzpfaom
oemx0d[m&Dydkif; 67
usupf m;&m pm;usuo

f nfum; owdy|mefw&m; av;yg;wdyYk ifwnf;/
(oH?3?127-128/)
okwe f &[ef;wdYk rusupf m;oifah om pm;usuf (ta*gp&)udk

tmHkig;yg; umr*kPfw&m;[kvnf;aumif; &[ef;wdkY usufpm;oifh
usupf m;xdu
k af om usupf m;&m pm;usuf (a*gp&)udk owdy|mefw&m;
av;yg;[kvnf;aumif; a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/ owdy|mefw&m;
av;yg;[lonfrmS owd\wnf&m tmHk jzpfuek af om um,-a0'empdw-"r trnf&onfh av;rsKd;ukefaom w&m;wdkYyifwnf;/
xdkowdy|mefw&m;av;yg;wdkYwGif um,mEkyemowdy|mefydkif; tmemygeuJhodkYaom pwkwpsmef qdkufonftxd IyGm;&aom
orxur|mef;rsm;udkvnf; xnfhoGif;um a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/
"mwkreodum&uJo
h aYkd om kyyf &rwfw&m;wdu
Yk kd y&rwfoq
Ykd u
kd af tmif
IyGm;oHk;oyfonfh 0dyemur|mef;wdkYvnf; ,if;um,mEkyem
owdy|mefydkif; yg0ifMu\/ ,if;owdy|mefw&m;av;yg;wdkYwGif --(u) kyfudk tOD;rl
( c ) a0'emudk tOD;rl
( * ) pdwfudk tOD;rl
(C) "roabmw&m;wdu
Yk kd tOD;rl kyef mrf"rocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd
odrf;qnf;vsuf ,if;wdkY\ taMumif;w&m;ESifh wuGaom xkdkyfemrf"rocFg&w&m;wdkYudk vuPma&;oHk;wefodkYwifum 0dyemIyGm;yHk
tydkif;wdkYvnf; yg0ifMuayonf/
pwkyg&dok'doDv
emxokwefwGif bk&m;&Sifonf ygwdarmuoH0&oDv udk
OD;wnfum y"meenf;tm;jzifh a[mMum;oGm;awmfral yonf/ ty"me
tm;jzifh ---
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
1/ Èd,oH0&oDv = rsufpd em; ESm vQm udk,f ESvHk;wnf;[laom aÈa jcmufyg; wHcg;Bu;D ajcmufaygufrS &m* a'go arm[
ponfh udavomwdkY r0ifa&mufatmif apmifhpnf;jcif;
2/ tmZD0yg&dok'doDv = toufarG;rI pifMu,fatmif apmifhpnf;jcif;
3/ yp,oEddwoDv = ypnf;av;yg;udk ypa0uPmPfjzifh
qifjcifum oHk;pGJjcif;
oDvBuD;wdkYudkvnf; vdkufemjyKusifh&rnfom jzpf\/ a*gp&
ta*gp&ydkif;wGif tmZD0yg&dok'doDvudk wpfpdwfwpfa'otm;jzifh
d xnfo
h iG ;f um a[mMum;xm;awmfrNl y;D yif jzpfayonf/ wGif È,
oH0&oDvtaMumif;udk tenf;i,f aqG;aEG;wifjyvdak yonf/ È,
d oH0&oDvESifh jynfhpHk&ef &[ef;awmfwpfyg;taejzifh rnfodkY vdkufem
jyKusifh&rnfenf; atmufyg ukarmyrokwefudk zwfIMunfhyg/
ukarmyrokwef (oH?2?385-386/)
&[ef;wdkY ... [kda&S; jzpfcJhzl;onfum; --- (ausmufukef;xuf xufaom tkd;&Sdaom) vdyfonf naecsrf;tcg jrpfurf;yg;teD;
tpmtvdkYiSm vSnfhvnf usufpm;vsuf &Sd\? &[ef;wdkY ... ajracG;onfvnf; naecsrf;tcg ,if;jrpfurf;yg;teD;yif tpmtvdYkiSm
vSnfhvnf usufpm;vsuf&Sd\/ &[ef;wkdY ...vdyfonf tpmtvdkYiSm
vSnv
hf nfusupf m;aom ajracG;udk cyfa0;a0;rS jrifavvQif (vufEpS -f
zuf ajcESpzf uf OD;acgif;[laom) OD;acgif;vQif ig;ckajrmuf&adS om rdr\
d
t*Fgwdu
Yk kd rdr\
d tcGt
H wGi;f okYd xnfo
h iG ;f Ny;D vQif aMumifMh urJh qdwq
f w
d f
aevdu
k \
f / &[ef;wdYk ... ajracG;onfvnf; tpmtvdiYk mS vSnv
hf nf
usupf m;aom vdyu
f kd cyfa0;a0;rSyif jrifavvQif vdyx
f o
H Ykd csO;f uyf
vdyfonf OD;acgif;vQif ig;ckajrmuf&Sdaom t*FgwdkYwGif wpfckckaom
oemx0d[m&Dydkif; 69
t*Fgudk vdyfcGHwGif;rS tjyifbufodkY xkwfvdkufaomtcg xdkvdyfudk

zrf;,lNyD;vQif cJpm;tHh[k vdyf\teD;odkY csOf;uyfum &yfwnfaeav
\/ &[ef;wdkY ... vdyfonf ODacgif;vQif ig;ckajrmuf&Sdaom t*FgwdkYwGif wpfckckaom t*FgudkrQ vdyfcGH\ tjyifbufodkY rxkwfaomtcg
ajracG;onf cJpm;zd&Yk ef tcGihf r&&So
d jzifh vdyu
f kd rnO;f qJEikd b
f J vdyx
f rH S
zJcGmoGm;&av\/
&[ef;wdkY ... Oyrmtwlyif igonf &[ef;wdkY\ rsufpdrSaomfvnf; tcGifh&&m\? em;rSaomfvnf; /y/ ESmacgif;rSaomfvnf;
vQmrSaomfvnf; udk,frSaomfvnf; pdwfrSaomfvnf; tcGifh&&m\[k
udavorm&f,w
k o
f nf tjrrJ jywf oifw\
Ykd teD; &yfwnfvsu&f \
dS /
&[ef;wdYk ... xdo
k Ykd jzpfaomaMumifh aÈw
Ykd vHjk cKH aom (owdwnf;[laom) wHcg;&Sdonfjzpf aexkdifMuukefavmh/ rsufpdjzifh tqif; =
lygku
H jkd rifaomf a,mufsm; rde;f rpaom oPmeferd w
d u
f kd rpG,
J Ml uuke-f
vifh? vuf ajc rsufESm paom udk,ft*Fg jyHK;[ef &,f[ef paom
trlt&m trSwv
f uPmudk rpG,
J Ml uukev
f if?h puKaÈu
kd rapmifph nf;
bJaevQif ,if;puKaÈudk rapmifhpnf;jcif;[laom taMumif;aMumifh
,if;lygHkudk rufarmjcif; (= tbdZmw&m;) pdwfESvHk;rom,mjcif;
(= a'grew&m;) [laom ,kwfnHhaom tukokdvfw&m;wkdYonf
xkdrapmifhpnf;aomoludk tpOfvdkuf ESdyfpufukef&maomaMumifh
oifwo
Ydk nf xkpd uKaÈu
kd apmifph nf;jcif;iSm usiMhf uukeaf vmh? puKaÈu
kd
apmifph nf;Muukeaf vmh? puKaÈ apmifph nf;jcif;odYk a&mufMuukeaf vmh/
em;jzifh toH (= o'gHk)udk Mum;aomf / y / ESmacgif;jzifh teYH
(=*EmH)k udk erf;Iaomf / y / vQmjzifh t&om (= &omk)H udk vQuaf omf
/ y / ud,
k jf zifh tawGUtxd (= azm|AmH)k udk awGUxdaomf/ y / pdwjf zihf
"roabmw&m; (= "rmH)k udk odaomf a,mufsm; rde;f rpaom oPmef
edrdwfudk rpGJ,lMuukefvifh? vufajcrsufESmpaom ukd,ft*Fg jyHK;[ef
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
&,f[efpaom trlt&m trSwfvuPmukd rpGJ,lMuygukefvifh/

redaÈu
dk rapmifph nf;bJaevQif ,if;redaÈu
kd rapmifhpnf;jcif;[laom
taMumif;aMumifh ,if; "rmkHukd rufarmjcif; (= tbdZmw&m;)
pdwEf v
S ;Hk rom,mjcif; (= a'grew&m;)wnf;[laom ,kwn
f ahH om
tukokdvfw&m;wkdYonf xkdredaÈukd rapmifhpnf;olukd tpOfvkduf
ESdyfpufukef&maomaMumifh oifwkdYonf xkdredaÈukd apmifhpnf;jcif;iSm
usiMhf uukeaf vmh? redaÈu
dk apmifph nf;Muukeaf vmh? redaÈ apmifph nf;jcif;okdY a&mufMuukefavmh/
&[ef;wkdY ... oifwkdYonf tMuiftcg aÈajcmufyg;wkdY
vkHjcHKaom owdwnf;[laom wHcg;&Sdonfjzpf aexkdifMuukefvwUH?
xkdtcg vdyfxHrS ajracG;onf zJcGmoGm;&ouJhokdY oifwkdYtxHrSvnf;
udavomrm&f,kwfonf tcGifhr&onfjzpf rnOf;qJEkdifbJ zJcGmoGm;&ayvwHU--- [k rdefYMum;awmfrl\/ (oH?2?385-386/)
xkdaemif bk&m;&Sifonf atmufyg *gxma'oemawmfukd qufvufum a[mMum;awmfrlavonff/
ukarm0 t*Fged oau uygav?
oarm'[H bduK raem0dwau/
teddawm tnra[X,maem?
y&dedAKawmEly0a',s ud/
ukarm = vdyfonf/ t*Fged = ajc - vuf - OD;acgif; [laom
rdrd\ ukd,ft*FgwkdYukd/ oau uygav = rdrd\ ukd,fykdifOpmjzpfaom
vdyfcGHtwGif;/ oarm'[H = aumif;pGm xm;onfjzpf/ (od*Fgv
= ajracG;tm;/ Mowm&H = cJpm;cGifhukd/ e a'wd 0 = ray;ouJhokv
Yd nf;aumif;/ od*gF avm = ajracG;onf/ eH = xkv
d yd u
f /dk e yo[wd
0 = rnOf;qJEkdifouJhokdYvnf;aumif;/) {0H = Oyrmtwlyif/
oemx0d[m&Dydkif; 71
bduK = a,m*g0p&&[ef;onf/ raem0dwau = rdrd\ pdwftMuH

oau = rdr\
tpnfwu
Ydk /dk (oau
d uk,
d yf idk Of pmjzpfaom/ tm&rPuygav
= ur|mef;tmkw
H nf;[laom vdycf t
HG wGi;f / oarm'[H = aumif;pGm
xm;onfjzpf/ udavorm& = udavorm&ftm;/ Mowm&H =
0ifa&mufciG u
hf /dk e a'wd = ray;/ rma&m p = udavorm&fonfvnf;/
eH = xkd &[ef;ud/k e yo[wd = rnO;f qJEidk /f ) tedad wm = Oyg'geuEm ig;yg;wnf;[laom wpfpkHwpfckaom avmu ]]ig-igh[m}}[k
wPSm-'d|dwkdYjzifh rSDwG,frI r&Sdonfjzpf/ (0d[&aEm = aexkdifvsuf
&Sdaom/) tnH = wpfyg;aom yk*dKvfukd/ ta[X,maem = rnOf;qJ
aom/ y&deAd K awm = udavomtylr;D Nird ;f at;avNy;D aomyk*Kd vo
f nf/
ud = wpfpkHwpfa,mufaom yk*dKvfukd/ Ely0a',s = e Oy0a',s =
oDvtmpm& ponfjzifh rpGyfpGJav&m/
'H 0kwH a[mwd ---- ,xm ukarm t*Fged oau uygav
oarm'[aEm od*Fgv Mowm&H e a'wd? e p eH od*Fgavm
yo[wd? {0H bduK twaem raem0dwau oau tm&rPuygav
oarm'[aEm udavorm& Mowm&H e a'wd? e p eH rma&m
yo[wd/ (oH?|?3?73/)
txufyg t|uxmtzGiEhf iS hf tnD txufyg *gxmukd teuf
bmomjyefqkdxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/ xkdaMumifh Èd,oH0&oDvukd
vkHjcHKpGm apmifhpnf;vkdaom a,m*g0p&&[ef;awmfonf vdyfcGHESifh
wlonhf rdr\
d uk,
d yf idk Of pmjzpfaom ur|mef;tmkw
H nf;[laom vdycf HG
twGi;f rdr\
d pdwu
f dk tjrw
J rf; aumif;pGm oGwo
f iG ;f xm;av&monf/
rdru
d orxur|mef;ukd yGm;rsm;cku
d jf zpfvQif rdryd mG ;rsm;aeonfh orx
ur|mef;tmkH rdru
d 0dyemukd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwaf evQiv
f nf; xkx
d dk
tmkEH iS hf xkx
d q
dk idk &f mqkid &f m'Gg&wkYd wku
d q
f idk v
f monft
h cg jzpfay:aeMu
onfh ocFg&w&m;wkdY\ tedp 'ku tew tjcif;t&mtmkH rdrd\
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
bm0empdwfukd tjrJwrf; oGwfoGif;xm;zkdY vkdtyfayonf/ wpfenf;

qkd&aomf um,-a0'em-pdw-"rwnf;[laom owd\wnf&m tmkH
wkdY rdrd\ bm0empdwfukd tjrJwrf; oGwfoGif;xm;&rnf jzpfayonf/
xkdokdY orx 0dyembm0emwkdYukd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfaeaom yk*dKvf
onf owdwnf;[laom wHcg;&Gufjzifh aÈwkdYukd udavomrm&f
ppfonfwYdk r0ifa&mufEidk af tmif ydwq
f aYdk eonf rnfayonf/ 0dyem
Pfrsm; &ifhusufvmaomtcg xkd 0dyemPfwkdY\ tqkH;
jzpfay:vmaom tqifhqifhaom t&d,r*fPfwkdYu udavom
tylr;D wku
Yd dk tqifq
h ifh y,fowfvu
dk o
f jzifh udavomrD;ykBH u;D tNy;D wkid f
Nird ;f at;oGm;cJah omf --- y&deAd K awmwd udavoy&deAd m aee y&deAd K awm/
(oH?|?3?73/) --- udavoy&dedAmef 0ifpH&rnf jzpfayonf/
xkdokdY udavomtyl Nidrf;atmif usifhaeqJ yk*dKvfonfvnf;
tjcm; rnfonfhyk*dKvf wpfpkHwpfa,mufukdrQ ---oDv0dywd = oDvysufpD;jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;
tmpm&0dywd = tusifhtmpm& ysufpD;jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;
twKuHoe = rdru
d ,
dk w
f idk f cs;D ajrm ufvjdk cif;aMumifv
h nf;aumif;
y&0re
= olwpfyg;ukd uJ&h UJ Iwcf svjdk cif;aMumifv
h nf;aumif;
r[kwfrw&m; rpGyfpGJav&m/ tu,fpifppftm;jzifhaomfum;
atmufyg ig;rsK;d ukeaf om w&m;wdu
Yk dk rdr\
d uk,
d w
f iG ;f tZwo
Emef
aumif;pGm a&S;SLwnfapNyD;ygrSomvQif --1/
2/
3/
4/
1/ ajymoifah om tcsed u
f mvom ajymqkt
d ?hH rajymoifah om tcsed f
umv rajymqkdtHh?
2/ [kwfrSefaom pum;jzifhom ajymqkdtHh? r[kwfrrSefaom pum;jzifh rajymqkdtHh?
3/ odrfarGUaom pum;jzifhom ajymqkdtHh? Murf;wrf;aom pum;jzifh
oemx0d[m&Dydkif; 73
rajymqkdtHh?
4/ tusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh pyf,SOfaom pum;jzifhom ajymqkdtHh? tusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh rpyf,SOfaom pum;jzifh rajymqdktHh?
5/ arwmpdwf &Sdvsuf ajymqkdtHh? a'goESifh,SOfaom pdwf"mwfjzifh
rajymqkdtHh --okv
Yd Qif edAm ef[o
l nfh xkrd mS bufurf;okYd a&mufatmif ykaYd qmifay;wwfaom azmifESifh wlaom oabmw&m; aumif;pGm wnfaeaom pdwf"mwfjzifhomvQif omoemawmf aexkdifyg/ (oH?|?3?74??)
È,
d oH0&oDv vkjH cKH a&;twGuf ur|mef;tmkt
H wGi;f rdr\
d
pdwfukd oGwfoGif;xm;&rnf[laom bk&m;&Sif\ TefMum;csufukd
ykdrkdoabmaygufem;vnf&ef atmufyg ru#okwe fukd zwfIMunhfyg/
ru#okwef (oH?3?128-130/)
&[ef;wkdY ...arsmufwkdY vSnfhvnfoGm;vmjcif;vnf; r&Sdaom
vlwkdY vSnhfvnfoGm;vmjcif;vnf; r&Sdaom [dr0Emawmifrif;\
oGm;vm&ef cufcJ rnDGwfukefaom t&yfwkdYonf &Sdukef\/
arsmufwkdY vSnfhvnfoGm;vmjcif;om&Sd vlwkdYvSnfhvnfoGm;vmjcif;r&Sdaom [dr0Emawmifrif;\ oGm;&efcufcJ rnDGwfukef
aom t&yfwkdYonf &Sdukef\/
arsmufwkdY vSnfhvnfoGm;vmjcif;vnf; &Sdaom vlwkdY vSnfhvnf
oGm;vmjcif;vnf; &Sad om [dr0Emawmifrif;\ nDw
G af om ajrtzkYd
&Sdaom arGUavsmfzG,f&m t&yfwkdYonf &Sdukef\/
&[ef;wkdY ... xkdnDGwfaom ajrtzkdY&Sd arGUavsmfzG,f&m
t&yf rkqkd;wkdYonf arsmufwkdYukd owfjzwfzsufqD;&ef arsmufwkdY
oGm;vm&mvrf;wkdY arsmufESJap;ukd axmifxm;Muukef\/
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
&[ef;wkYd ...xk[
d rd 0Emawmif rku
d rf aJ omoabm r&Su
d ek af om
vQyfay:aomoabmvnf; r&Sdukefaom arsmufwkdYonf xkdt&yf
axmifxm;aom arsmufESJap;ukd jrifukefonf&Sdaomf a0;pGm a&SmifzJ
oGm;Muukef\/ rkdufrJaom oabm&Sd vQyfay:aom oabmvnf;
&Sdaom arsmufonfum; xkdarsmufESJap; &Sd&mt&yfokdY csOf;uyf
vufwpfzufjzifh ukdif,l\/ xkdvufonf xkdarsmufESJap; uyfNid\/
]]uyfNiad eaom vufudk vGwaf ptH}h }[k 'kw,
d vufjzifh ,if;arsmufEaJS p;
ukd ukdif,ljyef\? xkd'kwd,vufonfvnf; xkdarsmufESJap; uyfNid
jyef\/ ]]vufEpS zf ufv;Hk wku
Yd dk vGwaf ptH}h }[k ajcwpfzufjzifh ,if;arsmuf
ESJap;ukd ukdif,ljyef\? xkdajconfvnf; xkdarsmufESJap; uyfNidjyef\/
]]vufESpfzufwkdYukdvnf;aumif; uyfNidaeaom ajcukdvnf;aumif;
vGwaf ptH}h }[k 'kw,
d ajcjzifh ,if;arsmufEaJS p;ukd ukid ,
f jl yef\? xk'd w
k ,
d
ajconfvnf; xkdarsmufESJap; uyfNidjyef\/ ]]vufESpfzufwkdYudkvnf;aumif; ajcESpfzufwkdYukdvnf;aumif; vGwfaptHh}}[k EIwfoD;jzifh
,if;arsmufESJap;ukd ukduf,ljyef\? xkdEIwfoD;onf xkdarsmufESJap;
uyfNidjyef\/
&[ef;wkdY ... okkdYvQif xkdarsmufonf ig;XmewkdY aESmifzGJU
rdonfjzpfomvQif nnf;wGm;vsuf tdyf&av\? tusKd;rJhjcif;okdY
a&muf&av\? ysufpD;jcif;okdY a&muf&av\? rkqkd;\ tvkd&Sdwkdif;
jyKvkyfrIudk cH&av\/ &[ef;wkdY ... xkdrkqkd;onf xkdarsmufukd wHpkdY
xkd;vsuf xkdt&yfyifvQif xif;rD;usD; uifNrdKuf tvkd&Sd&mt&yfokdY
zJcGmoGm;av\/ &[ef;wkdY ... rusufpm;oifhaom olwpfyg;wkdY\
ae&mt&yf usufpm;oGm;vmaomolonf twlyif jzpf\/
&[ef;wkYd ... xkad Mumifh rusupf m;oifah om olwpfyg;wk\
Yd ae&m
t&yf rusupf m; roGm;vmMuukev
f if?h rusupf m; roGm;vmoifah om
olwpfyg;wkdY\ ae&mt&yf usufpm;olwkdYtm; udavomrm&fonf
oemx0d[m&Dydkif; 75
zsufqD;&ef tcGifhukd&\? udavomrm&fonf zsufqD;&ef taMumif;ukd

&\/ &[ef;wkdY ... &[ef;\ rusufpm;oifhaom olwpfyg;wkdY\
ae&mt&yfum; tb,fenf;/ tmkHig;yg; umr*kPfw&m;wkdYyif
wnf;/ tb,fig;yg;wkdYenf;/
tvk&d t
dS yfuek f ESpo
f uftyfuek f pdwEf v
S ;Hk ukd yGm;apwwfuek af om
cspfcifzG,f oabm&Sdukef umrESifhpyf,SOfvsuf wyfrufzG,faumif;
ukefaom ---1/ puK0dnmPfjzifh jrifodtyfaom lygkH / y /
2/ aomw0dnmPfjzifh Mum;odtyfaom o'gkH / y /
3/ Cme0dnmPfjzifh erf;SLodtyfaom *EmkH / y /
4/ Zd0Sg0dnmPfjzifh vQufodtyfaom &omkH / y /
5/ um,0dnmPfjzifh awGUodtyfaom azm|AmkHwkdYwnf;/
&[ef;wkdY ... &[ef;\ rusufpm;oifhaom olwpfyg;wkdY\
ae&mt&yfum; tmkHig;yg; umr*kPfw&m;wkdYyifwnf;/
&[ef;wkYd ... rdrt
d z\ae&m rd;dk zvmt&yf jzpfaom pm;usuf
usufpm;oGm;vmMuukefavmh? rdrdtz\ae&m rdkd;zvmjzpfaom
pm;usuf usufpm;oGm;vmMuolwkdYtm; udavomrm&fonf zsufqD;
&ef tcGifhukdr&? udavomrm&fonf zsufqD;&ef taMumif;udk r&/
&[ef;wkdY ... &[ef;\ rdrdtz\ae&m rdkd;zvmjzpfaom
usufpm;&m pm;usufum; tb,fenf;/ owdy|mefw&m; av;yg;wkyYd ifwnf;/ &[ef;wkYd ... omoemawmf &[ef;onf udavom
wkdYukd ylyefapwwf avmifuRrf;apwwfaom tjyif;txef BudK;pm;tm;xkwftyfaom vkHYv0D&d, &Sdonfjzpf (um, a0'em pdw
"r wnf;[laom tmkHukd) uGJuGJjym;jym; odwwfaom orZOfPf
&Sdonfjzpf (um, a0'em pdw "r wnf;[laom tmkHukd)
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
atmufarh trSwf&rI owd&Sdonfjzpf Oyg'geuEm ig;yg;wnf;[laom avmu wyfrufjcif; (= tbdZmw&m;) pdwEf v

S ;Hk rom,mjcif;
(= a'grew&m;)ukd y,fazsmufvsuf --1/ um, um,[k
2/ a0'emwkdY a0'em[k
3/ pdw pdwf[k
4/ "roabmw&m;wkdY "roabmw&m;[k --tBudrfBudrf Iavh&Sdonfjzpf ae\/
&[ef;wkYd ... &[ef;\ rdrt
d z\ae&m rd;dk zvmt&yf jzpfaom
usupf m;&m pm;usuo
f nfum; owdy|mefw&m; av;yg;wkyYd ifwnf;/
(oH?3?128-130/)
wpfzef xdu
k o
hJ Ykd oDvudk jznfu
h sio
hf nft
h cg usupf m;&m pm;usuf
usufpm;onfhtcg --tPkrawok 0aZok b,'m0D? (tH?3?275/)
tPkjrLyrm ao;i,fvSaom tjypfwdkYaomfvnf; odumyk'f
tao;tzG[
J k rdrk ao rav;rpm; rjyKvyk b
f J tvGef aMumufrufz,
G f
aumif;aom ab;[k Pfjzifh Ijrifvsuf odumyk'fwdkY aumif;pGm
aqmufwnf usiyhf g[kvnf; wdu
k w
f eG ;f xm;awmfrjl yef\/ taMumif;um; odkY jzpf\/
omywdu bdua0 ed&,H 0g 0'grd? wd& pmea,m
ea,mee 0g/
(om&w?3?379/)
= &[ef;wdkY ... tmywf wef;vef;ESifh aoaom &[ef;tm; i&JodkY

aomfvnf;aumif; wd& pmefa,medodkYaomfvnf;aumif; a&muf&Sdvdrfh
rnf[k igbk&m; a[mawmfrl\/ (om&w?3?379/)
pum;&yfrSm rsufarSmufacwf yd#uwfpmay ygVdawmfrsm;
oemx0d[m&Dydkif; 77
&SmazG rawGU&SEd ikd af om ygVdpum;&yf jzpfaomfvnf; om&w'yD eD#u

D mq&mawmfwYkd vufxufu txufyg pum;&yfonf ygVdawmfrsm;
wnf&adS e[efwo
l nf/ xdaYk Mumifh om&w'yD eD#u
D mq&mawmfu ol\
usrf;pmxJwGif xdkygVdawmfudk xnfhoGif; udk;um;um azmfjyoGm;awmf
rljcif; jzpfay&monf/ oH,kwfygVdawmf ed,opfudk pD&ifawmfrlMuaom q&mawmfwdkYu t*Fkw&#Dum (1?15)t& oH,kwedum,f
okwefaygif; (3049)okwf &SdaMumif;udkvnf;aumif; t|uxm
a&wGufyHkt& okwefaygif; (7762)okwf &SdaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;
azmfjyxm;\/ oH,kwfygVdawmfed,? yxrwGJ? (uJ)
wpfzef ,ckvuf&Sd jrefrmrl (q|rl) cE0*oH,kwfygVdawmf0,f
okwefaygif; (716)okwf &SdaMumif;udkvnf;aumif; oD[kdVfrl (764)
okwf &SdaMumif;udkvnf; azmfjyxm;jyef\/
oH,kwfygVdawmfed,? yxrwGJ? (au)
pum;&yfrsm;t& oH,kwedum,fwpfckwnf;yif aysmufqHk;

aeaom okwe af ygif;rsm;pGm &Sad eayonf[k od&EdS ikd \
f / xdu
k o
hJ Ykd aysmufqHk;aeaom okwefrsm;wGif txufyg om&w'DyeD#Dumq&mawmf
udk;um; azmfjyaom --- ]]omywdu bdua0 ed&,H 0g 0'grd?
wd& pmea,me 0g}}[laom ygVdawmfonf yg&Sdrsm;aeava&mhovm;
[k pOf;pm;zG,f&m jzpfaeayonf/
xdkodkY pOf;pm;&jcif;\ taMumif;&if;rSm txufyg om&w'DyeD
#Dumpum;&yfonf atmufyg y&d0g&t|uxm pum;&yfESifh ESD;aESm
rdaeaomaMumifhyif jzpf\/
tE&m,dummwd
wd owyd tmywda,m odp 0DwduEm o*E&m,a0 armuE& m, ua&mEw
D d tE&m,dum? tZmeaEe 0Dwu
d E m
ye yPwd0Zmywd ae0 o*E&m,H e armuE&m,H ua&mwDwd
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
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teE&m,dum// tE&m,duH tmyEmyd a'oem*grde a'aowGm

0k|me*grdedawm 0k|m, ok'dyw omraP&blrd,H Xdw p
t0g&dawm o*armura*gwd/ (0d?|?4?157/)
0de, y&d0g&ygVdawmf {ukw&due,wGif --tE&m,dum tmywd ZmedwAm? teE&m,dum tmywd ZmedwAm/ (0d?5?211/)
o*E& m,f armuE& m,fukd jyKwwfaom tmywfukd od&o
dS if\
h /
o*E&m,f armuE&m,fudk rjyKwwfaom tmywfudk od&Sdoifh\/
(0d?5?211/) --- odkY ponfjzifh a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/
o*E&m,f[lonf aoonf\ tjcm;rJh aumif;&mok*wdodkY
a&muf&zdS &Ykd ef wm;jrpfwwf tE&m,fjyKwwf\[k qdv
k o
kd nf/ aumif;&m
ok*wdodkY a&muf&Sda&;twGuf wm;jrpfwwf tE&m,fjyKwwfcJhaomf
aumif;&mok*wdodkY ra&mufEdkif[k qdkvdk&ma&muf\/
armuE&m,f[lonf w&m;tm;xkwfaomfvnf; psmefr*fzdkvf
w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfudk &&SdzdkY&ef tE&m,fudk jyKwwf\? r&atmif
wm;jrpfwwf\[k qdv
k o
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kd w
f &m;wdu
Yk m; udavomwdrYk S
vGwaf jrmufaMumif;jzpf armuw&m;rsm; jzpfMu\/ xdak rmuw&m;rsm;udk r&&Sdatmif tmywfawGu [efYwm;xm;wwf\/ tmywf
wef;vef;ESifh orx-0dyembm0emw&m;wdkYudk BudK;pm;tm;xkwf
aomfvnf; psmefr*fzdkvf &&SdzdkY&efum; tvGef cufcJzG,f&m &Sdayonf/
odaYk omf tmywftm;vH;k xdo
k Ykd jzpfEikd o
f nf[u
k m; rqdv
k ykd g/ txufwiG f
a&;om;wifjyxm;aom y&d0g&t|uxmu odkY &Sif;jyxm;\/
o*E&m,f armuE&m,fudk jyKwwf\ [lonf - odp 0DwduE
(= odvsufESifh vGefusL;tyfukefaom) tmywf (7)yHkvHk;wdkYonfyif
o*E&m,fudkvnf;aumif; armuE&m,fudkvnf;aumif; jyKwwf
oemx0d[m&Dydkif; 79
ukefaomaMumifh tE&m,dum rnfukef\/

rodojzifh vGefusL;rdukefaom yPwd0Z tmywfwkdYonfum;
o*E&m,fudkvnf; rjyKwwfukef? armuE&m,fudkvnf; rjyKwwfukefaomaMumifh teE&m,dum rnfukef\[k odkY zGifhqdkxm;awmf
rl\/ (0d?|?4?157/)
t|uxmpum;&yfESifh qufpyf avmu0Z odumyk'fESifh
yPwd0Z odumyk'fwdkYudk tenf;i,f &Sif;vif;wifjyvdkayonf/
avmu0Z odum yk'f [lonf bk&m;&Sif ynwfawmfro
l nfjzpfap
rynwfawmfrlonfyifjzpfap avmu yifukdobm0twdkif; tjypf
&Sad eaom odum yk'w
f w
Ykd nf;/ Oyrm - olUtoufukd owfjcif; olUypn;f
udk rw&m;,ljcif; ponfh odumyk'fwdkYyifwnf;/ bk&m;&Sifu ynwfawmfro
l nfjzpfap rynwfawmfro
l nfyifjzpfap olt
Y oufukd owfu
olUypnf;udk rw&m;,lygu tjypf&Sdonfom jzpf\/ xdktukodkvfuHonf &ifhusufcJhaomf aoonf\tjcm;rJh tyg,fy#doaEudk jzpfap
Edkif\/
yPwd0Z odumyk'f[lonf avmu yifudkobm0twkdif;um;
tjypfr&Sad y/ bk&m;&Sio
f nf ynwfawmfral omaMumifo
h mvQif xdu
k o
hJ Ykd
ynwfxm;aom odumyk'fwdkYudk vGefusL;rdaom &[ef;awmfwdkYtm;
tmywfoifh&jcif; jzpf\/ Oyrm --- jrufyifay: wHawG; axG;jcif;
a&TaiGudk tvSLcH,ljcif; (lyd,odumyk'f) paom odumyk'frsm;wnf;/
avmu0Zodumyk'fyifjzpfap yPwd0Zodumyk'fyifjzpfap odvsuEf iS hf vGeu
f sL;vdak om pdwaf pwemESiw
hf uG vGeu
f sL;rdygu tmywf
(7)yHkvHk;onfyif o*E&m,f armuE&m,fjzpfonf[k txufyg
t|uxmu zGihfqdkxm;\/
odkYaomf avmu0Zodumyk'fwdkYudk odvsufESifh vGefusL;rdonf-
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
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jzpfap rod vGefusL;rdonfjzpfap xdk avmu0ZtmywfwdkYu

o*E&m,f armuE&m,f jzpfEdkifonfom[k qdkvdkaeayonf/
yPwd0Z odumyk'fwdkYudk rod vGefusL;rdygu xdkyPwd0Z
tmywfwu
Ykd o*E& m,f armuE& m,fukd rjyKEikd [
f v
k nf; zGiq
hf x
kd m;\/
wpfzef o*E&m,f armuE&m,fudk jyKwwfaom tmywfodkY
oifha&mufrdaomfvnf; a'oemajymMum;jcif;jzifh ukpm;oifhaom
tmywfukd a'oemajymMum;Ny;D vwfaomf y&d0gof rmewf aqmufwnf
usifhoHk;oihfaom (oHCm'dodof)tmywfudk y&d0gof rmewf aqmufwnfusifhoHk;NyD; xdky&d0gof rmewfrS xajrmufcJhaomf yg&mZdutmywf oif
h omraPbHk &yfwnfNy;D vwfaomf xdu
k o
hJ Ykd tmywfukd
ukpm;NyD;aom &[ef;tm; xdkukpm;NyD;aom tmywfwdkYonf aumif;&m
ok*wdodkY ra&mufatmif psmef0darmuw&m; t&d,r*fw&m;udk
k pk m;Ny;D aom tmywfu
r&&Sad tmif rwm;jrpfawmhay/ (0d?|?4?157/) xdu
o*E&m,f armuE&m,fudk rjyKawmh[k qdkvdkayonf/
lyd,odumyk'f
a&TaiGudk tvSLcH,ljcif;[lonfh lyd,odumyk'fum; yPwd0Z
odumyk'fwpfckyif jzpf\/ (0d?|?2?275/) bk&m;&Sif ynwfawmfrlaomaMumifh xkdodumyk'fukd vGefusL;rdaom &[ef;tm; tmywfoifh&jcif;
jzpf\/
okdYaomf xkdodumyk'fukd rod vGefusL;rdygu xkdtmywfonf
o*E&m,f armuE&m,f rjzpfaomfvnf; xkdodumyk'fukd odvsufESifh
vGeu
f sL;rdygu xkv
d eG u
f sL;rdaom tmywfu o*E& m,f armuE& m,f
jzpfEikd \
f / xdt
k mywfukd rukpm;&ao;bJ tmywfwef;vef;ESihf aoaus
ysufpD;ygu aumif;&mok*wdodkY ra&mufEdkif/ xdkuJhodkYaom tmywfudk
rukpm;&ao;bJ tmywfwef;vef;ESifh orx0dyembm0emwdkYudk
oemx0d[m&Dydkif; 81
tm;xkwfyguvnf; psmefr*fzdkvf[lonfh armuw&m;wdkYudk r&&SdEdkifay/

odkYaomf xdka&TaiGudk rtyfaomenf;jzifh tvSLcH,ljcif;? xdkuJhodkY
rtyfaomenf;jzifh tvSLcH,x
l m;tyfaom a&TaiGjzifh 0,f,x
l m;aom
ypnf;wdkYudk toHk;jyKjcif;wdkYum; ukpm;&efcufcJaom tmywfwdkYwGif
yg0ifvsuf&SdMu\/ xkdtmywfwdkYum; ed*d,ygpdwftmywf trsKd;tpm;wdkYwGif yg0ifvsuf &SdMu\/ ed*dwdkY\ oabmum; pGefYjcif;
0denf;uH a&S;&Sdaom tmywfwdkY jzpfMu\/ ]]pGefYjcif; 0denf;uH a&S;&Sd\}}
[lonf xdktvSLcHxm;aom a&TaiG xdka&TaiGjzifh 0,f,lxm;aom
ypn;f wdu
Yk kd a&S;OD;pGm pGe&Yf rnf jzpf\/ pGeNYf y;D ygrS xdt
k mywfukd a'oem
ajymMum;&rnf jzpfonf/ xdktcgrSomvQif xdktmywfrS xEdkif\?
xdktmywfrS pifMu,fEdkif\/ rpGefYbJ rpGefYEdkifbJ xdktmywfudk a'oem
ajymMum;aeygu tBudrf &mESifh axmifESifh csD a'oemajymMum;apumrl xdt
k mywfrS rxajrmufEikd o
f nfom jzpf\/ rpifMu,fEikd o
f nfom
jzpf\/ xdkrpifMu,fao;aom tmywfwef;vef;ESifh aoausysufpD;cJah omf txufyg ygVdawmf t|uxmwdu
Yk xdt
k mywfonf o*E& m,f
armuE&m,fudk jyKwwf\[k a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\ zGihfqdkxm;awmf
rl\/ tmywfwef;vef;ESifh aoausysufpD;ygu aumif;&m ok*wdodkY
ra&mufEikd ?f w&m;tm;xkwyf guvnf; psmefr*fzv
kd f w&m;xl; w&m;jrwf
udk r&Edkif[k a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\ zGifhqdkxm;awmfrl\/
aoonf\ tjcm;rJh aumif;&m ok*wdoYkd ra&mufaomf tb,fodkY a&muf&Sdrnfenf; tvGefaMumufrufzG,f aumif;vSay\/
t*Fkw&t|uxmtzGifh
t*kFw&edum,f pwkuedygwf a0om&Zokwef (tH?1?315-316/)
bk&m;&Si\
f a0om&ZPfawmfjrwfav;yg; vm&S\
d / xkw
d iG f wwd,
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
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ajrmuf a0om&ZPfawmfjrwf vm&Sdaom tE&m,dum "rm

(= psmefr*fzdkvf\ tE&m,fudk jyKwwfukefaom w&m;wdkY)[lonfESifh
ywfouf t*kw
F & t|uxmu atmufygtwkid ;f zGiq
hf x
dk m;awmfr\
l /
tE&m,dum "rmwd {w ye tE&m,H ua&mEw
D d tE&m,dum/
aw twawm odp 0DwduEm ow tmywduEm/ odp 0DwduEH
[d tEraom 'ku#'kAmodwrd r*zvmeH tE&m,H ua&mwd/
(tH?|?2?255/)
t|uxm\ qdkvdk&if;rSm odkY jzpf\/

psmefr*fzv
dk \
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Yd kd tE&m,du"r[k qkv
d \
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k w
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f sL;
vkdaom pdwfapwem xif&Sm;&Sdvsuf vGefusL;xm;tyfaom tmywfonf atmufxpfqHk;tm;jzifh 'ku#f 'kAmodw tmywfyif jzpfygap?
psmefr*fzkdvfwkdY\ tE&m,fudk jyKwwfonfom jzpf\/ (tH?2?255/)
,aeY rsufarSmufacwfwGif &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; a&TaiGonf
rtyf[k rodaom &[ef; omraPum; tvGef &Sm;yg;zG,f&m &Sday
onf/ odvsuEf iS hf xdo
k u
d m yk'u
f kd vGeu
f sL;aeolwo
Ykd m rsm;Muayonf/
tyg,fab;qdk;BuD;udk aMumuf&GHUygu txl; owdjyKoifhaom tcsuf
wpf&yfyif jzpfayonf/
xdkaMumifh txufwGif azmfjyxm;aom yxr emxw&m;awmf
bk&m;&Sifu ]]tPkjrLyrm tvGef ao;i,fvSaom tjypfwdkYaomfvnf; tvGefaMumufrufzG,faumif;onfh ab;qdk;BuD;[k Ijrifavh
&Sdonfjzpf odumyk'fwdkY aumif;pGm aqmufwnfNyD; usifhoHk;yg}}[k
qdkqHk;rxm;awmfrlayonf/ oDvysufpD;jcif;aMumifh &&Sdrnfh ab;qdk;
BuD;udk rMumcP ESvHk;oGif;oifhayonf/
oemx0d[m&Dydkif; 83
tyfpyfaomenf;jzifh tvSLcH,lcGifh
odkYaomf tyfpyfaom enf;vrf;jzifh ajymqdkavQmufxm;um xdk
a&TaiGrS jzpfay:vmaom &[ef;wdEYk iS hf tyfpyfaom ypn;f rsm;udk tvSL
cH,lcGifhudkvnf; bk&m;&Sifu odkY cGifhjyKxm;awmfrlygonf/
oEd bdua 0 rEkm o'g yoEm? aw uy,
d um&umeH [aw
[d& nH OyedudyEd ]rdem t,s ,H uyd,H wH a'xm}wd/
tEkZmemrd bdua0 ,H wawm uyd,H wH om'dwHk? e awG0g[H
bdua 0 ]auepd y&d,ma,e Zmwly&ZwH om'dwAH y&da,odwA}Ed
0'grd/ (0d?3?342/)
= &[ef;wdYk ... o'gw&m;ESihf jynfph MkH uukeaf om omoemawmfukd
MunfndKav;pm;Muukefaom 'g,um 'g,dumrwdkYonf &SdMuukef\/
xdo
k w
l o
Ykd nf &[ef;awmfwt
Ykd m; tyfpyfatmif jyKvyk af y;wwfMuuke-f
aom uy,
d um&uwd\
Yk vuf0,f a&TaiGukd tyfEv
HS suf - ]a&TaiGjzifh
t&Sijf rwftm; &[ef;awmfwEYkd iS hf tyfpyfaom ypn;f 0wKukd vSLay;
Muyg}[k ajymqdu
k m tyfEiS ;f vSL'gef;Muuke\
f / &[ef;wdYk ...xdu
k o
hJ Ykd
tyfESif;vSL'gef;xm;aom a&TaiGrS jzpfay:vmaom &[ef;awmfwdkYESifh
tyfpyfaom ypnf;0wKudk om,mzdkY&ef igbk&m; cGifhjyKawmfrl\/
&[ef;wdYk ... ]rnfonfh wpfpw
kH pfcak om enf;y&d,m,fEiS rhf Q a&TaiGukd
om,mxdu
k \
f &SmrS;D xdu
k \
f }[k igbk&m; a[mawmfrrlonfomwnf;/
(0d?3?342/)
ar@uodum yk'f a[mMum;xm;awmfro

l nft
h wdik ;f ]tvSL&Sif}ujzpfap ]uyd,um&u}uyifjzpfap a&TaiGrS jzpfay:vmaom
&[ef;awmfwEYkd iS hf tyfpyfaom ypn;f rsm;udk tvSLcH,yl g&ef &[ef;awmf
tm; avQmufxm;vmygu xdo
k Ykd uy,
d um&uwd\
Yk vuf0,f tyfEiS ;f
vsuf tyftyfpyfpyf avQmufxm;um tyfEiS ;f vSL'gef;xm;aom a&TaiGrS
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
jzpfay:vmaom &[ef;awmfwdkYESifh tyfpyfaom ypnf;0wKudkum;

om,mcGifh &Sdayonf/ rtyfaom enf;vrf;jzifh vSL'gef;xm;aom
a&TaiGrsm;udkum; tvSLcH,lcGifh r&Sday/
wpfcsdefu rPdplVu trnf&Sdaom &GmolBuD;wpfOD;onf a&TaiGEiS hf ywfoufonfh taMumif;w&m; wpfcu
k kd bk&m;&Sit
f m; ar;jref;
avQmufxm;cJzh ;l \/ ,if; rPdpVl uokwe frmS atmufygtwdik ;f jzpf\/
rPdplVuokwef (oH?2?509-510/)
tcgwpfyg; jrwfpmG bk&m;onf &mZN*Kd [jf ynf &SOehf ufwu
Ykd kd tpm
auR; arG;jrL&mjzpfaom a0VK0efausmif;wkdufawmf oDwif;oHk;
pHaeawmfrl\/ xkdtcg rif;\ eef;awmfwGif;0,f tnDtGwf pka0;
xkid af eaom rif;y&dowftv,f ]]omuD0ifrif;om; jrwfpmG bk&m;\
wynfo
h m;&[ef;wdt
Yk m; a&TaiGonf tyf\? omuD0ifrif;om; jrwfpmG
bk&m;\ wynfhom;&[ef;wdkYonf a&TaiGudk om,mukef\? omuD0if
rif;om; jrwfpGmbk&m;\ wynfhom;&[ef;wdkYonf a&TaiGudk cH,lukef\}}[laom (rif;rIudpudk aqmif&Gufjcif;\ pyfMum;umv jzpfay:
vmaom) tMum;pum;onf xif&Sm; jzpfay:cJh\/
xkdtcg rPdplVu &GmolBuD;onf xkdy&dowftwGif; xkdifvsuf
&Sd\/ xkd rPdplVu &GmolBuD;u xkdy&dowfudk ]]tarmifwkdY ...odkY
rajymqkdMuukefvifh? omuD0ifrif;om; jrwfpGmbk&m;\ wynfhom;
&[ef;wkdYtm; a&TaiGonf rtyf? omuD0ifrif;om; jrwfpGmbk&m;\
wynfhom;&[ef;wkdYonf a&TaiGudk rom,mukef? omuD0ifrif;om;
jrwfpmG bk&m;\ wynfo
h m;&[ef;wko
Yd nf a&TaiGukd rcH,u
l ek ?f omuD0if
rif;om; jrwfpGmbk&m;\ wynfhom;&[ef;wkdYonf ausmufrsufESifh
a&TaiGudk y,fxm;ukef\? a&TaiGrS uif;ukef\}}[k ajymqdkav\/
rPdplVu &GmolBuD;onf xkdy&dowfudk odem;vnfapjcif;iSm pGrf;EkdifcJh
oemx0d[m&Dydkif; 85
av\/
xkdYaemuf rPdplVu &GmolBuD;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;xHodkY csOf;uyfNy;D vQif &Scd ;dk wpfcak om ae&m xkid af evsuf --- ]]jrwfpmG bk&m; ...
,ck rif;eef;awmfwGif;0,f pka0;xkdifaeaom rif;y&dowftv,f
]omuD0ifrif;om; jrwfpmG bk&m;\ wynfo
h m;&[ef;wkt
Yd m; a&TaiGonf
tyf\? omuD0ifrif;om; jrwfpGmbk&m;\ wynfhom;&[ef;wkdYonf
a&TaiGukd om,muke\
f ? omuD0ifrif;om; jrwfpmG bk&m;\ wynfo
h m;
&[ef;wkdYonf a&TaiGudk cH,lukef\}[laom tMum;pum;onf
jzpfay:cJhygonf jrwfpGmbk&m;/
jrwfpGmbk&m; ...odkYajymqkdaomtcg wynfhawmfu xkdy&dowfudk --- ]tarmifwdkY ...odkY rajymqdkMuukefvifh? omuD0if
rif;om; jrwfpGmbk&m;\ wynfhom;&[ef;wkYdtm; a&TaiGonf rtyf?
omuD0ifrif;om; jrwfpGmbk&m;\ wynfhom;&[ef;wkdYonf a&TaiGudk
rom,mukef? omuD0ifrif;om; jrwfpGmbk&m;\ wynfhom;&[ef;wko
Yd nf a&TaiGukd rcH,u
l ek ?f omuD0ifrif;om; jrwfpmG bk&m;\ wynf-h
om;&[ef;wkdYonf ausmufrsufESifh a&TaiGudk y,fxm;ukef\? a&TaiGrS
uif;ukef\}[k ajymqkdcJhygonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m; ... wynfhawmfonf
xkdy&dowfudk odem;vnfapjcif;iSm pGrf;EdkifcJhyg\/
jrwfpGmbk&m; ... wynfhawmfonf odkY ajymqkdaomf jrwfpGm
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l ajymqkjd cif;onf taMumif;ESihf
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ar;jref;avQmufxm;\/
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rljyef\/
e [d *grPd uywd orPmeH ousykwd,meH Zmwly&ZwH? e
om'd,Ed orPm ousykwd,m Zmwly&ZwH? ey#d*PSEd orPm
ousyw
k ,
d m Zmwly&ZwH? eduw
d r Pdo0k aPm orPm ousyw
k -d
,m? taywZmwly&Zwm/
, acg *grPd Zmwly&ZwH uywd? yyd w umr*kPm
uyEd? , y umr*kPm uyEd? wyd Zmwly&ZwH uywd?
{uHaoaewH *grPd "ma&,smod ]]torP"arm tousykwd,"arm}}wd/
tyd pm[H *grPd {0H 0'grd ]]wdPH wdPwdaue y&da,odwAH?
'gk 'gkwdaue y&da,odwAH? ou#H ou#wdaue y&da,odwAH?
yk&ad om yk&o
d wad ue y&da,odwaAm}}/ e awG0g[H *grPd ]]auepd
y&d,ma,e Zmwly&ZwH om'dwAH y&da,odwA}}Ed 0'grd/ (oH?2?510??)
]]'g,um &GmolBu;D ...xkpd um;onf rSeaf y\/ omuD0ifrif;om;
jrwfpGmbk&m;\ wynfhom;&[ef;wkdYtm; a&TaiGonf rtyf? omuD0if
rif;om; jrwfpGmbk&m;\ wynfhom;&[ef;wkdYonf a&TaiGudk rom,m
oemx0d[m&Dydkif; 87
ukef? omuD0ifrif;om; jrwfpGmbk&m;\ wynfhom;&[ef;wkdYonf

a&TaiGudk rcH,lukef? omuD0ifrif;om; jrwfpGmbk&m;\ wynfhom;
&[ef;wkdYonf ausmufrsufESifh a&TaiGudk y,fxm;ukef\? a&TaiGrS
uif;ukef\/
'g,um &GmolBuD; ...tMuifyk*dKvftm; a&TaiGonf pifppf
tyf\? xkyd *k Kd vt
f m; umr*kPif g;yg;wdo
Yk nfvnf; tyfuek \
f / tMuif
yk*Kd vt
f m; umr*kPif g;yg;wdo
Yk nf tyfuek \
f ? xkyd *k Kd vt
f m; a&TaiGonfvnf; tyfawmh\/ 'g,um &GmolBuD; ... tu,fpifppftm;jzifh
ig;yg;tmHk umr*kPw
f u
Ydk kd tyfjcif;udk ]&[ef;r[kwo
f w
l \
Ydk tusihf
rnf\? omuD0ifrif;om; bk&m;om;awmf r[kwo
f w
l \
Ydk tusirhf nf\}
[l rSwfom;ygavavmh/
'g,um &GmolBu;D ...tu,fpifppftm;jzifah omfum; igbk&m;&Sifonf ]ausmif;ukd rdk;&ef jrufjzifhtvkd&Sdaom &[ef;onf ausmif;udk
rdk;aom jrufudk &SmrSD;xkduf\? ausmif; jyif&ef opfjzifh tvdk&Sdaom
&[ef;onf ausmif; jyif&ef opfukd &SmrS;D xku
dk \
f ? vSn;f jzifh jyKvyk &f rnfh
vkyfief;&yfudk tvdk&Sdaom &[ef;onf vSnf;udk (= vSnf;jzifh o,f
aqmif&rnfh vkyfief;&yfudk tckduftwefY) &SmrDS;xkduf\/ tvkyform;
a,mufsm;jzifh tvdk&Sdaom &[ef;onf tvkyform; a,mufsm;udk
&SmrS;D xku
d \
f } -- [l okv
Yd Qif igbk&m;&Sio
f nf a[mMum;awmfryl g\/
'g,um &GmolBuD; ...tb,f enf;y&d,m,fESifhrQ a&TaiGudk
om,mxku
d \
f ? &SmrS;D xku
d \
f [k igbk&m;&Sio
f nf a[mMum;awmfrrlyg}}
[k rdefYMum;awmfrlvkduf\/ (oH?2?509-510/)
txufyg a'oemawmfrsm;ESifhtnD &[ef;awmfwpfyg;onf
ausmif;jyif&ef trdk; opf ponfudk tvkd&Sdaomtcg aqGrsKd;wdkYtxH
aomfvnf;aumif; ypnf;av;yg;udk awmif;cH&ef avQmufMum;zdwrf H
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
xm;olwt
Ykd xHaomfvnf;aumif; awmif;,lEidk af yonf/ tu,f rdrd
oDwif;oHk;&mt&yf ausmif;ukd rdk;&ef jrufponfudk aqGrsKd;wdkYtxH
jzpfap ypnf; av;yg; awmif;cH&ef zdwfMum;xm;olwkdYxHjzpfap
awmif;zdkY&ef tcuftcJ &Sdygu okdYr[kwf awmif;zdkY&ef tvdkr&Sdygu
,if;tvd&k &Sd mypn;f wku
Yd kd qGr;f cH0wfjzifah omfvnf; &SmrS;D &ef bk&m;&Siu
f
cGifhjyKxm;awmfrlayonf/
qGrf;cH0wfjzifh &SmazGvdkaom &[ef;awmfonf eHeufydkif;jzpfap
rGe;f vGyJ ikd ;f jzpfap ouFe;f udk u
kH m oydwu
f kd ,laqmifvsuf &GmwGi;f odYk
qGr;f cH0iftyfayonf/ tvd&k &dS m tdraf &SU qGr;f &yfouJo
h Ykd &yfaeEdik af y
onf/ 'g,umu ypnf;wpfckckudk vma&muf avmif;vSLaomtcg
rdrd tvdrk &Sad om ypn;f jzpfygu oydwu
f kd ydwu
f m &yfwnfaeEdik o
f nf/
xdktcg 'g,umu ]]tb,fudk tvdk&Sdygoenf;}}[k ar;jref;cJhaomf
ausmif;rdk;&ef jrufudk tvdk&SdaMumif; ponfjzifh tvdk&Sd&mypnf;udk
ajymMum;Edik o
f nf/ tu,f 'g,umu rar;jref;cJah omfum; ajymMum;
cGifh r&Sday/ tvm;wl a&SUodkYqufum qGrf;cH<uEdkifonf/ &[ef;awmf
wdEYk iS hf tyfpyfaom ypn;f rsm;udk enf;jzifh &SmazG&efuv
dk nf; bk&m;&Sif
onf cGijhf yKxm;awmfral yonf/ t&d,y&da,oe (= bk&m;tp&Sad om
t&d,molawmfaumif;wd\
Yk ypn;f av;yg;udk &SmazGyekH nf;pepf) wpfrsK;d
yif jzpfayonf/ odaYk omf rnfonfw
h pfpw
kH pfcak om enf;y&d,m,fEiS rhf Q
rnfonfhwpfpHkwpfckaom taMumif;aMumifhrQ a&TaiGudk &SmrSD;xkduf\
[lum; jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;xm;awmfrrlay/
ckoif;yGwo
f pfEiS t
hf wl jzLpifpmG jznfu
h six
hf m;tyfaom oDvu
omvQif ewf&Gmok*wdESifh psmef r*fzdkvf edAmefudk &jcif; a&mufjcif;\
taMumif;taxmuftyHh jzpfojzifh rSDcdktm;xm;&m emxw&m;tppf
jzpfayonf/ usKd; ayguf ajymuf usm;vsuf&Sdaom rjzLpifaom oDv
um; xdkuJhodkY taMumif;taxmuftyHhaumif; rjzpfEdkifonfudkum;
oemx0d[m&Dydkif; 89
rdrd\ tusKd; omoemawmf\ tusKd;udk vdkvm;awmifhwvsuf&SdMuukefaom olawmfaumif;wdkYonf owdjyKukef&monf/
oDv\ tusKd;*kPftiftmedoif
tmeEm ...odv
Yk Qif tjypfr&Sad om oDvwdo
Yk nf ESv;Hk om&Tirf I
(= t0dy#dom&) tusKd; &Sdukef\? ESvkH;om&TifrI tmedoif &Sdukef\/
ESvkH;om&TifrIonf 0rf;ajrmufrI (= ygarmZ) tusKd; &Sd\? 0rf;ajrmufrI
tmedoif &Sd\/ 0rf;ajrmufrIonf ESpfoufrI (= yDwd) tusKd; &Sd\?
ESpo
f ufrI tmedoif &S\
d / ESpo
f ufro
I nf ud,
k pf w
d Nf ird ;f csr;f rI (= y')d
tusKd; &Sd\? udk,fpdwfNidrf;csrf;rI tmedoif &Sd\/ udk,fpdwfNidrf;csrf;rI
onf csr;f omrI (= okc) tusK;d &S\
d ? csr;f omrI tmedoif &S\
d / csr;f omrI
onf pdwfwnfMunfrI (= orm"d) tusKd; &Sd\? pdwfwnfMunfrI tmed
oif &S\
d / pdww
f nfMunfro
I nf [kww
f ikd ;f rSepf mG odjrifrI (= ,xmblwP'e) tusKd; &Sd\? [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odjrifrI tmedoif &Sd\/
[kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odjrifrIonf NiD;aiGUrI (= edAd'g)ESifh wyfrufjcif;uif;rI
(= 0d&m*) tusKd; &Sd\? NiD;aiGUrIESifh wyfrufjcif;uif;rI tmedoif &Sd\/
NiD;aiGUrIESifh wyfrufjcif;uif;rIonf vGwfajrmufrI (= 0drkwd)ESifh vGwf
ajrmufrIudk odaom Pftjrif (= 0drkwdP'e) tusKd; &Sd\?
vGwaf jrmufrEI iS hf vGwaf jrmufru
I kd odaom Pftjrif tmedoif &S\
d /
tmeEm... odkYvQif tjypfr&Sdaom oDvwdkYonf tpOftwdkif;
t&[wzdkvfodkY a&mufapukef\/ (tH?3?258/)
!!!
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
'kwd, emxw&m; = A[kkw&Sdjcif;

yke py&H bdua0 bduK A[kkawm a[mwd? okw"a&m
okwoEdpa,m? a, aw "rm tm'duvsmPm raZuvsmPm
y&da,momeuvsmPm omwH oAseH au0vy&dykPH y&dok'H
jA[p&d,H tbd0'Ed? wxmlyg "rm A[kkwm a[mEd "mwm
0pom y&dpdwm reomEkayudwm 'd|d,m oky#d0d'g/ ,rd bdua0
bduK A[kkawm a[mwd/ y / 'd|d,m oky#d0d'g/ t,rd "arm
emxu&aPm/ (tH?3?275??)
= &[ef;wdkY ... aemufwpfrsKd;um; &[ef;onf tMum;+tjrif
(= A[kkw) rsm;jym;\/ tMum;+tjrif (= A[kkw)udk aqmifxm;
Edkif\/ tMum;+tjrif (= A[kkw)udk qnf;yl;\/ (oDvusifhpOf
[laom) tp\ aumif;jcif; (orm"dusifhpOf[laom) tv,f\
aumif;jcif; (ynmusifhpOf[laom) tqHk;\ aumif;jcif; [lonfh
aumif;jcif; oH;k jzm vuPmESihf jynfph MkH uukeaf om teuft"dyg ,fEiS hf
vnf; jynfph kH o'gESiv
hf nf; jynfph u
kH ek af om tvdt
k ydk r&So
d jzifh tvH;k pkH
jynfhpHkukefaom pifMu,fvsuf jzLpifjrifhjrwfaom usifhpOfudk azmfjy
wwfaom oabm&Sdukefaom w&m;awmfwdkYudk xdk&[ef;onf rsm;pGm
oifMum;xm;tyfuek \
f ? EIwif akH qmifxm;tyfuek \
f ? EIwjf zifh t0g;0pGm
avhusux
f m;tyfuek \
f ? pdwjf zifh tzefzef txyfxyf aphaphiik k Munfh I
qifjcifyI mG ;ok;H oyfxm;tyfuek \
f ? (w&m;ud,
k f teufoabmtm;jzifh
vnf;aumif; taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;) orm'd|dPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odjrifxm;tyfukef\/
&[ef;wkYd ... &[ef;onf ,if;odYk rsm;pGm oifMum;tyf\/ y / ynmjzifh
aumif;pGm xdk;xGif; odtyfukef\[laom w&m;onfvnf; rSDcdk
tm;xm;&mudk jyKwwfaom emxw&m;wnf;/ (tH?3?275/)
oemx0d[m&Dydkif; 91
A[kkw (2) rsKd;

wd y&d,wdy#da0"0aoe 'k0da"m A[kkawm p
A[kkawmwd
yk*avm/ (ty'get|uxm?1?264??)
y&d,wdA[kkw y#da0"A[kkw[k A[kkw ESpfrsKd; &Sd\/
y&d,wdA[kkwudk tm*rokw[kvnf; ac:qdk\/
0gpk*w"m&aPe ora'0 *leH oEdau tm*rdwbma0e
tm*awm y&d,wd"rocFgawm tm*arm {awoEd tm*wm*rm
tm*wm*rm/
(tH?#D?3?116/)
odkY zGifhqdkxm;aom t*Fkw&#DumESifh tnD q&morm;wdkY\

txH EIwfwuf&atmif EIwfikHaqmifxm;Edkifatmif oif,lNyD;vQif
oif,x
l m;onft
h wdik ;f y&d,ww
d &m;awmfukd EIwif akH qmifum oifod
taejzifh &&Sdaom todrsKd;udk (= A[kkwrsKd;udk) tm*rokw[k
ac:qd\
k ? y&d,wAd [kw
k [kvnf; ac:qd\
k / q&morm;xH em;jzifh
qwfqwf Mum;emum &&Sdxm;tyfonfh todjzpfjcif;aMumihf tMum;
okw[k ac:qdkonf/
txufwiG f azmfjyxm;aom emxokwe w
f iG f --- wxmly "rm
A[kw
k m a[mEd "mwm 0pom y&dpw
d m = xdo
k o
Ykd abm&Su
d ek af om
w&m;awmfwu
Ykd kd xd&k [ef;onf rsm;pGm oifMum;xm;tyfuek \
f ? EIwif kH
aqmifxm;tyfuek \
f ? EIwjf zifh t0g;0pGm avhusux
f m;tyfuek \
f --[laom pum;&yfwjYkd zifh y&d,wAd [kw
k ac: tm*rokw (= oifod
A[kw
k = tMum;okw)udk &nfeT ;f xm;ayonf/
y#da0"A[kkwudk t"d*rokw[kvnf; ac:qdk\/
wd pwma&m r*g pwm&d zvmed pwam y#dord'g
t"d*armwd
wdam 0dZm q tbdnm/ (tH?|?1?67??)
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
t*Fkw&t|uxm tzGifht& r*f av;yg; zdkvf av;yg;

y#dord'gPf av;yg; 0dZm oHk;yg; tbdnmPf ajcmufyg;wdkYonf
t"d*r rnfayonf/ t"d*rum; txGwt
f xdyo
f Ykd a&muf&adS eaom
t"d*rwnf;/
txufwGif azmfjyxm;aom emxokwefwGifum; xkdtxufyg
t"d*rwdkYudk &&Sd&eftwGuf tajccH vdktyfaom A[kkwjzpfonfh
t"d*rokwudk --reomEkayudwm 'd|d,m oky#d0d'g/ (tH?3?275/)
= pdwjf zifh tzefzef txyfxyf aphaphiik k Munfh q
I ifjcif IymG ;oH;k oyf
xm;tyfuek \
f ? orm'd|
d Pfynmjzifh ud,
k w
f idk rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmuf
odjrifxm;tyfukef\[laom pum;&yfwdkYu azmfjyvsuf&Sd\/
'd|d,m oky#d0d'gwd twawm p um&Pawm p ynm, ok|K
y#d0d'g ypuH uwm/ (tH?|?2?364??)
t|uxmtzGit
fh & t"d*rokw[lonf tm*rokwjzifh
rdrdoif,lxm;aom y&d,wdw&m;awmf vm&Sdaom w&m;"rwdkYudk
twtm;jzifhvnf;aumif; um&P
um&Ptm;jzifhvnf;aumif; orm'd|d
Pfynmjzifh aumif;pGm ud,
k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmufojd rifjcif;udk
qdkvdkayonf/
tw [lonf . . um&P[lonf . .
tawmwd oacFyawm a[wkzvH/ (tbd?|?2?371/)
t|uxmtzGifht& taMumif;ork',opmw&m;aMumifh
xif&mS ;jzpfay:vm&aom tusK;d 'kuo
pmw&m; edAm ef y&d,wf w&m;awmf\ qdkvdk&if;teufoabm tusKd;0dygufw&m; ud&d,m w&m;
ig;rsK;d onf tw
tw rnf\/ taMumif;w&m;\ pGr;f tm;aMumifh &tyf-
oemx0d[m&Dydkif; 93
a&muftyfaom w&m;jzpf tw[k ac:qdkjcif;jzpf\/
'kuopm
xdkig;rsKd;wdkYwGif 'kuopmw&m;[lonf tb,fenf;
oHcdawe yKyg'geuEm 'kum/ (oH?3?369/ r?1?82...)
tusOf;csKyftm;jzifh lykyg'geuEm a0'Ekyg'geuEm onKyg'geuEm ocFgkyg'geuEm 0dnmPkyg'geuEm[laom Oyg'geuEm
ig;yg;onf 'kuopmw&m; rnf\/ (r?1?84...)
,H udd bdua0 lyH twDwmem*wypKyEH tZwH 0g A[d'g 0g
MoVm&duH 0g okckrH 0g [DeH 0g yPDwH 0g ,H 'la& oEdau 0g omo0H
Oyg'ged,H? t,H 0kpwd lykyg'geuaEm/ (oH?2?39/)
odkY a[mMum;xm;awmfrlaom cEokwef (oH?2?39/) a'oem
awmfrsm;ESit
hf nD twdwf tem*wf ypKye f tZw A[d' MoVm&du
(= tMurf;) okckr (= tEk) [De (= t,kwf) yPDw (= tjrwf) 'l&
(= ta0;) oEdu (= teD;) [laom (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh
wnfaeaom tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tmHkjzpfaom wPSm 'd|dwdkYjzifh
]]ig-igY[m}}[k pGJ,ltyfaom (= pGJvrf;qkyfudkiftyfaom) --1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
kyfw&m;tpktyHkonf lykyg'geuEm
a0'emtpktyHkonf a0'Ekyg'geuEm
onmtpktykHonf onKyg'geuEm
ocFg&tpktykHonf ocFgkyg'geuEm
0dnmPftpktykHonf 0dnmPkyg'geuEm --toD;toD; rnfayonf/
xdkYaMumifh twdwf tem*wf ypKyef tZw A[d' MoVm&du

okcrk [De yPDw 'l& oEu
d [laom (11)rsK;d aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
wnfaeaom tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tmkHjzpfaom wPSm'd|dwdkYonf

]]ig-igh[m}}[k pGJ,ltyfaom (= pGJvrf;qkyfudkiftyfaom) Oyg'geuEm
ig;yg;wdkYonf 'kuopm rnfukef\/ ,if; 'kuopmw&m;wdkYonf
ork',opm[laom taMumif;w&m;aMumifh xif&mS ;jzpfay:vm&aom
tusKd; (= tw) w&m;wdkY rnfMu\/
ork',opm
bk&m;&Sifonf op0dbif;ygVdawmf (tbd?2?112-115/) --1/ wPSmudk
2/ udavomtm;vkH;udk
3/ tukodkvfw&m;tm;vkH;udk
4/ tukodkvfw&m;tm;vkH;ESifh tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tmkHjzpfaom
ukovrlvw&m;okH;yg;udk
5/ tukodkvfw&m;tm;vkH;ESifh tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tmkHjzpfaom
ukodkvfw&m;tm;vkH;udk --ork',opmrnfaMumif;udk toD;toD; ig;rsKd;cGJum a[mMum;
xm;awmfrl\/
xdkwGif trSwf(5)wGif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlaom ork',opm
w&m;udk &nfTef;vsuf t|uxmBuD;rsm;u atmufygtwdkif; zGifhqdk
xm;awmfrlMu\/
ww ,om ukovmukovurH t0daoaoe ork',opEd
op0dba*F 0kwH/ (tbd?|?2?185/ 0dok'd?2?216/)
= apwem apwemESi,
hf OS zf ufw&m;[k txl;rajymawmhbJ omrn
tm;jzifh ajymqd&k rl ukov
kd u
f H tukov
kd u
f H rSeo
f rQuykd if ork',opm
[k op0b
d if;ygVdawmf bk&m;&Sio
f nf a[mMum;xm;awmfral yonf/
(tbd?|?2?185/ 0dok'd?2?216/)
oemx0d[m&Dydkif; 95
,if;ork',opmw&m;onfum; 'kuo
pmw&m;pk\ taMumif;&if; um&P
um&Pw&m;yifwnf;/
wdwm,weokwef vm&Sdaom ork',opm

uwr bdua 0 'kuo
rk',H t&d,op?H t0dZm yp,m ocFg&m?
ocFg&yp,m 0dnmPH? 0dnmPyp,m emrly?H emrlyyp,m oVm,weH? oVm,weyp,m zam? zyp,m a0'em? a0'emyp,m
wPSm? wPSmyp,m Oyg'geH? Oyg'geyp,m ba0g? b0yp,m Zmwd?
Zmwdyp,m Z&mr&PH aomuy&da'0'kua 'grekyg,mom or0E/d
{0arw au0v 'kuuE ork'a,m a[mwd/ 'H 0kpwd
bdua0 'kuork',H t&d,opH/ (tH?1?178/)
&[ef;wkYd ...'kuj zpfaMumif; ork',t&d,opm[lonf tb,f
enf;
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
10/
11/
t0dZmtaMumif;cHaMumifh ocFg&wdkY jzpfukef\?

ocFg&taMumif;cHaMumifh 0dnmPf jzpf\?
0dnmPftaMumif;cHaMumifh emrfkyf jzpf\?
emrfkyftaMumif;cHaMumifh oVm,we jzpf\?
oVm,wetaMumif;cHaMumifh z jzpf\?
ztaMumif;cHaMumifh a0'em jzpf\?
a0'emtaMumif;cHaMumifh wPSm jzpf\?
wPSmtaMumif;cHaMumifh Oyg'gef jzpf\?
Oyg'geftaMumif;cHaMumifh urb0+Oyywdb0 jzpf\?
urb0taMumif;cHaMumifh Zmwd jzpf\?
ZmwdtaMumif;cHaMumifh Z&m+r&P jzpf\? aomu+y&da'0+
'ku+a'gre+Oyg,mowdkYonf jzpfukef\/
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
okdYvQif csrf;omrzuf oufoufaom 'kuwHk; 'kutpktyHk\

jzpfaMumif;oabm + jzpfjcif;oabmonf jzpf\/ &[ef;wdkY ...
aMumif;-usKd;-qufEG,frI oabmw&m;ukd 'kujzpfaMumif; ork',
t&d,opm[l qdktyf\/ (tH?1?178/)
ww yk&drmed a'G opmed 0H? ypdrmed 0d0H/ awok bduKaem
0a ur|membdeda0aom a[mwd? 0d0a ewd tbdeda0aom/
(tbd?|?2?109/)
= opmav;yg;wdkYwGif 'kuopm ork',opm[laom a&S;opm

ESpyf g;wko
Yd nf oHo&m0#fqif;&J'u
k vnfywf&m + vnfywfaMumif;
opmw&m;wdkYjzpfjcif;aMumifh 0opm rnf\/ eda&m"opm r*opm
[laom aemufopmESpyf g;wdo
Yk nf oHo&m0#frS uif;&m + uif;aMumif;
xGuaf jrmuf&m + xGuaf jrmufaMumif;jzpfaomaMumifh 0d0opmrnf\/
avmukw&meda&m"opm (= edAmefw&m;awmfjrwf)ESifh avmukw&m
t&d,r*opmw&m;wkYd jzpfMu\/ ,if; 0opm 0d0opmw&m; ESpyf g;
wdkYwGif a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf 0opmw&m; ESpfyg;om 0dyembm0emur|mef; pD;jzef;jcif; ESvkH;oGif;jcif;trIudk jyKvkyftyf\? 0d0
opmw&m; ESpfyg; 0dyembm0em ESvHk;oGif;zG,f&m r&Sday/
(tbd?|?2?109/)
,if;0opmw&m;ESpfyg;wkdYwGif 'kuopmtrnf&onfh Oyg'geuEm ig;yg; (= kyw

f &m;+emrfw&m;)wdu
Yk kd xk;d xGi;f odwwfaom orm'd|d
ukd emrlyy&dap'Pf[v
k nf;aumif; ,if;'kuo
pm\ taMumif;&if;
ork',opmudk xdk;xGif;odwwfaom orm'd|dudk yp,y&d*[Pf
[kvnf;aumif; ac:qdkayonf/
xdek mrlyy&dap'PfEiS hf yp,y&d*[
Pf ESpyf g;wdu
Yk kd &nfeT ;f
um 'd|d,m oky#d0d'g -- [laom txufyg emxokwef pum;&yfudk
t|uxmu teuft"dyg,f zGifhqdkoGm;awmfrljcif; jzpf\/
oemx0d[m&Dydkif; 97
orm'd|
d Pfynmonf xk
d PfEpS yf g;om jzpfonf[k t,ltq
rrSm;apvdyk g/ emxokwe w
f iG f 'kw,
d rScD t
kd m;xm;&rnfh emxw&m;udk emrlyy&dap'Pf[lonfh 'kuopmudk xdk;xGif;odwwfonfh
orm'd|d yp,y&d*[Pf[lonfh ork',opmudk xdk;xGif;odwwf
onfh orm'd|d -- orm'd|d ESprf sK;d wdu
Yk kd t"d*rokwydik ;f wGif &nfeT ;f
xm;awmfrlonf[kom qdkvdk&if; jzpfayonf/ 0dyemPf t&d,
r*fPfwdkYudk q,fckajrmuf emxw&m;tjzpf a[mMum;xm;awmf
rlvwHUjzpfaomaMumifh 'kwd,emxw&m;t& orm'd|dpm&if;wGif
razmfjyjcif; jzpfayonf/
rSDcdktm;xm;&m emxw&m; jzpfEdkifygovm;

emxw&m;wGif azmfjyxm;aom tm*rokwac:onfh y&d,wf
w&m;awmfwu
Ykd kd ]oifo}d taeESihf odjcif; ]t"d*rokw}}ac:onfh 'ku-
opmw&m; ork',opmw&m;wdkYudk usihfodtaeESifh emrlyy&dap'
Pf yp,y&d*[PfwdkYjzifh odjcif; -- todPf orm'd|donf
rSDcdktm;xm;&m emxw&m;tppf jzpfEdkifygovm;[k ar;&ef &Sd\/
tajzudk odvdkygu atmufyg t|uxmtzGifhudk zwfIMunfhyg/
rdem ye aPe orEm*awm 0dyaum Ak'omoae
v'maom v'ywda|m ed,w*wdaum plVaomwmyaEm emr
a[mwd/ (0dok'd?2?240/)
yp,y&d*[
Pfow
Ykd ikd af tmifaom 0dyemPfEiS hf jynfph -kH
aom 0dyu (= 0dyembm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;vsuf&Sdaom)
a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf Ak'b
&k m;&Si\
f omoemawmf oufom&mudk
&&So
d nfrnf\? axmuf&mwnf&mudk &&So
d nfrnf\? aumif;&mok*wd
[laom vm;&m*wd jrJaom plVaomwmyef (= aomwmyefnDaxG;)
rnf\/ (0dok'd?2?240/)
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
y&d,wAd [kw
k (=tm*rokw)jzifh oif,x
l m;tyfaom todukd
em;jzifh Mum;emum oif,&l onft
h wGuf tMum;okw[kvnf;aumif;
tw+um&P trnf&onfh xkyd &d,ww
d &m;awmf vm&So
d nfh 'ku-
opmw&m; ork',opmw&m;wdu
Yk kd emrlyy&dap'Pf yp,y&d*[
Pf[o
l nfh orm'd|
d Pfjzifh ud,
k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmufojd rifum &&Sdvmonfh todudk orm'd|dPfynmjzifh ukd,fwkdifrsufarSmuf
xGif;azmuf odjrifum &&Sdvmonfh A[kkw jzpfjcif;aMumifh tjrif
A[kkw[kvnf;aumif; xdktMum;ESifh tjrif ESpfckudk aygif;pyfum
A[kw
k [laom pum;&yfukd tMum;tjrif A[kw
k &Sjd cif;[k a&S;a&S;
q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;wdkYu bmomjyefqdkxm;awmfrlcJhMuayonf/
bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrt
l yfaom w&m;awmfwu
Ykd m; opm
av;yg;udk OD;wdkufvsuf &SdMu\/ a,m*Dyk*dKvfum; xdkopmav;yg;
wdw
Yk iG f 'kuo
pm ork',opmtrnf&onfh 0opmw&m;ESpyf g;wdu
Yk kd
(0d0opm jzpfonfh eda&m"opm r*opmodYk qdu
k af &mufa&;twGu)f
0dyembm0emur|mef; pD;jzef;&rnf jzpf\/ (tbd?|?2?109/)
a,m*Dy*k Kd vo
f nf rdrd 0dyemIymG ;oH;k oyf&rnfh 'kuo
pmw&m;
ork',opmw&m;wdu
Yk kd a&S;OD;pGm odatmif BuKd ;yrf;&rnf jzpf\/ xdo
k Ykd
BuKd ;yrf;&m a&S;OD;pGm xd'k u
k o
pmw&m; ork',opmw&m;wdu
Yk kd q&morm;xH pepfwus oif,l&rnfjzpf\/ oifodjzifh odatmif yxr
BudK;pm;&\/
xkdaemif xdk'kuopmw&m; ork',opmw&m;wdkYudk odatmif
BudK;pm;tm;xkwfyHk ur|mef;enf;vrf;udk pepfwus oif,lum vufawGU orm'd|dPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrif
atmif BudK;yrf;&\/ emrlyy&dap'PfESifh yp,y&d*[Pfudk
&&Sdatmif oDvusifhpOf orm"dusifhpOf ynmusifhpOfwdkYudk tqifhqifh
usifhoHk;&rnf jzpfayonf/ atmifjrifrIudk &&Sdygu rdrdonf bk&m;&Sif
oemx0d[m&Dydkif; 99
a[mMum;xm;awmfrlonfh 'kwd, emxw&m;udk vufqkyfvufudkif

ykdifykdifEkdifEkdif &&SdNyD[k ajymqdkEdkifNyD jzpfayonf/
t*Fg (9) wefESifh jynfhpHkawmfrlaom bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;awmf

bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;jyo qdkqHk;rxm;awmfrltyfukefaom w&m;
awmfwkdY t*Fg (9)wef&Sd\/ ,if; t*Fg (9)wefwdkYrSm --1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
okw = okwtrnf&aom w&m;awmf

a*,s = *gxmESifh pum;ajy ESpfaxG a&maeaom w&m;awmf
a0,smu&P = *gxmrzuf oufoufaom pum;ajyw&m;awmf
*gxm = *gxmw&m;awmf
O'ge = O'gef; = 0rf;ajrmufpGm >rufqdk usL;&ifhxm;tyfaom
w&m;awmf
wd0kwu = wd0kwf = ]0kwH a[wH b*0wm = odkY bk&m;&Sifonf a[mMum;awmfrltyf\} -- odkY tpcsDvsuf ed'gef;
ysKd;xm;aom w&m;awmf
Zmwu = Zmwfawmf
tA Kw"r = rjzpfpzl; tOD;topf tHhMozG,f&mwkdYESifh qufpyfae
aom w&m;awmf
a0'v = todx;l Pfx;l ukv
d nf; &&S
d ESpo
f uf 0rf ; ajrmuf r I
udkvnf; &&Sdaom tar;-tajz w&m;awmf ---
bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;awmfwkdYonf uJhodkYaom t*Fg (9)wefESifh

jynfph akH wmfral om w&m;awmfwYkd jzpfMu\/ wpfcsed f jAm[PtrsK;d ZmwfrS
omoemhabmifokdY 0ifa&mufum &Sif&[ef;jyKvmMuukefaom &[ef;
ig;&mwko
Yd nf --- ]]vdif oH;k yg; {u0kpf A[k0pk f ESpyf g; 0dbwf (7)oG,f
yk'f Asnf; ponfwkdYjzifh w&m;awmfudk a[mMum;awmfrlonf&Sdaomf
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
igwdkY od&SdNyD;onfudkomvQif a[mMum;awmfrlvwHU? igwkdY rodonfudk

tb,frSmvQif a[mMum;EkdifvwHUenf;}}[k ESvHk;ykdufum bk&m;&Sif\
w&m;awmfudk em,lzkdY&ef roGm;a&mufMuukef/ bk&m;&Sifonf xkdtaMumif;t&mudk Mum;odawmfral omtcg xk&d [ef;wdu
Yk kd ac:apawmf
rlNyD;vQif ]]tb,faMumifh oifwkdYonf uJhodkY jyKusifhMuukefoenf;
w&m;awmfukd dak opGm em,lMuukeaf vmh? dak opGm w&m;awmfukd em,l
olwt
Ydk m;vnf;aumif; &Gwzf wfo&Zm,fow
l t
Ykd m;vnf;aumif; orm'd|dPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrifolwkdYtm;vnf ; aumif ; rQuk e f a om tusKd ; w&m;wk d Y u d k rcRwf { uef
&vdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhtyfukef\/}} odkY TefMum;jyo qdkqHk;rawmf
rlvo
dk nf jzpf atmufyg aomwmEk*wokwe f w&m;a'oemawmfukd
tm;xkwfawmfrlayonf/ (tH?|?2?364/)
aomwmEk*wokwefaumufEkwfcsuf
&[ef;wdkY ...yom'aomwrS PaomwokdY tpOfavQmuf
wnfaeukefaom EIwfjzifh t0g;0pGm avhusufxm;tyfNyD;ukefaom
pdwfjzifh tzefzef txyfxyf aphaphikik MunfhIqifjcif IyGm;oHk;oyftyfNyD;ukefaom w&m;udk,f teufoabmtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;
taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif; orm'd|
d Pfynmjzifh ud,
k w
f ikd f
rsuaf rSmuf xGi;f azmuf odjriftyfNy;D ukeaf om w&m;awmfw\
Ykd rcRwf
{uef &vdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhtyfukefaom tusKd;qufwdkYonfum;
av;rsKd;wdkYwnf;/ tb,fav;rsKd;wdkYenf;[lrl --&[ef;wdkY ... omoemawmf &[ef;onf okw a*,s
a0,smu&P *gxm O'ge wd0kwu Zmwu tA Kw"r a0'v
[laom t*Fgud;k wefEiS hf jynfph akH om y&d,wfw&m;awmfukd oifMum;\/
xk&d [ef;tm; xdw
k &m;wdo
Yk nf yom'aomwrS PaomwodYk tpOf
oemx0d[m&Dydkif; 101
avQmuf wnfaeukef\/ EIwfjzifh t0g;0pGm avhusufxm;tyfNyD;

jzpfukef\/ pdwfjzifh tzefzef txyfxyf aphaphikik MunfhIqifjcif
IyGm;oHk;oyftyfNyD; jzpfukef\/ w&m;udk,f teufoabmtm;jzifh
vnf;aumif; taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; orm'd|dPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjriftyfNyD; jzpfukef\/
xdk&[ef;onf owdvGwfuif;onfjzpf aovGefcJhaomf = ykxkZeftjzpfESifh aovGefcJhaomf[k qdkvdk\/ (tH?|?2?364/) ewfbHk wpfrsKd;rsKd;
jzpfEikd \
f / xked wfbkH csr;f omjcif;&Sad om xdyk *k Kd vt
f m; "ry' trnf&onfh 'kuo
pm ork',opmw&m;yk't
f pkwo
Ykd nf ay:vGix
f if&mS ;
wnfaeukef\/ &[ef;wdkY ... 0dyemPfESifh ,SOfwGJvsuf&Sdaom
xdkw&m;wdkYudk trSwf&wwf IyGm;oHk;oyfwwfaom owd\ jzpfay:jcif;onf EkHYaES;vSao;\/ wu,fpifppfrSmrl xdkewfom;jzpfaom
ow0gonf vsifjrefpGmomvQif r*fPf zdkvfPf edAmef[lonfh
w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfukd &&SEd idk \
f / &[ef;wdYk ... onfum; yom'aomwrS PaomwodkY tpOfavQmuf wnfaeukefaom EIwfjzifh
t0g;0pGm avhusufxm;tyfNyD;ukefaom pdwfjzifh tzefzeftxyfxyf
aphaphikik MunfhIqifjcif IyGm;oHk;oyftyfNyD;ukefaom w&m;udk,f
teufoabmtm;jzifhvnf;aumif; taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; orm'd|
d Pfynmjzifh ud,
k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmuf odjriftyfNyD;ukefaom w&m;awmfwdkY\ rcRwf{uef&vdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhtyfaom yxrtusKd;qufwnf;/ (1)
tvm;wlyif wefcdk;'dyg'fESifh jynfhpHkaom &[ef;awmfwpfyg;u
ewfjynfoYkd wufa&mufum w&m;a[mawmfral omtcg xdw
k &m;awmfudk emMum;&vQif (2)
odkYr[kwf "ruxdu ewfom;wpfOD;OD;\ w&m;awmfudk emMum;
&vQif (3)
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
odrYk [kwf vlUb0u w&m;usiahf zmfusizhf uf &[ef;awmfwpfyg;u

ewfjynfodkY rdrdxuf tvsifa&mufESifh aemufrS ewfjynfodkY a&muf
&Sdvmaom rdrdtm; xdktvsifa&muf&Sdaeaom ewfom;u vlUb0u
usifhcJhaom w&m;wdkYudk trSwf&&ef owday;vdkufaomtcgwdkYvnf;
vlUjynfvUl avmu0,f &[ef;b0jzifh rdru
d sichf ahJ om w&m;wdu
Yk kd trSwf
jyef&vQif (4)
xdktcg 0dyembm0emur|mef;ukd qufvufum pD;jzef;vdkuf
aomtcg r*f zdkvf edAmef[lonfh w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfudk vsifvsif
jrefjref &EdkifaMumif;wdkYudk qufvuf a[mMum;xm;awmfrlayonf/
(tH?1?504-505/)
y&d,wdtqifhrS y#dywdtqifhodkY ul;um atmifatmifjrifjrif
vufawGUusifhoHk;Edkifojzifh y#da0"odkY qdkufa&mufoGm;Muaom xHk;a[mif; Oya'orsm;yif jzpfMuayonf/
!!!
wwd, emxw&m; = uvsmPrdw&Sd jcif;

&[ef;wdkY ...aemufwpfrsKd;aomfum; &[ef;onf (rdwfaumif;
aqGaumif; q&maumif; orm;aumif; wnf;[laom) taqGcifyGef;aumif; &Sd\? taygif;tazmfaumif; &Sd\? taqGcifyGef;aumif;wdkY
Gwu
f ikd ;f Iid ;f aom pdwx
f m; &S\
d / &[ef;wdYk ... ,if;odYk taqGcifyeG ;f aumif; &Sd\? taygif;tazmfaumif; &Sd\? taqGcifyGef;aumif;wdkY
Gwfukdif;Idif;aom pdwfxm; &Sd\ - [laom w&m;onfvnf; rSDcdk
tm;xm;&mudk jyKwwfaom emxw&m;wnf;/ (tH?3?275/)
uvsmPrdwokwef (oH?1?87-88/)
wpfcsdef om0wdjynfrGef aZw0efausmif;wdkufawmf bk&m;&Sifonf oDwif;oH;k pHaeawmfr\
l / xdt
k cg yaoe'Daumovrif;Bu;D onf
bk&m;&Si&f &dS mt&yfoYkd csO;f uyfvsuf bk&m;&Sit
f m; tvGef akd opGm &Scd ;kd
0wfjyKNy;D vQif oifw
h ifah vsmufywfaom wpfae&m xdik v
f u
kd \
f / wpfae&m xdkifNyD;aomf yaoe'Daumovrif;BuD;u jrwfpGmbk&m;tm;
pum;udk avQmufxm;\/
]]jrwfpGmbk&m; ... qdwfNidrf&mt&yfodkY uyfa&mufvsuf wpfa,mufxD;wnf;aeaom wynfhawmftm; odkYaom pdwftMuHonf
xif&Sm;jzpfay:cJhyg\ - ]jrwfpGmbk&m;onf w&m;awmfudk aumif;pGm
a[mMum;xm;awmfrt
l yf\? aumif;pGm a[mMum;xm;awmfrt
l yfaom
xdkw&m;awmfonfvnf; (rdwfaumif; aqGaumif; q&maumif;
orm;aumif;wnf;[laom) taqGcifyGef;aumif;wdkY Gwfudkif;Idif;aom pdwfxm;&Sdaom oltm;om jzpf\/ ,kwfrmaom taqGcifyGef;
&Sad om oltm; rjzpf? ,kwrf maom taygif;tazmf&adS om oltm; rjzpf?
,kwfrmaom taqGcifyGef;wdkY Gwfudkif;Idif;aom pdwfxm;&Sdaom
oltm; rjzpf - [laom pdwt
f Muo
H nf xif&mS ;jzpfay:cJyh g\ jrwfpmG
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
bk&m;}}[k wifjyavQmufxm;\/
xdktcg bk&m;&Sifu odkY rdefYMum;awmfrl\/
]]'g,umawmfrif;Bu;D ... oif\ pdwt
f Muo
H nf oif MupH nf
onfhtwdkif; rSef\/ 'g,umawmf rif;BuD; ... oif\ pdwftMuH
onf MupH nfonft
h wdik ;f rSe\
f / igbk&m;onf w&m;awmfukd aumif;pGm
a[mMum;xm;awmfrltyfyg\/ aumif;pGm a[mMum;xm;awmfrltyf
aom xdw
k &m;onfvnf; (rdwaf umif; aqGaumif; q&maumif; orm;
aumif;wnf;[laom) taqGcifyGef;aumif;&Sdaom oltm;om jzpf\/
taygif;tazmfaumif;&Sdaom oltm;om jzpf\? taqGcifyGef;aumif;
wkdY Gwfudkif;Idif;aom pdwfxm;&Sdaom oltm;om jzpf\/ ,kwfrm
aom taqGcifyeG ;f &Sad om oltm; rjzpf? ,kwrf maom taygif;tazmf
&Sad om oltm; rjzpf? ,kwrf maom taqGcifyeG ;f wdYk Gwu
f ikd ;f Iid ;f aom
pdwfxm;&Sdaom oltm; rjzpf/
'g,umawmfrif;BuD; ...tcgwpfyg; igbk&m;onf ouwdkif;
omuD0ifwdkY\ e*&utrnf&aom ed*Hk;&Gm oDwif;oHk;aeawmfrl\/
'g,umawmfrif;Bu;D ... xdt
k cg tmeEm&[ef;onf igbk&m;&Sif
xHoYkd csO;f uyfum igbk&m;&Siu
f kd &Scd ;kd 0wfjyKNy;D aemuf wpfcak omae&m
xkdifNyD;aomf igbk&m;&Siftm; pum;udk avQmufxm;\/
]]jrwfpGmbk&m; ... (rdwfaumif; aqGaumif; q&maumif;
orm;aumif;wnf;[laom) taqGcifyGef;aumif; &Sdaom ol\tjzpf
taygif;tazmfaumif; &Sdaom ol\tjzpf taqGcifyGef;aumif;wdkY
Gwu
f m;&Sad om ol\tjzpfonf jzLpifjrifjh rwfaom
t&d,r*ftusifh\ xuf0ufudk NyD;apEdkifyg\ jrwfpGmbk&m;}}[k wifjy
avQmufxm;vm\/
'g,umawmfrif;BuD; ... odkY avQmufxm;vmonf&Sdaomf
igbk&m;&Sifonf tmeEm&[ef;tm; pum;udk rdefYMum;awmfrlcJh\/

tmeEm ... odkY rajymqdkvifh? tmeEm ... odkY rajymqdk
vif?h tmeEm ... (rdwaf umif; aqGaumif; q&maumif; orm;aumif;
wnf;[laom) taqGcifyGef;aumif; &Sdaom ol\tjzpf taygif;tazmfaumif; &Sad om ol\tjzpf taqGcifyeG ;f aumif;wdYk Gwu
f ikd ;f
Iid ;f aom pdwx
f m;&Sad om ol\tjzpfonf jzLpifjrifjh rwfaom t&d,r*f
tusit
hf m;vH;k udk Ny;D apEdik yf g\/ tmeEm ...(rdwaf umif; aqGaumif;
q&maumif; orm;aumif;wnf;[laom) taqGcifyeG ;f aumif;&Sad om
taygif;tazmfaumif;&Sad om taqGcifyeG ;f aumif;wdYk Gwu
f ikd ;f Iid ;f aom pdwfxm;&Sdaom oltm; jzLpifjrifhjrwfonfh r*if&Spfyg;usifhpOf
w&m;udk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwv
f wHU ? jzLpifjrifjh rwfonfh r*i&f pS yf g;usiphf Of
w&m;udk Budrfzefrsm;pGm tavhtvmjyKvwHU[laom tusKd;udk
rcRwf{uef &vdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhtyf\/
tmeEm ... tb,fodkYvQif (rdwfaumif; aqGaumif; q&maumif; orm;aumif;wnf;[laom) taqGcifyGef;aumif; &Sdaom
taygif;tazmfaumif; &Sdaom taqGcifyGef;aumif;wdkY Gwfudkif;Idif;aom pdwfxm; &Sdaom &[ef;onf jzLpifjrifhjrwfonfh r*if&Spfyg;
usifhpOfw&m;udk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfoenf; jzLpifjrifhjrwfonfh r*if
&Spfyg; usifhpOfw&m;udk Budrfzefrsm;pGm tavhtvmjyKoenf;
tmeEm ...omoemawmf &[ef;onf qdwNf ird rf I (= 0da0u)
udk rSaD om &m*uif;jcif;udk rSaD om &m*\csKyjf cif;udk rSaD om udavom
udk pGefY&m edAmefodkY Gwfaom --1/ rSefuefaom Pftjrif = orm'd|dudk yGm;\?
2/ rSefuefaom tMuHtpnf = ormouFyudk yGm;\?
3/ rSefuefaom pum;
= orm0gpmudk yGm;\?
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
rSefuefaom trI vkyfief;&yf = ormurEu

dk yGm;\?
rSefuefaom toufarG;rI = ormtmZD0udk yGm;\?
rSefuefaom tm;xkwfrI = orm0g,mrudk yGm;\?
rSefuefaom atmufarhrI = ormowdudk yGm;\?
rSefuefaom pdwfwnfMunfrI = ormorm"dudk yGm;\/
tmeEm ...odkYvQif (rdwfaumif; aqGaumif; q&maumif;
orm;aumif;wnf;[laom) taqGcifyGef;aumif; &Sdaom taygif;
tazmfaumif; &Sdaom taqGcifyGef;aumif;wdkY Gwfudkif;Idif;aom
pdwfxm;&Sdaom &[ef;onfomvQif jzLpifjrifhjrwfonfh r*if&Spfyg;
usifhpOfw&m;udk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf\/ jzLpifjrifhjrwfonfh r*if&Spfyg;
usifhpOfw&m;udk Budrfzefrsm;pGm tavhtvmjyK\/ tmeEm ...
(rdwfaumif; aqGaumif; q&maumif; orm;aumif;wnf;[laom)
taqGcifyeG ;f aumif;&Sad om ol\tjzpf taygif;tazmfaumif;&Sad om
ol\tjzpf taqGcifyeG ;f aumif;wdYk Gwu
f m;&Sad om
ol\tjzpfonf jzLpifjrifhjrwfonfh t&d,r*ftusifhtm;vHk;udkyif
NyD;pD;apEdkif\[laom xkdpum;udk taMumif;jzifhyif odtyf\/
tmeEm ... rSeaf yonf? uvsmPrdw (= taqGcifyeG ;f aumif;)
jzpfaom igbk&m;&Sifudk taMumif;jyK y#doaE wnfae&jcif;
oabmw&m; xif&Sm;&SdMuukefaom ow0gwdkYonf y#doaE wnfae&jcif; oabmw&m;rS vGwfajrmufoGm;Muukef\/ tdkjcif;oabmw&m; xif&Sm;&SdMuukefaom ow0gwdkYonf tdkjcif;oabmw&m;rS
vGwaf jrmufomG ;Muuke\
f / emjcif;oabmw&m; xif&mS ;&SMd uukeaf om
ow0gwdkYonf emjcif;oabmw&m;rS vGwfajrmufoGm;Muukef\/
aojcif;oabmw&m; xif&Sm;&SdMuukefaom ow0gwdkYonf aojcif;
oabmw&m;rS vGwfajrmufoGm;Muukef\/ ylaqG;jcif; idka<u;jcif;
uk,
d q
f if;&Jjcif; pdwq
f if;&Jjcif; jyif;pGmylyefjcif;oabmw&m; xif&mS ;
&SdMuukefaom ow0gwdkYonf ylaqG;&jcif; idka<u;&jcif; ukd,fqif;&J
&jcif; pdwfqif;&J&jcif; jyif;pGm ylyef&jcif; oabmw&m;wdkYrS vGwfajrmufoGm;Muukef\/
tmeEm ... (q&maumif; orm;aumif; rdwaf umif; aqGaumif;
wnf;[laom) taqGcifyeG ;f aumif;&Sad om ol\tjzpf taygif;tazmf
aumif; &Sad om ol\tjzpf taqGcifyeG ;f aumif;wdYk Gwu
f ikd ;f Iid ;f aom
pdwfxm;&Sdaom ol\tjzpfonf jzLpifjrifhjrwfaom t&d,r*ftusifh
tm;vHk;udk NyD;apEdkif\[laom xdkpum;udk taMumif;jzifhyif odtyf
\[k rdefYMum;awmfrlcJh\/ (oH?1?87-89)
pmudk zwfIaeaom toifolawmfaumif;onf q&morm;xHrS vHk;vHk; roif,lbJ rdrd\ xdk;xGif;Pf oufoufjzifh r*if&Spfyg;
usifhpOfw&m;udk usifhwwfygovm; ar;cGef;udk rdrdukd,fudk rdrd
ar;Munfhyg/
avmu bk&m;om ryGifhcJhvQif.. bk&m;&Sifuom r*if&Spfyg;
usifhpOfw&m;udk ra[mjyvQif r*if&Spfyg; usifhpOfw&m;udk orm'd|dPfynmjzifh ud,
k w
f idk rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmufojd rifvsuf usiEfh ikd af om
om0uonf r&SdEkdifav&m/ t&Sifom&dykw&muJhodkYaom olawmfaumif;BuD;onfyif t&SiftZdrax&fxHrS ]a, "rm a[wkyb0g}
tpcso
D nfh opmav;yg;ESiphf yfonfh w&m;pum;ukd emMum;cGihf &&Syd grS
r*if&Spfyg; usifhpOfw&m;udk pepfwus usifhEdkifcJhayonf/
avmu bk&m;om ryGifhcJhojzifh bk&m;&Sifuom r*if&Spfyg;
usifhpOfw&m;udk ra[mjyvQif r*if&Spfyg; usifhpOfw&m;udk rSefrSefuefuef usifhwwfzdkYum; tvGefYtvGef rjzpfEdkifavmufatmif cJ,Of;
vSayonf/ r*i&f pS yf g; usiphf Ofw&m;udk rusiEhf ikd u
f vnf; r*fzv
kd f edAm ef
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
udk rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ r&&SdEdkifay&m/ r*fzdkvf edAmefukd r&&dSduvnf;

tdk-em-aoa&;ponfh 'kuab;qdk;BuD;wkdYrS rvGwfajrmufEdkifav&m/
xdak Mumifh r*i&f pS yf g; usiphf Ofw&m;wdu
Yk kd pepfwus TeMf um;jyo qdq
k ;kH rrnfh q&maumif; orm;aumif; rdwaf umif; aqGaumif;ESihf aygif;azmf
,SOw
f JG rS0D q
J nf;uyfciG hf w&m;awmfukd emMum;cGihf &&Sad &;um; edAm efukd
rsufarSmufjyKvdkolwdkYtwGuf oHo&m0#f'kurD;yHkBuD;\ Nidrf;&m edAmef[lonfh [kdrSmbufurf;odkY a&muf&Sda&;twGuf r&Sdrjzpfaom vdktyf
csufBuD; wpfckyif jzpfayonf/
uvsmPrdw[lonf
uvsmPrdawmwd apw t&da,m/ (oH?#D?2?409/)
#DumtzGiu
fh t&d,molawmfaumif;wdu
Yk o
kd m uvsmPrdw[
k
qdkvdk\/ taumif;qHk;aom uvsmPrdwudk xkwfaqmifjyqdkaom
Ou|eda'oenf;wnf;/ xdu
k vsmPrdw[
o
l rQww
Ykd iG f bk&m;&Sio
f nfum; tvHk;pHkaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh jynfhpHkaom uvsmPrdwyif
wnf;/ xkdbk&m;&SifxH ur|mef;udk oif,lyg/
r&Edik cf ahJ omf r[mom0uBu;D (80)wdw
Yk iG f wpfyg;yg;xH r&Ekid cf hJ
aomf &[Emt&Sijf rwfwpfyg;yg;xH r&Edik cf ahJ omf tem*grf ou'g*grf aomwmyef wpfyg;yg;xH ur|mef;udk oif,lyg/ t&d,m
olawmfaumif;wdkYum; rSD0Jqnf;uyf&rnfh uvsmPrdwtppfwdkYyif
wnf;/
odkYaomf t&d,molawmfaumif;wnf;[laom uvsmPrdwudk
r&EdkifcJhaomf psmef& ykxkZefxH r&EdkifcJhaomf yd#uwfokH;ykH EIwfikH
aqmifEikd o
f nfh wdy#d u"&yk*Kd vx
f H r&Edik cf ahJ omf yd#uwfEpS yf Hk EIwif Hk
aqmifEikd o
f nfh 'dyG #d u"&yk*Kd vx
f H r&Edik cf ahJ omf yd#uwfwpfyHk EIwif Hk
aqmifEdkifonfh {uyd#u"&yk*dKvfxH r&EdkifchJaomf y&d,wdw&m;
awmf uRrf;usif vdrmawmfrlaom odumyk'fwdkYudk vGefusL;&rSm &Suf

aMumufwwfonfh vZDolawmfaumif;xH ur|mef;udk oif,lyg/
tqifhqifh azmfjyxm;aom ykxkZef olawmfaumif;wdkYonfvnf;
rSD0J qnf;uyf&rnfh uvsmPrdwwdkYyif jzpfMuonf/ (0dok'd?1?95/)
uvsmPrdw ynm&SdwdkY\ oabm

uJhodkYaom uvsmPrdwtppf jzpfawmfrlMuonfh olawmfaumif;wdkYonfum; --e,H e,wd ar"m0D? t"k&m,H e ,kwd/
okea,m ao,saom a[mwd? orm 0kawm e ukywd/
0de,H aom yZmemwd? om"k awe orm*arm/
(ck?5?266? ...)
1/ enf;rSefvrf;rSefudk enf;rSefvrf;rSef[k TefMum;jyowwf\/

2/ rwdu
k w
f eG ;f oifh rwdu
k w
f eG ;f xdu
k o
f nfv
h yk if ef;&yfwu
Ykd kd rnfonf-h
tcgrQ vkyfomvkyfyg[k rwdkufwGef;wwf/
3/ enf;rSefvrf;rSef tusifhrSefudk txGwftjrwf xm;wwf\/
4/ tusK;d ESihf taMumif;udk xif&mS ; azmfjyvsuf aumif;rGepf mG qdq
k ;kH r
tyfonf&Sdaomf rnfonfhtcgrQ trsuf rxGufwwf/
5/ vlU0denf; vlUusi0hf wf &[ef;0denf; &[ef;usi0hf wfukd xku
d vsmP
rdw olawmfaumif;onf aumif;aumif; od\? aumif;aumif;
usifh\/
xdkaMumifh ynm&Sdolawmfaumif;wnf;[laom uvsmPrdwESifh
aygif;azmf,SOfwGJ rSD0Jqnf;uyf&jcif;onf aumif;vSygay\/
(tudwdZmwf/ ck?5?266...)
!!!
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
pwkw emxw&m; = qHk;rvG,fuljcif;

]]&[ef;wkdY ... aemufwpfrsKd;aomfum; - &[ef;onf qdkqHk;r
vG,u
f \
l ? qdq
k ;kH rvG,u
f al Mumif; w&m;wdEYk iS hf jynhpf \
kH ? onf;cHEikd \
f ?
tqHk;trudk tdktao cH,lwwf\/ &[ef;wdkY ... &[ef;onf
,if;odYk qdq
k ;kH rvG,u
f \
l ? qdq
k ;kH rvG,u
f al Mumif;w&m;wdEYk iS hf jynhpf \
kH ?
onf;cHEikd \
f ? tqH;k trudk tdt
k ao cH,w
l wf\}} [laom w&m;onfvnf; rSDcdktm;xm;&mudk jyKwwfaom emxw&m;yifwnf;/
(tH?3?275/)
tqHk;trudk tdktao OD;xdyf&Gufyefqifvsuf cH,lwwfjcif;onfum; r*fzkdvf edAmefudk &&Sda&;twGuf tvGef ta&;BuD;vS\/

tcsKUd yk*Kd vo
f nfum; qH;k ronfh pum;udk vuf0eJ m;rS em,lum vufsm
em;rS xdktqHk;trudk vTifhypfwwf\/ rMum;a,mifaqmifumrlvnf;
oGm;wwf\/ olawmfaumif;jzpfcsifolum; odkY rjyKusifhbJ ]]t&Sifbk&m; ... wynfhawmfudk qdkqHk;rawmfrlyg? Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum qdkqHk;rawmfrlyg/ t&Sifbk&m;wdkYonf rqHk;rtyfukefonf&Sd
aomf tb,frnfaom wpfpw
kH pfa,mufaom tjcm;yk*Kd vw
f pfO;D onf
qdkqHk;rygtHhenf;}}[k ajymqdkum tqHk;trudk tdktao OD;xdyf&Guf
yefqifvsuf cH,lwwfayonf/ (tH?|?3?290-291??)
t&Sif&m[kvm
t&Sif&m[kvmum; odumoHk;&yf tusifhjrwfudk vdkvm;awmifhwonfh t&m {w'*fbGJUxl;udk qifjref; &&Sdol olawmfaumif;wpfOD;
jzpf\/ qdkqHk;rvG,fulonfh ok0p*kPfESifh jynfhpHkolvnf; jzpf\/
onf;cHjcif; cEDw&m;ESifhvnf; jynfhpHk\/ tqHk;trudk OD;xdyf&Guf
yefqifvsuf tdktao cH,lwwf\/ r[m&m[kavm0g'okwef (r?2?
86-87/) wGif t&Sif&m[kvmudk pHxm; bk&m;&Sifu &[ef;awmfwdkYudk
odkY qdkqHk;rxm;awmfrl\/
]]&m[kvm ...r[myx0DajrBuD;ESifh wlnDoGm;atmif oifcspfom;\ pdwf"mwfudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfyg/ &m[kvm ... r[myx0D
ajrBuD;ESifh wlnDoGm;atmif pdwf"mwfudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfaeaom
oifhtm; jzpfay:vmwkdif;ukefaom ESpfoufzG,f rESpfoufzG,f tmHktawGUwdkYonf oif\ pdwf"mwfudk odrf;usKH;,liif rwnfEkdifukefvwHU/ &m[kvm ... Oyrmaomfum; - r[myx0DajrBuD;ay:
pifMu,faom t&m0wKudkvnf; ypfcsMuukef\? rpifMu,faom
t&m0wKudkvnf; ypfcsMuukef\? usifBuD;udkvnf; ypfcsMuukef\?
usifi,fudkvnf; ypfcsMuukef\? wHawG;udkvnf; ypfcsMuukef\?
jynfudkvnf; ypfcsMuukef\? aoG;udkvnf; ypfcsMuukef\/ r[myx0D
ajrBuD;onf xdkpifMu,faomt&m0wK rpifMu,faomt&m0wKjzifh
NiD;aiGU&GH&SmpufqkyfrI rjzpf/ &m[kvm ... oifcspfom;onf Oyrm
twlomvQif r[myx0DajrBuD;ESifh wlnDoGm;atmif oifcspfom;\
pdw"f mwfukd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwyf g/ &m[kvm ... r[myx0DajrBu;D ESihf
wlnDoGm;atmif pdwf"mwfudk yGm;rsm; tm;xkwfaeaom oifhtm;
jzpfay:vmwdik ;f ukeaf om ESpo
f ufz,
G f rESpo
f ufz,
G f tmHt
k awGUwd-Yk
onf oifcspo
f m;\ pdw"f mwfukd odr;f usK;H ,liif rwnfEikd u
f ek v
f wUH /
&m[kvm ... a&ESihf wlno
D mG ;atmif oifcspo
f m;\ pdw"f mwfukd
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwyf g/ a&ESihf wlno
D mG ;atmif pdw"f mwfudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfaeaom oihftm; jzpfay:vmwdkif;ukefaom ESpfoufzG,f rESpfoufzG,f tmHktawGUwdkYonf oifcspfom;\ pdwf"mwfudk odrf;usKH;
,liif rwnfEdkifukefvwHU/ &m[kvm ... Oyrmaomfum; - a&
pifMu,faom t&m0wKudkvnf; aq;aMumMuukef\? rpifMu,faom
t&m0wKudkvnf; aq;aMumMuukef\? usifBuD;udkvnf; aq;aMum
Muuke\
f ? usiif ,fuv
kd nf; aq;aMumMuuke\
f ? wHawG;udv
k nf; aq;-
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
aMumMuuke\
f ? jynfuv
kd nf; aq;aMumMuuke\
f / a&onf xdpk ifMu,faom t&m0wK rpifMu,faom t&m0wKjzifh NiD;aiGU &GH&Sm pufqkyfrI
rjzpf/ &m[kvm ... OyrmtwlomvQif oifcspfom;onf a&ESifh
wlnDoGm;atmif pdwf"mwfudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfyg/ &m[kvm ...
a&ESihf wlno
D mG ;atmif pdw"f mwfukd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwaf eaom oift
h m;
jzpfay:vmwkdif;ukefaom ESpfoufzG,f rESpfoufzG,f tmHktawGUwdkYonf oifcspfom;\ pdwf"mwfudk odrf;usKH;,liif rwnfEdkifukef
vwHU/
&m[kvm ... rD;ESihf wlno
D mG ;atmif oifcspo
f m;\ pdw"f mwfukd
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfyg/ rD;ESifh wlnDoGm;atmif pdwf"mwfudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfaeaom oifhtm; jzpfay:vmwdkif;ukefaom tmHktawGUwdkYonf
oifcspfom;\ pdwf"mwfudk odrf;usKH;,liif rwnfEdkifukefvwHU/
&m[kvm ... Oyrmaomfum; rD;onf pifMu,faom t&m0wKudkvnf; avmifuRrf;ypf\? rpifMu,faom t&m0wKudkvnf; avmifuRrf;ypf\? usifBuD;udkvnf; avmifuRrf;ypf\? usifi,fudkvnf;
avmifuRrf;ypf\? wHawG;udkvnf; avmifuRrf;ypf\? jynfudkvnf;
avmifuRr;f ypf\? aoG;udv
k nf; avmifuRr;f ypf\/ rD;onf xdpk ifMu,faom t&m0wK rpifMu,faom t&m0wKjzifh NiD;aiGU &GH&SmpufqkyfrI
rjzpf/ &m[kvm ... OyrmtwlomvQif oifcspfom;onf rD;ESifh
wlnDoGm;atmif pdwf"mwfudk yGm;rsm;yg/ &m[kvm ...rD;ESifh wlnD
oGm;atmif pdw"f mwfukd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwv
f su&f adS om oift
h m; jzpfay:
vmwdkif;ukefaom ESpfoufzG,f rESpfoufzG,f tmHktawGUwdkYonf
oifcspfom;\ pdwf"mwfudk odrf;usKH; ,liif rwnfEdkifukefvwHU/
&m[kvm...avESihf wlno
D mG ;atmif oifcspo
f m;\ pdw"f mwfukd
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwyf g/ &m[kvm... avESihf wlno
D mG ;atmif pdw"f mwfudk
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwaf eaom oift
h m; jzpfay:vmwdik ;f ukeaf om ESpo
f uf-
zG,f rESpfoufzG,f tmHktawGUwdkYonf oifcspfom;\ pdwf"mwfudk

odrf;usKH;,liif rwnfEdkifukefvwHU/ &m[kvm ... Oyrmaomfum;
avonf pifMu,faom t&m0wKudkvnf; wdkufcwfaqmif,loGm;\?
rpifMu,faom t&m0wKudkvnf; wdkufcwfaqmif,loGm;\? usifBuD;
eHYudkvnf; wdkufcwfaqmif,loGm;\? usifi,feHYudkvnf; wdkufcwf
aqmif,o
l mG ;\? wHawG;eHu
Y v
kd nf; wdu
k cf wfaqmif,o
l mG ;\? jynfeu
YH -kd
vnf; wdkufcwfaqmif,loGm;\? aoG;eHYudkvnf; wdkufcwfaqmif,loGm;\/ avonf xdkpifMu,faom t&m0wK rpifMu,faom t&m0wKjzifh NiD;aiGU &GH&Sm pufqkyfrI rjzpf/ &m[kvm ... OyrmtwlomvQif oifcspfom;onf avESifh wlnDoGm;atmif pdwf"mwfudk
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwyf g/ &m[kvm ... avESihf wlno
D mG ;atmif pdw"f mwf
udk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfaeaom oifhtm; jzpfay:vmwdkif;ukefaom
ESpfoufzG,f rESpfoufzG,f tmHktawGUwdkYonf oifcspfom;\
pdwf"mwfudk odrf;usKH;,liif rwnfEdkifukefvwHU/
&m[kvm ... aumif;uifESifh wlnDoGm;atmif oifcspfom;\
pdwf"mwfudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfyg/ &m[kvm ... aumif;uifESifh wlnD
oGm;atmif pdwf"mwfudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfaeaom oifhtm; jzpfay:vmwdik ;f ukeaf om ESpo
f ufz,
G f rESpo
f ufz,
G f tmHt
k awGUwdo
Yk nf
oifcspfom;\ pdwf"mwfudk odrf;usKH;,liif rwnfEdkifukefvwHU/
&m[kvm ...Oyrmaomfum; aumif;uifonf wpfpHkwpfckaom
t&yf rwnf/ &m[kvm ...OyrmtwlomvQif oifcspo
f m;onf
aumif;uifESifh wlnDoGm;atmif pdwf"mwfudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfyg/
&m[kvm ... aumif;uifESifh wlnDoGm;atmif pdwf"mwfudk yGm;rsm;
tm;xkwfaeaom oifhtm; jzpfay:vmwdkif;ukefaom ESpfoufzG,f
rESpo
f ufz,
G f tmHw
k o
Ykd nf oifcspo
f m;\ pdw"f mwfukd odr;f usK;H ,liif
rwnfEdkifukefvwHU/}} (r?2?86-87/ r[m&m[kavm0g'okwef/)
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
txufyg r[m&m[kavm0g'okwefwGif bk&m;&Sifu rdrdwdkY\ pdw"f mwfukd r[myx0DajrBu;D ESihf wlatmif a&ESihf wlatmif rD;ESihf
wlatmif avESihf wlatmif aumif;uifEiS hf wlatmif usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf
yGm;rsm; tm;xkwf&ef TefMum;xm;awmfrl\/ xdkTefMum;csufum;
avmu"H avjyif;rkefwkdif;wkdYaMumifh pdwf"mwfudk wkefvIyfrI r&Sdatmif
(= wm'd*kPfESifh jynfhpHkatmif) usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf&ef
TefMum;csuf jzpf\/ t&Sif&m[kvmudk pHxm; &[ef;tm;vHk;tm;
qdq
k ;kH rawmfrjl cif; jzpf\/ ajr a& rD; av aumif;uifwEYdk iS hf wlno
D mG ;atmif pdwf"mwfudk rnfokdY yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf&rnfenf;
orxydik ;f 0dyemydik ;f [k usiphf Oftydik ;f u@ ESp&f yf &Sad yonf/
plVoknwokwef (r?3?147-151/) TefMum;xm;awmfrlonfhtwkdif;
orxykdif;wGif yx0DuokdPf; tmayguodkPf; awaZmuodkPf;
0ga,muodkPf; tmumouodkdPf;wdkYudk yGm;rsm;Edkif\/
yx0DuodkPf;udk atmifatmifjrifjrif yGm;rsm;Edkifaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf uodkPf;0ef;udk t&yf (10)rsufESm teEpMu0VmodkY
wdkifatmif jzefYMuufvdkufEdkifaomtcg opfyif a& ajr awmawmif
a,mufsm; rdef;r yk*dKvfow0gponfudk rawGUawmhbJ r[myx0D
ajrwpfckwnf;tjzpfom awGUjrifae\/ xkduJhodkY jzefYMuufxm;aom
yx0DuodP
k ;f udk tmH,
k u
l m orm"dukd tqifq
h ifh xlaxmifEikd cf ahJ omf
pwkwp smeform"dtxd aygufa&mufEikd \
f / xdyk x0DuodP
k ;f udk cGmum
tmumoudk wpfzufowf ESv;kH oGi;f Edik cf ahJ omf tmumomem,wepsmef tp&Sdonfh tlypsmefav;yg;wdkYudk tpOftwdkif; ul;wufoGm;Edkif\/ xkdpsmeformywf (8)yg;wdkYu ESpfoufzG,f rESpfoufzG,f tmHk
tawGUtxdaMumifh jzpfay:vmrnfh . . avmbESifh ,SOfwGJaeaom
pdwf"mwf a'goESifh ,SOfwGJaeaom pdwf"mwf ponfh udavomESifh
,SOfwGJaeaom pdwf"mwfwdkYudk 0du rey[mefjzifh cyfMumMum cGmxm;
Edik &f um; pdw"f mwfonf tcku

d t
f weft
Y m;jzifh jzLpifoef&Y iS ;f vsuf &S\
d /
r[myx0DajrBuD;ESifh wlnDoGm;atmif pdwf"mwfudk yGm;rsm;xm;jcif;
yifjzpf\/
tmayguokdPf; awaZmuodkPf; 0ga,muodkPf;wdkYvnf;
enf;wl oabmaygufyg/ tmumouodkPf;um; pwkwpsmeform"d
txdom qdkufa&mufEdkif\/ xkduJhodkY tqifhqifhaom psmeform"dodkY
qdu
k af tmif yGm;rsm;tm;xkwEf ikd yf gu r[myx0DajrBu;D ESihf wlnaD om
pdwf"mwf a&ESifh wlnDaom pdwf"mwf rD;ESifh wlnDaom pdwf"mwf
avESifh wlnDaompdwf"mwf aumif;uifESifh wlnDaom pdwf"mwfrsm;
,m,DtcdkuftwefYtm;jzifh jzpfay:vmEdkif\/
ajr-a&-rD;-av-aumif;uifwkdYESifh wlnDaom pdwf"mwf xm0&jzpfay:a&;twGufum; 0dyem bm0emur|mef;jzifh rdrdwkdY\
pdw"f mwfukd xHrk rG ;f ay;&rnf jzpf\/ xdx
k u
dk odP
k ;f psmefwu
Ykd kd 0ifpm;vsuf
xdkxdkpsmefrS xaomtcg xdkxkdpsmefemrfw&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;&\?
xkdpsmefemrfw&m;wdkY\ rSD&m0wKkyfwdkYudk odrf;qnf;&\/ xdkkyfemrfwkdY\ taMumif;w&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;&\/ taMumif;w&m;ESifh wuG
aom xdkxdkkyfemrfwdkYudk vuPma&; oHk;wefodkY wifum wGifwGifBuD;
0dyemIymG ;tyf\/ tvm;wlyif umrm0p&w&m;wdu
Yk v
kd nf; 0dyemIymG ;oH;k oyftyf\/ xkx
d 0kd yd emPfwu
Ykd vnf; udavomwdu
Yk kd
w'*Ftm;jzifh y,f&mS ;Edik o
f nfom jzpf\/ xdt
k cdu
k w
f iG v
f nf; ajr-a&rD;-av-aumif;uifwdkYESifh wlnDaom pdwf"mwfrsm; w'*Ftm;jzifh
jzpfay:aeayvdrfhrnf/
wpfzef xdk0dyemPfwdkYudk &ifhusufatmif 0dyemPfpOftwdkif; tqifhqifh BudK;yrf;vdkufaomtcg xdk&ifhusufvmaom
0dyemPfw\
Ykd tqH;k tqifq
h ifah om r*fPf zdv
k
f Pfwo
Ykd nf
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwfedAmefw&m;awmfjrwfBuD;udk tmHk,lum

wpfqifhNyD;wpfqifh yg&rDtm;avsmfpGm qufvuf jzpfay:vmMurnf
jzpf\/ plV&m[kavm0g'okwef (r?3?324-327/)udk emMum;cGifh &&Sdaom
t&Sif&m[kvmuJhodkYvnf; jzpfEdkif\/ t&[wr*f t&[wzkdvfokdY
qkdufa&mufEdkif\/ xkdtcg tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwfedAmefw&m;awmfjrwfBuD;\ tm&rPyp,owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;rI t&Sdeft0g
owdxl;BuD;udk qufcH&aom tqifhqihfaom t&d,r*fPfwdkYu
qdkif&mqdkif&m udavomwdkYudk tqifhqifh y,fowfvdkufaomtcg
udavomtylrD;wdkYonf avmifpmukefojzifh rD;yHkBuD; tNyD;wdkif Nidrf;ouJhodkY tNidrf;BuD; Nidrf;oGm;Muukef\/
udavomtylrD;wdkY tNidrf;BuD; Nidrf;oGm;aomtcg r[myx0D
ajrBuD;ESifh wlnDaom pdwf"mwf a&ESifh wlnDaom pdwf"mwf rD;ESifh
wlnDaom pdwf"mwf avESifh wlnDaom pdwf"mwf aumif;uifESifh
wlnDaom pdwf"mwfudk tNyD;wdkif yGm;rsm;xm;NyD; jzpfayonf/ xkdtcg
xdkuJhodkYaom olawmfaumif;onf qdkqHk;rvG,fulonfh ok0p*kPfESifh
jynfph MkH uukeaf om olawmfaumif;wkw
Yd iG f txGwt
f xdyo
f Ykd qdu
k af &muf
aeaom ok0p*kPfESifh jynfhpHkonfh olawmfaumif; wpfOD;yif jzpfay
onf/ okaYd omf xdu
k o
hJ Ykd txGwt
f xdyf ra&mufao;apumrl pGr;f Edik o
f rQ
ok0p*kPEf iS hf jynfph akH tmifum; &Si&f [ef;wdik ;f BuKd ;yrf;&rnfom jzpfay
onf/
!!!
yr emxw&m; = ulnDdkif;yif;rI&Sdjcif;
&[ef;wdkY ... aemufwpfrsKd;aomfum; oDwif;oHk;azmfwdkY\
todkYjyK&rnfenf;[k qdk jyKvkyftyfaom t,kwftjrwfjzpfaom
trIudpwdkY vdrfrm\? ysif;&djcif; r&Sd? xdktrIudpwdkY taMumif;udk
pl;prf;aom ynmESihf jynfph \
kH ? jyKvyk &f ef pGr;f Edik \
f ? pDrcH efcY &JG ef pGr;f Edik \
f /
&[ef;wkYd ... &[ef;onf ,if;odYk oDwif;oH;k azmfw\
Ykd / y / pDrcH efcY &JG ef
pGrf;Edkif\ [laom w&m;onfvnf; rDScdktm;xm;&mudk jyKwwfaom
emxw&m;yifwnf;/ (tH?3?275/)
omoemawmfudk rSDckdaexkdifMuoltcsif;csif; wpfOD;udk wpfOD;
ulnDdkif;yif;rIum; vdktyfvsuf &Sd\/ oydwfzkwfjcif; ouFef;csKyfjcif;
ouFe;f qd;k jcif; paom vkyif ef;&yfwYkd wpfO;D udk wpfO;D u oGeo
f ifjyo
ay;rI dik ;f yif;ulnrD I ruse;f rmonft
h cg ulnD ikd ;f yif;rIwu
Ykd m; vdt
k yfvsuyf if &S\
d / 0denf;usi0hf wfrsm;udk oifay;jcif; ur|mef;oifay;jcif;
ponfwdkYonfvnf; uvsmPrdwtppf jzpfMuonfh q&maumif;
orm;aumif; rdwfaumif; aqGaumif;wdkY\ wm0ef0w&m;rsm;yif
jzpfMu\/ xdkuJhodkYaom a0,sm0pukodkvf "r'geukodkvfwdkYuvnf;
aumif;usK;d w&m;wdu
Yk kd ay;Edik o
f nfh pGr;f tm;&Sjd cif;aMumifh rScD t
kd m;xm;&m
emxw&m; wpfckyif jzpf&ayonf/
!!!
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
q| emxw&m; = w&m;udk jrwfEdk;jcif;

&[ef;wdYk ... aemufwpfrsK;d aomfum; &[ef;onf w&m;awmfukd
tvd&k \
dS ? cspzf ,
G pf um;udk ajymqdw
k wf\? vGejf rwfaom okwf tbd"rm
0denf;w&m;awmf rsm;pGm jrwfE;kd jcif;&S\
d / &[ef;wdYk ... &[ef;onf
,if;odkY ]]w&m;awmfudk tvdk&Sd\? cspfzG,fpum;udk ajymqdkwwf\?
vGefjrwfaom okwf tbd"rm 0denf;w&m;awmf rsm;pGm jrwfEdk;jcif;
&Sd\}}[laom w&m;onfvnf; rSDcdktm;xm;&mudk jyKwwfaom
emxw&m;yifwnf;/ (tH?3?275-276/)
&[ef;awmfwpfyg;taejzifh okwefw&m;awmf tbd"rmw&m;awmf 0denf;w&m;awmf[laom vGefuJ jrifhjrwfaom w&m;oHk;rsKd;vH;k cspjf rwfE;kd rI vdv
k m;awmifw
h rI &S&d rnf jzpfonf/ tcsKUd yk*Kd vw
f u
Ykd m;
okwefw&m;awmfESifh 0denf;w&m;awmf vGefpGm cspfjrwfEdk;rI &Sdaomfvnf; tbd"rmw&m;awmfum; vGefpGm cspfjrwfEdk;rI r&SdMuay/ xdktbd"rm a'oemawmfonfum; om0uwpfO;D r*fzv
kd ef Ad m ef &&Sad &;twGuf rvdktyfaom tcsufwpf&yf[k ,lqajymqdkwwfMu\/
txufwiG f 'kw,
d emxw&m;ydik ;f &Si;f vif;wifjycJo
h nft
h wdik ;f
twdwf tem*wf ypKyef tZw A[d'ponfh (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;
t&mtm;jzifh wnf&adS eaom Oyg'geuEm ig;yg; (= kyw
f &m; emrfw&m;)
[lonfh 'kuo
pmw&m;pkEiS hf t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH[o
l nfh
ork',opmw&m;pkwdkYum; 0dyemPfjzifh IyGm;oHk;oyf&rnfh
0dyemPf\ tIct
H mHw
k &m;wdYk jzpfMu\/ a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf
0dyemrIrD xdkw&m;wdkYudk yxra&S;OD;pGm odatmif BudK;yrf;&rnf
jzpf\/
xdkodkY BudK;yrf;&m ,if;w&m;wdkYudk a&S;OD;pGm q&morm;xH
oif,l&rnfjzpf\/ xkdaemif wu,fvufawGU orm'd|dPfynmjzifh
udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrifatmif BudK;yrf;&rnf jzpf\/
xdo
k Ykd BuKd ;yrf;&m xd'k u
k o
pm ork',opmtrnf&onfh y&rw
w&m;wdu
Yk kd eda&m"opm r*opmodYk qdu
k o
f nfw
h ikd af tmif oabmw&m;
a&;&mydik ;f vufawGUydik ;f tm;jzifh tbufbufrS em;vnfatmif tao;pdwf &Sif;vif;wifjyum a[mMum;xm;awmfrlaom a'oemawmfum;
tbd"rma'oemawmfyif jzpf\/ xdt
k bd"rma'oemawmfukd r*f zdv
k f
edAmef&&Sda&;twGuf rvdktyfyg[k y,f&Sm;aeolwkdYum; rSefuefwdus
onfh emrlyy&dap'PfEiS hf yp,y&d*[
Pfwu
Ykd ykd if y,f&mS ;aeolwYkd
jzpfMu\/ emrlyy&dap'PfEiS hf yp,y&d*[
Pfurkd Q rSerf eS u
f efuef
wdwdusus r&&Sdao;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfwpfOD;onf rnfodkYrnfyHk
0dyem bm0emur|mef;udk bk&m;&Si\
f tvdak wmfustwdik ;f pD;jzef;
EdkifygtHhenf;/ bk&m;&Sif owfrSwfxm;awmfrlonfh rSefuefwdusonfh
0dyemPfurkd Q r&&Sad o;olonf tb,frmS vQif wu,fppfreS o
f nfh
r*f zkdvf edAmefudk &&SdEdkifygtHhenf;/ xdkYaMumifh t|omvdeDt|uxm
u xdkuJhodkY tbd"rmudk y,f&Sm;vdkolwdkYudk odkY owday;xm;\/
tbd"rmudk y,fol
tbd"rH y#dAma[aEm rod H Zdepau y[m&H a'wd? oAnKwnmPH y#dAm[wd? owK a0om&ZnmPH y#de0d aww?d aomwkumrH
y&doH 0do0H ga'wd? t&d,ra* tm0&PH AEw?d t|m&ook ab'u&0wLok {uo oE
d wd OauyeD,urwZe,
D urm&a[m a[mwd/
wH wH urH uwGm Oa,smaZwaAm ]*p 0dCmoma'g [kwmG ZD0
d oD}wd/ (tbd?|?1?30??)
= tbd"rmudk y,f&Sm;olonf (= wm;jrpfydwfyifaom olonf)
ig;rm&fatmifjrif bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;"rpuf ykwfcwfapmfum;jcif;udk
ay;\/ oAnKwPfawmfudk wm;jrpf\? bk&m;&Sif\ a0om&ZPfawmfjrwfukd qkwef pfap\? em,lvakd om = vdu
k ef mjyKusiv
hf akd om
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
y&dowfudk cRwf,Gif;ap\/ t&d,r*f twm;tjrpf tydwftyifudk

zGJUcsnfxm;\? (18)rsKd;aom oHCmuGJjym;jcif;udk jyKvkyfwwfaom
ab'u&0wKww
Ykd iG f wpfcck k xif&mS ;jyae\/ oHCmhabmifrS ESix
f w
k -f
jcif; = OauyeD,uH oHCmawmfu Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif; = wZeD,uHudk
jyKvyk jf cif;iSm xku
d \
f / xkx
d dk oHCmhuu
H kd jyKvyk u
f m ]oGm;ayawmh ...
pm;<uif;pm;jzpfum toufarG;ayawmh} [k ajymqdu
k m oHCmhabmifrS
ESifxkwfxdkuf\/ (tbd?|?1?30/)
bk&m;&Sif\ a0om&ZPfawmfjrwfudk qkwfepfapyHkudk oabm
ayguf&ef &J&ifhaMumif; (= a0om&Z) Pfawmfjrwf av;yg;wdkYudk
qufvuf wifjytyfygonf/
a0om&ZPfawmfjrwf (4) yg;

&[ef;wdYk ... jrwfpmG bk&m;\ &J&ifah Mumif; (= a0om&Z)Pfwdo
Yk nf av;rsK;d wdw
Yk nf;/ ,if;a0om&ZPfawmfwEYdk iS hf jynfph akH om
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf jrifhjrwfaMumif;udk 0efcHawmfrl\? y&dowfwdkY
&J0hHaom pum;udk >rufqdkawmfrl\? jrwfaom w&m;"rpufudk vnfywfapawmfrl\/ tb,fav;rsKd;wdkYenf;[lrl --1/ tvH;k pHak om w&m;wdu
Yk kd uk,
d w
f ikd rf eS pf mG odawmfro
l nfh ormorK'
bk&m;&Si[
f k 0efcaH wmfral om t&Sib
f &k m;onf ]]rnfaom w&m;wdu
Yk kd
xk;d xGi;f rodtyfuek af o;}}[k igbk&m;&Siu
f kd orPjzpfap jAm[Pjzpfap ewfjzpfap rm&fewfjzpfap jA[mjzpfap avmu wpfpHkwpfa,mufaom oljzpfap xdkt&m taMumif;,kwdESifh wuG apm'em
Edkifrnfh t&dyfedrdwfudk igbk&m; jrifawmfrrlaomaMumifh Nidrf;at;jcif;
ab;r&Sdjcif; &J&ifhjcif;odkY a&mufvsuf aeawmfrl&\/
2/ tmoa0gw&m;wdkY ukefNyD[k 0efcHawmfrlaom t&Sifbk&m;tm;
]]rnfaom tmoa0gw&m;wdo
Yk nf rukeaf o;uke}f }[k igbk&m;&Siu
f kd
orPjzpfap jAm[Pjzpfap ewfjzpfap rm&fewfjzpfap jA[mjzpfap

avmu wpfpw
kH pfa,mufaomoljzpfap xdt
k &m taMumif;,kwEd iS hf
wuG apm'emEdik rf nfh t&dyef rd w
d u
f kd igbk&m; jrifawmfrrlaomaMumifh
Nidrf;at;jcif; ab;r&Sdjcif; &J&ifhjcif;odkY a&mufvsuf aeawmfrl&\/
3/ ]]psmefr*fzv
kd \
f tE&m,fukd (wpfenf; - o*E& m,f armuE& m,f
udk) jyKwwfukef\[k t&Sifbk&m; a[mMum;xm;awmfrlaom xkdw&m;
wdkYonf odvsufESifh vGefusL;tyfaom tmywf (7)yHkwdkYwnf;?? (tH?|?2?
255??) psmefr*fzdkvf\ tE&m,fudk (o*E&m,f armuE&m,fudk) rjyK
pGr;f Edik u
f ek }f }[k igbk&m;&Siu
f kd orPjzpfap jAm[Pjzpfap ewfjzpfap
rm&fewfjzpfap jA[mjzpfap avmu wpfpw
kH pfa,mufaomoljzpfap
xdkt&m taMumif;,kwdESifh wuG apm'emEdkifrnfh t&dyfedrdwfudk
igbk&m; jrifawmfrrlaomaMumifh Nird ;f at;jcif; ab;r&Sjd cif; &J&ifjh cif;odYk
a&mufvsuf aeawmfrl&\/
4/ ]]oHo&m0#fqif;&J'u
k ukejf cif;iSm t&Sib
f &k m; a[mMum;xm;awmf
rltyfaom ed,smeduw&m;awmfonf a[mMum;xm;awmfro
l nft
h wdik ;f
usifhaomoltm; oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku ukef&ef aumif;pGm rxkwf
aqmifEikd }f }[k igbk&m;&Siu
f kd orPjzpfap jAm[Pjzpfap ewfjzpfap
rm&fewfjzpfap jA[mjzpfap avmu wpfpw
kH pfa,mufaomoljzpfap
xdkt&m taMumif;,kwdESifh wuG apm'emEdkifrnfh t&dyfedrdwfudk
igbk&m; jrifawmfrrlaomaMumifh Nird ;f at;jcif; ab;r&Sjd cif; &J&ifjh cif;odYk
a&mufvsuf aeawmfrl&\/
&[ef;wdkY ... jrwfpGmbk&m;\ &J&ifhaMumif; (= a0om&Z)
Pfawmfwo
Ykd nf av;rsK;d wdw
Yk nf;/ ,if;a0om&ZPfawmfwEYkd iS hf
jynfph akH wmfral om jrwfpmG bk&m;onf jrifjh rwfaMumif;udk 0efcaH wmfr\
l /
y&dowfwdkY &J0Hhaom pum;udk >rufqdkawmfrl\? jrwfaom w&m;"rpufudk vnfywfapawmfrl\/ (tH?1?315/)
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
ed,smeduw&m;aumif;
av;rsKd;aom a0om&ZPfawmfwdkYwGif pwkwajrmuf
a0om&ZPfawmfjrwftaMumif;udk tenf;i,f &Sif;vif;wifjy
vkdayonf/
bk&m;&Sifonf oHo&m0#fqif;&J'kurS xGufajrmufaMumif;
ed,smeduw&m;aumif;tjzpf jzLpifjrifhjrwfonfh r*if&Spfyg; usifhpOf
w&m;rsm;udk - 'kue ad &m"*grdeD y#dy'g t&d,opH = 'kuc sKy&f m edAm efoYkd
a&mufaMumif;usifhpOf t&d,opmw&m; (r?1?88/) - [k a[mMum;
xm;awmfrlcJh\/ xdk r*if&Spfyg; usifhpOfw&m;wdkYwGif orm'd|dvnf;
t*Fgwpfyg; tjzpf yg0ifvsuf&Sd\/ bk&m;&Sifonf r[mowdy|meokwefwGif orm'd|dudk atmufygtwdkif; av;rsKd;cGJum a[mMum;
xm;awmfrl\/
,H acg bdua0 'kau PH? 'kuork'a, PH? 'kueda&ma"
PH? 'kueda&m"*grded,m y#dy'g, PH? t,H 0kpwd bdua0
orm'd|d/ (r?1?88/)
&[ef;wdYk ... 'kuo
pm odaomPf ork',opm odaom
Pf 'kucsKyf&m eda&m"opm odaomPf 'kucsKyf&m eda&m"odkY
a&mufaMumif;usifhpOfjzpfonfh r*opm odaomPfonf &Sd\/
&[ef;wdkY ... av;rsKd;aom Pfudk orm'd|d[k ac:qdktyf\/
a'oemawmft& 'kuopm odaomPfonf orm'd|d
rnf\? ork',opm odaomPfonfvnf; orm'd|d rnf\/ ,if;
ESpfrsKd;aom orm'd|donfvnf; oHo&m0#fqif;&J'kurS xGuaf jrmufaMumif; ed,smeduw&m;aumif;wdw
Yk iG f t*Fg&yfwpfct
k jzpf yg0ifvsuf
&Sd\/
oHcad we yKyg'geuEm 'kum / (r?1?82/)[laom a'oemawmfEiS hf

tnD kyf a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPf[laom Oyg'geuEm ig;yg;
onf 'kuopmrnf&um; ,if;'kuopmw&m;udk odaomPfonf
oHo&m0#fqif;&J'u
k r S xGuaf jrmufaMumif; ed,smeduw&m;aumif;yif
jzpf\/
,H udd bdua0 lyH twDwmem*wypKyEH tZwH 0g A[d'g 0g
MoVm&duH 0g okckrH 0g [DeH 0g yPDwH 0g ,H 'la& oEdau 0g omo0H
Oyg'ged,H/ t,H 0kpwd lykyg'geuaEm/ (oH?2?39/...)
odkYponfjzifh a[mMum;xm;awmfrlaom cEokwefESifh tnD
tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tmHkjzpfaom wPSm 'd|dwdkYjzifh ig-ighOpm[k
pGJvrf;qkyfukdif&mjzpfaom twdwf tem*wf ypKyef tZw A[d'
MoVm&du okckr [De yPDw 'l& oEdu [laom (11)rsKd;aom
tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom kyf a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPf
[laom Oyg'geuEmig;yg;onf 'kuopmrnf&um; xdk'kuopmudk
odwwfaom Pfonfvnf; orm'd|drnf&um; xdkorm'd|dudkvnf;
oHo&m0#fqif;&JrS xGufajrmufaMumif; ed,smeduw&m;aumif;tjzpf
todtrSwf jyK&rnfom jzpfonf/
tu,f a,m*Dolawmfaumif;wpfOD;taejzifh xdktwdwf
tem*wf ypKye f ponfh (11)rsK;d aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeonfh
Oyg'geuEmig;yg; y&rwf kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkYudk om0uwdkYonf
I r&Edkif? 0dyemrIaumif;[k ,lq,HkMunfcJhvQif ajymqdkcJhvQif
xdk,HkMunfcsuf ajymqdkcsufonf ]],if;orm'd|dPfonf oHo&m0#fqif;&JrS xGufajrmufaMumif; ed,smeduw&m;aumif;jzpfonf}}[k
&J&J0Hh0Hh a[mMum;awmfrlaom bk&m;&Sif\ a0om&ZPfawmfjrwfudk
wm;jrpfydwfyif&m a&mufayonf/
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
wpfzef t*FkwdK&fygVdawmf wduedygwf wdwm,weokwef (tH?1?

178/)ESihf op0b
d if;ygVdawmf (tbd?2?112-117/) wdYk bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;
xm;awmfrlonfhtwdkif; t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH [laom
taMumif;w&m;wdkYonf ork',opm rnfayonf/
y#dord'gr*ygVdawmfBuD; (y#doH?50/)udk udk;um; t|uxmBuD;
rsm;uvnf; --twDaw a[wa0g y? 'ged zvyuH/
'ged a[wa0g y? tm,w zvyuH/
(tbd?|?2?182/ 0dok'd?2?214/)
twdwftaMumif;w&m; ig;yg;aMumifh ypKyeftusKd;w&m; ig;yg;

jzpf\/ ypKyeftaMumif;w&m; ig;yg;aMumifh tem*wftusKd;w&m;
ig;yg;jzpf\[k zGifhqdkxm;Mu\/
a'oemawmfrsm; zGifhqdkcsufrsm;ESifh tnD twdwfb0u jyKpk
ysKd;axmifcJhaom t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH[laom twdwftaMumif;w&m; ig;yg; ork',opmw&m;aMumifh b0wGif 0dnmPf
emrfkyf oVm,we z a0'em [laom Oyg'geuEm ig;yg;
ypKyeftusKd;w&m; ig;yg;[laom 'kuopmw&m; jzpf\/
wpfzef b0wGif jyKpyk sK;d axmifvu
kd af om t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef
ocFg& uH[laom taMumif;w&m;ig;yg; ork',opmw&m;aMumifh
aemiftem*wfb0wGif 0dnmPf emrfkyf oVm,we z a0'em
[laom Oyg'geuEm ig;yg; tem*wftusKd;w&m; ig;yg;[laom
'kuopmw&m;onf xif&Sm;jzpf\/
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf uJhodkYaom ork',opmaMumifh
uJhodkYaom 'kuopmw&m; xif&Sm;jzpfyHkudk odatmif I&rnf jzpf\/
ork',opmaMumifh 'kuo
pmjzpfyu
kH kd odaomPfonfvnf; orm'd|d
rnf&um; ,if;orm'd|drSmvnf; oHo&m0#fqif;&JrS xGufajrmuf

aMumif; ed,smeduw&m;aumif; wpfcktjzpf yg0ifvsufyif &Sd\/
tu,f a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfwpfOD;u uJhokdYaom ork',opmaMumifh uJhodkYaom 'kuopmjzpfyHkudk om0uwpfOD; taejzifh
I r&Edkif[k vufcH,HkMunfonf jzpftHh? ajymqdkvmonf jzpftHh?
,if;orm'd|donfvnf; oHo&m0#fqif;&J'kurS xGufajrmufaMumif;
ed,smeduw&m;aumif; jzpfygonf[k &J&J0Hh0Hh a[mMum;awmfrlaom
bk&m;&Sif\ a0om&ZPfawmfjrwfudk wm;jrpfydwfyifaeonfyif
rnfayonf/
bk&m;&SifwkdY\ pum;awmf[lonf
, bdua0 &w wxm*awm tEkw&H ormoarm" tbdorKZwd? , &w tEkyg'daoom, edAme"mwk,m y&dedAm,wd?
,H {wo tEa& bmowd vywd ed'o
d wd? oAH wH wax0 a[mwd
aem tnxm/ wom ]]wxm*awm}}wd 0kpw
/d (tH?1?332?avmuokwe ?f ?)
= &[ef;wkYd ...tMuifnOfh vnf; wxm*w trnf&awmfral om
oifwkdYq&m igbk&m;onf twkr&Sdaom t&[wr*fPf oAnKw
Pf[k ac:qkdtyfaom ormoarm"dPfawmfjrwfukd xkd;xGif;
odjrifawmfrl\/ tMuifnOfhvnf; cEmig;yg;wkdY\ aemifwpfzef
rjzpfaom csKyNf ird ;f jcif;[k ac:qkt
d yfaom tEkyg'daooedAm e"mwfjzifh
y&dedAmef 0ifpHawmfrl\/ xkdnOfhwkdY\ twGif; tMuifw&m;pum;
awmfudk ajymqkdawmfrl\? rdefY>rufawmfrl\? TefMum;awmfrl\/
xkdtvkH;pkHaom w&m;pum;awmfonf ajymqkdawmfrlonfhtwkdif;
rde>Yf rufawmfro
l nft
h wkid ;f TeMf um;awmfro
l nft
h wkid ;f rSeo
f nfomvQif
jzpfay\/ rrSe[
f al om tjcm;wpfrsK;d aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh jzpfjcif;
rnfonf r&Sdonfomwnf;/ xkdaMumifh .. oifwkdYq&m igbk&m;ukd
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
]]wxm*w}}
]]wxm*w}}[l ac:qkdtyfayonf/ (tH?1?332/)
txufyg avmuokwef a'oemawmfESifh tnD oAnKwPfawmfjrwfukd &&Sdawmfrlonfh r[mou&mZf (103)ck uqkef
vjynfah eY nOfrh pS y&deAd m ef0ifpaH wmfro
l nfh r[mou&mZf (148)ck
uqkev
f jynfah eY nOft
h xd (45)0g twGi;f bk&m;&Si\
f a[mMum;jyo
qkq
d ;Hk rxm;awmfrt
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qkdqkH;rxm;awmfrlonfhtwkdif; trSefcsnf;om jzpfaomaMumifh rrSef
[laom tjcm;wpfrsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifhvnf; jzpfkd;"rwm
r&Sad omaMumifh bk&m;&Si\
f okwt
rnf&awmfro
l nfh w&m;awmfrsm;udk
a,m*Dolawmfaumif; wpfOD;taejzifh vufrcHvkdbJ y,fvSefvkdonf
jzpftHh? av;oacsFESifh urmwpfodef;wkdY umvywfvkH; yg&rD (10)yg;
tjym; (30)wkdYudk jznfhusifh qnf;yl;awmfrlNyD;rS &&Sdvmonfh oAnKw
Pfawmfjrwfjzifh cGJjcm;pdwfjzm a[mMum;xm;awmfrlonfh w&m;awmf r sm;ud k y,f & S m ;vk d a om ol a wmf a umif ; wpf O D ; \ oE m ef
oAnKwPfawmfjrwfukd ,SOfNydKifum pifNydKif omoemwpf&yfukd
xlaxmifEkdifonfh PfpGrf; Pfp &Sd-r&Sdukdum; pOf;pm;EIdif;csdefoifhvSayonf/
okdYaomf bk&m;&Sifukd,fawmfwkdifu emrnfausmf OyuBuD;tm;
okYd rdeMYf um;xm;awmfrcl zhJ ;l \ --- ]]Oyu ... ightm; oAnKwPf
&&Sad &;twGuf oGeo
f ifjyo qkq
d ;Hk ronhf q&m[l r&S?d igESiw
hf al om
olr&Sd? ewfESifhwuGaom wpfavmuvkH; ightm; zufNydKifEkdifaom
yk*dKvfvnf; r&Sd/
igonf avmu &[Emwnf;? igonf twkr&Sdaom olwnf;?
ewfvlwkdY\ q&mwnf;/ igwpfa,mufwnf;omvQif tvkH;pkHaom
w&m;wkdYukd ukd,fwkdif rSefpGm odaom wpfqlwnf;aom bk&m;wnf;/
udavomrD; Nidrf;onfjzpf csrf;ajrhpGm ae&ay\}} (r?1?227/ )
rQjzifh b0ifrus jzpfaeygao;vQif atmufyg tmo0u,

okwefudk zwfIMunfhyg/
tmo0u,okwef
Zmeawm[H bdua0 yawm tmo0geH c,H 0'grd? aem
tZmeawm tyawm? ud bd u a 0 Zmeawm yawm
tmo0geH ca,m a[mwd ]]'H 'ku} }Ed bdua 0 Zmeawm yawm
tmo0geH ca,m a[mwd? ]]t,H 'kuork'a,m}}wd Zmeawm
yawm tmo0geH ca,m a[mwd? ]]t,H 'kueda&ma"m}}wd Zmeawm yawm tmo0geH ca,m a[mwd/ ]]t,H 'kueda&m"*grdeD
y#dy'g}}wd Zmeawm yawm tmo0geH ca,m a[mwd/ {0H acg
bdua0 Zmeawm {0H yawm tmo0geH ca,m a[mwd/
(oH?3?380/)
= &[ef;wdYk ... odol jrifot

l m; tmoa0gw&m;wd\
Yk ukejf cif;udk
igbk&m; a[mMum;awmfrl\/ rodol rjrifoltm; tmoa0gw&m;wd\
Yk ukejf cif;udk igbk&m; a[mMum;awmfrrl/ &[ef;wdYk ... tb,foYkd
odol jrifoltm; tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ ukefjcif;onf jzpfygoenf;
]]um; 'kuo
pmwnf;}}[k odol jrifot
l m; tmoa0gw&m;wd\
Yk
ukefjcif;onf jzpfay:vm\? ]]um; 'kujzpfaMumif; 'kuork',opmwnf;}}[k odol jrifoltm; tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ ukefjcif;onf
jzpfay:vm\/ ]]um; 'kucsKyf&m 'kueda&m"opmwnf;}}[k odol
jrifot
l m; tmoa0gw&m;wd\
Yk ukejf cif;onf jzpfay:vm\/ ]]um;
'kuc sKy&f m eda&m"okYd a&mufaMumif; usiphf Ofjzpfonfh r*opmwnf;}}[k
odol jrifoltm; tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ ukefjcif;onf jzpfay:vm\/
&[ef;wdkY ... odkY odol jrifoltm; tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ ukefjcif;onf jzpfay:vm\/ (oH?3?380/)
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
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t&[wzv
kd w
f ikd af tmifaom tqifq
h ifah om r*fPf zdv
k
f Pf
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zdkvfPfwdkYudk &&Sda&;twGuf 'kuopm ork',opmtrnf&onfh
0opmw&m;ESpyf g;wdu
Yk kd vuPma&;oH;k wefoYkd wifum wGiw
f iG Bf u;D
0dyemIyGm;&rnf jzpf\/
ykaA acg okodr "r|dwdPH? ypm edAmae PH/ (oH?1?344??)
odYk ponfjzifh a[mMum;xm;awmfral om okord okwe Ef iS t
hf nD
'kuopm ork',opm trnf&onfh ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedp 'ku
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0dyemPfonf a&S;u jzpf\? edAm efudk tmHjk yK jzpfay:vmaom
t&d,r*fPfonf 0dyemPf\ aemufu jzpf\/ &ifu
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wGifwGifBuD; 0dyemI&rnf jzpfayonf/
xdaYk Mumifh bk&m;&Si\
f w&m;awmfrsm;udk ESpo
f ufjrwfE;kd jcif;onf
rScD t
kd m;xm;&mudk jyKvyk af y;wwfaom emxw&m;wpfyg; jzpf&ayonf/
bk&m;&Sifa[mMum;xm;awmfrlonfh 'kuopm ork',opm[lonfh
ocFg&w&m; y&rw"mwfom;wdkYudk 0dyemIzdkY&ef rjrwfEdk;wwfolwdkYum; a0om&ZPfawmfjrwfudk wm;jrpfydwfyifHkwGifomru
oAnKwPfawmfjrwfudkyg xdyg;ykwfcwf apmfum;aeolwdkY jzpfMu
ayonf/
!!!
owr emxw&m; = vHkYv0D&d,&Sdjcif;

&[ef;wdkY ... aemufwpfrsKd;aomfum; &[ef;onf tukodkvfw&m;wdu
Yk kd y,f&mS ;&ef ukov
kd w
f &m;wdEYk iS hf jynfph akH p&ef xufoefaom
BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwrf I vHv
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BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrI vHkYv0D&d, &Sd\/ jrJjrHcdkifcHhaom BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrI
vHv
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d &S\
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jzifh odrf;usKH; a&wGuftyfaom) ukodkvfw&m;wdkY rdrdjznfhusifh&rnfh
wm0efudk ypfcsxm;jcif; r&Sd/ &[ef;wdkY ... &[ef;onf ,if;odkY
tukodkvfw&m;wdkYudk y,f&Sm;&ef ukodkvfw&m;wdkYESifh jynfhpHkap&ef
xufoefaom BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrI vHkYv0D&d,&Sdonf jzpf ae\/
pGr;f tifBu;D rm;aom BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwrf I vHv
Yk 0D&,
d &S\
d ? jrjJ rH cdik cf ahH om
BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwrf I vHv
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d &S\
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oHk;&yftusihfjrwfjzifh odrf;usKH;a&wGuftyfaom) ukodkvfw&m;wdkY
rdrdjznfhusifh&rnfh wm0efudk ypfcsxm;jcif; r&Sd[laom w&m;onfvnf; rScD t
kd m;xm;&mudk jyKwwfaom emxw&m;yifwnf;/ (tH?3?276??)
0D&d,0awm u emr urH e odZwd/
= 0D&,
d &Sad om oltm; tb,frnfaom trIvyk if ef;&yfonf rNy;D pD;
rjynfhpHkbJ &SdEdkifygtHhenf;? NyD;pD; jynfhpHkEdkifonfom jzpf\/
BudK;pm;u bk&m; jzpfEdkif\? pdwf"mwf\ BuD;rm;aom pGrf;tm;wpfrsKd; jzpf\/
rjzpfay:ao;aom tukodkvfw&m;wdkYudk rjzpfap&ef jzpfay:Ny;D aom tukov
kd w
f &m;wdu
Yk kd y,f&mS ;&ef rjzpfay:ao;aom ukov
kd -f
w&m;wdu
Yk kd jzpfay:ap&ef jzpfay:Ny;D aom ukov
kd w
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Yk kd BuKd ;pm;
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
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tm;xkwf&m wpfenf;qdk&aomf oDv orm"d ynm[laom odum

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r[kwfMuay/
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0D&d,tjzpf wefcdk;'dyg'ftrsKd;rsKd;udk NyD;pD; jynfhpHkapEdkifaom 'dyg'f
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pdwt
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Yk iG v
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eda&m"opmjzpfonfh edAm efoYkd qdu
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&onfh oDv orm"d ynm[laom odum oHk;&yf tusifhjrwfjzifh
odrf;usKH;a&wGuftyfaom r*if&Spfyg; usifhpOfw&m;wdkYudk usifh&m -1/ tkd;<uif;ap
2/ ta&<uif;ap
3/ taMum<uif;ap
4/ tom;taoG;awG tukef cef;ajcmufcsif cef;ajcmufygap -[laom t*Fgav;yg;ESijhf ynfph akH om vHv

Yk 0D&,
d &Syd grS xku
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vHkYv0D&d,&Sdaom olonfomvQif orx-0dyem[laom bm0emyef;wdkYudk atmifatmifjrifjrif qGwfcl;Edkifrnf jzpfayonf/ xdkYaMumifh
bk&m;&Sifu tEkk'r[m0dwuokwefwGif odkY a[mMum;xm;awmf
rl\/
tm&'0D&d,m,H bdua0 "arm? em,H "arm ukoDw/
(tH?3?66/)
= &[ef;wdYk ...avmukw& mw&m; ud;k yg;onf tukov

kd w
f &m;
wdkYudk y,f&Sm;&ef ukodkvfw&m;wdkYudk jynfhpHkap&ef orx0dyem
bm0emwdkYudk tjyif;txef BudK;pm;tm;xkwfaom BuD;rm;aom 0D&d,
pGr;f tm;ESihf jynfph akH om xufoefjrjJ raH om ZGv
J v
YkH 0D&,
d &Sad om yk*Kd v\
f
oEmefomvQif jynfph EkH ikd \
f ? ysi;f &daom yk*Kd v\
f oEmef rjynfph EkH ikd /f
(tH?3?66/)
BudK;pm;u bk&m; jzpfEdkif\/

!!!
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
t|r emxw&m; = a&mifh&JvG,fjcif;

&[ef;wdkY ... aemufwpfrsKd;aomfum; &[ef;onf &wwforQaom ouFef; qGrf; ausmif; olem\ taxmuftyHh aq;[laom
taqmuftODjzifh a&mif&h \
J / &[ef;wdYk ... &[ef;onf ,if;odYk &wwf
orQaom ouFe;f qGr;f ausmif; olem\ taxmuftyHh aq;[laom
taqmuftODjzifh a&mifh&J\ --- [laom w&m;onfvnf; rSDcdk
tm;xm;&mudk jyKwwfaom emxw&m;yifwnf;/ (tH?3?276??)
1/ &&orQaom yHokulouFef;jzifh a&mifh&JvG,fjcif; pD0&oaEmo
2/ qGrf;cH0wfjzifh &&orQaom qGrf;jzifhf a&mifh&JvG,fjcif; yd@ygwoaEmo
3/ &&orQaom opfyif&if;wnf;[laom ausmif;jzifh a&mifh&JvG,fjcif; aoemoeoaEmo
4/ &&orQaom jrufopf&Guftcif;jzifh a&mifh&JvG,fjcif; o,emoeoaEmo
5/ &&orQaom EGm;usifi,fykyfjzifh pdrfxHkxm;tyfaom ZD;jzLoD;
zefcg;oD; paom aq;jzifh a&mifh&JvG,fjcif; aboZoaEmo -oaEmow&m; ig;yg;ESifh jynfhpHk&ef bk&m;&Sifu qdkqHk;rxm;awmfrl\/
tydpm,H bdua0 "arm? em,H "arm r[dp/ (tH?3?65??)
&[ef;wdkY ... avmukw&mw&m; udk;yg;onf tvdkenf;yg;aom vdkcsifrI pm (= wPSm) r&Sdaom tyd pyk*dKvf\ oEmef
omvQif jynfhpHkEdkif\/ avmukw&mw&m; udk;yg;onf tvdk&ruf
BuD;rm;vSaom r[dpyk*dKvf\oEmef rjynfhpHkEdkif/ (tH?3?65/)
ypn;f av;yg;udk rsm;rsm;vSLvQif enf;enf;om tvSLcH enf;enf;
vSLvQifvnf; vSLonfhatmuf ,kwfavsmh enf;enf;udkom tvSL

cHNyD;vQif tukefvHk;udk tvSLrcHaom ypnf;av;yg; tvdkenf;aom
yp,tydpyk*dKvf rdrd r*fzdkvfw&m;xl; w&m;jrwf&onfudk olwpfyg;
wkdYtm; todray;vdkbJ vQKdU0Sufxm;aom t"d*rtydpyk*dKvf rdrd
y&d,wfA[kkw aygrsm;wwfuRrf;onfudk olwpfyg;wdkYtm; tod
ray;vdkbJ vQKdU0Sufxm;aom y&d,wdtydpyk*dKvf rdrd"kwif aqmufwnfusihfoHk;xm;onfudk olwpfyg;wdkYtm; todray;vdkbJ vQKdU0Sufxm;aom "kw*Ftydpyk*dKvf[k tvdkenf;yg;aom tydpyk*dKvf av;rsKd;
&Sd\/
xdk tvdek nf;yg;aom typd y *k Kd vo
f nf typd y *k Kd vjf zpfaomfvnf;
olum; tvdek nf;yg;aom typd y *k Kd v[
f k olwpfyg;wdYk odrmS udk tvdk
r&Sd? &&orQaom ypnf;av;yg;jzifh a&mifh&JvG,foljzpfvsuf a&mifh&JvG,fol[k olwpfyg;wdkYu odrSmudk tvdkr&Sd/
wpfudk,fwnf; uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif; aexdkifvdkjcif; = um,0da0u
psmeformywfwu
Ykd kd 0ifpm;vsuf eD0&PwdrYk S uif;uif;&Si;f &Si;f aevkjd cif;
= pdw0 ad 0u zvormywfukd 0ifpm;vsuf Oy"dw&m;wdrYk S uif;qdw&f m
edAmefudk tmHkjyKvsuf Oy"dw&m;wdkYrS uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif; aevdkjcif; =
Oy"d0ad 0u [laom 0da0uw&m;oH;k yg; arGUavsmf aysmyf u
kd f ESpNf cKd uo
f l
jzpfvsuf 0da0uw&m; oHk;yg; arGUavsmfaysmfydkuf ESpfNcdKufol[k
olwpfyg;wdkYu odrSmudk tvdkr&Sd/
xufoefaom vHkYv0D&d,&Sdol jzpfvsuf xufoefaom vHkYv0D&,
d &So
d [
l k olwpfyg;wdu
Yk odrmS udk tvdrk &S/d xifvif;aom owd&o
dS l
jzpfvsuf xifvif;aom owd&o
dS [
l k olwpfyg;wku
Yd odrmS udk tvdrk &S/d
Oypm& tyemESpfjzmaom orm"d&Sdoljzpfygvsuf orm"d&Sdol[k
olwpfyg;wdkYu odrSmudk tvdkr&Sd/ 0dyemPfynmESifh jynfhpHkol
jzpfygvsuf 0dyemPfynmESihf jynfph o
kH [
l k olwpfyg;wdu
Yk odrmS udk
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
tvdrk &S/d oHo&mudk &Snv

f sm; axGjym;atmif csUJ xGiw
f wfonfh wPSm
rme 'd|dwnf;[laom yyw&m; uif;&m edAmefw&m;awmfjrwf
arGUavsmfaysmfydkuf ESpfNcdKufol jzpfygvsuf yyw&m;uif;&m edAmefw&m;awmfjrwf arGUavsmfaysmfydkuf ESSpfNcdKufol[k olwpfyg;wdkYu
odrSmudk tvdkr&Sd/ xdkrQ tvdkenf;yg;ol jzpf&rnf/ xdkuJhodkY tvdk&ruf
enf;yg;aom vdck sirf I pm (= wPSm) r&Sad om typd y *k Kd v\
f oEmef
omvQif avmukw&mw&m; udk;yg;onf jynfhpHkEdkif\/ tvdk&ruf
BuD;rm;vSaom r[dpyk*dKvf\ oEmef rjynhfpHkEdkif/ (tH?3?66/)
oE K|m,H bdua0 "arm? em,H "arm toE K|/
(tH?3?65/)
&[ef;wdkY ... avmukw&mw&m; udk;yg;onf &&orQaom

rQwHo
k mjzpfaom MunfnKd z,
G f rkH Qomjzpfaom qGr;f ouFe;f ausmif;
aq; ypnf;av;yg;jzifh a&mifh&JvG,faom yk*dKvf\ oEmefomvQif
jynfhpHkEdkif\/ avmukw&mw&m; udk;yg;onf ra&mifh&JEdkifaom
yk*dKvf\ oEmef rjynfhpHkEdkif/ (tH?3?65/)
y0d0dwm,H bdua0 "arm? em,H "arm o*FPdum&mr/
(tH?3?65/)
&[ef;wdYk ... avmukw& mw&m; ud;k yg;onf 0da0uoH;k jzm

arGUavsmaf ysmyf u
kd f ESpNf cKd uaf om yk*Kd v\
f oEmefomvQif jynfph EkH ikd \
f /
yk*dKvfow0gtaygif;tazmf udavomtaygif;tazmf arGUavsmf
aysmfydkuf ESpfNcdKufaom yk*dKvf\ oEmef rjynfhpHkEdkif/ (tH?3?65/)
um,0da0u pdw0da0u Oy"d0da0u[k 0da0u oHk;yg; &Sd\/
*kdPf; taygif;tazmfudk pGefYvTwf wpfa,mufxD;wnf; oGm;jcif;
&yfjcif; xkdifjcif; tdyfjcif; pm;jcif; ponfjzifh wpfa,mufxD;wnf;
aeavh&jdS cif;onf um,0da0u rnf\/ um,0da0urQjzifu
h m; avmukw& mw&m; ud;k yg;onf rNy;D pD; rjynfph EkH ikd &f um; uodP
k ;f y&durH sm;udk
jyK psmeformywf &Spyf g;wdu

Yk kd jzpfap\/ psmeformywf &Spyf g;onf
pdw0da0u rnf\/ eD0&PwdkYrS uif;qdwfaeaom pdwf"mwfrsm;
jzpfMu\/ psmeformywf &Spfyg;rQjzifhvnf; avmukw&mw&m;
ud;k yg;onf rNy;D pD; rjynfph EkH ikd &f um; ,if;psmeformywfukd 0dyem\
tajcyg'u jyK 'kuopm ork',opm[lonfh ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk
vuPma&;oHk;wefodkY wifum 0dyem bm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfavaomf y#dord'gPf av;yg;wdkYESifh twlwuG
t&[wzdkvfodkY qdkufa&mufawmfrl\/ t&[wzdkvf edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfonfum; cyfodrf;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh Oy"d0da0u
rnf\/ xdek Ad m efw&m;awmfjrwfonf umrly"dwnf;[laom umr*kP-f
wdrYk v
S nf; uif;qdw\
f / udavoly"dwnf;[laom udavomwdrYk v
S nf;
uif;qdwf\/ tbdocFgly"dwnf;[laom b0opfudk jzpfay:vmatmif jyKjyifwwfaom tbdocFg&w&m;wdkYrSvnf; uif;qdwf\/
cELy"dwnf;[laom cEmig;yg;wdrYk v
S nf; uif;qdw\
f / xdaYk Mumifh ,if;
edAm efonf Oy"dav;jzmwdrYk S uif;qdwaf omaMumifh Oy"d0ad 0u rnf\/
odkY 0da0uoHk;yg; arGUavsmfaysmfydkuf ESpfNcdKufaom yk*dKvfonf
qdu
k af &mufvmaom y&dowftm; rdru
d o
hJ yYdk if 0da0uoH;k jzm arGUavsmf
aysmyf u
kd f ESpNf cKd uaf om pdwx
f m;&S&d ef TeMf um;vsuf jyefvw
T u
f m orx
0dyem bm0emwku
Yd o
kd m tywfwukwf BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwaf vonf/
(tH?|?3?26??)
Oy"d av;jzm
Oy"d---[lonf wnf&mw&m;wnf;/ ,if; wnf&m Oy"donf
umrly"d cELy"d udavoly"d tbdocFgly"d[k av;rsKd; &Sd\/
]]tMuif tmkHig;yg; umr*kPfw&m;wdkYudk tpGJjyK csrf;omjcif;
0rf;omjcif; okc aomre a0'emonf jzpfay:vm\/ okc aom
re a0'emum; umr*kPfwdkY\ om,mzG,f (= tm')wnf;/}}
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
(r?1?120/) odkY bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrltyfaom tmkHig;yg;
umr*kPw
f &m;wdu
Yk kd okc\ wnf&mjzpfaomaMumifh Oy"d[
l ac:qdk
\/ umrly"dwnf;/
cEmwdkYonfvnf; cEmvQif taMumif;&if;cH&Sdaom oHo&m0#f
qif;&J'ku\ wnf&mjzpfaomaMumifh ,if;cEmwdkYudk Oy"d[l ac:qdk
\/ cELy"dwnf;/
udavomwdo
Yk nf tyg,f0#fqif;&J'u
k \
wnf&mjzpfaomaMumifh
,if;udavomwdkYudkvnf; Oy"d[l ac:qdk\/ udavoly"dwnf;/
(oH?|?1?30/)
b0opfukd jzpfay:vmatmif jyKp&D ifwwfuek af om ukov

kd o
f cFg&
tukodkvfocFg&wdkYonf b0'kut00\ wnf&mjzpfaomaMumifh
,if;tbdocFg&w&m;wdkYudkvnf; Oy"d[l ac:qdk\/ tbdocFgly"d
wnf;/
edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfonf Oy"dav;jzmwdkYrS uif;qdwfaomaMumifh Oy"d0da0u rnf\/
odkYvQif olawmfaumif;wpfOD;onf 0da0uoHk;jzm arGUavsmf
aysmfydkuf ESpfNcdKufaom pdwfxm;&Sdvifhupm; ]]igonf 0da0uoHk;jzm
arGUavsmaf ysmyf u
kd f ESpNf cKd uaf om pdwx
f m;&So
d yl gwnf;}}[k vlrsm;taygif;
od&SdrSmudk tvdkr&Sd? od&SdrSmudkyif &SufEdk;vS\/ aMumfjimarmif; rxk?
xk*d P
k u
f kd taMumif;jyK ypn;f av;yg; aygrsm;&ef tvdrk &S/d &&orQaom ypnf;av;yg;jzifhom a&mifh&J\? auseyf\? xdkodkY a&mifh&JrI
auseyfrI &&Sad eaom olawmfaumif;wpfO;D um; ta&mif&h J Bu;D a&mif&h J
&m jzpfonfh tauseyfBu;D auseyf&mjzpfonfh b0yef;wdik [
f k ac:qd-k
tyfonfh t&[wzdkvfodkY qkdufa&mufa&;twGuf orx0dyem
bm0emwdu
Yk kd BuKd ;yrf;awmhrnfom jzpfayonf/ xdaYk Mumifh &&orQaom
ypnf;av;yg;jzifh a&mifh&JrI oE K|dw&m;onfvnf; rSDcdktm;xm;&m

emxw&m;wpfck jzpf&ayonf/
oE
oE K|D
K|D y&rH "eH = a&mifh&JvG,fjcif; oE K|dw&m;onf tjrwfqHk;
aom pnf;pdrfOpm jzpf\/ ("ry'?204/ pmrsufESm?43/)
!!!
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
e0r emxw&m; = owd&Sd jcif;

&[ef;wdYk ...aemufwpfrsK;d aomfum; &[ef;onf owdEiS hf jynfph kH
\? vGefuJ&ifhusufaom owdESifh jynfhpHk\/ MumjrifhpGmu jyKcJhNyD;aom
trIupd u
v
kd nf;aumif; Mumjrifph mG u ajymcJNh y;D aom pum;&yfuv
kd nf;
aumif; atmufarhEikd \
f ? tzefwvJvJ atmufarhEikd \
f / &[ef;wd.Yk ..
&[ef;onf ,if;okdY owdESifh jynfhpHk\? vGefuJ&ifhusufaom owdESifh
jynfhpHk\? MumjrifhpGmu jyKcJhNyD;aom trIudpudkvnf;aumif; MumjrifhpGmu ajymcJNh y;D aom pum;&yfuv
kd nf;aumif; atmufarhEikd \
f / tzef
wvJvJ atmufarhEikd \
f - [laom w&m;onfvnf; rScD kd tm;xm;&mudk jyKwwfaom emxw&m;yifwnf;/ (tH?3?276/)
um,-a0'em-pdw-"r trnf&aom owd\ wnf&m tmHk
av;rsK;d [laom owdy|mefw&m;wdu
Yk kd yGm;rsm;tm;xkw&f m owdum;
ta&;tBuD;qHk;aom u@rS yg0ifvsuf &Sd\/ um,-a0'em-pdw"r[laom tmHkwdkYudk tjrJ trSwf&aerI jzpf\/
um,-a0'em-pdw-"r [lonfh tmHkav;rsKd;wkdYudk trSwf&rI
owd[lonfrSm wpfenf;qdk&aomf orxbm0empdwf 0dyembm0empdwfwdkYESifh ,SOfwGJaeaom owdyif jzpf\/
Oy|dwwdm,H bdua0 "arm? em,H "arm rk|wd/
(tH?3?65/)
= &[ef;wdkY ... avmukw&mw&m; udk;yg;onf um, a0'em

pdw "r trnf&aom kyef mrf"r ocFg&w&m;wdYk odr;f qnf;wwfaom
xifvif;aom owd ,if; um,-a0'em-pdw-"r trnf&onfh
kyef mrf"r ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk taMumif;w&m;wdYk odr;f qnf;wwfaom
xifvif;aom owd taMumif;w&m;ESifh wuGaom ,if;kyfemrf"r
ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedptcsuf 'kutcsuf tewtcsufwdkY odrf;-
qnf;wwfaom xifvif;aom owd uJhodkYaom xifvif;aom

owd&adS om yk*Kd v\
f oEmefomvQif jynfph EkH ikd \
f / owdvw
G u
f if;aom
yk*dKvf\ oEmef rjynfhpHkEdkif/ (tH?3?65/)
t,H ye ,om owd,m tm&rPH y&d*a[wGm ynm,
tEkywd? e [d owd0&d [dw tEkyem emr tw/d (r?|?1?248??)
bk&m;&Sifonf r[mowdy|meokwefwGif owd\ wnf&mtmHk
wdkYudk um,-a0'em-pdw-"r[k av;rsKd;cGJjcm; a[mMum;xm;awmf
rlc\
hJ / xdw
k iG f um,mEkyemowdy|mefyikd ;f tmemygewdorm"d
ponfh orxIuGufrsm;vnf; yg0if\/ tmemygewdorm"duJhodkYaom orm"dwpfcck u
k kd atmifatmifjrifjrif xlaxmifNy;D aemuf a&S;OD;pGm
tZw A[d'o
Emef ESprf sK;d vH;k um,-a0'em-pdw- "r trnf&onfh
kyfemrf"r ocFg&w&m;wdkYdukd odrf;qnf;&ef ]]wd tZwH 0g uma,
um,mEkyD 0d[&wd}} (r?1?71??) ponfjzifh TefMum;xm;awmfrl\/
xdkYaemif ]]ork',"rmEkyD 0g um,o 0d[&wd}} (r?1?71??)
ponfjzifh taMumif;w&m;rsm; xif&Sm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusKd; um,a0'em-pdw-"rwdkY xif&Sm;jzpfyHk taMumif;w&m;rsm; csKyfNidrf;jcif;
aMumifh tusK;d um,-a0'em-pdw- "rwYkd csKyNf ird ;f yHu
k kd Ijrifonft
h ydik ;f
[laom yp,awm O',A,'e = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh jzpfrI
ysufrI (= O',-0,)udk odrf;qnf;IyGm;&efudkvnf;aumif; cPawm
O',A,'e = taMumif;tusKd; ESpf&yfvHk;wdkY\ cPtm;jzifh jzpfrI
ysufrI (= O',-0,)udk odrf;qnf;IyGm;&efudkvnf;aumif; TefMum;
xm;awmfrl\/
twd uma,mwd 0g ye owd ypKy|dwm a[mwd}}
xdkYaemif ]]tw
(r?1?71??) ponfjzifh taMumif;w&m;ESifh wuGaom um,-a0'empdw- "rw\
Ykd tysuo
f ufoufukd odr;f qnf;IymG ;&ef TeMf um;xm;awmf
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
rl\/ taMumif;w&m;ESifh wuGaom um,-a0'em-pdw-"r trnf

&onfh kyfemrf"r ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfrI-ysufrIudk Ionfhtydkif;ESifh
tysufoufoufudk Ionfhtydkif;wdkY vuPma&;oHk;wef wifum
IyGm;onfh tydkif;vnf; yg0ifayonf/
xkdodkY odrf;qnf;IyGm;&m owdu 0dyemPf\ tIcHtmHk
jzpfaom um,-a0'em-pdw-"rwdkYudk odrf;qnf;\? ynmu ,if;
um,-a0'em-pdw-"rwdkYudk y&rwfodkY qdkufatmif xdk;xGif;od\/
owdu taMumif;w&m; xif&mS ;jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusK;d um,-a0'em
pdw-"r wdkY xif&Sm;jzpfyHkudk odrf;qnf;\? ynmu taMumif;w&m;
xif&mS ;jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusK;d um,-a0'em-pdw- "rwYdk xif&mS ;jzpfyu
kH kd
xkd;xGif;od\/ owdu taMumif;w&m; csKyfNidrf;jcif;aMumifh tusKd;
um,-a0'em-pdw-"rwdkY\ csKyfNidrf;yHkudk odrf;qnf;\? ynmu
taMumif;w&m; csKyNf ird ;f jcif;aMumifh tusK;d um, a0'em pdw "rw\
Ykd
csKyfNidrf;yHkudk xdk;xGif;od\/ owdu taMumif;w&m;ESifh wuGaom
um,-a0'em-pdw- "rw\
Ykd jzpfrI ysurf u
I v
kd nf;aumif; tedpt
csuf
'kutcsuf tewtcsufudkvnf;aumif; odrf;qnf;\? ynmu
taMumif;w&m;ESifhwuGaom ,if;um, a0'em pdw "rwdkY\ jzpfrI
ysurf u
I v
kd nf;aumif; tedpt
csuf 'kut
csuf tewtcsuu
f v
kd nf;aumif; xk;d xGi;f od\/ owdu taMumif;w&m;ESihf wuGaom um,a0'em-pdw-"rwdkY\ tysufoufoufudkvnf;aumif; ,if;wdkY\
tedpt
csuf 'kut
csuf tewtcsuu
f v
kd nf;aumif; odr;f qnf;\?
ynmu ,if;taMumif;w&m;ESifhwuGaom um,-a0'em-pdw-"r
wdkY\ tysufoufoufudkvnf;aumif; ,if;wdkY\ tedptcsuf 'ku
tcsuf tewtcsufudkvnf;aumif; xdk;xGif;od\/
odkYvQif owdu orxtmHk 0dyemtmHkudk odrf;qnf;wwf ynmu [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm tzefzef txyfxyf Iwwf\? owd
uif;aom tEkyemrnfonf r&Spd aumif;ay/ xdaYk Mumifh taMumif;w&m;ESifh wuGaom um,-a0'em-pdw-"rwdkY\ tedptcsuf 'ku
tcsuf tewtcsuw
f Ykd xifvif;aom owd&o
dS nfyh *k Kd v\
f oEmef
omvQif avmukw&mw&m; udk;yg;onf jynfhpHkEdkif\/ taMumif;w&m;ESifh wuGaom um,-a0'em-pdw-"rwdkY\ tedptcsuf 'ku
tcsuf tewtcsuw
f Ykd xifvif;aom owdr&So
d nfh owdvw
G u
f if;
aomyk*dKvf\ oEmef avmukw&mw&m; udk;yg;onf rjynhfpHkEdkif
(tH?3?65/)[k bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrljcif; jzpf\/
xdak Mumifh um,-a0'em-pdw- "rwYkd xifvif;aom owd&jdS cif;
onf avmukw& mw&m; ud;k yg;wdu
Yk kd &jcif;\ taMumif;&if;ppf {uef
jzpfojzifh a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfwdkYtwGuf rSDcdktm;xm;&m emxw&m;
wpfyg;yif jzpf&ayonf/
!!!
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
'orajrmuf emxw&m; = 0dyemynm r*fynm &Sdjcif;

yke py&H bdua 0 bduK yn0g a[mwd? O',w*grde,
d m ynm,
orEm*awm t&d,m, edaA"dum, orm 'kuu,*grded,m/ ,rd
bdua 0 bduK yn0g a[mwd? O',w*grde,
d m ynm, orEm*awm
t&d,m, edaA"dum, orm 'kuu,*grded,m? t,rd "arm
emxu&aPm/ (tH?3?276/)
wd yEH cEmeH O', 0, y#d0Zd w
d kH orwmO',w*grde,
d mwd
,/ t&d,m,mwd
wd 0dure0aoe p orkap'0aoe p udavao[d
tm&um Xdwm, y&dok'g,/ ynm, orEm*awmwd
wd 0dyemynm, ap0 r*ynm, p or*blawm/ (r?|?3?22/ tH?|?3?2??)
= &[ef;wdkY ... aemufwpfrsKd;aomfum; &[ef;onf ynm&Sd\?
cEmig;yg;wdkY\ tjzpf-tysufudk odaom udavomxk tpdkiftcJudk
azmufcGJEdkifaom udavom0#fqif;&J'ku oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku\
ukef&m edAmefodkY aumif;pGm a&mufapwwfaom jzLpifjrifhjrwfaom
0dyemynm t&d,r*fynmESihf jynfph \
kH / &[ef;wdYk ... &[ef;onf
,if;odYk ynm&S\
d ? cEmig;yg;wd\
Yk tjzpf-tysuu
f kd odaom udavom
xk tpdik t
f cJukd azmufcEJG ikd af om udavom0#fqif;&J'u
k oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku\ ukef&m edAmefodkY aumif;pGm a&mufapwwfaom jzLpifjrifhjrwfaom 0dyemynm t&d,r*fynmESifh jynfhpHk\ --- [laom
w&m;onfvnf; rSDckdtm;xm;&mudk jyKwwfaom emxw&m;yifwnf;/ (tH?3?276/)
txufwGif wifjyxm;aom t|uxmtzGifhrsm;u O',w*grde,
d m ynm,
ynm,[laom pum;&yfjzifh O',A,0dyemPfrQuo
kd m
qdv
k o
kd nf r[kwyf g/ ,if;pum;&yfjzifh 0dyemPftm;vH;k ESihf t&d,
r*fPfwu
Ykd ykd g &nfeT ;f xm;aMumif; zGiq
hf x
kd m;Mu\/ ,if;t|uxm
d m ynm,
tzGifhrsm;twdkif; qdk&rl O',w*grde,
ynm,[laom pum;&yfukd
a>rwpfaumifukd cg;v,fu udik u

f m ajrm ufjyvdu
k v
f Qif cg;udo
k mru
a>rwpfaumifv;kH udyk g jrifEikd o
f uJo
h Ykd 0dyemPftm;vH;k ESihf t&d,
r*fPfwu
Ykd kd &nfeT ;f vsuf raZ'yD uenf;tm;jzifh 0dyemPfwdkYwGif tv,f wnf&Sdaom O',A,Pfudk qGJudkifajrmufjyum
bk&m;&Sifonf O',w*grded,mm[laom pum;&yfudk a[mMum;oGm;awmfrlonf[k od&Sdygav/
orm 'kuu,*grded,m = udavomxk tpdkiftcJudk azmufcGJ
]]or
Edik af om jzLpifjrifjh rwfaom udavom0#f'u
k oHo&m0#f'u
k \
uke&f m
edAm efoYkd a&mufapwwfaom ynm}}[lonf 0dyemynmESihf t&d,r*fynmwnf;/
0dyemynmonf w'*F\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh udavom0#f'kuudk
vnf;aumif; ,if;udavomvQif taMumif;&if;cH &Sdaom uHaMumifh
jzpfvmrnfh oHo&m0#f'u
k u
v
kd nf;aumif; ukeaf pvsuf edAm efoYkd Gw-f
udik ;f Iid ;f aomtm;jzifh edAm efbufoYdk ajy;oGm;ouf0ifwwfaomaMumifh
'kuu,*grdeD ynm = 'kuukef&m edAmefodkY a&mufapwwfaom
ynmrnf\/ wpfenf; -- udavom0#f'u
k oHo&m0#f'u
k u
kd ukeaf pwwfaom t&d,r*fynmudk &&Sdjcif;udk jzpfapwwfaomaMumifh
0dyemynmonf 'kuu,*grdeD ynm (= 'kuukef&m edAmefodkY
a&mufapwwfaom ynm) rnf\/
t&d,r*fynmonfum; aumif;rGerf eS u
f efaom taMumif;w&m;
jzifh enf;vrf;jzifh udavom0#f'u
k ,if;udavomvQif taMumif;&if;cH
&Sdaom uHaMumifhjzpfvmrnfh oHo&m0#f'kuudk ukefapvsuf edAmefodkY
ajy;oGm; ouf0ifwwfaomaMumifh orm 'kuu,*grdeD ynm =
aumif;rGef rSefuefpGm udavom0#f'ku oHo&m0#f'ku\ ukef&m
edAmefokdY a&mufapwwfaom ynm rnf\/ odkY od&Sdygav/
(r?|?3?22/ tH?|?3?2??)
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
uJo
h aYkd om 0dyemynm r*fynmonfum; 'kuu
ek &f m edAm efodkY aumif;pGm qdkufa&mufapwwfaomaMumifh ,if;0dyemynm
r*fynmwdkYonf &[ef;awmfwdkYtwGuf (odkYr[kwf) uRwfxdkufool
a0ae,swt
Ykd wGuf wu,fh rScD t
kd m;xm;&m emxw&m; jzpf&ayonf/
tm;vH;k aygif;aomf rScD t
kd m;xm;&m emxw&m; (10)yg; jzpfonf/
,if;emxw&m; (10)yg;wdkYESifh jynfhjynfhpHkpHk aexdkifaeaom olawmfaumif;wpfO;D udk oemx0d[m&Dy*k Kd vf (= rScD t
kd m;xm;&m emxw&m;ESihf
twlwuG aexdkifaeaom yk*dKvf) [k ac:qdk&ayonf/
uJhodkY emxw&m; (10)yg;wdkYESifh jynfhpHkvsuf aexdkifaom
oemx0d[m&D trnf&onfh olawmfaumif;udk oDwif;BuD; (= rax&f
Bu;D ) &[ef;wdu
Yk vnf; ajymqdo
k if\
h qH;k roif\
h [k rSwx
f ifMuuke\
f /
oDwif;vwf&[ef;wdu
Yk vnf; xdo
k al wmfaumif;udk ajymqdo
k if\
h qH;k r
oifh\[k rSwfxifMuukef\/ oDwif;i,f&[ef;wdkYuvnf; xdkolawmf
aumif;udk ajymqdo
k if\
h qH;k roif\
h [k rSwx
f ifMuuke\
f / oDwif;Bu;D
(= rax&fBuD;)wdkYu tpOfoem;apmifha&Smuftyfaom oDwif;vwf
wdkYu tpOfoem;apmifha&Smuftyfaom oDwif;i,fwdkYu tpOfoem;
apmifha&Smuftyfaom xdk&[ef;tm; ukokdvfw&m;wdkY wdk;yGm;rIom
rcRw{f uef jzpfvrd rhf nf[k arQmv
f ift
h yf\? qkw,
f w
k rf I jzpfvrd rhf nf[k
rarQmfvifhtyf rarQmfvifhEdkif/ xdkYaMumifh w&m; (10)yg;onf rSDcdk
tm;xm;&m emxw&m; jzpf&ayonf/ (tH?3?277-279/)
a'oemawmfed*Hk;
oemxm bdua 0 0d[&x? rm temxm/ 'kuH bdua 0 temaxm
0d[&wd? ar acg bdua0 'o emxu&Pm "rmwd/ (tH?3?276/)
&[ef;wdkY ... rSDcdktm;xm;&m emxw&m; xif&Sm; &SdMuukefonfjzpf aexdkifMuygukefavmh? rDScdktm;xm;&m emxw&m; xif&Sm;
r&SdMuukefbJ raexdkifMuygukefvifh/ &[ef;wdkY ... rSDcdktm;xm;&m

emxw&m; xif&Sm; r&Sdaomyk*dKvfonf qif;qif;&J&J ae&wwf\/
&[ef;wdkY ... rSDcdktm;xm;&mudk jyKvkyfwwfaom emxw&m;wdkYonfum; w&m; (10)yg;wdw
Yk nf;[k a[mMum;awmfr\
l / (tH?3?276??)
wkarS[d udprmwyH? tumwma&m wxm*wm/
y#dyEm yarmuEd? psm,daem rm&AEem/
("ry'?*gxmeHygwf?276??)
oifcspo
f m;wdYk ... ud,
k w
f ikd f jyKoifjh yKxu
dk o
f nfh orx0dyem
bm0emvkyfief;&yfwdkYudk oifcspfom;wdkY udk,fwdkifyif usifhMuHBudK;ukwf
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfMuyg/ wxm*wtrnf&awmfrlonfh igbk&m;&SifwdkYonfum; r*if&Spfyg; usifhpOfw&m;wnf;[laom vrf;rSefudk TefMum;
jyo qkdqHk;rwwfolwdkYom jzpfMu\/ orx 0dyem bm0emwdkYudk
wu,fvufawGU usihfMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfMuojzifh tm&rPlyedZmepsmef vuPlyedZmepsmefwnf;[laom ESpfrsKd;aom psmef
wdkYukd 0ifpm;EdkifMuukefaom olwdkYonfom rm&frif;\ taESmiftzGJUrS
vGwfajrmufMuukef\/ ("ry'?276/)
tm&rPlyedZmepsmef ESifh vuPlyedZmepsmef (tbd?|?1?211/)

psmefonf tm&rPlyedZmepsmef vuPlyedZmepsmef[k ESpfrsKd;
&S\
d / xkEd pS rf sK;d wdw
Yk iG f lyg0p&psmefav;yg; tlyg0p&psmefav;yg;wnf;
[laom avmuDpsmeformywf (8)yg;wdkYonf yx0DuodkPf;paom
orxur|mef;tmHkudk pdkufpdkufpl;pl; txl;jrJjrHpGm uyf Iwwfaom
aMumifh tm&rPlyedZmepsmef[k ac:a0:jcif;odkY a&muf\/
0dyem r*fzdkvfwdkYonfum; vuPlyedZmepsmeef rnf\/ xdk0dyem r*fzv
kd w
f w
Ykd iG f 0dyemPfonf kyef mrf"r ocFg&w&m;wdYk
\ tedpp aom vuPmudk uyf IwwfaomaMumifh vuPyl edZme
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
psmef rnf\/ 0dyemPfu jyKvkyftyfaom vkyfief;udp&yfonf

r*fPfaMumifh Ny;D pD;jynfph &kH um; t&d,r*fPfonfvnf; vuPyl edZmepsme
mepsmef rnf\/ t&d,zdkvfPfonfum; eda&m"opmjzpfonfh
edAm efw&m;awmfjrwf\ tNird ;f "mwf tat;"mwf oEv
d uPm[laom
[kwfrSefonfh vuPmudk [kwfrSefonfhtwdkif; uyf Iwwfaom
aMumihf vuPlyedZmepsmef rnf\/ (tbd?|?1?211/)
tm&rPyl edZmepsmef vuPyl edZmepsmef[al om ESprf sK;d aom
psmefwdkYudk 0ifpm;EdkifMuukefaom olawmfaumif;wkdYonfom udavo
rm&fponfh rm&fppfonfwdkY\ ab;&efrS vGwfajrmufMuukef\/
bk&m;&SifwdkYum; vrf;rSefudkom TefMum;jyo qdkqHk;rwwfolwdkY
jzpfMuojzifh orx0dyembm0emwdu
Yk kd atmifatmifjrifjrif r*fqu
kd f
zdkvfqdkuf edAmefqdkufonftxd usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfzdkYonfum; igwdkY\ wm0efom jzpfonf[k oabmydkufum orx
0dyembm0emwdkY arGUavsmfaysmfydkuf ESpfNcdKufolwdkY jzpfatmif
BudK;pm;tm;xkwfygavavmh/
emxokwef 'kwd, emxw&m;tjzpf a[mMum;xm;awmf
emxok
k t*Fg&yfEiS hf jynfph &kH eftwGuv
rltyfaom A[kw
f nf;aumif; q,fc-k
ajrmuf emxw&m;tjzpf a[mMum;xm;awmfrltyfaom 0dyem
ynm r*fynm
nmESifh jynfhpHk&eftwGufvnf;aumif; a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftaejzifh rnfodkYrnfyHk jyKusifh&rnfenf;[k ar;&ef &Sd\/ a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftaejzifh 0dok'dckepfyg; usifhpOfudk dkaopGm vdkufemjyKusifh&rnf
jzpfayonf/ a&S;OD;pGm emxokwefwGif bk&m;&Sifa[mMum;jyo
qdq
k ;kH rxm;awmfro
l nfh yxr emxw&m;ESit
hf nD oDvukd jzLpifatmif
aq;aMumokwo
f ifyg/ xkaYd emif 'kw,
d emxw&m;ESihf jynfph akH &;twGuf
atmufyg orm"dokwefwGif bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;jyo qdkqHk;rxm;awmfrlonfhtwdkif; vdkufemjyKusifhyg/
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
tcsdef&Sdckduf vHkYvpdkufygavmh
!
enf;rSefvrf;rSef ESvHk;oGif;wwfonfh
a,medaom reodum& . . &Sdol
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfwpfOD;taejzifh
ig;jzmtm
ig;jzmtmkH umr*kPf GefAGufrS
pwkwpsmeform"dodkY wdkifatmifaom
bm0em[laom tESpfom&udk
tcsdefra&G; xkwf,l &Ekdif\/
,if; pwkwpsmeform"dudk
0dyem\ tajcyg'ujyK 0dyemokdY ul;cJhaomf
yg&rDtm;avsmfpGm t&[wzdkvfodkYwdkifatmifaom
tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udkvnf; &&SdEkdifonfom jzpf\/
yg&r
yg&rDD Ek HY t&[wzkdvfokdY raygufa&mufao;cJhvQifvnf;
ravQmusaom psmef&Sdaom xkdolawmfaumif;udk
oHo&mc&D;wGif tvGef tqifhtwef;jrifhrm;vSaom
jA[mhcsrf;omBuD;u
]]vmprf;yg. . vmprf;yg. .}} [k
qD;BudK zdwfac:vsuf &Sdaernfom jzpfayonf/
rQ BuD;rm;vSaom *kPfaus;Zl;&Sdonhf
uJhokdYaom w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfrsm;udk
omoemawmf ouf0if,HkMunfrI o'gw&m;udk
vufukdifxm;vsuf&Sdaom
oifuJhodkYaom olawmfaumif;wpfOD;onf
tb,fhaMumifh . .
ryGm;rsm; tm;rxkwfbJ aexkdufygtHhenf;/
(pmrsufESm?223/)
orxur|mef;ykdif; 147
tcef; (3)
orxur|mef;ykdif;
opoH,kwf - orm"dokwef
orm"" bdua0 bma0x? orm[dawm bdua0 bduK ,xmblwH yZmemwd/ ud ,xmblwH yZmemwd? ]]'H 'ku} }Ed ,xmblwH
yZmemwd/ ]]t,H 'kuork'a,m}}wd ,xmblwH yZmemwd/ ]]t,H
'kueda&ma"m}}wd ,xmblwH yZmemwd/ ]]t,H 'kueda&m"*grdeD
y#dy'g}}wd ,xmblwH yZmemwd/ orm"" bdua 0 bma0x? orm[dawm bdua0 bduK ,xmblwH yZmemwd/ (oH?3?363/)
= &[ef;wdkY ...orm"dudk yGm;rsm;Muygukefavmh? orm"d&Sdaom
&[ef;onf razmufrjyef [kww
f ikd ;f rSepf mG uGu
J jJG ym;jym; od\/ tb,f
w&m;udk razmufrjyef [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm uGJuGJjym;jym; odavoenf;
]]um; 'kut
&d,opmwnf;}}[k razmufrjyef [kww
f ikd ;f rSepf mG uGu
J JG
jym;jym; od\/ ]]um; 'kujzpfaMumif; ork',t&d,opm}}wnf;[k
razmufrjyef [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm uGJuGJjym;jym; od\/ ]]um; 'kucsKyfaMumif; eda&m"t&d,opmwnf;}}[k razmufrjyef [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm
uGJuGJjym;jym; od\/ ]]um; 'kucsKyf&m eda&m" (= edAmef)odkY a&muf
aMumif; usiphf Of r*t&d,opmwnf;}}[k razmufrjyef [kww
f ikd ;f rSepf mG
uGJuGJjym;jym; od\/
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
&[ef;wdYk ...orm"dukd yGm;rsm;Muukeaf vmh? orm"d&adS om &[ef;

onf razmufrjyef [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm uGJuGJjym;jym; od\/ (oH?3?363??)
a'oemawmfESifhtnD --- twdwf tem*wf ypKyef tZw
A[d'ponfh (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom Oyg'geuEmig;yg; (= 'kut&d,opmw&m;)wdkYudk razmufrjyef [kwfwdkif;
rSefpGm uGJuGJjym;jym; od&Sda&;twGuf orm"dudk xlaxmifzdkY vkdtyfay
onf/
t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHpaom 'kuj zpfaMumif; ork',
t&d,opmw&m;wdkYudk razmufrjyef [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm uGJuGJjym;jym;
od&Sda&;twGufvnf; orm"dukd xlaxmifzdkY vdktyfayonf/
,if;'kuo
pmw&m; ork',opmw&m;wdu
Yk m; 0dyemPf\
tIct
H mHk jzpfMuonfh ocFg&w&m;wdYk jzpfMu\/ ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd
[kwfwkdif;rSefpGm xGif;azmufodjrifa&;twGuf orm"dudk xlaxmif&ef
bk&m;&Sifu wdkufwGef;xm;awmfrl\/ taMumif;um; orm"dESifh ,SOfaom Pfynmonf y&rw"rwdkY\ [kwfrSefwkdif;aom obm0
vuPm omrnvuPmudk xdk;xGif;odjrifjcif; (= ,xmobm0y#da0"vuPm (tbd?|?1?166/) &Sd\/ onfrQomruao;/
om yaeom MobmoevuPm p ynm yZmeevuPm p/
(tbd?|?1?165/)
MobmoevuPm = eH&Hav;buf um&Hxm;aom tdrf nOfhtcg0,f qDr;D udk xGe;f ndt

yfonf&adS omf yuwdrsupf u
d dk umPf;atmif
jyKvkyfwwfaom trdkufarSmifonf csKyfaysmuf&ouJhodkY tvif;a&mif
onf xif&Sm;jzpfay:vm&ouJhodkY OyrmtwlyifvQif ynmonf
y&rw"rtmku
H kd wpfenf;qd&k aomf t&d,opmav;yg;wnf;[laom
tmHkudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; uGJuGJjym;jym; *CeP odatmif xGef;vif;
jyjcif; (= Mobmoe) vuPm &Sdayonf/
yanmbmooarm Mobmaom emr ewd/ (tbd?|?1?166/)

ynmta&miftvif;ESihf wlaom ta&miftvif;rnfonf r&Sad y/
rSeaf yonf --- 0dyemPfynm&Sad om 0dyemPfynmESihf jynfph kH
aeaom yk*dKvfonf wpfckwnf;aom xuf0,fzGJUacGjcif;jzifh xdkifae
vwfaomf (= wpfxdkifavmuf xdkif 0dyemw&m;udk IyGm;ESvHk;oGif;cJhaomf) wpfaomif;aom avmu"mwfonf wpfckwnf;aom
ta&miftvif; &SEd ikd \
f (= avmu"mwfwu
dk af ygif; wpfaomif;vH;k onf
wpfqufwnf; vif;aeEdik af yonf)/ 0dyemykid ;f O',A,Pfyikd ;f
vm&Sdaom 0dyem\ npfnL;aMumif; (= Oyudavo) ta&mif
tvif;rsK;d ukd txl;&nfeT ;f pum;&yfukd zGiq
hf akd wmfrjl cif; jzpfay
onf[k rSwfyg?? (tbd?|?1?165-166??)
xdak Mumifh t&Sief m*aoerax&fonf odYk rdeq
Yf x
kd m;awmfr\
l /
'g,umawmf r[m&mZ ...a,mufsm;wpfOD;onf trdkufarSmiftwd
jzpfaeaom tdrfxJ qDrD;udk oGif;,loGm;av&m\? oGif;tyfNyD;aom
qDrD;onf trdkufarSmifudk zsufqD;ouJhodkY ta&miftvif;udk jzpfap
ouJo
h Ykd tvif;a&mifukd xif&mS ;jyouJo
h Ykd lygHt
k rsK;d rsK;d wdu
kY kd xif&mS ;
atmif jyKouJo
h Ykd --- 'g,umawmf r[m&mZ ...OyrmtwlyifvQif
ynmonf jzpfay:vmvwfaomf ---1/ t0dZmwnf;[laom trdkufarSmifudk zsufqD;ypf\?
2/ 0dZmwnf;[laom ta&mifukd jzpfap\?
3/ Pfwnf;[laom tvif;a&mifudk xif&Sm;jy\?
4/ t&d,opmwdkYudk xif&Sm;atmif jyKvkyf\/
odv
Yk Qif - 'g,umawmf r[m&mZ ...ynmonf y&rw"rtmkH (= t&d,opmav;yg;wnf;[laom tmkH) ukd xifxif&Sm;&Sm;
uGJuGJjym;jym; *CeP odatmif xGef;vif;jyjcif; MobmoevuPm
&Sdayonf/ (rdvdE?38/ tbd?|?1?166/)
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
ynma&mif = Pfa&mif
&[ef;wdkY ...tvif;a&mifwdkYonf av;rsKd;wdkYwnf;/ tb,f
av;rsKd;wdkYenf;[lrl --- vtvif;a&mif aetvif;a&mif rD;tvif;a&mif ynmtvif;a&mifww
Ydk nf;/ &[ef;wdYk ...tvif;a&mifwo
Ykd nf
av;rsKd;wdkYwnf;/ &[ef;wdkY ...tvif;a&mif av;rsKd;wdkYwGif
ynmtvif;a&mifonf tjrwfqHk; jzpfay\/ (tH?1?457/)
t"dpdwokwef ac: edrdwokwef

t"dpdw (= vGefjrwfaom orxbm0empdwf
&[ef;wdkY ...t"d
0dyembm0empdwf (tH?|?2?228/)) udk tzefzef tm;xkwaf om a,m*g
0p&&[ef;onf orm"djzpfaMumif; orxedrdwf 0dyemPf
jzpfaMumif; 0dyemedrw
d [
f al om taMumif;w&m;oH;k rsK;d wdu
Yk kd &Hzef&cH g
ESvHk;oGif;tyfukef\/
1/ &Hzef&Hcg orm"d[laom taMumif;edrdwfudk (= orm"djzpfaMumif;
w&m;udk) ESvHk;oGif;tyf\/
2/ &Hzef&Hcg 0D&d,[laom taMumif;edrdwfudk (= 0D&d,jzpfaMumif;
3/ &Hzef&cH g Oayum[laom taMumif;edrw
d u
f kd (= OayumjzpfaMumif;
t"dpdw (= vGefjrwfaom orxbm0empdwf
&[ef;wdkY ...t"d
0dyembm0empdw)f udk tzefzef yGm;rsm;tm;xkwaf om a,m*g0p&
&[ef;onf ur|mef;tmHk pdww
f nfMunfrI orm"d[al om taMumif;
edrw
d u
f o
kd mvQif (= orm"djzpfaMumif; w&m;udo
k mvQi)f wpfzufowf
ESvHk;oGif;cJhrl xkdorxbm0empdwf 0dyembm0empdwfonf ysif;&d
&maom taMumif;&Sd\/ (1)
&[ef;wdkY ...vGefjrwfaom orxbm0empdwf 0dyembm0empdwu

f kd tzefzef yGm;rsm;tm;xkwaf om a,m*g0p&&[ef;onf
BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwjf cif; 0D&,
d [laom taMumif;edrw
d u
f o
kd mvQif (= 0D&,
d
jzpfaMumif; w&m;udkomvQif) wpfzufowf ESvHk;oGif;cJhrl xkdorxbm0empdwf 0dyembm0empdwo
f nf ysUH vGijhf cif; (= O'p) jzpf&maom
taMumif; &Sd\/ (2)
&[ef;wkYd ...vGejf rwfaom orxbm0empdwf 0dyembm0em
pdwfudk tzefzef yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfaom a,m*g0p&&[ef;onf
ur|mef;tmHkudk vspfvsLIrI Oayum[laom taMumif;edrdwfudkomvQif (= OayumjzpfaMumif; w&m;udkomvQif) wpfzufowf ESvHk;
oGif;cJhrl xdkorxbm0empdwf 0dyembm0empdwfonf tmoa0gw&m;wkdY ukef&ef aumif;pGm rwnfMunf&maom taMumif;&Sd\/ (3)
&[ef;wkYd ...vGefjrwfaom orxbm0empdwf 0dyembm0empdwu
f kd tzefzef yGm;rsm;tm;xkwaf om a,m*g0p&&[ef;onf
1/ &Hzef&Hcg orm"d[laom taMumif;edrdwfudk (= orm"djzpfaMumif;
w&m;udk) ESvHk;oGif;
2/ &Hzef&Hcg 0D&d,[laom taMumif;edrdwfudk (= 0D&d,jzpfaMumif;
w&m;udk) ESvHk;oGif;NyD;vQif
3/ &Hzef&cH g Oayum[laom taMumif;edrw
d u
f kd (= OayumjzpfaMumif;
w&m;udk) ESvHk;oGif;aomtcg bm0empdwf onf ---1/ El;nHhjcif;onfvnf;aumif; (== rk'k)
2/ orxbm0emvkyfief; 0dyembm0emvkyfief; xkdxdkbm0em
rIudk jyKvkyf&ef tcefYoifhjzpfaejcif; oifhavsmfjcif;onfvnf;aumif; (= ured,)
3/ NyKd ;NyKd ;jyufjyuf ta&mifwvufvuf xGujf cif;onfvnf;aumif;
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
(= yb
yb&& ) jzpf\/
4/ ysufpD;jcif;oabmvnf; r&Sd/
5/ tmoa0gw&m;wdkY ukef&ef aumif;pGm wnfMunf\/
um; orxbm0em 0dyembm0em ur|mef;wdkYudk pD;jzef;
yGm;rsm;&m aAmZif (7)yg;wku
dY kd nDrQatmif usiyhf gu orxbm0empdwf 0dyembm0empdwfwdkYrS NydK;NydK;jyufjyuf ta&mifwvufvuf
xGufay:vmaMumif;ukd bk&m;&Sif\ rkcygXfawmfrS wdkufdkufxGufay:
vmonfh a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcsuf a'oemawmfyif jzpfayonf/
t"dpdwEd orx0dyempdwH/ (tH?|?2?227/)
{um'oaryd t"dpdwH orx0dyempdwar0/ (tH?|?2?228/)
u ye pdw 0aPm emr twDwd ewd/ (tH?|?1?45/)
= pdwf\ 0Prnfaom ta&miftqif;onf &Sdygovm; r&Sdyg/
(tH?|?1?45/)
txufyg t|uxmtzGiEhf iS t
hf nD pdwf ta&miftvif;um;
r&Syd g/ odaYk omf tvGef tqifjh rifah eaom orxbm0empdwf 0dyembm0empdwfonfum; tvif;a&mifudk jzpfapEdkifonfh pGrf;tm; &Sday
onf/ tvGef tqifjh rifah eaom orxbm0empdwf 0dyembm0em
pdww
f Ydk tvGef tqifjh rifah om yndaÈa pwoduv
f nf; ,SOw
f v
JG suyf if
&Sd\/ ,if; yndaÈapwodufwnf;[laom Pf\ tmEkabmfu
Bu;D vQiBf u;D ovdk ynma&mif Pfa&mifrmS xGe;f vif;awmufyjrJ "rwm
jzpf\/ ,if;okjYd zpfvQif ,if;ynma&mif Pfa&mif[o
l nfrmS tb,fenf;[k ar;&ef &S\
d / y&rwrLom trnf&adS om 0do'k rd *r[m#Dum
q&mawmfu O',A,Pfykdif; vm&Sdaom 0dyemPfaMumifh
jzpfay:vmaom Mobmo (= ta&miftvif;)udk pHxm;um ynma&mif
(= Pfa&mif)taMumif;udk zGifhqdkxm;ayonf/
0dyaembmaom
aembmaomwd 0dyempdwork|dwH ooEwdywdwH
w 0dyempdwork|dwH a,m*daem
Owkork|me bmok&H lyH/ ww
o&D&|ar0 yb&H [kwGm wd|wd? w&H o&D&H rkdwGm PmEkbm0gEkyl H orEawm yw&wd? wH wa0 ynm,wd? awe zka|mumao ly*wrd ywd/ yaEm p puK0n
d maPe ywd? O'g[k
raem0dnmaPemwd 0DrHodwAEd 0'Ed? 'dApuKvmbdaem 0d, wH
raem0dan,sar0gwd ,kwH 0d, 'dwd/ (r[m#D?2?428-429/)
txufyg r[m#Dum pum;&yf\ qdkvdk&if; t"dyg,frSm odkY
jzpf\/
0dyaembmo (= 0dyemPfta&miftvif; ) [lonf
0dyempdwfaMumifh jzpfaom pdwZMoZ|rukyfwkdYwGif yg0ifaom
tvGefawmufyaom lygHk ta&miftvif;ESifh rdrdoEmef usa&muf
vsu&f adS om awaZm"mwf (= Owk)aMumifjh zpfaom OwkZMoZ|rukyf
wdkYwGif yg0ifaom lygHk\ ta&miftvif;wnf;/
xif&Sm;atmif qdk&aomf odkY jzpf\/ ESvHk;tdrftwGif; wnf&Sd
aom [',0wKkyfudk rSDwG,f jzpfaeaom pdwfwdkif;pdwfwkdif;onf
MoZmvQif &Spfckajrmuf&Sdaom pdwZMoZ|rukyfwdkYudk jzpfapEkdif\/
pdwfwpfvHk;wpfvHk;onf pdwZMoZ|ru kyfuvmyfaygif;rsm;pGmudk
jzpfapEkid \
f / rsm;aomtm;jzifh [',0wKyk u
f kd rS
D jzpfaeaom pdw-
uPwdik ;f pdwu
P
wkid ;f onf Oyg'fumvokYd a&mufwidk ;f a&mufwikd ;f
pdwZ kyrf sm;udk jzpfapEkid o
f nfcsn;f om jzpf\/ kyw
f rYdk nfonf wpfcck si;f
wpfvHk;csif; jzpfEkdifonfh pGrf;tm;r&SdbJ kyfuvmyfac:onfh tkyfpktvku
d f tzGUJ tpnf;tvku
d o
f m jzpf;kd "rwm &SMd u\/ uvmyf[o
l nf
jrwfA'k \
w&m;a'oemawmf tao;qk;H aom kyt
f zGUJ tpnf;wpfc\
k
trnf jzpfonf/ y&rmPkjrLceffY odkYr[kwf y&rmPkjrLatmuf tq-
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
aygif;rsm;pGm ao;i,faom trIeu

f av; jzpf\/ ,if;kyu
f vmyftrIef
wpfcw
k pfcu
k kd y&rwopmPfjzifh cGjJ cm;pdwjf zm Munfv
h Qif (= "mwfcJG
MunfhvQif) yx0D tmayg awaZm 0ga,m 0P *E &o MoZm[k
tenf;qHk; kyfoabmw&m; (8)rsKd;pD toD;toD; &Sd\/ ,if;kyfw&m;
wdkYudk MoZmvQif (8)ckajrmuf &SdaomaMumifh MoZ|rukyfrsm;[k
ac:qd\
k / pdwaf Mumifh jzpfaomaMumifh pdwZ kyrf sm;[k ac:qd\
k / &Hcg
toHygaomf kyfuvmyf wpfckwpfck kyfoabmw&m; (9)rsKd;pDvnf;
&Sw
d wf\/ odaYk omf tydik ;f um; orxbm0empdwf 0dyembm0em
pdwfaMumifh jzpfaom kyfwkdYudk y"mexm; ajymqdkaeojzifh toH
taMumif;udk xnfh rajymqdkjcif; jzpfonf/
,if;kyfoabmw&m; (8)rsKd;wdkYwGif yg0ifaom 0Pac: lygkHrSm
(orxbm0empdw)f 0dyembm0empdwaf Mumifjh zpfaom kyu
f vmyf
twGif; wnf&Sdaom lygHk jzpfcJhvQif bmok&ly (= tvGefawmufy
aom lygH)k jzpf\/ ,if;bmok&ly (= awmufyaom lygH)k rSm pdwZ
kyu
f vmyfwidk ;f wGif yg0ifojzifh pdwZ kyu
f vmyf ta&twGuf rsm;vQif
rsm;ovkd awmufyaom lygHk ta&twGufvnf; ydk rsm;onfom
jzpf\/ ,if;lygHk\ awmufyrIrSmvnf; PftmEkabmftm;avsmfpGm
awmufy\/ (orxbm0empdwf) 0dyembm0empdwfwkdYESifh ,SOfwGJ
vsuf&Sdaom PftmEkabmfu BuD;rm;vQif BuD;rm;ovdk ydkydk
awmufyNyD;vQif PftmEkabmfu ao;vQif ao;ovkd avsmh
avsmh awmufy\/ xkdxkd (orxtmHk) 0dyemtmHkwkdYudk tmHk
jyK jzpfay:vmMuukefaom (orxbm0empdwf) 0dyembm0em
pdwfwkdYESifh pdwuP wpfcktwGif; twl,SOfwGJ jzpfay:vmMu
ukefaom emrfw&m;pkwdkYrSm a,bk,stm;jzifh (34)vHk;cefY &Sd\/
usrf;pm 'kwd,wGJ? emrfur|mef;ydkif; (163-167/) wGif Munfhyg/ ,if;
emrfw&m;pkwkdYwGif yndaÈapwoduf ac: Pf (= ynm)vnf; yg0if
vsuf &S\
d / ,if;PftmEkabmfrmS Bu;D rm;vQif Bu;D rm;ovdk ao;vQif
ao;ovkd lygHkta&mifrSm awmufyonf[k qkdvkdayonf/
wpfzef ,if;pdwZkyfuvmyfwkdif; kyfuvmyfwkdif;wGif awaZm"mwfvnf; yg0ifvsuf &Sd\/ ,if;awaZm"mwf = Owkuvnf; OwkZ
MoZ|rukyfuvmyf (= OwkaMumifhjzpfaom MoZmvQif &Spfckajrmuf
&Sdaom kyfuvmyf) topftopfudk qifhumqifhum xyfumxyfum
xyfrH jzpfapjyef\/ (orxbm0empdwf) 0dyembm0empdwfwkdYu
tmEkabmfBu;D vQif Bu;D ovkd pdwZ uvmyf wpfcw
k pfct
k wGi;f wnf&dS
aom awaZm"mwf (= Owk)onf OwkZMoZ|ru kyfuvmyfaygif;
rsm;pGmudk jzpfapEkid \
f / ,if;OwkZMoZ|ru kyu
f vmyfwidk ;f kyu
f vmyf
wkid ;f wGif yg0ifwnf&adS om 0Pac: lygHu
k vnf; bmok&ly (== tvGef
awmufyaom lygHk)yif jzpf\/ ,if;lygHk\ awmufyrIrSmvnf;
PftmEkabmfu Bu;D vQif Bu;D ovdk ao;vQif ao;ovdyk if awmufy
\/ ,if;OwkZkyw
f u
Ydk kd ooEwyd wdw Owkork|me = rdr\
d kyo
f Ewd
tpOf usa&mufvsuf&Sdaom Owkork|mefkyfrsm; (= OwkZkyfrsm; =
OwkaMumifh jzpfaomkyfrsm;)[k ac:a0:oHk;pGJxm;ayonf/
xkdpdwork|mefkyf Owkork|mefkyf ESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif (orxbm0em
pdwf) 0dyembm0empdwfwkdYaMumifh jzpfaom pdwZMoZ|rukyfrsm;wGif yg0ifwnf&Sdaom lygHk (= 0P"mwf ta&miftvif;)onf
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ lyum, (= udk,ftwGif;) omvQif ysHUESHU
wnf\/ Owkork|meftrnf&onfh OwkZMoZ|ru kyu
f vmyfrsm;wGif
yg0ifwnf&adS om lygHk (= 0P"mwf ta&miftvif;)onfum; a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ cEmtdrftwGif;omru cEmudk,f\ tjyifbuf A[d'
avmu0,f 0ef;usifywfcsm t&yfq,frsufESmodkYwdkifatmif PftmEkabmfu Bu;D vQif Bu;D onft
h m;avsmpf mG ta0;okw
Yd ikd af tmif ysUH ESUH
wnf\/ xdkta&miftvif;um; xkda,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ todPf
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
omvQif xif&Sm;\/
ab;ywf0ef;usifokdY ysHUESHU wnfaeaom xkdta&miftvif;ESifh
awGUxdrd&m t&yf wnf&Sdaom lygHktrsKd;rsKd;udkvnf; a,m*g0p&
yk*Kd vo
f nf awGUjrifaeay\/ xko
kd Ydk awGUjrif&m0,f puK0n
d mPfjzifyh if
awGUjrifoavm raem0dnmPfjzifyh if awGUjrifoavm[laom tcsuu
f kd
pl;prf;qifjcifoifhonf[k q&mjrwfwdkY rdefYqdkawmfrlMuukef\/ rdrd
r[m#Dumq&m\ t,ltqrSmrl 'dAp uKtbdnmPfukd &&Sad wmfrMl uukeaf om olawmfaumif;wko
Yd nf xdk yl gHu
k kd 'dAp uKtbdnmPf[al om
raem0dnmPfpdwfjzifh awGUjrifouJhodkY tvm;wlyif t&mvnf;
xkd yl gHt
k aygif;udk (orxbm0empdwf 0dyembm0empdw[
f al om)
raem0dnmPfjzifhomvQif odjrif\[laom pum;onfomvQif oifhjrwfouJo
h Ydk xifayonf/ --- um; txufyg r[m#Dum pum;&yf\
qdkvdk&if;wnf;/
teD;pyfqHk;aom taMumif;wpf&yf
PftmEkabmf BuD;rm;rI rBuD;rm;rIwkdY\ teD;pyfqHk;aom
taMumif;wpf&yfrSm --- orm[dawm ,xmblwH Zmemwd ywd
(tH?3?259/) = wnfMunfaom orm"d&Sdaomolonf razmufrjyef
[kwfwkdif;rSefpGm od\ jrif\ --- [k bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmf
rlaomaMumifh orm"donf teD;pyfq;kH taMumif;wpf&yf jzpfayonf/
Oypm&pum;[k rSwfyg
txufyg r[m#Dumq&mawmf\ &Si;f vif;csut
f & Pfta&mif
tvif;[laom pum;rSm wifpm; ac:a0:oHk;pGJxm;aom Oypm&
pum;[k rSwfyg/ PfESifh ,SOfwGJvsuf&Sdaom (orxbm0empdwf)
0dyembm0empdww
f aYdk Mumifh jzpfay:vmaom tusK;d jzpfaom pdwZ
kyf xkpd w
d Z kyu
f vmyfww
Ykd iG f tusK;H 0ifaom awaZm"mwfrS xyfqifh
jzpfyGm;vmaom OwkZkyfwdkY yg0ifwnf&Sdaom 0P"mwf (= lygHk)\

awmufyrI (= tmavmu = Mobmo = ta&miftvif;) [laom
trnfudk taMumif;jzpfaom Pftay: wifpm; (orxPf
a&mif) 0dyemPfa&mif[k ac:a0:oH;k pGx
J m;aom zvlypm&pum;
[k rSwfyg/ pum;t& Pf ta&mif r&Sd/ PfaMumifh jzpfay:
vmaom (txufwGif &Sif;jyxm;aom) kyfw&m;wkdYom ta&mif
&Sdonf[k twkdcsKyf rSwfom;ygav/
lygHk trsKd;rsKd;udk awGUjrifEkdifonf

txufyg r[m#Dumq&mawmf\ pum;&yfwGif ]]awe
awe zka|mumao ly*wrd ywd = xkdvif;a&mifjcnfjzifh awGUxdrd&m t&yf
wnf&dSaom lygHktrsKd;rsKd;udkvnf; a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfu awGUjrifEkdifaMumif;}}udk zGifhqdkvsuf &Sd\/ xkdvif;a&mifjcnf\ pGrf;tifjzifh lygHktrsK;d rsK;d udk awGUjrifyu
Hk v
kd nf; 0do'k rd *t|uxmu atmufygtwdik ;f
zGifhqkdxm;\/
xkt
d a&miftvif;onf tcsKUd aom &[ef;awmftm; xuf0,fzUJG acG
xkdifae&m t&yfrQavmufudkom jzpfay:vm\/ tcsKdUaom &[ef;awmftm; wdkufcef;wpfcef; twGif;udk tcsKdUaom &[ef;awmftm;
wdu
k cf ef;jyifyudv
k nf; xGe;f vif;vsuf jzpfay:vm\/ tcsKUd aom &[ef;
awmftm; ausmif;wdkufwpfwdkufvHk;udk wpf*g0kwfudk ,lZem0ufukd
wpf,lZemudk ESpf,lZemudk oHk;,lZemudk/ y / tcsKdUaom &[ef;awmf
tm; r[myx0DajrBuD;tjyifrSonf tued|jA[mhjynfodkY wdkifatmif
wpfceJ uf xlxyfaom wpfqufwnf;aom ta&miftvif;udk jyKvsuf
jzpfay:vm\/ ormorK'bk&m;&Sif\ Mobmota&miftvif;onf
um; wpfaomif;aom avmu"mwf pMu0Vmwdu
k t
f aygif;udk xGe;f vif;
apvsuf xif&Sm;jzpfay:vmawmfrl\/ (0dok'd?2?270/)
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
xdkodkY Mobmoac: PfaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom ta&miftvif;rSm a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf wpfyg;ESifh wpfyg; rwlbJ tenf;trsm;
tBuD;ti,f ta0;teD; rwlxl;jcm;rI &Sdjcif;ESifh qufpyf 0dok'dr*
t|uxmu atmufyg 0wKESpf&yfudk zGifhqkda&;om;xm;ayonf/
emrnfausmfjzpfaom oD[dkVfuRef; pdwvawmif ESpfckaom
txG#f&Sdaom ausmif;wpfaqmif\ twGif; a,m*g0p&rax&fjrwfBuD; ESpfyg;wkdYonf oDwif;oHk; pHaeawmfrlMu\/ rax&fjrwfBuD;
ESpfyg;wdkY Mobmo (= Pfvif;a&mifjcnf) pGrf;tifESifh ywfouf
aqG;aEG;rdaom xkn
d Ofu
h m; vuG,yf uOykoaf eYvnf; jzpfae\/ rk;d om;
wdrfwdkufwkdYum; &Spfe,fywfuHk; tjynfhzHk;vsufyif &SdMu\/
1/
2/
3/
4/
vuG,faeYn oef;acgif,mrf jzpfjcif;

pdwv
awmif awm&ausmif;wku
d f awmtkyBf u;D twGi;f jzpfjcif;
rdk;om;wdrfwdkufwdkYu &SpfcGifwkdif; tjynfhzHk;vsuf &Sdjcif;
vQyfppfa&mifponfh ta&miftvif; vHk;0r&Sdjcif; --wnf;[laom t*Fgav;yg;ESihf jynfph akH om trdu
k w
f u
dk f tarSmifx-k
BuD;um; zHk;tkyfvsuf jzpfay:vsuf &Sd\/ xkdtcg wpfOD;aom
oDwif;i,f rax&fu --]]t&Sib
f &k m; ...wynfah wmftm; ,cktcg apwD&ifjyifawmf
oD[moe ac: jrwfaomae&m ig;yg;aom tqif;&Sdukefaom yef;
wkdYonf xif&Sm;aeygukef\}}[k avQmufxm;\/ (0dok'd?2?270/)
rax&fBu;D rsm; oDwif;oH;k awmfr&l mausmif;rSm twGi;f tdycf ef;rsm;
ywfvnfwGif pBuavQmuf&ef pBuvrf;rsm; &Sdae\/ ywfvnfpBuudk
vnf;aumif; twGi;f tdycf ef;udv
k nf;aumif; um&Hxm;ojzifh ESpx
f yf
tumt&H&Sdaom ausmif;jzpfayonf/ oDwif;i,fjzpfawmfrlaom
rax&fjrwfBuD;\ 0dyemPfaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom ta&mif-
tvif;rSm xkEd pS x
f yfaom tumt&Hwu
Ydk dk xk;d azmufum apwD&ifjyifawmftxd ysHUESHY wnfae\/ naecsrf;tcgu apwD&ifjyifawmf
wnf&Sdaom oD[moeac: rGefjrwfaom yef;wifcHkae&m ig;yg;aom
ta&miftqif;&Sdukefaom yef;wdkYukd jzefYcif;vsuf apwDawmftm;
ylaZmfxm;Muukef\/ oefY&Sif;pifMu,faom 0dyemPf&Sdaom
a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vt
f m; Pfta&miftvif;jzifh ysUH ESaYH wGUxdr&d mt&yf
wnf&adS om lygHt
k aygif; lygHt
k rsK;d rsK;d onfvnf; 'dAp uKtbdnmPfukd &&Sad wmfral om olawmfaumif;\Pf0,f xif&mS ;ouJo
h Ydk xif&mS ;
vmMuukef\/ xkdYaMumifh --- ]]t&Sifbk&m; ... wynfhawmftm; ,ck
tcg apwD&ifjyifawmf oD[moeac: jrwfaomae&m ig;yg;aom
tqif;&Su
d ek af om yef;wko
Yd nf xif&mS ;aeyguke\
f }}[k avQmufxm;jcif;
jzpfayonf/ (r[m#D?2?429...)
xkdrax&fi,fudk oDwif;0gBuD;awmfrlaom rax&fBuD;u odkY
jyefvnfum trdefY&Sdawmfrl\/
]]igh&iS f ...rtHMh oavmufonfukd ajymqkb
d \
d ? ightm;rlum; ,ck
tcg r[mork'&mtwGif; ,lZemt&yf ig;vdyfwdkYonf xif&Sm;
aeukef\}}[k rdefYqdkawmfrl\/ (0dok'd?2?270/)
Pfa&mif av;rsKd;
xderd'0 ad em'etmavmaumyd 0g a[mwk uodPmavmaumyd
0g y&durmavmaumyd 0g? Oyudavomavmaum 0d, oaAm,H
tmavmaum Pork|maem0gwd/ (tH?#D?3?177-178/)
txufyg #Dumq&mawmfu --1/ xderd'0daem'etmavmu
2/ uodPmavmu
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
3/ y&durmavmu
4/ Oyudavomavmu --okv
Yd Qif Pfta&miftvif; av;rsK;d &Sad Mumif;udk zGiq
hf x
dk m;\/
1/ xderd'0daem'e tmavmu = xderd'udk y,fazsmufaMumif;
tvif;a&mif = 'dAp uKtbdnmPf (= ewfrsupf u
d o
hJ Ykd ta0;teD;&So
d rQ
tvHk;pHkudk jrifodEkdifpGrf;&Sdaom tbdnmPf) tvdkYiSm yGm;rsm;xm;tyf
aom tmavmuuokdPf;orm"daMumifh (Oypm&+tyem ESpfjzmaom
orm"dESifh,SOfaom PfaMumifh) jzpfay:vmaom ta&miftvif;
wnf;/
2/ uodPmavmu = tmavmuuokdPf;rS <uif;aom uokdPf;wkdYudk yGm;rsm;&m jzpfay:vmaom Oypm&+tyem ESpfjzmaom
uokdPf;orm"dESifh ,SOfaom PfaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom ta&miftvif;wnf;/
3/ y&durmavmu = tbdnmPf\ tajccHjzpfaom y&dur psmef\
tajccHjzpfaom y&dur - SESpfrsKd;aom y&durorm"dESifh ,SOfaom
PfaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom ta&miftvif;wnf;/
4/ Oyudavomavmu = 0dyemPfaMumifh txl;ojzifh
O',A,mEkyem (= ocFg&w&m;wkdY\ tjzpf-tysufudk Iaeaom
0dyem)PfaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom ta&miftvif;wnf;/
txufyg rax&fjrwfBu;D ESpyf g;wk\
Yd aqG;aEG;cef; vm&Sad om
0dyemPfvif;a&mifjcnfjzifh awGUxdr&d mt&yf wnf&adS om ig;rsK;d
aom ta&miftqif;&Sad om yef;wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif; ig;vdyw
f u
Ydk v
dk nf;aumif; a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfu awGUjrifEkdif\[laom tcsufudk a,m*D
olawmfaumif;wpfOD;onf owdjyKum rSwfom;xm;oifh\? rarhoifh-
ay/ wpfzef 'dApuKtbdnmPfaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom ta&miftvif; 0dyemPfaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom ta&miftvif;wkEYd iS hf

awGUxdrd&mt&yf wnf&Sdaom lygHktrsKd;rsKd;udk 'dApuKtbdnmPf
0dyemPfwkdYjzifh awGUjrif&ouJhodkY txufwGif wifjyxm;aom
uodPmavmu y&durmavmu[laom useforxbm0empdwfwdkYaMumifh jzpfay:vm&aom vif;a&mifjcnfjzifh awGUxdrd&mt&yf
wnf&Sdaom ta&miftqif; trsKd;rsKd;udkvnf; a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfu
awG U jrif o nf [ k ajymqd k v mygvQif v nf ; a,m*D o l a wmf a umif ;
wpfOD;onf vufcHEkdifvdrfhrnf[k ,lqygonf/ taMumif;rl Pfta&miftvif;wkdY\ pGrf;tifrsm;onf wpfckESifh wpfck uGm[csuf
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfwpfOD;ESifh wpfOD; uGm[csuf &SdEkdifjim;aomfvnf;
tm;vHk;um; PfaMumifh jzpfay:vm&aom vif;a&mifjcnfrsm;om
jzpfMuaomaMumifh a,m*Dolawmfaumif;wpfOD;onf vufcHEdkifvdrfh
d -
rnf[k arQmv
f ifjh cif; jzpfayonf/ txufwiG f wifjyxm;aom t"dpw
okwef ac: edrdwokwefudk axmufIyg/ (tH?1?258/...Munfh)
Pfa&mifonfum; 0dyemPf\ tIcHtmHk jzpfMuukef
aom 'kuopmtrnf&onfh Oyg'geuEmig;yg; ork',opmtrnf
&onfh t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH [laom taMumif;w&m;wku
Yd kd odr;f qnf;&m Pfjzifh ykid ;f jcm;,l&m --- 0doa,mbmoe&aom
y'Dayg 0d,/ (0dok'd?2?95/ tbd?|?1?166/) = ,if;'kuopm ork',opm
trnf&aom y&rw"rwdkY\ obm0trSefudk xkd;xGif;odEkdif&ef qDrD;
uJo
h Ydk xGe;f jyjcif;udp &Sad yonf/ t&d,opmwdu
Yk kd xif&mS ;atmif jyKvyk f
ay;wwfayonf/ xkaYd Mumifh kyef mrfwYdk todtjrif oef&Y iS ;f rI 'd|0d o
d 'k d
pcef;odYk wufvrS ;f vdak om a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf a&S;OD;pGm pdw0 o
d 'k d
trnf&onfh Oypm& tyem ESpjf zmaom orm"dww
Ykd iG f wpfrsK;d rsK;d aom
orm"djzifh orm"dukd a&S;OD;pGm wnfaxmif&jcif; jzpfayonf/ orm"dukd
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
cspfjrwfEkd;vGef;um; r[kwf? y&rw"robm0udk xGif;azmufodjrif

Ekdifonfh Pfta&miftvif;udk tvkd&SdaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;
orm"donf Pfjzpfay:vma&;twGuf Pf\ teD;uyfqHk;aom
taMumif;w&m; jzpfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; orm"dukd a&S;OD;pGm
xlaxmif&jcif; jzpfayonf/
ok'0dyem,meduyk*dKvf
,if;odkYjzpfvQif ok'0dyem,medu yk*dKvfonf orm"dudk
xlaxmifrI &Sd-r&Sd ar;&ef &Sd\/ atmufyg 0dok'dr*t|uxmtzGifhudk
zwfIMunfhyg/
okk'0dyem,medaum ye t,ar0 0g orx,medaum
pwk"mwk00wmae 0kwm eH awoH awoH "mwky&d*[
rkcgeH tnw&rkc0aoe oacFyawm 0g 0dwm&awm 0g pwam "mwka,m
y&d*PSmwd/ (0dok'd?2?222/)
ok'0dyem,medu a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonfvnf;aumif; 'd|d0dok'dpcef;odkY ul;aomtcg psmefemrfw&m;u p rodrf;qnf;vkdbJ
kyu
f r|mef;u p odr;f qnf;vdak om orx,medu a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vf
onfvnf;aumif; pwk"mwk00wmefur|mef;ykid ;f zGiq
hf akd &;om;tyfchJ
NyD;ukefaom xkdxkd"mwfBuD;av;yg;wkdYudk odrf;qnf;aMumif; enf;vrf;
wkdYwGif wpfenf;enf;\ tpGrf;jzifh tusOf;enf;tm;jzifhaomfvnf;
aumif; tus,ef nf;tm;jzifah omfvnf;aumif; "mwfBu;D av;yg;wdu
Yk kd
odrf;qnf;IyGm;yg/ (0dok'd?2?222/)
TefMum;csuft& 0dyemudk wkdufdkufoGm;vdkaom ok'0dyem,medu a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf "mwfur|mef;udk pwif
odrf;qnf;IyGm;&rnf jzpfayonf/ taMumif;jycsufrSm odkY jzpf\/
taMumif;jycsuf
orm"dudk xlaxmifyHk enf;pepfrsm;udkd TefMum;jyo&m orxydkif;um; orxur|mef; (40) &Sd\/ odkYaomf 0dyemydkif;um;
kyu
f r|mef; emrfur|mef;[k ur|mef;ESprf sK;d om &Sad Mumif;udk t|uxm
rsm; zGifhqdkvsuf &Sd\/
'kk0d"Od ur|meH lyur|me tlyur|me/ lyy&d*a[m
tlyy&d*a[mwdyd {wa'0 0kpwd/ ww b*0g lyur|meH
uaxaEm oacFyreodum&0aoe 0g 0dwm&reodum&0aoe 0g
pwk"mwk00wmeH uaxod/ ('D?|?2?314/ r?|?1?280/ tbd?|?2?252/)
= 0dyemydkif; 'd|d0dok'dpcef;okdY ul;aomtcg ur|mef;onf kyfur|mef; emrfur|mef;[k ESpfrsKd; &Sd\/ kyfudk odrf;qnf;jcif; = kyfudk
Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,ljcif; = lyy&d*[ emrfudk odrf;qnf;jcif; = emrfudk
Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,ljcif; = tlyy&d*[[lvnf; ac:qkd\/ xkdESpfrsKd;
wdw
Yk iG f bk&m;&Sio
f nf kyu
f r|mef;udk odrYk [kwf kyw
f &m;udk odr;f qnf;
yHu
k kd a[mMum;jyoawmfro
l nf&adS omf tusO;f ESv;kH oGi;f enf;\ tpGr;f
jzifah omfvnf;aumif; tus,Ef v
S ;kH oGi;f enf;\ tpGr;f jzifah omfvnf;aumif; pwk"mwk00wmef trnf&onfh "mwfur|mef;udk a[mMum;
jyoawmfrldk; "rwm jzpf\/ ('D?|?2?314/ r?|?1?280/ tbd?|?2?252/)
t|uxmrsm;\ owfrSwfcsuftwkdif; ajymqdk&rl kyfw&m;udk
odrf;qnf;yHk (= kyfur|mef;udk IyGm;yHk)ESifh ywfouf IyHkenf;pepfudk
"mwfur|mef;tusOf;enf;ESifh "mwfur|mef;tus,fenf;[k enf;
ESpef nf;omvQif bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfro
l nft
h wGuf kyw
f &m;
up ocFg&w&m;wku
Yd kd odr;f qnf;vdak om orx,meduyk*Kd vo
f nf
vnf;aumif; orxpsmefukd tajcrcHaom 0dyemoufoufuo
kd m
tm;xkwfvkdaom ok'0dyem,medu yk*dKvfonfvnf;aumif;
"mwfBuD; av;yg;udkomvQif pwif odrf;qnf;&jcif; IyGm;&jcif;
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
jzpfayonf/
tlyrkace ye 0dyembdeda0aom a,bka,se orx,medu pdwaAm/ (r?#D?1?369/)
= emrfw&m;udk tOD;rlojzifh 0dyemPf\ tIcHtmHkjzpfonfh
ocFg&w&m;wku
Yd kd p ESv;kH oGi;f jcif;onfum; a,bk,stm;jzifh orx,meduyk*dKvftm;omvQif tvdk&Sdtyf\/ (r?#D?1?369/)
,xm lay 0dyembdeda0aom a,bka,se 0dyem,medu? {0H tlay 0dyembdeda0aom a,bka,se orx,medwd p 0dyem, ykAbma* uwAu a[mwd/ tbdeda0aom
0aomwd
emrlyy&dapa'g a0'dwaAm/ wom yXrH lyy&d*PSeH lay tbdeda0aom/ {o ea,m aoaookyd/ (r[m#D?2?470/)
kyfw&m;up 0dyemESvHk;oGif;jcif;onf a,bk,stm;jzifh
ok'0 yd em,meduyk*Kd vt
f m; jzpfouJo
h Ydk tvm;wlyif emrfw&m;u
p 0dyemESv;kH oGi;f jcif;onfvnf; a,bk,stm;jzifh psmef& orx,meduyk*Kd vt
f m; jzpfayonf/ tbdead 0o (= ESv;kH oGi;f jcif;) [lonf
rSmvnf; 0dyem\ a&S;tzkYd jyKoifjh yKxu
dk af om emrfyk u
f kd Pfjzifh
ydik ;f jcm;,laom emrlyy&dap'Pf[k od&ydS gav/ xkaYd Mumifh a&S;OD;pGm
kyfudk Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,ljcif; odrf;qnf;jcif;onf kyfw&m; ESvHk;
oGif;jcif; (= tbdeda0o
0o) rnf\/ a&S;OD;pGm emrfw&m;udk Pfjzifh
ydik ;f jcm;,ljcif; odr;f qnf;jcif;onf emrfw&m; ESv;kH oGi;f jcif; (= tbdeda0o
0o) rnf\/ (r[m#D?2?470/)
"mwfur|mef;udk tm;xkwf&m o'dolypm&tm;jzifh Oypm&
orm"de,fajrodkY qkdufaomtcgvnf; "mwfBuD;av;yg;wkdYudk odrf;qnf;aeaom PfaMumifh vif;a&mifjcnfrsm; jzpfay:vmonfom
jzpf\/ usrf;pm 'kwd,wGJ? pmrsufESm (60-61/) Munfhyg/
tmemygeur|mef;
emxokwefykdif;wGif orx,meduvrf;rS 'd|d0dok'dpcef;okdY
ul;ykEH iS hf qufpyf a&S;OD;pGm A[kw
k t*Fg&yf ('kw,
d emxw&m;)ESihf
jynfhatmif BudK;pm;ykHtykdif;ukd tmemygeusifhpOfykdif;ukd tpjyKum
orxykdif;usifhpOf tcsKdUukd a&;om;wifjyaythH/
bk&m;&Sifonf r[mowdy|meokwefponfh xkdxkda'oemawmf
wkdY orxykdif; tmemygeusifhpOfukd tm;xkwf&m0,f ]]0ifoufav+
xGufoufav}}\ ---1/ t&Snfukd odatmif
2/ twkdukd odatmif
3/ tp-tv,f-tqkH;-tukefvkH;ukd xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odatmif
4/ 0ifoufav+xGufoufavukd Nidrfatmif Nidrf;atmif
usifh&ef TefMum;xm;awmfrl\/ (r?2?88 ...)
toufSLaES;rIukd t&Snf[kvnf;aumif; toufSLjrefrIukd
twkd[kvnf;aumif; qkdvkdayonf/ (0dok'd?1?263-264/ r[m#D?1?318/)
toufSLonfhtcg tcsdefcyfMumMum SLrIESifh tcsdefcyfwkdwkd SLrIukd
qkdvkdayonf/
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf toufSLaES;vQifvnf; 0ifoufav+
xGufoufav\ tp-tv,f-tqkH; tukefvkH;ukd xifxif&Sm;&Sm;
odatmif toufLS jrefvQiv
f nf; 0ifav+xGuaf v\ tp-tv,ftqkH; tukefvkH;ukd xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odatmif 0ifoufav+xGufouf
av xdrIxif&Sm;onfh ESmoD;zsm; okdYr[kwf txufEIwfcrf;t&yfu
apmifh 0ifav+xGufavtmkH owduyfum Iaeyg/
zk|zka|mumao ye ow XaywGm bma0Ea0 bm0em
orZwd/ (0dok'd?1?271/)
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
= 0ifoufav+xGufoufav xdrI xif&Sm;onfh ESmoD;zsm; okdYr[kwf txufEIwfcrf;t&yfrS apmifh 0ifoufav+xGufoufav

tmkH owduyfum yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfol\ oEmefomvQif tmemygewd orm"dbm0emonf jynfhpkHEkdif\/ (0dok'd?1?271/)
pnf;urf;owfrSwfcsufum; tvGef ta&;BuD;vSayonf/
ESmoD;zsm; okrYd [kwf txufEw
I cf rf;t&yfrS apmif
h toufSLaES;onf
jzpfap jrefonfjzpfap 0ifoufav+xGufoufav\ tp-tv,ftqkH; tukefvkH;ukd xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odatmif owdjzifh uyf Iaeyg?
xkdokdY I&m toufSL aES;atmif okdYr[kwf toufSL jrefatmif
rBudK;pm;ygESifh? yifukdobm0twkdif;om toufS Lum Iaeyg/ xkdokdY
I&m 0ifoufav+xGufoufav wnf&Sdaom rmrI Murf;rI av;rI
aysmhrI acsmrI ayghrI ,kdpD;rI zGJUpnf;rI ylrI at;rI axmufuefrI
wGef;uefrI[laom "mwfoabmw&m;rsm;ukd ESvkH;roGif;ygESifh? ,if;
"mwfoabmw&m;rsm;ukd ESvkH;oGif;ygu "mwfur|mef; jzpfoGm;
ayonf/ tmemygeur|mef;ESifh "mwfur|mef;ukd ra&m,Sufatmif
owdjyKyg/
0ifoufav+xGufoufav[laom ynwftmkHom bm0em
pdwu
f dk uyfum orm"dudk xlaxmifyg/ tu,f orm"dudk xlaxmif
r&EkdifbJ pdwfu tjyiftmkHwkdYokdY ta&mufrsm;aeygu a&wGufjcif;
(= *Pem)enf;ukd tokH;jyK&ef t|uxmrsm;u tMuHjyKxm;ayonf/
0ifoufav+xGuo
f ufav ESpcf ak ygif;ukd wpf ..ponfjzifh a&wGuyf g/
ig;ESifh wpfq,ftMum; ESpfNcdKuf&m ae&mwGif &yfem;Ekdifonf/
(0dok'd?1?270/)
a&wGufjcif; (= *Pem)enf;\ tpGrf;jzifhvnf; 0ifoufav+

xGuo
f ufav tmkH bm0empdwo
f nf Nird 0f yfpmG uyf wnfaewwf
ygonf/
ra&wGufbJESifh jzpfap a&wGufonfhenf;jzifh jzpfap orm"dukd

xlaxmif&m wpfem&D ESpfem&D ponfjzifh 0ifoufav+xGufoufav
tmkH bm0empdwfonf NidrfoufpGm uyf wnfaeaomf a,bk,stm;jzifh 0ifoufav+xGufoufavrSm El;nHhodrfarGUvmwwfygonf/
tu,f rodrfarGUygu odrfarGUap&rnf[laom tmabm* ESvkH;
oGif;jzifh 0ifoufav+xGufoufavtmkH bm0empdwfukd Nidrf0yfpGm
uyf wnfaeatmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwv
f u
dk af omf orm"d tm;aumif;
vmaomtcg 0ifoufav+xGuo
f ufavrSm odraf rGUvmwwfygonf/
xkdtcg a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfu odrfarGUaom avukd xif&Sm;atmif
oufouf rBudK;pm;ygESifh/ xkdodrfarGUaom av tprS tqkH;xd
awmufavQmufodaeatmif bm0empdwfukd uyfxm;yg/ toufSL
aES;vQiv
f nf; odraf rGUaeaom av\ tp-tv,f-tqk;H tukev
f ;Hk ukd
xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odatmif toufSLjrefvQifvnf; ,if;okdYjrefaeaom
odrfarGUaeaom av\ tp-tv,f-tqkH; tukefvkH;ukd xifxif
&Sm;&Sm; odatmifom qufvufBuKd ;pm;yg/ ,if;odraf rGUaom 0ifoufav+xGuo
f ufavtmkH bm0empdwu
f dk Nird 0f yfpmG uyfwnfaeatmif
BuKd ;pm;yg/ tcsed t
f cgrsK;d 0ifoufav+xGuo
f ufavrSm odraf rGUvGef;ojzifh rxifr&Sm; jzpfvmwwfygonf/ xkdtcg xif&Sm;atmif
toufjyif;jyif; rSLygESifh/ xkdtcgrsKd; tvGeftm;aumif;aom
0ifoufav+xGufoufavukd trSwf&rI owdESifh 0ifoufav+
xGuo
f ufavukd uGu
J jJG ym;jym; odwwfaom orZOfPf&zdS Ydk vkt
d yfay
onf/
em[H bdua 0 rk|owd torZme tmemygewdbm0eH
(tmemygewdorm"dbm0eH) 0'grd/ (r?3?127/ oH?3?294/)
&[ef;wkYd ...0ifav+xGuaf vukd trSw&f rI owd uif;aysmufae
aom 0ifav+xGuaf vwku
Yd dk uGu
J jJG ym;jym; odwwfonfh orZOfPf
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
r&Sad om oltm; tmemygewd (= tmemygewdorm"d)bm0emukd

igbk&m; a[mawmfrrlay/ (r?3?127/ oH?3?294/)
xkt
d cgrsK;d owdEiS hf orZOfPf tm;aumif;armif;oefzYdk vkt
d yf
ayonf/ owdorZOfPf tm;aumif;aumif;jzifh 0ifav+xGufav
xdrI xif&mS ;onfh ESmoD;zsm; okrYd [kwf txufEw
I cf rf;t&yfu apmif
h
0ifav+xGufavudk pl;pl;pkdufpkduf Ium owdukd uyfxm;EkdifcJhaomf
orm"dvnf; tm;aumif;vmcJhaomf rMumrD tcsdefumvtwGif;0,f
tmemygeedrdwf p ay:vmwwfygonf/
tcuftcJrsm;
tcsKdUaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfwkdY edrdwfay:p0,f 0ifoufav+
xGuo
f ufavESihf edrw
d rf mS wpfom;wnf; rjzpfbJ 0ifav+xGuaf vu
wjcm; edrw
d u
f wjcm; jzpfaewwf\/ edrw
d rf mS ESmoD;zsm;rS wpfxmG cefY
wGifvnf; ay:aewwf\? vufwpfvkH;cefY vufESpfvkH;cefYwGifvnf;
ay:aewwf\? ezl;ay:wGiv
f nf; ay:aewwf\? rsuaf rSmif ESpcf w
k \
Ydk
tMum;vnf; ay:aewwf\/ tuGmta0; trsKd;rsKd; ykHoPmef
trsKd;rsKd; ta&miftrsKd;rsKd;aom edrdwfrsm; jzpfay:aewwfMu\/
txufwGif &Sif;jycJhaom 0dok'dr*t|uxm\ TefMum;csufukd rarh
ygESifh/ TefMum;csufrSm okdY jzpf\/
zk|zka|mumao ye ow XaywGm bma0Ea0 bm0em
orZwd/ (0dok'd?1?271/)
(ESmoD;zsm; okrYd [kwf txufEw
I cf rf;wnf;[laom) 0ifoufav+
xGufoufav\ xdrIxif&Sm;&m xdrIxif&Sm;&m ae&m tmemygeukd
(= 0ifoufav+xGuo
f ufavuk)d odr;f qnf;wwfaom owdudk xm;
(= a&S;SL wnfap) tmemygeur|mef;ukd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfaom
yk*dKvf\ oEmefomvQif tmemygewdorm"dbm0emonf NyD;pD;
jynfhpkHEkdif\/ (0dok'd?1?271/)
tykdif;wGifvnf; pnf;rsOf;Oya'oukd rarhygESifh/ tvGef
wduspGm vkdufem&rnfh pnf;rsOf;Oya'o jzpfonf/
wpfzef ,if;edrdwf\ ta&mifukdvnf; ESvkH; roGif;ygESifh/ (0dok'd?
1?278/) pnf;rsOf;Oya'orSmvnf; tvGefwduspGm vkdufem&rnfh
pnf;rsOf;Oya'o wpfckyif jzpfonf/
,if;okYd edrw
d f a0;uGmae&m edrw
d u
f dk ESv;Hk roGi;f bJ yuwdaom
0ifoufav+xGufoufav\ xdrIxif&Sm;&m ESmoD;zsm; okdYr[kwf
txufEIwfcrf;[laom ESpfae&mwdkYwGif wpfae&mrS apmifh yuwdaom 0ifoufav+xGufoufavukdom Iaeyg? orm"dukd qufvuf
xlaxmifyg/ wjznf;jznf; orm"dprG ;f tif jynf0h vmaomtcg ESmoD;zsm;
okrYd [kwf txufEw
I cf rf;wGif jrpfzsm;cH tajcpku
d
f edrw
d o
f nf uyf
wnfaeayvdrfhrnf/ edrdwfESifh 0ifoufav+xGufoufavwkdYonf
wpfom;wnf; jzpfomG ;ygu wpfcw
k nf; jzpfomG ;ygu (= 0ifoufav+
xGuo
f ufavonfyif edrw
d f edrw
d o
f nfyif 0ifoufav+ xGuo
f ufav jzpfomG ;ygu) ESmacgif;twGi;f rS xGuv
f maom avonfyif edrw
d f
jzpfoGm;ygu ykHpHrSefoGm;NyD jzpfonf/ xkdtcg edrdwfukdyif tmkH,lum
edrw
d rf mS yif bm0empdwu
f dk uyfum orm"dudk qufvuf xlaxmifyg/
awok [d tmemygeedrdwH wm0 0,awm 0gw&moda,0
0wd? Moumaoae p y&d pdEH? wd om'De0wm Moumaoe p
y&d pdEwm e 0awAH/ (0dok'd?1?109/)
= edrdwfukd wkd;yGm;atmif rjyKvkyfoifhaom xkdur|mef;wkdYwGif
tmemygeedrw
d v
f nf; yg0ifvsuf &S\
d / tmemygeedrw
d u
f kd wk;d yGm;atmif
jyKvkyfcJhaomf avtpktykHonfomvQif wkd;yGm;vm\/ tmemyge
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
ur|mef;ukd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf&m 0ifoufav+xGufoufav xdrI

xif&mS ;&m ae&mom owdudk uyfxm; (= a&S;I wnfap) yGm;rsm;
&rnf[k ,if;tmemygeur|mef;ukd pD;jzef;&rnfhae&m (= owd
uyfxm;&rnfah e&m)jzifv
h nf; ykid ;f jcm; uefo
Y wfxm;\/ okv
Yd Qif av
tpktykH wkd;yGm;jcif;[laom tjypf&SdonfhtwGufaMumifhvnf;aumif;
0ifoufav+xGuo
f ufav\ xdrI xif&mS ;&m ae&mjzpfonfh ESmoD;zsm;
okrYd [kwf txufEw
I cf rf;[laom owduyf&rnfh ae&mt&yfjzifh ykid ;f jcm;
owfrSwfxm;onfhtwGufaMumifhvnf;aumif; tmemygeedrdwfukd
wkd;yGm;atmif rjyKvkyfygESifh/ (0dok'd?1?109/)
pnf;rsO;f Oya'orSmvnf; kad opGm OD;xdy&f u
G yf efqif vku
d ef m
&rnfh pnf;rsOf;Oya'o wpfckyif jzpfonf/ xkdaMumifh a,m*g0p&
yk*dKvfonf ,if; tmemygeedrdwfukd BuD;oGm;atmif ao;oGm;atmif
&Snfatmif wkdatmif a0;atmif eD;atmif jzLatmif 0gatmif
eDatmif jymatmif okdY ponfjzifh rBudK;pm;ygESifh/ ,if;okdY BudK;pm;
aecJhaomf a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfu tvkd&Sdaeaom tmemygepsmefokdYum;
ra&muf&EdS idk af wmhay/ 0D&,
d vGeaf omf O'p[
o
l nfh tqkt
d wkid ;f edrw
d u
f dk
yko
H PmeftrsK;d rsK;d ta&miftrsK;d rsK;d jzpfatmif aMumifMh upku
d af e&ojzifh
tmkt
H rsK;d rsK;d okYd pdwyf sUH vGiahf erI O'pe 0D &Pw&m;u ae&mcyfrsm;rsm;
,lxm;aomaMumifhyif jzpfayonf/
a&Smif&Sm;&ef
txmaee wH eddrdwH ae0 0Pawm reodumwAH? e vuPawm ypa0udwAH/ (0dok'd?1?278/)
tmemygeur|mef; y&durerd w
d f O*[edrw
d f y#dbm*edrw
d [
f k
edrdwfokH;rsKd; &Sd\/ edrdwf[lonf orm"djzpfzkdY&ef okdYr[kwf orm"d\
tmkHtaMumif;w&m;[k qkdvkd\/
1/ y&duredrdwf ----- yuwdaom 0ifoufav+xGufoufavonfvnf; y&duredrdwf rnf\/ tmemygeur|mef;ukd txufwGif

wifjycJhonfh bk&m;&Sif TefMum;awmfrlonfhtwkdif; tpOftwkdif;
usio
hf jzifh orm"d tm;aumif;vmaomtcg bm0em\ pGr;f [keaf Mumifh
jzpfay:vmaom rD;ckd;a&mifuJhokdY npfxyfxyf&Sdaom tmemygeedrdwf
onfvnf; y&duredrdwf rnf\/
2/ O*[edrdwf --- bm0empGrf;[kefaMumifhyif jzpfay:vmaom
0g*Grf;pkdifuJhokdY qGwfqGwfjzLazG;aeaom tmemygeedrdwfonf O*[edrdwf rnf\/ (tjcm;ta&mifrsm;vnf; jzpfEkdifonf/)
3/ y#dbm*edrdwf --- bm0empGrf;[kefaMumifhyif jzpfay:vmaom
aomufSL;Mu,fuJhokdY tvGef Munfvifawmufyaeaom tmemygeedrdwfonf y#dbm*edrdwf rnf\/ (tjcm;ta&mifrsm;vnf; jzpfEkdif
onf??)
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf tmemygeur|mef;ukd pD;jzef;&m rD;ckd;a&mifuJhokdY npfxyfxyf&Sdaom y&duredrdwf jzLqGwfaeaom O*[
edrdwf Munfvifawmufyaeaom y#dbm*edrdwfwkdY jzpfay:vmaom
tcg ,if;edrw
d u
f dk ta&miftm;jzifh ESv;Hk roGi;f ygESihf (= ,if;edrw
d w
f \
Ydk
ta&mifudk ESv;Hk roGi;f ygESi/hf ) ESv;Hk oGi;f cJah omf ta&mifuokP
d ;f bufoYdk
ul;oGm;rnf/ okaYd omf wu,ft
h a&mifuokP
d ;f vnf; rjzpfEidk /f ta&mif
uokdPf; jyKvkyfEkdifaom tmkHedrdwfwkdYwGif ,if; tmemygeedrdwf
ryg0ifaomaMumifh jzpf\/ (1)
rm-Murf;-av;-aysmh-acsm-aygh [laom yx0D"mwf\ obm0
vuPm ,kdpD;-zGJUpnf; [laom tmayg"mwf\ obm0vuPm ylat; [laom awaZm"mwf\ obm0vuPm axmufuefr[
I al om
0ga,m"mwf\ obm0vuPm[k "mwfBuD;av;yg;wkdY\ ukd,fykdif
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
obm0vuPmrsm; &SdMu\/ a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf yuwdaom

0ifoufav+xGufoufav t0iftygjzpfaom y&duredrdwf O*[
edrdwf y#dbm*edrdwf[laom ,if;edrdwftm;vkH;ukd obm0vuPm
tm;jzifv
h nf; ESv;Hk roGi;f ygESihf (= ,if; tmemygeedrw
d t
f m;vk;H wnf&dS
aom "mwfBu;D av;yg;wk\
Yd obm0vuPmvnf; ESv;Hk roGi;f ygESi)hf /
ESvkH;oGif;cJhaomf "mwfur|mef; jzpfoGm;rnf? tmemygeur|mef;
rjzpfawmhay/ okaYd omf "mwfur|mef;rSmvnf; tmemyge wpfcw
k nf;
wnf&Sdaom "mwfav;yg;rQavmufukdom IkHrQjzifh rvkHavmufonfom jzpf\/ "mwfur|mef; tusOf;enf;um; wpfukd,fvkH;ukd jcHKikH
"mwfBuD; av;yg;wkdY\ obm0vuPmukd I&\/ "mwfur|mef;
tus,ef nf;um; (42)aum|mowkw
Yd iG f aum|mo wpfcpk D wpfcpk D
jcHKikH "mwfBuD;av;yg;wkdY\ obm0vuPmukd I&\/ (2)
tedpvuPm 'kuvuPm tewvuPm[laom vuPm
okH;yg;wkdYonf 'kuopm ork',opm trnf&aom ocFg&w&m;
tm;vkH;wkdYESifh oufqkdifaomaMumifh trsm;qkdif omrnvuPm
rnf\/a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf yuwdaom 0ifoufav+xGuo
f ufav
t0iftyg jzpfaom ,if;tmemygeedrw
d t
f m;vk;H ukd omrnvuPmtm;jzifv
h nf; ESv;Hk roGi;f ygESi?hf tedp[
k 'ku[
k tew[k vuPma&;
ok;H wef wpfvn
S phf w
D ifum 0dyem rIymG ; rok;H oyfygESi/hf taMumif;rl
0dyem[lonf 'kuopm ork',opm trnf&aom y&rwf
ocFg&w&m;wkdYukdomvQif vuPma&; okH;wef wpfvSnfhpD wifum
IyGm;okH;oyf&aom vkyfief;cGif jzpf\/ yuwdaom 0ifoufav+
xGufoufav t0iftyg ,if;tmemygeedrdwf tm;vkH;wkdYonfum;
orl[ynwf oPmeynwf paom ynwf rpifao;onfh ynwf
twk;H tcJwo
Ydk m jzpfMuao;\/ ynwfw&m;wkrYd nfonfrmS 0dyemPf\ tIcHtmkHwkdY r[kwfMuavukef/ xkdaMumifh ,if;edrdwfwkdY
omrnvuPmukdvnf; ESvkH;roGif;ygESifh/ (3)

xkdaMumifh yuwdaom 0ifoufav+xGufoufavukd tmkHjyK
]]0ifav jzpf-ysuf tedp? xGufav jzpf-ysuf tedp}} [k rIygESifh/
]Ce}
]Ce}[lonfh kyftwkH;tcJ rNydKao;aom yuwdaom 0ifoufav+
xGufoufavum; ynwfomwnf;/
tmoymom pdwork|mem0/ (0dok'd?1?346/)
pdwaZ tmoymoaum|maoyd MoZ|rua0 oa'g
pmwd e0/ (0dok'd?2?223/)
a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf "mwfur|mef;tus,ef nf;ukd atmifjrifpmG
IymG ;Ekid af omf pdwaf Mumifjh zpfonfh yuwdaom 0ifoufav+xGuo
f ufav[laom tmoymoaum|mo "mwfBuD; av;yg;ukd
Pfjzifh ykid ;f jcm;,lyg odr;f qnf;yg/ orm"dprG ;f tif jynf0h vmaomtcg
0ifoufav+xGufoufavukd rawGUawmhbJ kyfuvmyftrIefrsm;ukd
om awGU&Sdrnf jzpfayonf/ ,if; kyfuvmyfwkdY wnf&Sdaom y&rwf
kyw
f &m;wku
Yd dk qufvuford ;f qnf;Ekid yf gu kyu
f vmyfwpfcpk D wpfcpk D
yx0D tmayg awaZm 0ga,m 0P = ta&mif *E = teHY &o =
t&om MoZm = tqDtap; o' = toufSLoH[k (9)rsKd;aom
kyfw&m;wkdYudk Pfjzifh ykdif;jcm;,lEkdifrnf jzpfayonf/ ,if; (9)
rsKd;aom kyfw&m;wkdYum; vuPma&; okH;wefokdY wifum 0dyem
IyGm;okH;oyfaumif;aom kyfw&m;wkdY jzpfMu\? y&rwkyfw&m;wkdY
jzpfMu\/ ,if;y&rww&m;wkdYukd rodrf;qnf;EkdifbJ Pfjzifh ykdif;jcm;
r,lEkdifbJ rodbJ rjrifbJ yuwdaom 0ifoufav+xGufoufav
t0iftyg ,if;tmemygeedrdwftm;vkH;ukd vuPma&; okH;wefokdY
wifum 0dyem IymG ;ok;H oyfygu wu,f 0dyemtppf r[kw[
f k
rSwfom;ygav/
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
tmemygeedrdwf trsKd;rsKd;
tmemygeedrw
d o
f nfum; cyford ;f ukeaf omolwt
Ydk m; wpfcsu-f
wnf; xyfwlonf rjzpfay? trsKd;rsKd; ay:wwf\/ tcsKdUaom a,m*g
0p&yk*dKvftm; csrf;omaom tawGUtxdudk jzpfapvsuf ----1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
vJ0g*Grf;uJhokdY (O*[edrdwf)
Akdif;0g*Grf;uJhokdY (O*[edrdwf)
avtvsOfuJhokdY (O*[eddrdwf)
aomufSL;Mu,fa&mifuJhokdY (O*[edrdwf+y#dbm*edrdwf)
ywjrm;vkH;uJhokdY (y#dbm*edrdwf)
ykvJvkH;uJhokdY (y#dbm*edrdwf) xifvmwwf\/
tcsKdUaom a,m*g0p& yk*dKvftm; Murf;wrf;aom tawGUtxd
&Sdonfjzpf ---7/ 0gkd;uJhokdY (O*[edrdwf+y#dbm*edrdwf)
8/ opfom;ESpf wHusifuJhokdY (O*[edrdwf+y#dbm*edrdwf) xifvmwwf\/
tcsKdUaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; ---9/ &SnfpGmaom aqmufvkH; BudK;rQifuJhokdY
10/ yef;qkdif;uJhokdY
11/ rD;ckd;GefYuJhokdY
12/ us,fjyefYaom yifhulcsnfrQifuJhokdY
13/ wdrfwkdufvTmuJhokdY
14/ y'krmMumyGifhuJhokdY
15/ &xm;pufbD;uJhokdY
16/ v0ef;uJhokdY
17/ ae0ef;uJhokdY xifvmwwf\/ (0dok'd?1?277/ r[m#D?1?335/)
trSwf (9 )rS (17)txd tm;vk;H aom edrw
d w
f o
Ydk nf O*[edrw
d +f
y#dbm*edrdwfwkdY jzpfMu\/
wpfckwnf;omvQifjzpfaom wpfrsKd;wnf;omvQifjzpfaom
tmemygeur|mef;onf edrdwf rxifrD edrdwfxifonfrS a&S;rqGu
jzpfuek af om onmwk\
Yd xl;xl;axGaxG uGjJ ym;rI &So
d nf\tjzpfaMumifh
wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; wpfcsdefESifhwpfcsdef rwlnDbJ edrdwftrsKd;rsKd; xifvm
&jcif; jzpf\/ rSefayonf tmemygeedrdwfonf tmemygewdorm"dbm0emonmaMumifh jzpfay:vm&\ (= bm0emonmjzifh
rSwftyf MuHtyfumrQ jzpf\)? bm0emonm[laom taMumif;&if;
&Sd\? bm0emonm[laom trGeftp &Sd\/ xkdaMumifh bm0emonm
xl;axG uGjJ ym;rI &Sad omaMumifh edrw
d t
f rsK;d rsK;d xifvm&jcif; jzpfayonf/
(0dok'd?2?277/ r[m#D?1?335/)
tmemygewdorm"dbm0emonf &ifu
h suv
f maomtcg ckid jf rJ
vmaomtcg eufidI ;f vmaomtcg edrd w
d rf ay:rD a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f
oEmef0,f edrdwfESifhywfouf wpfqifhMum;zl; jzpfap pmayukd
zwfzl; jzpfap ]]okdYaom edrdwf okdYaom edrdwf}} ponfjzifh
edrw
d Ef iS hf ywfoufaom t,ltq tawG;tac:rsm; trSwo
f nmrsm;
onf &Hcg BudK;Mum;BudK;Mum; jzpfay:vmwwf\/ ,if; trSwfonm
wk\
Yd xl;axG uGjJ ym;rIaMumifh edrw
d t
f rsK;d rsK;d yko
H PmeftrsK;d rsK;d ta&mif
trsKd;rsKd; jzpfay:vm&jcif; jzpf\/ edrdwfay:vmNyD; aemufykdif;vnf;
bm0emonmu xyfrH uGJjym;aejyefvQifvnf; orm"dvnf; tm;aumif;armif;oefygu pdwu
f ;l onft
h wkid ;f edrw
d rf mS yko
H PmeftrsK;d rsK;d
ta&miftrsKd;rsKd; ajymif;vJaewwfayonf/ xkduJhokdY tajymif;tvJ
rsm;aeygu psmeform"dokdY a&muf&SdzkdY&ef tcufcJrsm;pGm &SdEkdifayonf/
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
xkad Mumifh a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo

f nf edrw
d Ef iS hf ywfoufonfh onm
rsm;ukd enf;Ekid o
f rQ enf;atmif BuKd ;pm;yg/ ESmoD;zsm; okrYd [kwf txuf
EIwcf rf;f wGif uyf ay:aeaom yuwdaom 0ifoufav xGuo
f ufavrSjzpfay:vmaom edrw
d f om bm0empdwu
f dk uyfwnfaeatmif
BudK;pm;yg/ a&jynfhaeaom zefcGufwpfck twGif;okdY ywjrm;wpfvkH;ukd
odkYr[kwf ykvJwpfvkH;ukd ESpfxm;ouJhokdY ESmoD;zsm; okdYr[kwf txuf
EIwfcrf;wGif uyf wnfaeaom edrdwftwGif;om bm0empdwfukd
ESpfxm;yg/ ,if; edrdwfudkom pl;pl;pkdufpkduf jrJjrJjrHjrH Iaeyg/ wpfem&D
ESpfem&Dponfjzifh Nidrf0yfpGm uyf wnfaeatmif BudK;pm;yg/
O*[edrdwf ESifh y#dbm*edrdwf

a,bk,stm;jzifh 0g*Grf;pkdifuJhokdY qGwfqGwfjzLaeaom edrdwfrSm
O*[edrdwfjzpf\/ O*[edrdwfum; rMunfay/ qGwfqGwfjzL&mrS
aomufSL;Mu,fuJhokdY awmufyaeaom zefwkH; rSefwkH;uJhokdY tvGef
Munfvifawmufyaeaom edrw
d u
f m; y#dbm*edrw
d w
f nf;/ ywjrm;vk;H
uJhokdY xifvm&m rMunfaom ywjrm;vkH;uJhokdYaom edrdwfum;
O*[edrdwfwnf;? Munfvifawmufyaeaom ywjrm;vkH;uJhokdYaom
edrdwfum; y#dbm*edrdwfwnf;/ <uif;usefaom ta&mifwkdYvnf;
enf;wl oabmaygufyg/
txufwGif azmfjyxm;aom edrdwftrsKd;rsKd;wkdYwGif trSwf (11)
tjzpf azmfjyxm;aom edrw
d rf mS rD;ck;d Geu
Yf o
hJ aYdk om edrw
d f jzpf\/ ,if;
edrw
d f npfxyfxyf rD;ck;d a&miferd w
d u
f m; y&durerd w
d w
f nf;/ 0g*Gr;f pdik f
uJhodkY qGwfqGwfjzLaom rD;cdk;GefYa&mifedrdwfum; O*[edrdwfwnf;/
Munfvifawmufyaom rD;cd;k GeaYf &miferd w
d u
f m; y#dbm*edrw
d w
f nf;/
xdkedrdwfwdkY jzpfay:vm&m qifpG,fuJhodkYaom ykHoPmefjzifh
ESmoD;0rS p tjyifbufodkY twef;vdkuf ay:vm&mum; ,if;
edrdwfaemufodkY pdwfudk rvdkufbJ ESmoD;0ESifh teD;uyfqkH; ae&m

wnf&Sdaeonfh edrdwftwGif;om bm0empdwfudk oGwfoGif;xm;yg/
pdu
k Mf unfah eyg/ odaYk omf rsuaf phjzifh pdu
k rf Munfb
h J pdwjf zifo
h m pku
d Mf unfh
yg/ rsuaf phjzifh pdu
k Mf unfzh efrsm;vmygu rsuv
f ;Hk rsm; atmifv
h mwwf\/
edrdwfu awmufyvmaomtcg ta&mifu rsufvkH;udk wdkufkduf
cwfaeojzifh rsuf&nfrsm; usum orm"dvnf; avQmusoGm;wwf\/
ESmacgif;\ twGi;f bufoYkd wnf&adS eaom edrw
d f vnf; ESmacgif;twGi;f bufow
Ykd ikd af tmif vdu
k rf Munfb
h J ESmoD;0ESihf teD;uyfq;Hk ae&m
wnf&Sdonfh edrdwfom bm0empdwfudk uyfxm;yg/ twGif;buf
tjyifbufoYkd ysUH ESaYH eaom edrw
d u
f kd odwefoavmuf odru
I m; &Sad umif;
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f / odaYk omf ESmoD;0wGif uyfaeaom edrw
d t
f wGi;f om bm0empdwf epfjrKyfaezdkYom vdk&if; jzpfayonf/
xdkedrdwftwGif; bm0empdwfonf wpfem&D ESpfem&D ponfjzifh
xdkifwdkif;vdkvdk Nidrf0yfpGm uyf wnfvmygu xdkedrdwfrSmvnf; wpfp
wpfp wjznf;jznf; Munfvifonfxuf Munfvifvmum awmufy
onfxuf awmufyvmayvdrrhf nf/ txl;Munfvifawmufyvmaom
xdkedrdwfum; y#dbm*edrdwfwnf;/ xdktcg Oypm&orm"dodkY qdkufyHkudk
0dok'dr*t|uxmu odkY &Sif;jyxm;\/
odkY y#dbm*edrdwf xifonfhtcgrS p xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\
oEmef eD0&Pudavom tnpftaMu;wkdYonf cGmtyfNyD;omvQif
jzpfukef\/ eD0&PrS <uif;aom udavomwdkYonfvnf; tenfxdkif
oGm;Muukefonfom jzpfukef\/ tmemygewdonfvnf; ,if;
tmemygey#dbm*edrdwf tmkH a&S;I wnfaeonfomvQif uyf
wnfaeonfomvQif jzpf\/ bm0empdwfonf Oypm&orm"djzifh
tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d t
f mkH aumif;pGm wnfaeonfomvQif jzpf\/
(0dok'd?1?278/)
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
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xdt
k cg a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf xkt
d memygeedrw
d u
f kd 0g*Gr;f pdik f
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[laom ocFg&w&m;tm;vH;k wdEYk iS hf qdik af om omrnvuPmudv
k nf;
ESvHk;roGif;ygESifh/ (0dok'd?1?278/)
owdjyK&ef tcsufwpf&yf
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d u
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h u
kd f 0ifoufav+xGuo
f uf
avudk Munfv
h u
dk f odYk rjyKvyk yf gESi/hf 0ifoufav+xGuo
f ufavudk
vHk;0 rMunfhawmhbJ tmemygeedrdwfom bm0empdwfudk uyfxm;
edrw
d u
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f aysmufomG ;cJhaomf xdktcgwGif 0ifoufav+xGufoufavudk wpfzef jyef Iyg/
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d f ESprf sK;d vH;k udk *kpu
kd af eygu Munfah eygu tmkrH mS
avESifh edrdwf[k ESpfrsKd;jzpfaeojzifh orm"drSm rpl;&SbJaomfvnf;
&Sdwwf\? avQmaomfvnf; usoGm;wwf\/ owd&Sdap/
tmoymao ed m, Oy E e d r d w a r w tmoymoomrnar0 0kwH/ (r[m#D?1?319??)
yuwdaom tmoymowdu
Yk kd trSjD yK orm"d\ pGr;f tm;
aMumifh jzpfay:vmaom edrdwfudkvnf; t&m tmoymo
trnf&Sd\[lomvQif qdktyf\/ (r[m#D?1?319/)

xkad Mumifh yuwdaom 0ifoufav+xGuo
f ufavudk tmH,
k u
l m
orm"dudk xlaxmifvm&m orm"d &ifhusufvmaomtcg yuwdaom
0ifoufav+xGuo
f ufav (= tmoymo)udk trSjD yK jzpfay:
vmaom edrdwfudkvnf; 0ifoufav+xGufoufav (= tmoymo)[kyif ac:qdkEdkifay&um; edrdwfudk tmHk,lum qufvuf
orm"dukd xlaxmif&m tmemygeur|mef;udk yGm;rsm;aeonf[
l yif
qdk&ayonf/
tmemygey#dbm*edrdwfudk tmHk,lum orm"dudk qufvuf
xlaxmifojzifh Oypm&orm"dodkY qdkufa&mufvmaom a,m*g0p&
yk*Kd vo
f nf pifppfaomfum; cw,
d ra[oD rdz&k m;acgifBu;D onf pMu0aw;rif;avmif; ud,
k 0f efukd (zefaygif;acsmif twGi;f wnfaeouJo
h Ykd
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,if;odkY ESvHk;oGif;jcif;jzifh ,if; Oypm&orm"dudk rysufpD;atmif
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nDrQatmif owdjzifh xde;f uGyv
f suf aÈi g;yg; nDrQatmif BuKd ;pm;yg/
,if;odkY BudK;pm;tm;xkwfcJhaomf xdktmemygey#dbm*edrdwf tmkH
pwkupsmef yupsmefwdkYonf jzpfay:vmMuukef\/ (0dok'd?1?278/)
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tydik ;f ukd 0do'k rd *t|uxm (0do'k ?d 1?125-126/)ESihf r[m#Dum
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o'g 0D&,
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xdkwGif o'g[lonf &wem oHk;wef uH-uH\tusKd;w&m; ponfh
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bk&m;&Sif\ tay: xdkxdk MuHpnfvsuf r,HkMunfrIawG rsm;jym;
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w&m;&wemudk ,HkMunf&mvnf; r*fav;yg; zdkvfav;yg; edAmef
[laom avmukw& mw&m; ud;k yg;ESiw
hf uG bk&m;&Siaf [mMum;xm;awmf
rltyfaom y&d,wfw&m;awmfjrwf tay:vnf; ,HkMunfrI tjynfh
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wdu
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Yk kd tao;pdwf jynfjh ynfph pHk Hk
TefMum;jyoxm;aom w&m;wdkYom jzpfMu\/ oDvusifhpOfESifhwuG
orx-0dyembm0emvkyif ef;cGiu
f kd vrf;Teaf y;aeaom w&m;awmf
wdkYom jzpfMu\/ ,if;w&m;awmfwdkYtay: ,kHMunfcsuf o'gw&m;
tjynfht0 &SdzdkYum; tydkif;wGif txl; vdktyfayonf/
0ifoufav+xGuo
f ufavudk IaekrH Qjzifh psmef&onfqo
kd nfrmS
[kwrf [
S w
k yf ghrvm;? 0g*Gr;f pdik u
f o
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d f a&cJw;Hk
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d w
f Ykd
jzpfay:vmonfqdkonfrSm [kwfrS[kwfygYrvm; --- odkY ponfjzifh
bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;awmftay: r,kHMunfrI t'd, w&m;awG
tm;aumif;aevQifaomfvnf;aumif; ,ckacwfum; psmef&Edkifonfhacwf r[kw[
f k acwfukd vTcJ saevQiaf omfvnf;aumif; ,if;uJo
h aYkd om
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f o'gw&m;rSm ,kwaf vsmh
aeonf rnf\/ ,if;odkY tm;aysmhaeaom o'gw&m;u a,m*D
olawmfaumif;\ orxbm0empdwfudk orxbm0em vrf;aMumif;ay:rS ab;odkY wdrf;apmif; usroGm;atmif xdef;csKyfxm;Edkifonfh
pGrf;tm; r&Sdawmhay/
orm"durdu Av0wDyd o'g 0wd/ (0dok'd?1?126/)
tmemygeur|mef;uJo
h Ykd orxbm0em wpfcu
k kd yGm;rsm;aeaom
orm"duru
d a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vt
f zdYk o'gw&m; tm;aumif;vQiv
f nf;
oifhjrwfonfom jzpf\/ tmemyge orxbm0emvkyfief;cGif
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psmefw&m;onf jzpfay:vmEdkifygtHhenf;[k rMuHpnfawmhbJ ----]]t'
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a[mMum;xm;awmfrltyfaom tpDt&ifonf rcRwf{uef NyD;pD;
jynfhpkHayvwHU}} (r[m#D?1?153/) -- [k ,kHMunfrI o'gw&m;udk tjynfh
t0 jzpfapvsuf tmemygewdorm"d bm0emvkyif ef;&yfukd usiMhf uH
BudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfyg/
wpfzef ,kHMunfxdkufaom oa',s0wK vGwfvGwf ouf0if
qkH;jzwfjcif; o'g"darmuudpu txl;ojzifh tmemygebm0em
vkyfief;cGif vGwfvGwf ouf0if qkH;jzwfjcif; o'g"darmuudpu
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
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tvGef xif&mS ;aeaomaMumifv

h nf;aumif; yndaÈu
(= todPfu)
roefY&Sif;aomaMumifhvnf;aumif; 0D&d, owd orm"d aÈwdkYu
avsmhavsmh&J&J &Sdaejcif;paom taMumif;w&m;aMumifhvnf;aumif;
o'ad Èo
nf tvGef tm;aumif;ae\/ xdt
k cg 0D&,
d ad Èo
nf rdrEd iS hf
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f nf;[laom or,w
k w
f &m;wdu
Yk kd tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d u
f o
hJ aYkd om orxtmkrH S avQmusroGm;atmif cs;D ajrm uf
xm;jcif; csD;yifhxm;jcif; y*[vkyfief;udpudk r&GufaqmifEdkif/
owdaÈonfvnf; tmemygey#dbm*edrdwfuJhodkYaom orxtmHu
k dk todPf xifxif&mS ;&Sm; jzpfay:vmapjcif; Oy|meudpukd
r&GufaqmifEdkif/ orm"daÈonfvnf; tmemygey#dbm*edrdwfuJhodkY
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onfvnf; tmemygey#dbm*edrdwfuJhodkYaom orxtmHkedrdwfudk
xdk;xdk;xGif;xGif; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; odjrifaejcif; 'eudpudk jyKvkyf
tHhaomiSm rpGrf;Edkif/ xdkaMumifh y&rw"robm0udk qifjcifjcif;jzifh
vnf;aumif; o'daÈ tm;aumif;avmufatmif tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d u
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hJ aYkd om orxtmHu
k kd ESv;kH roGi;f jcif;jzifv
h nf;aumif; o'ad È
udk ,kwfavsmhap&\/
tydik ;f y&rw"robm0
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&S\
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wdkY\ taygif;tpkrQom jzpf\/ (0dok'd?1?346/ 0dok'd?2?223/)
,if;0ifoufav+xGuo
f ufav wnf&adS om "mwfBu;D av;yg;udk
odrf;qnf;um orm"dudk qufvuf xlaxmifvdkufygu orm"d'D*&D
pHcsdefrDvmaomtcg kyfuvmyftrIefrsm;udk awGU&SdEkdif\/ ,if; kyf-
uvmyfrsm;udk wpfcpk D wpfcpk D Pfjzifh cGjJ cm;pdwjf zmvsuf Munfh EI idk cf hJ

aomf kyu
f vmyf wpfcw
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tqif; teHY t&om MoZm toH[k kyfoabmw&m; (9)rsKd;wkdYudk
awGUEkdif\/ ,if;kyfy&rwfw&m;wdkY\ jzpfNyD;vQif ysufaeonfh tedp
obm0 jzpfjcif; ysufjcif;jzifh tjrJrjywf tnOf;yef; tESdyfpufcHae&
onfh 'kuobm0 rysufpD;bJ tusdwftcJ tcdkiftrm tESpfom&
tm;jzifh wnf&SdaeEkdifonfh tw r[kwfonfh tewobm0wkdYudk
qifjcif IyGm;yg/
wpfzef tmemygeedrdwf (= y&duredrdwf O*[edrdwf y#dbm*edrdwf)[lonfrSm ,if;pdwZkyfuvmyfwdkY\vnf;aumif; ,if; pdwZ
kyu
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h J
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pdwZkyfuvmyf OwkZkyfuvmyf ESpfzGJUwkdY\ 0P"mwf (= lygHk)\
ta&miftqif;ESifh wuGaom kyfwdkY\ taygif;tpk jzpf\/ tZw
pdwZkyf OwkZkyfwkdY\ ta&miftqif;wnf;/ A[d'um; OwkZkyfwkdY\ taygif;tpkwnf;/ ,if; kyfw&m;wkdY\ tedp 'ku tew
obm0wkdYudk Pfjzifh rawGUjrifEkdifao; rIEkdifao;ygu Pfjzifh
qifjcifHk qifjcifyg/ odkYaom y&rw"robm0wdkY\ tedp 'ku
tewobm0udk qifjcifjcif;jzifv
h nf; o'ad Èu
kd ,kwaf vsmo
h mG ;atmif
jyKusifhyg/
tu,f 0D&d,daÈ (= BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrI vHkYv0D&d,)u tm;aumif;aejyefvQiv
f nf; o'g owd orm"d ynmwdo
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al om rdr\
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tmemygey#dbm*edrdwfuJhodkYaom orxtmHk bm0empdwfudk
Nidrf0yfpGm uyf wnfaeatmif BudK;yrf;jcif;jzifh vGefuJaeaom
0D&d,daÈukd ,kwfavsmhap&\/ orm"dESifh ynmwkdY vGefuJ&mvnf;
enf;wlyif oabmaygufyg/
t&m o'gESifh ynm orm"dESifh 0D&d,wkdY\ nDrQrIudk ynm&Sd
olawmfaumif;wku
Yd cs;D rGr;f awmfrMl u\/ o'gu tm;aumif; ynmu
EkHYaeaomf rk'yoE = tESpfrrSD; tcsnf;ESD;aom t&m0wK MunfndK
aewwf\/ wdww
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h m0uwku
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hJ Ykd rMunfnKd oifh rMunfnKd
xkdufaom t&m0wK MunfndKaewwf\/ ]]tmemygeusifhpOfqkdwm
odkY okdY jyKusifh&\? yGm;rsm;&\}}[k ajymqkdvmvQif rSefonf
rSm;onfudk a0zefqef;ppfrI rjyKawmhbJ wvGJwacsmf usifhaewwf\/
wpfzef --- ynmu tm;aumif; o'gu EkHYaejyefvQifvnf;
au&m#duyu (= aumufusppf Of;vJonfb
h uf)odYk ,dik v
f o
J mG ;wwf\/
aq;aMumifjh zpfaom a&m*gonf ukpm;&cufouJo
h Ykd xkyd *k Kd vrf sK;d onf
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rsm;jzifh ed*;kH csKyw
f wf\/ bk&m;w&m;awmfukd ausmckid ;f aeolrsm;wnf;/
o'gESifhynm w&m; ESpfyg; nDrQcJhygrlum; &wem oHk;wef uHuH\tusKd;w&m; ponfh ,HkMunfoifh ,HkMunfxkdufaom oa',s0wKomvQif ,HMk unfwwf\/ tmemygeusiphf Ofukd bk&m;a[mtwdik ;f
wu,fvufawGU pGr;f pGr;f wrH usiyhf gu yg&rDvnf; txku
d t
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tm;aumif;cJyh grl tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d o
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f [k ,HMk unf\?
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t&m0wK ,HkMunfjcif;yifwnf;/ ,if;uJhodkYaom ,HkMunfrI o'gw&m;vnf; &Sd wu,fvufawGU tmemygeusifhpOfudkvnf; ]]tdk;
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d u
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d cg o'gESihf ynm w&m;
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wpfzef orm"du tm;aumif; 0D&d,u EkHYaejyefvQifvnf;
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0D&,
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d onf pdwyf sUH vGirhf I
(= O'p)\ bufawmfom; jzpfjcif;aMumifh a,m*Dolawmfaumif;\
pdwftpOfudk O'pw&m;u vTrf;rkd; zdpD;wwfjyef\/ tmemygetmHk
tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftmHkrS ab;tmHk trsKd;rsKd;odkY pdwfysHUvGifhae
wwf\/ ]]orm"d vGefaomf aumoZ? 0D&d, vGefaomf O'p}} [k
a&S;ynm&SdwkdYu qdkdk; jyKawmfrlMu\/ tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftmHk
wpfckwnf;ay: pdwfusa&muf wnfNidrfaerI (= orm"d)udk 0D&d,ESifh
,SOfwGJay;vkdufaomf ,if;orm"donf ysif;&djcif; (= aumoZ)
usa&mufzdkY&ef tcGifhr&Ekdif/ 0D&d,udk orm"dESifh ,SOfpyfay;vkdufaomf
,if;0D&d,onf tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftmHkrS tjcm;tmHkodkY pdwf
ysHUvGifhoGm;jcif; (= O'p) usa&mufzdkY&eff tcGifhr&Ekdif/ xkdaMumifh
orm"dEiS hf 0D&,
d ESprf sK;d udk nDrQatmif jyKusiyhf g/ rSeaf yonf --- orm"dEiS hf
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
0D&d, ESpfyg;pHk nDrQjcif;jzifh tyempsmefonf jzpfay:vmEdkif\/

wpfenf; -- orxur|mef;udk yGm;rsm;qJ orm"duru
d yk*Kd vt
f m;
pGrf;tm;BuD;rm;aom o'gw&m;onfvnf; oifhonfomwnf;/
tmemygey#dbm*edrdwfudk tmHk,l orm"dudk xlaxmifEdkifcJhaomf
tyempsmefoYkd rkcsa&muf&EdS idk \
f [k tmHo
k Ykd tpOfwpku
d f 0ifomG ;ouJo
h Ykd
vGwfvGwf ouf0if qHk;jzwfonf\ tpGrf;jzifh ,kkH,HkMunfMunfjzifh
tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftmHkokdY ajy;0ifoGm;cJhaomf tyempsmefodkY
a&muf&SdayvwHU/ psmefum; orm"d jy"mef;aomaMumifh jzpf\/
0dyembm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;aeaom yk*dKvftzdkY ynmonf
pGrf;tifBuD;rm;cJhygrl oifhonfomwnf;/ odkY pGrf;tifBuD;rm;cJhaomf
xkda,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf vuPma&; oHk;wefudk xdk;xGif;odjrifjcif;
vuPy#da0"PfodkY a&muf&SdEkdif\/
wpfzef orm"d ynm ESpfyg;wkdY\ nDrQjcif;aMumifhvnf; avmuD
tyempsmefonf jzpfay:vmEkdifonfomwnf;/ odkYaomf --- orx0dyeH ,k*e'H bma0wd = orxESifh 0dyemudk ,SOfpHkuvsuf
,k*e'enf;tm;jzifh yGm;rsm;\/ (y#do?H 283/) odYk a[mMum;xm;awmf
rlaomaMumifh avmukw&m tyemonfum; xkdorm"d ynm ESpfrsKd;wkdY\ nDrQonf\ tjzpfaMumifhomvQif jzpfay:Ekdif\[k tvdk&dStyf
ayonf/
owd-owd-owd
owdum; o'gESiyhf nm nDrQa&; orm"dEiS 0hf &D ,
d nDrQa&; orm"d
ESifhynm nDrQa&;wdkYtwGuf tcgcyfodrf; tjrJwrf; tvdk&Sdtyfaom
w&m;jzpf\/ tcgcyford ;f ae&mwkid ;f tm;aumif;rSomvQif oifjh rwf
\/ rSefayonf --- owdonf O'p\ bufawmfom; jzpfMuukefaom
pGrf;tifvGefuJaeaom o'g pGrf;tifvGefuJaeaom 0D&d, pGrf;tif
vGeu
f aJ eaom ynmwk\
Yd tm;tpGr;f aMumifh bm0empdwu
f kd tmemyge
y#dbm*edrdwfuJhodkYaom orxtmHkrS tjcm;tmHkodkY ysHUvGifhoGm;jcif;
(= O'pb
ufoYkd usa&mufjcif;)rSvnf; apmifah &Smufay;\ (= rusa&muf
atmif apmifah &Smufay;\)/ bm0emtmHk ysi;f &djcif; (= aumoZ)\
bufawmfom;jzpfaom orm"daMumifh aumoZ (= ysi;f &djcif;)bufoYdk
usa&mufjcif;rSvnf; pdwfudk apmifha&Smufay;\ (= rusa&mufatmif
apmifah &Smufay;\)/ xkad Mumifh tvH;k pHak om [if;vsmwkYd qm;cwfjcif;
udk tvd&k t
dS yfouJo
h v
Ykd nf;aumif; tvH;k pHak om rif;rIupd w
Ykd vkyif ef;
udp t00wdkY uRrf;usifvdrmaom trwfBuD;udk tvdk&SdtyfouJhokdY
vnf;aumif; tvm;wlyif tvH;k pHak om ur|mef;wkYd vDe (= bm0em
vkyfief;cGifrS pdwf"mwfwGefYqkwf&m pdwf"mwfusqif;&m) tcg O'p
(= bm0emtmHkrS pdwfysHUvGifh&m)tcg[laom tvHk;pHkaom tcsdeftcg
wkYd owdukd tvd&k t
dS yfayonf/ xkad Mumifh a&S;a&S;t|uxmwdYk odYk
zGifhqkdxm;awmfrlMu\/
]]owdudkum; tcgcyfodrf; bm0emvkyfief;cGifwkdif; pdwf"mwf
usqif;&mtcg pdwfysHUvGifh&mtcgwkYd tvdk&Sdtyf\[k bk&m;&Sifonf
a[mMum;xm;awmfr\
l / tb,faMumifeh nf; bm0emukov
kd pf w
d o
f nf
owdvQif ud;k uG,v
f aJ vsmif; yke;f atmif;rScD &dk m &S\
d / ra&mufao;aom
w&m;xl;w&m;jrwfodkY a&muf&Sdjcif;iSm rod&ao;aom w&m;xl;
w&m;jrwfudk odjcif;iSm bm0emukodkvfpdwfonf owdudk rSDcdk&\/
wpfzef owdonf tmemygey#dbm*edrdwfuJhodkYaom bm0emtmHkudkvnf; raysmufysufatmif xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufay;wwf\/
bm0empdwu
f v
dk nf; bm0emtmHu
k kd trSw&f aeatmif bm0emtmHrk S
aysmufysufroGm;atmif ab;tmHkodkY ra&mufatmif xdef;odrf;
apmifha&Smufay;wwf\/ xdkaMumifh ,if;owdudk 0dyemPfjzifh
Iqifjcifaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f PfwiG f tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d -f
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
uJo
h aYkd om bm0emtmHEk iS hf bm0empdwu
f kd apmifah &Smufay;wwfaom
oabmw&m;[k a&S;Ixifvm\/ owdESifh uif; bm0empdwfudk
csD;yifhjcif; ESdyfuGyfjcif; (= pdwf"mwfudk jrifhwifay;jcif; pdwf"mwfudk
ESdyfuGyfay;jcif;) onf rjzpfEkdif/}}
xdkaMumifh bk&m;&Sifu owdudk oAwdu (= tcgcyfodrf; tvdk
&Sdtyf\) [k a[mMum;awmfrlayonf/
(0dok'd?1?125-126/ r[m#D?1?150-154??)
aAmZif (7) yg; nDrQatmif usifhyHk

tmemygey#dbm*edrdwfudk tmHk,laecdkuf .. jzpfay:aeaom
aAmZif (7)yg;wkdYrSm odkY jzpfMu\/
1/ tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftmHkudk atmufarh trSwf&aeaom
tzefzef txyfxyf odr;f qnf;aeaom owdum; owdoarmZif
2/ tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftmHkudk xkd;xGif;odaeaom ynmum;
"r0dp,oarmZif
3/ tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftmHk aAmZif (7)yg;wkdY pHkpHknDnD nDnD
rQrQjzpfatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;
txl;ojzifh - "r0dp,oarmZif 0D&d,oarmZifwkdYjzpfatmif
BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif; 0D&d,um; 0D&d,oarmZif
4/ tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d f tmHu
k kd tmHjk yKum Munf&iT 0f rf;ajrmufjcif; yDwdum; yDwdoarmZif
5/ tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftmHk bm0empdwf apwodufwkdY\
Nidrf;at;aejcif; y'dum; y'doarmZif
6/ tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftmHk bm0empdwf\ Nidrf0yfpGm uyf
wnfaejcif; orm"dum; orm"doarmZif
7/ tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftmHk bm0empdwfudk ]]wuf<ujcif;

wGeq
Yf w
k jf cif;bufo}Ydk } ra&mufatmif tnDtrQ xm;jcif; wMwrZwwmum; OayumoarmZif
aAmZijf rwfw&m; (7)yg;udv
k nf; a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf nDrQ
atmif yGm;&rnf jzpfonf/ tvGet
Yf vGef vHv
Yk 0D&,
d avsmeh nf;aejcif;
ur|mef;tmHk om,mrIukd r&&Sjd cif;paom taMumif;w&m;wkaYd Mumifh
bm0empdwo
f nf tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d w
f nf;[laom ur|mef;tmHrk S
wGefYqkwfae\? pdwf"mwf usqif;ae\/ xkdtcg y'doarmZif
orm"doarmZif OayumoarmZif[laom aAmZifjrwfw&m; okH;yg;
d oarmZif yDwo
d armZif
wku
Yd dk ryGm;rsm;ygESi/hf "r0pd ,oarmZif 0D&,
[laom aAmZifjrwfw&m; okH;yg;wkdYukd yGm;ay;yg/ okdY yGm;aomf
pdwf"mwfukd csD;ajrmufay;onf rnf\? usqif;aeaom pdwf"mwfukd
jrifhwifay;jcif;wnf;/
tjyif;txef BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif; (= 0D&d, vGefuJjcif;) paom
taMumif;w&m;wkdYaMumifh bm0empdwfonf wuf<u wkefvIyfvsuf
&Sd\? ysHUvGifhvsuf &Sd\/ xkdtcgrsKd; "r0dp, 0D&d, yDwd[laom
aAmZifjrwfw&m; okH;yg;wkdYukd ryGm;ygESifh/ y'd orm"d Oayum
[laom aAmZijf rwfw&m; ok;H yg;wku
Yd o
dk m yGm;ay;yg/ wuf<uwkev
f yI f
aeaom pdwf"mwf ysHUvGifhaeaom pdwf"mwfukd EdSyfuGyfay;jcif;wnf;/
(oH?3?99 ...t*dokwefESifh tnDwnf;/)
aAm"dac:aom t&d,r*fPfudk &&Szd &Ydk ef taMumif;t*Fg&yfrsm;

jzpfaomaMumifh w&m; (7)yg;wku
Yd kd aAmZi[
f k ac:qko
d nf/ um;
aÈ ig;yg; aAmZif ckepfyg;wkdYukd nDrQatmif usifhykH tusOf;wnf;/
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
orm"dESpfrsKd;wkdY\ xl;jcm;csuf
okv
Yd Qif Munfvifawmufyaeaom tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d u
f dk
tmkH,l aÈ aAmZifwkdYukd nDrQatmif usifhEkdifcJhaomf orm"drSm
&ifhusufoxuf &ifhusufum eufIdif;oxuf eufIdif;um Nidrf0yfoxuf Nidrf0yfum wnfMunfvmayvdrfhrnf/ xkdtcg Oypm&orm"d
e,fajrokdY qkdufa&mufvmNyD jzpf\/ qufvuf ,if;tmemygey#dbm*edrdwfukdyif tmkH,lum orm"dukd xlaxmifcJhaomf Oypm&orm"drS tyemorm"dtqifo
h Ydk ul;wufomG ;Ekid af yonf/ ae&mwGif
,if; y'd orm"d Oayum oarmZiw
f &m;wdYk tm;aumif;vmaom
tcgwGif aAmZiw
f &m;rsm; nDrQa&;twGuf "r0pd ,oarmZif 0D&,
d
oarmZif yDwdoarmZifwnf;[laom aAmZifjrwfw&m; okH;yg;
wku
Yd v
dk nf; yGm;ay;yg/ ,if; Oypm&orm"d tyemorm"d[al om orm"d
ESpfrsKd;wkdY\ xl;jcm;csufukd 0dok'dr*t|uxmu okdY zGihfqkdxm;\/
]]tvGef Munfvifawmufyaom tmemygey#dbm*edrdwf jzpf&m
umvrS pomvQif eD0&Pw&m;wkdYonf cGmxm;tyfNyD;omvQif
jzpfMuukef\/ xkdeD0&Pw&m;wkdYESifh wlaom wnf&m &Sdukefaom
udavomwko
Yd nfvnf; Nird 0f yfpmG tenfxidk o
f mG ;Muukeo
f nfomvQif
jzpfMuukef\/ Oypm&orm"donf bm0empdwfukd tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d t
f mkH aumif;pGm xm;tyfonfomvQif jzpfayonf/ rSeaf yonf
orm"donf Oypm&orm"d tyemorm"d (= psmeform"d)[k ESpfrsKd;
&Sd\/
1/ psmefw&m;wkdY\ qefYusifbuf eD0&Pw&m;wkdYrS a0;uGmonf\
tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif;
2/ psmefw&m;wkdY\ jrJjrHckdifcHhonf\tjzpfokdY a&muf&Sdjcif;aMumifh
vnf;aumif; ----
ESpfrsKd;aom taMumif;w&m;wkdYaMumifh Oypm&bkH[k ac:qkd

tyfaom Oypm&orm"dtckdufvnf;aumif; y#dvmbbkH[k ac:qkd
tyfaom tyempsmefudk &&So
d nft
h cku
d f vnf;aumif; bm0empdwu
f dk
tmemygey#dbm*edrdwfuJhokdYaom orxedrdwftmkH tnDtGwf
aumif;pGm xm;tyf\/ xkEd pS yf g;wkw
Yd iG f Oypm&orm"dtcku
d f (= Oypm&bkH) qefYusifbuf eD0&Pw&m;wkdYukd y,fcGmjcif;jzifh bm0empdwfukd
tmemygey#dbm*edrdwfuJhokdYaom orxedrdwftmkH tnDtGwf
aumif;pGm xm;tyf\? pdwfonf wnfMunfae\/ y#dvmbbkH[k
ac:qkdtyfaom tyempsmefukd &&Sdckduf psmeft*FgwkdY\ xif&Sm;pGm
jzpfay:vmjcif;jzifh bm0empdwfukd tmemygey#dbm*edrdwfuJhokdYaom
orxedrdwftmkH tnDtGwf aumif;pGm xm;tyf\/ bm0empdwf
onf aumif;pGm wnfMunfae\/
qkv
d wUH onfum; orm"dEpS rf sK;d wk\
Yd toD;toD; uGjJ ym;onfudk
jyKaMumif;jzpfaom xl;jcm;csuw
f nf;/ Oypm&orm"dtcku
d f psmeft*Fg
wkdYonfum; pGrf;tif tjynfht0 &SdMuonfum; r[kwfukefao;?
psmeft*FgwkdY\ pGrf;tif tjynfht0 r&SdMuao;onfh tjzpfaMumifh
avmuOyrmrnfonfum; --- rwfwwf&yf oifcgp i,f&,
G Ef ek ,faom
uav;oli,fonf xlr csDr xm;tyfvwfaomf tzefzef ajr
vJus\odYk OyrmtwlyifvQif Oypm&orm"donf jzpfay:vmvwf
aomf pdwo
f nf &Hcg tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d u
f o
hJ aYdk om orxedrw
d u
f dk
tmkHjyK\? &Hcg b0ifokdY oufa&mufoGm;\? b0ifusaewwf\/
okaYd omf tyempsmeform"dtcku
d f um; psmeft*Fgwko
Yd nf pGr;f tif
tjynft
h 0jzifh jzpfay:vmMuuke\
f / xkpd smeft*Fgwk\
Yd pGr;f tif tjynfh
t0jzifh jzpfay:vmonfh twGufaMumifh avmuOyrmrnfonfum;
tm;aumif;armif;oefaom cGet
f m;&Sad om a,mufsm;onf ae&mrS x
wpfaeYywfvkH;aomfvnf; &yfwnfEkdif\okdY OyrmtwlyifvQif
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
tyempsmeform"donf jzpfay:vmvwfaomf psmefpw

d o
f nf wpfBurd f
b0iftvSnfhukd jzwfawmuf wpfnywfvkH;aomfvnf; wnfEkdif\?
wpfaeYywfvkH;aomfvnf; wnfEkdif\? psmefukokdvfaZm pOfumpOfum
qufumqufum\ tpGrf;jzifhomvQif jzpfay:ae\/ onfum;
orm"dESpfrsKd;wkdY\ toD;toD; uGJjym;onfukd jyKaMumiff;jzpfaom xl;jcm;csufwnf;/ (0dok'd?1?123/)
tvkH;pkHaom nOfhywfvkH; tvkH;pkHaom aeYywfvkH; (= wpfaeYvkH;
wpfnvkH;) wnfaeEkdif\[laom pum;&yfukd psmeformywf
0ifpm;aeonfh tcsdefumvukd &nf&G,f t|uxmq&mawmfu
rdefYqkdawmfrljcif; jzpfonf/ (r[m#D?1?148/)
rnfonfhur|mef;ukdrqkd tm;xkwfvkdufonfhtcg orm"dvnf;
tawmftwef jzpfvmaomtcg b0if ususaewwfayonf/ b0ifpdwfrsm; tqufrjywf tjzpfrsm;aerIudk tcsKdUa,m*Drsm;u ]]bmrQ
rodbJ Nidrfaew,f}}[k ajymwwfMu\/ b0ifpdwfonf tmemygey#dbm*edrdwfuJhokdYaom orxtmkHedrdwfESifh ypKyeftmkHrSeforQukd
tmkH rjyKbJ twdwfb0 aocgeD;umv r&PmoEaZmu ,ltyfcJhonfh uH-urerd w
d -f *wderd w
d [
f al om tmko
H ;Hk rsK;d wkw
Yd iG f wpfrsK;d rsK;d aom
tmkHukdom tmkHjyKojzifh a,m*Dyk*dKvftaejzifh bmrQrod[k ajymqkd
aejcif; jzpf\/ ,if;b0ifpdwfu twdwfr&PmoEaZm\ tmkHukd
tmkjH yKaeygonf odaeygonf[al om tcsuu
f v
kd nf; a,m*Dy*k Kd vu
f
aMumif;-usKd;-qufEG,frI y#dporkyg'foabmw&m;wkdYukd vufawGU
IEkdifaomtcgrS rsm;aomtm;jzifh od&SdEkdifayonf/
tvGef&EkdifcJaomt&m
xkdOypm&orm"d tyempsmeform"d[laom ESpfrsKd;aom orm"d
wkdYwGif Oypm&orm"dESifh twlwuG tMuiftmemygey#dbm*edrdwfonf jzpfay:vm\/ xkdy#dbm*edrdwfukd jzpfapjcif;rnfonfum;
tvGef NiKd jiifojzifh jyKtyf\? tvGef jyKEidk cf \

J / xkad Mumifh xkx
d uf0,fyvif wpfxidk w
f nf;jzifyh ifvQif xkt
d memygey#dbm*edrw
d u
f dk tmkjH yK
tyempsmefudk &&Sjd cif;iSm tu,f pGr;f Ekidk cf o
hJ nf jzpft?hH okYd pGr;f Ekid f
onfjzpfayrlum; aumif;jrwfvSonfom jzpfayonf/ tu,f
xkdwpfxkdiftwGif;rSmyif tyempsmefukd &&Sdjcif;iSm rpGrf;Ekdif jzpfcJhaomf
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf xkdtmemygey#dbm*edrdwfukd rarhravsmhonfjzpf --- pMumrif;avmif;jzpfaom ukd,f0efukd zefaygif;acsmif
twGif; oGwfoGif;xm;ouJhokdY yuwdaom rHorsufpdjzifh jrifawGU&aom rdcifu rysufpD;atmif owdBuD;pGmjzifh xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf
ouJhokdY --- apmifha&Smuftyfay\/ tusKd;um; okdYwnf;/ tmemyge
y#dbm*edrdwfukd xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm;
&&SdNyD;aom Oypm&orm"d (= Oypm&psmef)\ ,kwfavsmhoGm;jcif;rnfonf r&Sdpaumif;ay/ &&Sdxm;NyD;aom tmemygey#dbm*edrdwfukd
xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smufro
I nf xif&mS ; r&Sv
d wfygrlum; &wkid ;f &wkid ;f aom
Oypm&orm"d (= Oypm&psmef)onf aysmufysuf oGm;wwf\/
(0dok'd?1?123/)
&&Sdxm;NyD;aom tmemygey#dbm*edrdwfonf aysmufysuf roGm;

cJhaomf xkdtmemygey#dbm*edrdwfvQif tmkH&Sdaom psmefonfvnf;
ravQmusjcif; rqkwf,kwfjcif;oabm &SdonfomvQif jzpfayonf/
tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d u
f dk xde;f odr;f apmifah &SmufrI r&So
d jzifh tmemyge
y#dbm*edrdwfonf aysmufuG,f oGm;vwfaomfrlum; &tyfwkdif;
&tyfwkdif;aom psmefonfvnf; aysmufysuf oGm;wwfonfom
jzpfayonf/ taMumif;rl tmemygepsmef[o
l nfrmS vnf; xkt
d memyge
y#dbm*edrdwfukdom tmkHjyK jzpfay:vm&aom psmefjzpf&um;
xkdtmemygey#dbm*edrdwf tmkHESifh qufpyfvsuf jzpfjcif;oabm
&Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifhwnf;/ (r[m#D?1?148/)
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
yxrpsmeform"dokdY
a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf tvGef Munfvifawmufyaeaom tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftmkH bm0empdwfukd wpfem&D ESpfem&D ponfjzifh
Nird 0f yfpmG uyf wnfaeatmif orm"dudk xlaxmifEidk af omtcg ,if;
tmemygey#dbm*edrdwfonfvnf; txl;ojzifh ykdykd Munfvifawmufyvmaomtcg ,if; tmemygey#dbm*edrdwf tmHkxJ
bm0empdwfonf epfjrKyf oGm;ayvdrfhrnf/ bm0empdwfu ,if;
y#dbm*edrdwf twGif; epfjrKyfaeaomtcg bm0empdwfuvnf;
vIyrf &atmif Nird 0f yfpmG wnfaewwfayonf/ xkt
d cg a,m*Dy*k Kd vf
taejzifh tmZmenfjrif; uxm;aom &xm;udk armif;ESifaeaom
&xm;xde;f onf vrf;k;d vrf;rSeu
f dk rSerf eS o
f mG ;aeaom tmZmenfjrif;wdYk
tay: aMumifhMurI r&SdawmhbJ tnDtrQ tomMunfhaeouJhodkY
tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d t
f wGi;f epfjrKyu
f m Nird 0f yfpmG uyfwnfaeaom
orm"dukd aMumifMh urI awmifw
h rI r&Sb
d J vspv
f sLoabm tv,ftvwf
oabmom wnfatmif xm;yg/ ,if;uJo
h Ydk epfjrKyaf eaom orm"dudk
wpfem&D ESpfem&Dponf wnfwHhatmif qufvuf BudK;pm;yg/ ,if;
tmemygey#dbm*edrdwf tmkHtwGif; bm0empdwf\ epfjrKyfaerI
d pf u
dk pf ;l pl;? txl; jrjJ r?H Itm;oef? psmef[k ac:owwf}}
oabmum; ]pku
[laom v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;\ tqkdtrdefYtwkdif; psmeform"dyif
jzpfayonf/ ,if; psmeform"dukd ckdifcHhatmif qufvuf xlaxmifyg/
0ifpm;rI rsm;ygap - qifjcifrI enf;ygap

xkdtmemygey#dbm*edrdwf tmkH a&muftyf&tyfaom yxrpsmef&Sdaom yxrpsmefukd &opfpjzpfaom tm'durduyk*dKvfonf
psmef0ifpm;rI rsm;ygap? psmeft*Fgukd qifjcifrI enf;ygap/ tjypfum;
psmeft*Fgukd qifjcifjcif; rsm;aom oltm; psmeft*FgwkdYonf kefY&if;
ukefonfjzpf xifvmukef\? tm;r&Sdonfjzpf xifvmukef\/

(0dok'd?1?148/)
psmeft*Fgrsm;ukd qifjcifjcif; rsm;onfhtwGuf psmeft*FgwkdYonf

xif&Sm;ukefonf\ tjzpfaMumifh kefY&if;Murf;wrf;ukefonfjzpf
xifvmukef\/ psmef0ifpm;rIukd EkdifEkdifeif;eif; uRrf;uRrf;usifusifjzifh
pGr;f tm; Bu;D rm;onf\ tjzpfoYdk ra&mufaptyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh
psmeft*Fgwko
Yd nf todPf xif&mS ;aomfvnf; tm;enf;onfjzpf
xifvmukef\/ (r[m#D?1?178/)
xkdokdY todPf xifvmvwfaomf xkda,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm;
xkdpsmeft*FgwkdYonf okdY kefY&if;Murf;wrf;aomoabm pGrf;tif
enf;yg;aomtm;jzifh xifvmonf\ tjzpfaMumifh tmemygewd
orm"dbm0emjzifh txuftxufpsmefoYdk wufjcif;iSm taMumif;w&m;
jzpfrIokdY ra&mufEkdifMuukef/ xkda,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf &&SdNyD;aom
psmefudk 0oDabmfig;wef Ekid ef if;atmif ryGm;rsm;tyf ravhvmtyfonf&Sdaomf 'kwd,psmef paom txuftxufpsmefukd &pdrfhaomiSm
tm;xkwfygaomfvnf; &&SdNyD;aom yxrpsmefrSvnf; qkwf,kwf
oGm;wwf\/ 'kw,
d psmefoYdk a&muf&jdS cif;iSmvnf; rpGr;f Ekid f jzpfwwf\/
(0dok'd?1?148/ r[m#D?1?178)
yxrpsmef\ psmeft*Fgig;yg;
1/ 0dwuf
2/ 0dpm&
3/ yDwd
4/ okc
= tmemygey#dbm*edrdwf tmkHay:okdY pdwfukd a&S;SL

wifay;jcif;oabm?
= tmemygey#dbm*edrdwf tmkHukd xyfumxyfum
okH;oyfqifjcifjcif;oabm?
= tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d f tmku
H dk ESpo
f ufjcif;oabm?
= tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d f tmk\
H t&omukd csr;f csr;f
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
omom cHpm;jcif;oabm?
5/ {u*wm = tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d t
f mkH wpfcw
k nf;ay:okYd pdwf
usa&muf wnfNidrfaejcif;oabm/
0oDabmf ig;wef
1/ tm0Ze0oD
= psmef0ifpm; psmefrS xum psmeft*Fgrsm;ukd

tvkd&Sdwkdif; qifjcifEkdifpGrf; &Sdjcif;?
2/ ormyZe0oD = psmefudk tvk&d o
dS vkd tvk&d w
dS idk ;f 0ifpm;Ekid pf rG ;f
&Sjd cif;?
3/ t"d|me0oD
= psmefukd wpfem&D ESpfem&D ponfjzifh tvkd&Sd
oavmuf tcsdefumvukd ykdif;jcm; t"d
|mef 0ifpm;EkdifpGrf; &Sdjcif;?
4/ 0k|me0oD
= ykdif;jcm;xm;aom tcsdefumv aphaomf
psmefrS xEkdifpGrf; &Sdjcif;?
5/ ypa0uPm0oD = psmeft*FgwkdYkukd tvkd&Sdovkd qifjcifEkdifpGrf;
&Sdjcif;/
psmeft*FgwkdYukd tjrefqkH; qifjcifEkdifaom raem'Gg&m0Zef;\
owdukd tm0Ze0oD[k ac:qkd psmeft*Fgukdyif tjrefqkH; qifjcifEkid af om ypa0uPmaZm\ owu
d dk ypa0uPm0oD[k ac:qko
d nf/
,if;raem'Gg&m0Zef; ,if;ypa0uPmaZmwkdYum; raem'Gg&0Dxd
wpf0x
D \
d twGi;f pdwu
P
wpfcNk y;D wpfck jzpfEidk af om w&m;wko
Yd m
jzpfMuonf/ (0dok'd?1?149-150/ r[m#D?1?178-180/ Munfh/)
raem'Gg& = b0ifraemtMunf
yb&rd'H bdua0 pdwH/ (tH?1?9/)
yb&Ed y@&H y&dok'H/ pdwEd b0*FpdwH/ (tH?|?1?45/)
txufyg ygVdawmf t|uxmwkdYESifh tnD b0ifpdwfum;

d
Munfvifvsuf &S\
d / ,if;b0ifpw
d u
f ydk if raem'Gg&H ye b0*FEd y0kpw
[laom tbd"rwo*F[ESifhtnD raem'Gg&[k ac:qkd\/
pdwf ta&miftvif; &Syd govm;[k ar;&ef &S\

d / ]]u ye pdw
0aPm emr tww
D d ew/d (tH?|?1?45)/ pdw0f ,f 0Prnfaom ta&mif
tqif;onf &Sdygoavm r&Sdyg }}-- [laom t*kFw&t|uxmESifh
tnD b0ifpdwfvnf; ta&miftqif; r&Sday/ okdYaomf b0ifpdwf
onfvnf; pdwZkyfuvmyfukd jzpfapEkdifonfh pGrf;tm; &Sd\/ ,if;b0ifpdwfaMumifh jzpfaom pdwZkyfuvmyfwkdYwGif yg0ifwnf&Sdaom
0P"mwf (= lygkH)onf b0ifpdwfESifh ,SOfwGJvsuf&Sdaom Pf\
tmEkabmfu Bu;D vQiBf u;D ovkd ao;vQiaf o;ovkd Munfvifawmufy
aom oabm&Sd\/ wpfzef ,if; pdwZkyfuvmyfwkdif;wGif awaZm
"mwf (= Owk) yg0ifvsuf &Sd\/ ,if;awaZm"mwf (= Owk)uvnf;
OwkZkyfuvmyf topfopfukd qifhuJqifhuJ jzpfay:apjyef\/ ,if;
OwkZkyfwkdYwGif yg0ifwnf&Sdaom 0P"mwf (= lygkH)uvnf; b0if
pdwfESifh ,SOfwGJvsuf&Sdaom Pf\ tmEkabmfu BuD;vQifBuD;ovkd
ao;vQifao;ovkd Munfvifawmufyjcif;oabm &Sd\/ ,if;ESpfrsKd;
aom kyfw&m;wkdY\ MunfvifawmufyrIukdyif zvlypm&
pm&tm;jzifh
wifpm; taMumif;jzpfaom b0ifuydk if tpGjJ yK b0ifraemtMunf
[k ac:a0:okH;pGJxm;ygonf/
y&dok' - y&da,m'gw - yb&

y&dok'wma,0 y&da,m'gaw
,m'gaw?? yba&wd 0kwH a[mwd/
(0dok'd?2?5/)
y&do'k w
m a,0 = xuf0ef;usif pifMu,fonf\tjzpfaMumifyh ifvQif/ y&da,m'gaw = xuf0ef;usif jzLpifNyD;vwfaomf/ yba&
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
= NydK;NydK;jyuf ta&mif &Sdvwfaomf/ wd = okdY / 0kwH = qkdvkdonf/

a[mwd = jzpf\/ (0dok'dr*fed,?3?12/ jynf/)
txufyg bmomjyefqkdcsufrSm jynfq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\
bmomjyefqkdawmfrlcsuf jzpfygonf/
tzGifhrsm;t& ]]y&dok'}} ]]y&da,m'gw}} ]]yb&}}
]]yb&}}wkdYrSm
t"dyg ,fwl pum;vk;H rsm;om jzpfMuonf[k rSwyf g/ okaYd omf b0ifpdwfrSm twdwfu jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhaom t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gefwkdYu
tm;ay;axmufyHhxm;tyfaom ocFg& uHwkdYaMumifh b0wpfavQmuf
0,f pdwftpOf rjywfpJa&;twGuf jzpfay:vm&aom 0dygufpdwf
wpfrsKd;om jzpfojzifh xkdxkdukd,ftrlt&m EIwftrlt&m pdwftrlt&m
wkdYukd jzpfapwwfukefaom ukokdvf tukokdvf Bud,mpdwfwkdYuJhodkY
pGr;f tif rBu;D rm;vSay/ tm;enf;aomoabm &So
d jzifh ,if;b0ifpw
d f
ukd tpGjJ yK jzpfay:vmaom b0ifraemtMunf"mwfrmS vnf; orx
Pfa&mif 0dyemPfa&mifwkdYuJhokdY tm;raumif;bJ ESvkH;tdrf
0ef;usiaf vmufwiG o
f m ysUH ESUH wnf&adS eayonf/ okaYd omf tmkH (6)rsK;d
wku
Yd m; ,if;b0ifraemtMunf"mwf xku
d o
f vkd xifvmMuayonf/
xkdtcg raem"mwf raem0dnmP"mwfac:aom emrfw&m;pkwkdYonf
b0ifraemtMunf"mwfuydk if tpGjJ yK [',0wKyk u
f ydk if rSw
D ,
G u
f m
xifvmaom tmkHukd tmkHjyKvsuf jzpfay:vmMuayonf/
tmemygey#dbm*edrdwfukd tmkHrlaeMuaom yxrpsmef\
psmeft*Fg ig;yg;wko
Yd nfvnf;aumif; ,if;psmeft*FgwkEYd iS hf ,SOw
f v
JG suf
&SdMuaom psmefemrfw&m;pkwkdYonfvnf;aumif; ,if;b0ifraemtMunf"mwfukdyif tpGJjyK [',0wKkyfudk rSDwG,fum ,if;b0if
raemtMunf"mwfwGif xifvmaom tmemygey#dbm*edrdwfukdyif
tmkHjyKvsuf jzpfay:vmMuayonf/
psmeft*FgwkdYukd odrf;qnf;ykH
yxrpsmef\ psmeft*Fgwku
Yd dk odr;f qnf;vkad om a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vf
onf ,if;b0ifraemtMunf"mwf (= raem'Gg&)ukd odrf;qnf;wwfzkdY
odrf;qnf;xm;NyD;jzpfzkdY Pfjzifh ykdif;jcm;,lNyD;jzpfzkdY vkdtyfayonf/
rZdredum,f? Oy&dyPmoygVdawmf? tEky'okwef (r?3?75-79??)0,f
t&Sifom&dykw&m ukd,fawmfjrwfBuD;onf psmeft*FgwkdYESifh wuGaom
psme"rtrnf&aom psmefemrfw&m;pkwu
Ydk dk wpfv;Hk pD wpfv;Hk pD Pfjzifh
ykid ;f jcm;,lEidk af Mumif;ukv
d nf;aumif; xifxif&mS ;&Sm; odawmfral Mumif;
ukv
d nf;aumif; ,if;w&m;wk\
Yd jzpfr-I wnfr-I ysurf u
I dk xifxif&mS ;&Sm;
odvsuf 0dyemIyGm;okH;oyfEkdifaMumif;ukdvnf;aumif; bk&m;&Sif
uk,
d af wmfwidk u
f 0efcv
H suf a[mMum;xm;awmfr\
l / (yxrpsmefro
S nf
tmudnm,wepsmefokdYwkdifatmif tEky'"r0dyem = y&rw
"mwfom; wpfvkH;pD wpfvkH;pDukd cGJjcm;pdwfjzm 0dyemI&aom
enf;pepfjzifh 0dyemIawmfrl\/ ae0onmemonm,wepsmef
ukdum; uvmyoroeenf;tm;jzifh aygif;pkjcHKikHum 0dyem IyGm;
okH;oyfawmfrl\/) (r?3?78/ r?|?4?61/)
xkdokdY IEkdif&jcif;\ taMumif;ukdvnf; t|uxmq&mawmfu d wm,
0wm& rPmeH y&
y&dd **[
wm,// (r?|?4?60) 0wK (= 'Gg& = raem'Gg& )ESihf
w
tmemygey#dbm*edrdwf uokdPf;y#dbm*edrdwfpaom orxtmkH
edrw
d u
f dk yl;wGo
J rd ;f qnf;vsuf ,if;psmefemrfw&m;wku
Yd dk odr;f qnf;Ekid f
onft
h wGuaf Mumifh xku
d o
hJ Ydk 0dyemIymG ;ok;H oyfawmfrEl idk af Mumif;udk
&Sif;vif; wifjyxm;\/
Oya'oum; --- ynmt&mwGif xdyfwef; {w'*fbGJUxl;BuD;ukd
qifjref;oGm;awmfral om t&Sio
f m&dyw
k & m uk,
d af wmfjrwfBu;D uk,
d w
f idk f
kdaopGm OD;xdyf&Gufyefqifvsuf vkdufem jyKusifhoGm;awmfrlaom
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
emrfur|mef;ukd tm;opfyHk emrfw&m;wku

Yd dk odr;f qnf;ykH a&S;xk;H a[mif;
Oya'oBuD;yif jzpf\/ a&S;xkH;a[mif; Oya'oukd psmeft*FgwkdYukd
vnf;aumif; psmeft*FgESifh wuGaom psmefemrfw&m;pkwkdYukdvnf;aumif; odrf;qnf;vkdaom (= Pfjzifh ykdif;jcm;,lvkdaom) 0dyem
vnf; IyGm;okH;oyfvkdaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonfvnf; kdaopGm
OD;xdyf&Gufyefqif vkdufemjyKusifh&rnfom jzpfayonf/
okdYtwGuf a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf tvGef Munfvifawmufyae
aom tmemygey#dbm*edrdwfukd tmkH,lum bm0empdwfukd wpfem&D
ESpef m&D ponfjzifh ,if;tmkH Nird 0f yfpmG uyf wnfaeatmif epfjrKyf
aeatmif orm"dudk xlaxmifEikd af omtcg (= psmef0ifpm;Edik af omtcg)
,if;psmefrS x b0ifraemtMunf\ wnf&m ESv;Hk tdrt
f wGi;f [',
0wK &Sd&mbufokdY vSrf;tmkH ,lMunfhyg/ Budrfzefrsm;pGm avhusifhygu
[',0wKkyfukd rSDjzpfaeaom b0ifraemtMunf (= raem'Gg&)ukd
vnf;aumif; ,if;raem'Gg&wGif xifaeaom tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d f
ukdvnf;aumif; vG,fulpGm odrf;qnf;Ekdifrnf jzpfayonf/ xkdtcg
,if;b0ifraemtMunf (= raem'Gg&)wGif ,if;tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d f
tmkHu a&S;Ixifjcif;okdY a&mufaomtcg (= a&S;Iusa&mufvmaom
tcg) ,if;tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d t
f mku
H dk tmkjH yKaeaom tmkrH al e
aom psmeft*Fgwku
Yd dk wpfv;Hk pD xifxif&mS ;&Sm; odatmif odr;f qnf;yg/
Oyrm - 0dwufukd odrf;qnf;yg/ Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum
avhusifhyg/ xkdaemif wpfzef yxrpsmefukd jyef0ifpm;yg/ psmefrSxum
'Gg&ESihf tmku
H dk tvm;wl yl;wGo
J rd ;f qnf;vsuf 0dpm&ukd odr;f qnf;yg/
okv
Yd Qif psmefudk 0ifpm;vku
d f psmefrS xum psmeft*Fgwku
Yd dk odr;f qnf;
vkduf -- okdY ponfjzifh Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum avhusifhaomf
psmeft*Fgwku
Yd dk wpfv;Hk pD xifxif&mS ;&Sm; odr;f qnf;Ekid rf nf jzpfayonf/
xkdaemif wpfzef psmefukd jyef0ifpm;um psmefrSxNyD;vQif tvm;wlyif
b0ifraemtMunf (= raem'Gg&) ESihf tmemygey#dbm*edrw

d u
f dk yl;wGJ
odr;f qnf;vsuf psmeft*Fg (5)yg;vk;H ukd NyKd iw
f l jrifatmif Iyg? odr;f qnf;
yg/ atmifjrifrIukd &&Sdygu 0oDabmfig;wef Ekdifeif;atmif qufvuf
avhusifhyg/
emrfur|mef;ukd rodrf;qnf;&ao;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf
taejzifh tm0Ze0oDESifh ypa0uPm0oDukd cGJjcm;EkdifzkdY&efum; rjzpf
Ekdifao;ay/ ]]psmeft*FgwkdYum; raem'Gg&m0Zef;jzifh odaeaom
psmeft*Fgwkw
Yd nf;? psmeft*Fgwku
Yd m; ypa0uPmaZmwkjYd zifh xk;d xGi;f
odaeaom psmeft*FgwkdYwnf;}} odkY cGJjcm;zkdY&ef rvG,fulao; [lvkdonf/ psmeft*Fgwku
Yd dk qifjcif&m psmefrS xNy;D psmeft*Fgwku
Yd dk qifjcif
vkduf&m puefYykdif;avmuf twGif;rSmyif psmeft*FgwkdYukd qifjcifvkdY
&&SdEkdifygu tm0Ze0oDESifh ypa0uPm0oDabmfwkdYukd Ekdifeif;NyD[k
qkdEkdifayNyD/
'kwd,psmefokdY
0oDabmfig;wefwYdk 0oDajrmufatmif Ekid Ef idk ef if;eif; avhusihf
NyD;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf t0g;0pGm avhvmxm;tyfNyD;aom
yxrpsmefrS x --1/ yxrpsmeformywfonf (eD0&Pudk y,fcmG &m0,f yxrOD;qk;H
jzpfjcif;aMumifh) eD;uyfaom eD0&P&efol &Sd\/
2/ 0dwuf 0dpm&wk\
Yd ke&Yf if;onf\ tjzpfaMumifh (usK;d ysuv
f ,
G af om
oabm &Sd&um;) tm;enf;aom psmeft*Fg &Sd\/
okdYvQif yxrpsmef tjypfukd jrifatmif I
3/ yDwd okc {u*wm[laom psmeft*Fg ok;H yg;&Sad om 'kw,
d psmefudk
Nidrfoufaom w&m;[k ESvkH;oGif;
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
4/ yxrpsmef vkcd siif u

hJ u
G f woufouf&jdS cif; (= eduEd )ukd ukeaf p
'kwd,psmefukd &&Sdjcif;iSm
tmemygewdorm"dbm0em tm;xkwfjcif;ukd jyKtyf\?
tmemygey#dbm*edrdwf tmkHukdyif (txufyg OD;wnfcsuf av;rsKd;
jzifh) pl;pl;pkdufpkduf Ityf\/
tqifh tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d f tmku
H dk rrSwyf gESi?hf pku
d o
f m
Munfah eyg? Iaeyg/ 0ifav+xGuaf v[k rSwaf ecJah omf ]]0dwu0pd m&m
0pDocFga&m
a&m/}}}} (r?1?375/) [lonfESifh tnD ]0ifav+xGufav}[k
rSwfaerI pdwfjzifh &GwfqkdaerI 0pDocFg&ukd 0dwuf 0dpm&wkdYu jyKjyif
ay;aeojzifh 0dwuf 0dpm&wkYd rjyKwEf idk f &Sw
d wf\/ jyKwo
f mG ;aomfvnf;
jyefjyef0ifaewwf\/ xkaYd Mumifh 'kw,
d psmefoYdk ul;onft
h ykid ;f rS p
txufykdif;psmefwkdY rrSwfygESifh/ tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftmkHukdom
pkdufMunfhaeyg? Iaeyg/
xko
d Ydk BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwv
f wfaomf xkad ,m*g0p&yk*Kd vt
f m; tMuif
tcg yxrpsmefrS x (= yxrpsmefoYdk wpfzef jyefqu
dk Nf y;D ,if;psmefrS
wpfzef jyefx) tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d u
f ydk if odr;f qnf;wwf trSwf
&wwfaom owdESifh jynfhpkHonfjzpf tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftmkH
ukdyif xkd;xkd;xGif;xGif; vif;vif;xifxif odjrifwwfaom orZOf
PfESifh jynfhpkHonfjzpf psmeft*FgwkdYukd a&S;SL Pfjzifh ouf0if
qifjcifpOf 0dwuf 0dpm&wkdYonf kefY&if;aomtm;jzifh xifvmukef\?
yDwd okconfvnf;aumif; pdawu*wm (= {u*wm) onfvnf;aumif; Nidrfoufaomtm;jzifh xifvm\/ xkdtcg kefY&if;aom
psmeft*Fgukd y,fjcif;iSmvnf;aumif; Nidrfoufaom psmeft*Fgukd
&&Sjd cif;iSmvnf;aumif; xkt
d memygey#dbm*edrw
d t
f mku
H ydk if tzefzef
txyfxyf ESvkH;oGif;tyf\? pl;pl;pkdufpkduf Ityf\/ xkdokdY ESvkH;oGif;
IyGm;vsuf&Sdaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef yDwd okc {u*wm
[laom psmeft*Fgok;H yg; &Sad om 'kw,

d psmefonf jzpfay:vmayvwUH /
(0dok'd?1?150-151/)
wwd,psmefokdY
,if;okdY &&SdtyfNyD;aom 'kwd,psmefukdvnf; 0oDabmf ig;wef
Ekid ef if;atmif avhusiyhf g/ okaYd om bm0emtpOfjzifh 'kw,
d psmefu-dk
vnf; &tyfNyD;onf&Sdaomf ,if;'kwd,psmefukd 0oDabmf ig;wefwkdYjzifh
Ekid Ef idk ef if;eif; avhusiNhf y;D aom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf 0oDabmf ig;wef
wkdYjzifh t0g;0pGm EkdifEkdifeif;eif; avhusifhNyD;&m 'kwd,psmefrS x --1/ 'kwd,psmeformywfonf eD;uyfaom 0dwuf 0dpm& [laom
&efol &Sd\/
2/ xk'd w
k ,
d psmeformywf pdw\
f avmufvufay:onf\tjzpf
[laom ay:vGifaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifhjzpfaom tMuifyDwd
onf &Sd\/ ,if; yDwdaMumifhyifvQif 'kwd,psmefukd kefY&if;Murf;wrf;\[l qkdtyf\/ ('D?1?34/) ---- okdY bk&m;&Sif
a[mMum;xm;awmfrt
l yfaom yDw\
d ke&Yf if;onft
h wGuaf Mumifh
tm;enf;aom psmeft*Fg &Sd\/
okdYvQif 'kwd,psmeformywf tjypfa'goukd jrifatmifI
3/ okc {u*wm [laom psmeft*Fg ESpfyg; &Sdaom wwd,psmefudk
Nidrfoufaomtm;jzifh ESvHk;oGif;
4/ 'kw,
d psmef vdck siif u
hJ u
G f woufouf &Sjd cif; (= eduEd )udk uke-f
ap wwd,psmefudk &&Sdjcif;iSm
tmemygewdorm"dbm0em tm;xkwfjcif;ukd jyKtyf\/
tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d t
f mHu
k ykd if (txufyg OD;wnfcsuf av;rsK;d jzif)h
pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf Ityf\/ (0dok'd?1?153-154/)
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
xdo
k Ykd BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwv
f wfaomf 'kw,
d psmefoyYkd if wpfzef jyef
qdkufa&mufoGm;ayvwHU? xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; tMuiftcg xdk
'kw,
d psmefrS x tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d f tmHu
k ykd if odr;f qnf;wwf
trSw&f wwfaom owdEiS hf jynfph o
Hk nfjzpf tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d f
tmku
H ydk if xd;k xd;k xGi;f xGi;f vif;vif;xifxif odjrifwwfaom orZOfPfESifh jynfhpHkonfjzpf psmeft*FgwdkYudk a&S;SL Pfouf0if
qifjcifpOf yDwo
d nf ke&Yf if;aomtm;jzifh xifvm\/ okconfvnf;aumif; {u*wmonfvnf;aumif; Nird o
f ufaomtm;jzifh xifvm\/
xdt
k cg ke&Yf if;aom psmeft*Fgudk y,fjcif;iSmvnf;aumif; Nird o
f ufaom psmeft*Fgukd &&Sdjcif;iSmvnf;aumif; xkdtmemygey#dbm*edrdwf
tmHkudkyifvQif tzefzef txyfxyf ESvHk;oGif;tyf\? pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf
Ityf\/ xdkodkY ESvHk;oGif;IyGm;aeaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef
okc {u*wm [laom psmeft*Fg ESpfyg;&Sdaom wwd,psmefonf
jzpfay:vmayvwHU/ (0dok'd?1?154/)
wwd,psmef wMwrZww
m apwodu[
f al om wMwrZwK ayumonf 0dwuf 0dpm& yDwdwdkY r&Sdjcif;aMumifh tvGef ay:vGifxif
&Sm;ae\/ wwd,psmefcsr;f omudyk if tnDtrQ vspv
f sLIEikd o
f l owd&o
dS l
csr;f ompGm aeavh&o
dS [
l k bk&m;tp&Sad om t&d,molawmfaumif;wdu
Yk
,if;wwd,psmefESifh jynfhpHkaom yk*dKvfudk csD;rGrf;ajrmufpm;awmfrlMu
uke\
f / psmef tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d f tmHk bm0empdwu
f kd tnDtrQ tv,ftvwf vspfvsLoabm xm;Edkifonfh wMwrZwwm
apwoduf\ pGrf;tm; ,if;tmHkukd trSwf&aerI owd\ pGrf;tm;
,if;tmkH\ t&omudk csrf;csrf;omom cHpm;aerI okc\ pGrf;tm;--pGrf;tm;wdkYum; tvGef ay:vGifxif&Sm;vsuf tvGef jrifhrm;vsuf
&Sd Mu\/ avmuDock wdw
Yk iG f wwd,psmefock um; tjrifrh m;qH;k jzpf\/
txuftxufpsmefwdkY okca0'em r,SOfbJ Oayuma0'emom
,SOfaomaMumifh jzpf\/ ,if; wwd,psmefudkvnf; 0oDabmf ig;wef

Edkifeif;atmif avhusifhyg/
pwkwpsmefodkY
odkYaom bm0emtpOfjzifh xdkwwd,psmefudkvnf; &tyfNyD;
onf&Sdaomf qdktyfcJhNyD;onfh enf;twdkif;yifvQif ,if;wwd,psmefudkvnf; 0oDabmf ig;wefwkdYjzifh EkdifEkdifeif;eif; avhusifhtyfNyD;aom
a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf 0oDabmf ig;wefwjYdk zifh t0g;0pGm Ekid Ef idk ef if;eif;
avhusifhNyD;&m wwd,psmefrS x --1/ wwd,psmef ormywfonf ]yDwd}[laom eD;uyfaom &efol
&Sd\/
2/ tMuif psmeft*Fgukd ]okc}[l pdwf\ ESvkH;oGif;jcif;onf &Sd\?
okcaMumifyh ifvQif xkw
d wd,psmefudk ke&Yf if;\[l qkt
d yf\??
l yfaom okc\ ke&Yf if;
('D?1?34??) ---- okYd a[mMum;xm;awmfrt
onf\ tjzpfaMumifh tm;enf;aom psmeft*Fg &Sd\/
okv
Yd Qif xkw
d wd,psmeformywf\ tjypfa'goukd jrifatmifI
3/ Oayum {u*wm[laom psmeft*Fg ESpyf g; &Sad om pwkwp smefudk
Nidrfoufaomtm;jzifh ESvkH;oGif;
4/ wwd,psmef vkdcsifiJhuGuf woufouf&Sd jcif; (= eduEd ) ukd
ukefap pwkwpsmefudk &&Sdjcif;iSm
tmemygewdorm"dbm0em tm;xkwfjcif;ukd jyKtyf\?
tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d t
f mku
H ykd if (txufyg OD;wnfcsuf av;rsK;d jzif)h
pl;pl;pkdufpkduf Ityf\/ (0dok'd?1?159/)
xko
d Ydk tywfwukwf BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwv
f wfaomf wwd,psmefoyYdk if
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
jyefvnf qkdufa&mufayvwHU/ tMuiftcg xkdwwd,psmefrS x

tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d t
f mku
H ydk if odr;f qnf;wwf trSw&f wwfaom
owdESifh jynfhpkHonfjzpf tmemygey#dbm*edrdwf tmkHukdyif xkd;xkd;
xGi;f xGi;f vif;vif;xifxif odjrifwwfaom orZOfPfEiS hf jynfph -Hk
onfjzpf psmeft*FgwkdYukd a&S;S L Pfouf0if qifjcifpOf qifjcif
aom xkd&[ef;\ Pf apwoduaomre[k ac:qkdtyfaom
okconf kefY&if;aomtm;jzifh xifvm\/ Oayuma0'emonfomvQifvnf;aumif; pdawu*wmonfvnf;aumif; Nidrfoufaom
tm;jzifh xifvm\/ xkdtcg kefY&if;aom psmeft*Fgukd y,fjcif;iSmvnf;aumif; Nidrfoufaom psmeft*Fgukd &&Sdjcif;iSmvnf;aumif;
xkdtmemygey#dbm*edrdwf tmkHukdyifvQif tzefzef txyfxyf
ESvkH;oGif;aeyg? pl;pl;pkdufpkduf Iaeyg/ xkdokdY ESvkH;oGif; IyGm;aeaom
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef Oayum {u*wm[laom psmeft*Fg
ESpfyg; &Sdaom pwkwpsmefonf jzpfay:vmayvwHU/ (0dok'd?1?159/)
,if;pwkwpsmefukdvnf; 0oDabmf ig;wef Ekdifeif;atmif avhusifhyg/
a0'emudk y,fpOf
1/
2/
3/
4/
um,du'kua0'emukd yxrpsmef\ Oypm&cP

apwodua'grea0'emukd 'kwd,psmef\ Oypm&cP
um,duokca0'emukd wwd,psmef\ Oypm&cP
apwoduaomrea0'emukd pwkwpsmef\ Oypm&cP --toD;toD; y,ftyf\/ (oH?3?188-189/ 0dok'd?1?160/)
pwkwpsmef\ xl;jcm;aom rSwfausmuf

pwkwp smae twdock ak rm ty0wad r0 ygykPmwd/ (0do'k ?d 1?267??)
twdock ak rmwd tnw vArmaem um,ocFga&m pwkwZ mae

twduE o
ck ak rm/ okcrk bma0gyd ww ew?d ukawm MoVm&duwm
ty0weawm/ awem[ ]ty0wad r0 ygykPmwD}wd/ (r[m#D?1?323??)
pwkwp smef 0ifoufav+xGuo
f ufav (= tmoymoum,ocFg&)onf odraf rGUEl;nHjh cif;ukd vGeo
f mG ;\? rjzpfjcif;oko
Yd mvQif
a&muf&SdoGm;\/ (0dok'd?1?267/)
twdock rk (= tvGef odraf rGUEl;nH\
h = vGeaf om odraf rGUEl;nhjH cif;
&Sd\/) [lonf yxrpsmef 'kwd,psmef wwd,psmef[laom tjcm;
tjcm;aom psmefwYdk &tyfaom tmoymoum,ocFg&onf
pwkwp smef odraf rGUEl;nHrh u
I dk ausmv
f eG o
f mG ;\/ xkt
d moymo
um,ocFg&\ xkdpwkwpsmef odrfarGUEl;nHhonf\ tjzpfaomfvnf;
r&Sd jzpfwaHk o;\? ke&Yf if;onf\ tjzpfum; tb,frmS vQif jzpfEidk af wmh
tHhenf;/ xkdaMumifh --- ty0wdar0 ygykPmwd = rjzpfjcif;okdYomvQif
a&muf&SdoGm;\ --- [k t|uxmq&mawmfwkdYu rdefYqkdawmfrlMujcif;
jzpf\/ (r[m#D?1?323/)
'DCbmPu rZdrbmPu oH,kwbmPu[laom xkdxkd
bmPu rax&fjrwfw\
Ydk tvkt
d wkid ;f t|uxmu zGiq
hf adk wmfrjl cif;
jzpf\/ (0dok'd?1?267/)
pwkwZmeormyEmeH/ (0dok'd?1?275/) --- pwkwpsmefukd 0ifpm;
aeaom yk*Kd vw
f \
Ydk oEmef tmoymowkYd r&Sad Mumif;ukv
d nf;
t|uxmu zGiq
hf x
dk m;awmfr\
l / okaYd omf t&m a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vf
taejzifh owdjyKoifhaom tcsufwpf&yf &Sdaeay\/ a,m*Dyk*dKvfu
]]pwkwp smefoYdk ig qku
d af &mufavNy}D }[k rdru
d ,
dk u
f kd rdrd ,kMH unf,q
l aomtcg ]]igonf toufS Lavoavm rS Lavoavm}[k cP
cP rqef;ppfygESi/hf xko
d Ydk qef;ppfaeygu pl;prf;qifjcifrI (= "r0pd ,
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
oarmZi)f u vGeu
f aJ eojzifh orm"dvnf; ysujf ym;wwf &&Sx
d m;Ny;D
onfh psmefrv
S nf; avQmuswwfonf/ pwkwp smeformywfuo
dk mvQif
(rSefonf[k ,lqvQif) ckdifcHhatmif wnfwHhatmif rsm;rsm; 0ifpm;
aeygOD;/ taMumif;rSm okdY jzpf\/
pwkwpsmeform"d tckduf touf rS Laomfvnf; wpfenf;
qkd&aomf pwkwpsmeformywfonf tmoymoukd rjzpfap
aomfvnf; --- psmeft*Fgukd jyefvnf qifjcifaeaom raem'Gg&du
ypa0uPmaZm0Dxd toufSL-rSLudk jyefvnf qifjcifaeaom
umraZm raem'Gg&du aZm0Dxpd w
d w
f rYdk mS (emrfw&m;pkwrYdk mS ) tmo
ymoukdjzpfapaom raem'Gg&duaZm0DxdpdwftpOfwkdY jzpfMu\/
xkdaMumifh toufS L-rS Lukd jyefvnf qef;ppfaeaomtcg ,if;okdY
qef;ppfaeaom umraZm raem'Gg&duaZm0DxdpdwfwkdYaMumifh jzpfay:
vmaom tvGef odrfarGUEl;nHhaom tmoymoukd (= touf
aiGUaiGUuav; SLaeonfukd) tcsKdUa,m*Drsm;onf owdjyKaerdwwf
Mu\/ pwkwpsmeformywftckduf toufrSLaomfvnf; touf
SL-rSLukd jyefvnfqef;ppfaomtckduf toufSLaejcif;om jzpf\/
xkdaMumifh pwkwpsmefukd &cgp tpykdif;wGif toufSL-rSLukd
qef;ppfrI rjyKao;bJ pwkwpsmefukd 0ifpm;rIukdom rsm;rsm;jyKvkyfyg/
auseyfrI &&Sad omtcgrS toufSL-rSLukd jyefvnfqef;ppfyg/ Oayum
{u*wm[laom psmeft*Fg ESpfyg;wkdYrSmvnf; pwkwpsmef\ Oypm&orm"dtckdufvnf; xif&Sm;aewwf&um; pwkwpsmef\ Oypm&orm"dtcku
d f jzpfay:aeaom ]Oayum {u*wm}[laom psmeft*FgwkdYESifh pwkwpsmeftckduf jzpfay:aewwfaom ]Oayum {u*wm}
[laom psmeft*FgwkdYonf tenf;i,f a&maxG;wwfonf/ Oypm&orm"d tckduf toufS L rI &Sd\? &Hcg b0ifusaewwf\/ okdYaomf
pwkwp smeform"dtcku
d f txl;ojzifh pwkwp smeformywfukd 0ifpm;
cdkuf toufrSLay/ ,if;orm"dukdvnf; Mum&SnfpGm wnfwHhaeatmif b0ifusrI r&Sdatmif a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfu &Gufaqmifxm;Ekdifayonf/

a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf ,if;pwkwp smeform"duv
dk nf; 0oDabmf
ig;wef Ekdifeif;atmif avhusifh&\/ ,if;pwkwpsmeform"daMumifh
jzpfay:vmaom Pfvif;a&mifjcnfprG ;f tifrsm; y&da,m'gw = NyKd ;NyKd ;
jyufjyuf wvufvuf awmufyvmonfh wkdifatmif avhusifhyg/
xkdtcg0,f 0dyemokdY ul;vkdu ul;EkdifNyD/
tu,f ajr-a&-rD;-avwkEYd iS hf wlnaD om pdw"f mwfrsm; ude;f 0yfvmatmif yx0DuodkPf;ponfh uokdPf;ur|mef;wkdYukd ul;ajymif;
tm;xkwfvkduvnf; tm;xkwfEkdifayNyD/ wGif uokdPf;tm;xkwfykH
pepfukd tusOf;csKyfum wifjyaytHh/
!!!
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
(32) aum|mookdY
,if; pwkwpsmeform"daMumifh wpfenf; - orm"dESifh ,SOfaom
PfaMumifh tvif;a&mifrsm; NydK;NydK;jyufjyuf wvufvuf awmufy
vmaomtcg psmefrSxum ,if; vif;a&mifjcnf tultnDjzifh (32)aum|mowkdYukd tZw (= rdrdukd,f)u p odrf;qnf;yg/
1/
2/
3/
4/
qHyif arG;nif; ajconf; vufonf; oGm; ta&

tom; taMum tkd; kd;wGif;jcifqD tndKU = ausmufuyf
ESvkH; tonf; tajr; tzsOf; = o&uf&Guf tqkwf
tlr tlodrf (= tlodrf; = tlxkH; = tlcsnfBudK;) tpmopf
tpma[mif; OD;aESmuf
5/ onf;ajc (= ttdrfonf;ajc + t&nfonf;ajc) ovdyf jynf
aoG; (= tkdifaeaomaoG; + taMumtwGif;aoG;) acR; tqDcJ
6/ rsuf&nf qDMunf wHawG; ESyf tap; usifi,f/
a,m*g0p&olawmfaumif;onf (32)aum|mowku
Yd dk tmemygepwkwpsmefaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom vif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tif\
tultnDukd ,l qHyifrSonf usifi,f usifi,frSonf qHyifodkY
wkid af tmif t0g;0pGm avhvmyg/ qHyifro
S nf atmufoYdk pku
d f v
I u
dk &f m
usifi,fokdYwkdifatmif usifi,frSonf txufokdY vSef Ivkduf&m
qHyifow
Ydk idk af tmif wk;d vQKad yguf Pfjzifh xifxif&mS ;&Sm; awGUjrifonf
jzpftHh? xkdtcg tZw t0g;0pGm EkdifEkdifeif;eif; avhvmNyD; jzpfayNyD
(= y*kP jzpfayNyD)/
xkdtcg (32)aum|mowkdYudk okdY odrf;qnf;aeaom PfaMumifhvnf; vif;a&mifjcnfrsm;onf qufvuf xGufay:aernfom
jzpfayonf/ xkdvif;a&mifjcnf tultnDjzifh A[d' a&SUwnfhwnfh
wnf&Sdaom a,m*Dyk*dKvfwpfOD;OD;\ (32)aum|moukd qufvuf
odr;f qnf;yg/ nOft

h cg vufEydS "f mwfr;D jzifh t&m0wKwpfcu
k kd xk;d Munfh
ouJhokdY xkdPfa&mif ysHUESHY&m t&yf xkdPfa&mif\ tultnDjzifh
yuwdrsufpdjzifh awGUjrifae&ouJhokdY Pfrsufpdjzifh (= Pftvif;a&mifjzifh) ,if; (32)aum|moukd jrifatmif Munfhyg/ tu,f
Pftvif;a&mifrmS rvkaH vmuf[k ,lqygu tmemygepwkwp smefudk
wpfzef 0ifpm;yg/ ,if; pwkwpsmeform"daMumifh jzpfay:vmaom
vif;a&mifjcnf tultnDukd ,lum wpfzef A[d' (32)aum|mowku
Yd dk odr;f qnf;yg/ vif;a&mifjcnf rSed o
f mG ;wkid ;f pepfudk tok;H jyKyg/
a&SUwnfhwnfh wnf&Sdaom a,m*D wpfOD;\ (32)aum|mowkdYukd
EkdifEkdifeif;eif; odrf;qnf;NyD;aomtcg tZw (32)aum|mowkdYukd
wpfvn
S hf jyeford ;f qnf;yg/ tZww
pfvn
S hf A[d'w
pfvn
S hf odr;f qnf;
yg/ okdYrSomvQif bm0emonf t&Sdefaumif;vmrnf jzpfayonf/
enf;pepfudk rS
D teD;rSonf ta0;okYd wpfpwpfp wk;d wk;d
IMunfhyg/ t&yf (10)rsufESm tm;vkH;okdY jzefYMuuf IMunfhyg/ ,if;
tmemygepwkwp smefaMumifh okrYd [kwf (32)aum|mowku
Yd dk odr;f qnf;
IymG ;aeaom PfaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom vif;a&mifjcnfEiS hf awGUxdrd&m vl wd& pmefponfh ow0gwkid ;f \ (32)aum|mowkid ;f ukd wpfO;D Ny;D
wpfOD; wpfa,mufNyD;wpfa,muf tZwwpfvSnfh A[d'wpfvSnfh
IMunfhyg/ a,mufsm; rdef;r uRJ EGm; wd& pmef[k rawGUjrif&awmhbJ
(32)aum|mo tpktyk[
H k Munfv
h u
dk w
f idk ;f awGUaeygu tZw A[d'
ESpfrsKd;vkH; (32)aum|mowkdYukd t0g;0pGm EkdifEkdifeif;eif; avhvmNyD;
jzpfayNyD (= y*kP jzpfayNyD)/
vrf;okH;oG,f
aum|momeH y*kPumvawm y|m, wDok rkacok {aue
rkace 0drkpdwd? ur|meH 0Pawm 0g y#dulvawm 0g oknawm
0g Oy|mwd/ y / tmucFrme 0Pawm tmucFrme y#dulv-
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
awm tmucFrme oknawm ur|meH Oy|[dwda,0/

(tbd?|?2?242-243/)
= ,if; (32)aum|mowkdYukd tZw A[d' oEmef ESpfrsKd;wkdY

t0g;0pGm Ekid Ef idk ef if;eif; avhvmNy;D &m tcsed t
f cgrS p edAm efoYdk 0if&m
rkcfOD;BuD; okH;rsKd;wkdYwGif wpfrsKd;rsKd;aom rkcfOD;jzifh 0ifa&mufoGm;cJhaomf
udavomwkdYrS rcRwf{uef vGwfajrmufvdrfhrnfom jzpfayonf/
ur|mef;onf --1/ 0P = ta&mifuokP
d ;f = 0PuokP
d ;f tm;jzifah omfvnf;aumif;
2/ y#duv
l = &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G f = y#duv
l oabmtm;jzifah omfvnf;aumif;
3/ oknw = twrS qdwo
f Ok ;f aom oknw"mwfoabmtm;jzif-h
aomfvnf;aumif; xifvmEkdif\/ y /
1/ tvkd&Sdooltm; 0PuokdPf;tm;jzifh
2/ tvkd&Sdooltm; &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f = y#dulvtm;jzifh
3/ tvkd&Sdooltm; oknw"mwfoabmtm;jzifh --- ur|mef;onf
xif&Sm;vmrnfom jzpfayonf/ (tbd?|?2?243/)
txufyg oarm[0daem'eDt|uxm\ zGifhqkdcsufESifh tnD
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf (32)aum|mowkdYukd tZw A[d' oEmef
ESpfrsKd;vkH; EkdifEkdifeif;eif; t0g;0pGm avhvmNyD;aomtcg txufyg
vrf;ok;H oG,w
f w
Ydk iG f rdrd BuKd uEf pS o
f uf&m vrf;ukd a&G;cs,
f IEidk o
f nf
om jzpfayonf/ usrf;wGifum; 0PuokdPf;vrf;ukd OD;pm;ay;um
azmfjyaytHh/
!!!
0PuokdPf; = ta&mifuokdPf;
bk&m;&Sifonf 0darmuw&m; (8)yg;wkdYukd a[mMum;xm;awmf
rlc\
hJ / ,if;0darmuw&m; (8)yg;wkw
Yd iG f yxr0darmuw&m;ESihf 'kw,
d
0darmuw&m;wkdYrSm okdY jzpf\/
1/ lyD lyged ywd? t,H yXarm 0darmaum/
2/ tZwH tlyonD A[d'g lyged ywd? t,H 'kwda,m
0darmaum/ (tH?3?126/)
lyD lyged ywDwd {w tZwH auom'Dok eDvuodPm'd0aoe Oyg'dwH lyZmeH ly?H w'ww
D d ly/D A[d'g yd eDvuodPm'Ded
lyged psmepuKem ywd/ rdem tZwA [d'0 wKauok uodaPok
Oyg'dwZme yk*v pwm&d lyg0p&Zmemed 'dwmed/ tZwH
tlyonDwd tZwH e lyonD? twaem auom'Dok tEkyg'dwlyg0p&Zmaemwd tawm/ rdem A[d'g y&durH uwGm A[d'g0
Oyg'dwZme lyg0p&Zmemed 'dwmed/ (tH?|?3?245/)
lyDwd a,em,H ooEwdy&d,myaEe laye orEm*awm? wH
, psme a[wkbma0e 0dod|lyH a[mwd? a,e 0doda|e
laye ]]lyD}}wd 0kap,s lyDo' twdo,w'Dyeawm? wa'0
ooEwdy&d,myEly 0aoe y#dv'ZmeH " y&rwawm
lydbm0om"uEd '|AH/ awem[ tZwEdtm'd/ lyZmeH lyH Ow&y'avmaye/ lygeDwd yaew yk&dry'avmayg '|aAm/ awe 0kwH
]]eDvuodPm'Ded lygeD}}wd/ lay uodPlay onm lyonm/
{w twDwd lyonD? onmoDaoe psmeH 0'wd/ wy#dyaue
tlyonD/ awem[ ]]tZwH e lyonD}}wdtm'd/ (tH?#D?3?249/)
txufyg ygVdawmf t|uxm #DumwkdY\ qkdvkd&if;rSm okdY
jzpf\/
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
1/ rdrd tZwoEmef uokdPf;kyfpsmef &Sdonfjzpf tjyif A[d'

oEmefvnf; uokP
d ;f kypf smefwu
Ydk dk I\/ um; yxr vGwaf jrmufrI
(= 0darmu)aywnf;/
2/ rdrd tZwoEmef uokdPf;kyfpsmefukd rIrl tjyif A[d'
oEmef uodkPf;kyfpsmefwkdYukd I\/ um; 'kwd, vGwfajrmufrI
(=0d0darmu)aywnf;/ (tH?3?126/)
wGif t|uxmu tZw (32)aum|mowkdYwGif qHyifpaom
aum|mowkYd eDvuokP
d ;f (= tndKa&mifuokP
d ;f )ponfw\
Ydk tpGr;f
jzifh jzpfaptyfaom lyg0p&psmef&Sdaom yk*dKvfukd lyD (= uodkPf;kypf smef&adS omm yk*Kd vf)[k zGiq
hf x
dk m;\/ tZwa um|mowkYd lyg0p&
uodkPf;kyfpsmefwkdYukd &&SdNyD;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf A[d'
uokdPf;kyfwkdYukdvnf; psmefpuKjzifh Ijyef\ (= A[d'aum|mowkdY
vnf; uokdPf;kyfpsmefwkdYukd &&Sdatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwf\)/ tZw
A[d' aum|moESprf sK;d vk;H lyg0p&psmefwu
Ydk dk &&Sad tmif tm;xkwaf om
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfwnf;/ yxr0darmuw&m;ESifh jynfhpkHolwnf;/
'kwd,yk*dKvfum; tZwaum|mowkdY uokdPf;kyfpsmefwkdYukd
&&Sad tmif rBuKd ;pm;awmhbJ A[d'a um|mowkYd omvQif uokP
d ;f ky-f
psmefwkdYukd &&Sdatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwf\/ 'kwd,0darmuw&m;ESifh
jynfhpkHolwnf;/ (tH?|?3?245/ tH?#D?3?249/ tbd?|?1?235/)
(32)aum|mowkdYukd tmkH,lum uokdPf;psmefwkdYukd yGm;rsm;
tm;xkwcf ahJ omf eDvuokP
d ;f yDwuokP
d ;f avm[dwuokP
d ;f Mo'gw
uokP
d ;f [k 0PuokP
d ;f (= ta&mifuokP
d ;f ) av;rsK;d wku
Yd dk &&SEd idk \
f /
1/ eDvuokdPf; = tndKa&mifuokdPf; --- qHyif arG;nif; onf;ajc
wkdYvnf;aumif; rsufvkH;wkdY rnf;euf&m t&yfvnf;aumif;
ndKaom ta&mifukd tmkHjyK ]]eDvH eDvH}} (= tndK tndK)[k ESvkH;-
oGi;f aom yk*Kd vt

f m; pwkup smef yupsmefwo
Ydk nf jzpfay:Ekid u
f ek \
f /
,if;psmefwu
Ydk dk 0dyem\ tajcyg'u jyK 0dyemPfudk jzpfap
Ekdifaomf t&[wzkdvfokdY qkdufa&mufEkdif\/ (tbd?|?2?239/)
2/ yDwuokdPf; = t0ga&mifuokdPf; ----- tqDcJvnf;aumif;
rsuv
f ;kH wk\
Yd 0ga&T&mt&yfvnf;aumif; (= 0gaom ta&jym;vnf;aumif; 0gaom vufz0g; ajcz0g;wkdYvnf;aumif;) t0ga&mifudk
tmH,
k
l ]]yDwuH yDwuH}} (= t0g t0g)[k ESv;kH oGi;f aom yk*Kd vt
f m;
pwkup smef yupsmefwo
Ydk nf jzpfay:Ekid u
f ek \
f / ,if;psmefukd 0dyem
\ tajcyg'u jyK 0dyemPfudk jzpfapEkid af omf t&[wzv
kd o
f Ydk
qdkufa&mufEkdif\/ (tbd?|?2?239/)
k ;f = teDa&mifuodP
k ;f --- tom;vnf;aumif;
3/ avm[dwuodP
aoG;vnf;aumif; (vQmvnf;aumif;) rsuv
f ;kH wd\
Yk eDjref;&mt&yf
vnf;aumif; teDa&mifukd tmHk,l ]]avm[dwuH avm[dwuH}}
(=teD teD)[k ESv;kH oGi;f aom yk*Kd vt
f m; pwkup smef yupsmefwo
Ydk nf
jzpfay:Ekid u
f ek \
f / ,if;psmefukd 0dyem\ tajcyg'ujyK 0dyem
Pfudk jzpfapEkdifaomf t&[wzdkvfokdY qdkufa&mufEkdif\/
(tbd?|?2?239/)
4/ Mo'gwuodkPf; = tjzLa&mifuodkPf; --- ajconf;vufonf;

vnf;aumif; oGm;vnf;aumif; ta&xl ta&yg;vnf;aumif;
tdk;vnf;aumif; rsufvHk;wkdY\ jzL&mt&yfvnf;aumif; tjzLa&mifukd tmHjk yK ]]Mo'gwH Mo'gwH}} (= tjzL tjzL)[k ESv;kH oGi;f aom
yk*dKvftm; pwkupsmef yupsmefwkdYonf jzpfay:vmEkdifukef\/
,if;psmefudk 0dyem\ tajcyg'u jyK 0dyemPfudk jzpfap
Ekdifaomf t&[wzdkvfokdY qdkufa&mufEkdif\/
('D?|?2?151/ tbd?|?2?239/ tbd?|?1?235/)
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
Mo'gwuodkPf; = tjzLa&mifuokdPf;
&[ef;wkdY ... tbdbm,wepsmef (8)rsKd;wkdYwGif tcsKdUaom
a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf rdrt
d Zwo
Emef wnf&adS om aum|mowk\
Yd
tqif;kyfwkdYudk rIrl A[d' jzLaom tqif; jzLaom taoG;
jzLaom ta&mif&adS om jzLaom uokP
d ;f kyw
f u
Ydk kd I\/ xku
d okP
d ;f ky-f
wkdYudk vTrf;rdk; ]]ig od\? ig jrif\}}[k odkY trSwfonm &Sd\/
tbdbm,wepsmefonfum; tomqHk; tjrwfqHk;wnf;/ (tH?3?306/)
txufyg a'oemawmfEiS hf tnD 0PuokP
d ;f av;rsK;d wkw
Yd iG f
Mo'gw (= tjzLa&mif)uokP
d ;f um; a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vw
f \
Ydk pdw"f mwfukd
txl; Munfvifapwwfojzifh tomqHk; tjrwfqHk; uodkPf;wpfck
jzpf\/ xkdYaMumifh Mo'gwuodkdPf; IuGufudk a&S;OD;pGm wifjyaytHh/
1/ tmemygepwkwp smeform"dukd jyefvnfxal xmifyg/ vif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tifrsm; NydK;NydK;jyufjyuf wvufvuf awmufyvmaom
tcg ----2/ tZw (32)aum|mowkdkYudk odrf;qnf;yg/
3/ rdrd\ a&SUwnfhwnfh odkYr[kwf teD;uyfqHk; wpfae&m wnf&Sdaom A[d' (32)aum|mowkdYudk odrf;qnf;yg/
4/ xkd tZw A[d' aum|mowkdYwGif rdrd I ykdaumif;onfh
aum|mou pwifEkdifonf/ tu,f A[d'aum|mou ykdNyD;
Iaumif;ygu A[d' tdk;pkaum|moukd odrf;qnf;yg/
5/ xkdA[d' tdk;pkkaum|mo\ tjzLqHk; wpfae&mudk a&G;cs,f
odkYr[kwf tdk;pktm;vHk; jzLaeaomf tdk;pktm;vHk;udk jcHKiHk
odkYr[kwf rdrdbufokdY ausmay;xm;aom OD;acgif;cHGtdk;udk tmHk
jyK ]]Mo'gwH Mo'gwH}} (= tjzL tjzL)[k ESvHk;oGif;yg/
xkdokdY Iaomtcg xkdtjzLa&miftmHk bm0empdwfudk wpfem&D
ESpfem&D ponfjzifh Nidrf0yfpGm uyf wnfaeatmif BudK;pm;yg/

tmemygepwkwpsmef paom a&S;a&S; bm0emorm"dwkdY\
Oyed,owd paom yp,owdwkdYjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;rI t&Sdeft0g
owx
d ;l Bu;D udk qufcx
H m;&aom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f Mo'gwuokP
d ;f
bm0empdwfonf tjzLa&mif tmkH rMumrD tcsdefumvtwGif;0,f
Nidrf0yfpGm uyf wnfaernfom jzpfayonf/ ,if;tjzLa&miftmkH
wpfem&D ESpfem&D ponfjzifh bm0empdwfonf Nidrf0yfpGm uyf
wnfaeygu tkd;pkaum|mo aysmuf tjzLa&mif uokdPf;0ef;
oufoufom usef&Sdaernf jzpfayonf/ 0g*Grf;pkdifuJhokdY qGwfqGwf
jzLaeaom tjzLa&mifuokdPf;0ef;um; O*[edrdwfwnf;/ aomufSL;
Mu,fuo
hJ Ydk tvGeMf unfvifawmufyvmaom tjzLa&mifuokP
d ;f 0ef;
um; y#dbm*edrdwfwnf;/ O*[edrdwfokdY rqkdufrD qGwfqGwfrjzLrD
tkd;pkedrdwftm;vkH;um; y&duredrdwfcsnf;omwnf;/
tu,f a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf omoemawmfwiG ;f a&S;a&S;
b0rsm;u jzpfap okrYd [kwf a&S;a&S;bk&m;&Siw
f \
Ydk omoemawmfwiG ;f
b0xkdxkdu jzpfap okdYr[kwf omoemyumv a&S;a&S;b0wpfcku
jzpfap jznfu
h siq
hf nf;yl;cJah om Mo'gwuodP
k ;f yg&rDuo
k v
kd f taqmuf
tOD &Sdol jzpfygu tjzLa&mif Mo'gwuodkPf;0ef;rSm txl;BudK;pm;
rjzefY&awmhbJ O*[edrdwf odkYr[kwf y#dbm*edrdwfodkY qdkufa&muf
vmaomtcg tjzLa&mif Mo'gwuodP
k ;f 0ef;udk ]]tjzL tjzL}}[k pl;pl;
pdu
k pf u
kd f IaepOfrmS yif Mo'gwuodP
k ;f 0ef;onf t&yf (10)rsuEf mS odYk
wdkifatmif vG,fulpGm jyefYoGm;wwfayonf/
tu,f tjzLa&mifuodkPf;0ef;rSm jyeYfus,f roGm;ygu xdktjzLa&mif uodP
k ;f 0ef;ukyd if qGwq
f w
G jf zL txl;Munfvifawmufyvmonfhwdkifatmif tmHk,lum ]]tjzL tjzL}}[k Iaeyg/ orm"dudk
qufvuf xlaxmifyg/ qGwfqGwfjzL txl;oefY&Sif; Munfvif-
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
awmufyaeonfh y#dbm*edrw
d o
f Ykd qdu
k af &mufaomtcg ,if;y#dbm*edrdwfudkyif tmHk,l ]]tjzL tjzL}}[k qufvuf IyGm;cJhaomf
yxrpsmeform"dodkYum; qdkufa&mufEdkif\/ odkYaomf ,if;orm"drSm
rcdik cf b
hH J t&Snrf wnfwhH jzpfwwf\/ xdak Mumifh orm"d\ t&Sncf ikd cf hH
wnfwHha&;twGuf ,if;y#dbm*edrdwfudk wdk;yGm;atmif jyKvkyfoifhayonf/
,if; tjzLa&mif Mo'gwuodP
k ;f y#dbm*edrw
d t
f mHk bm0empdwo
f nf wpfem&D ESpef m&Dponfjzifh Nird 0f yfpmG uyf wnfaeaomtcg
]]tjzLa&mifuodP
k ;f 0ef;onf ab;ywfvnf0ef;usio
f Ykd vufwpfopfcefY
jyefyY gap? odrYk [kwf vufEpS o
f pfcefYf jyefyY gap? okrYd [kwf vufo;kH opfcefY
jyefYygap? odkYr[kwf vufav;opfcefY jyefYygap}} --- okdY ponfjzifh
rdrd\ PftmEkabmfpGrf;tm;ESifh EIdif;csdefvsuf vufwpfopf vuf
ESpo
f pf ponfjzifh ykid ;f jcm; t"d|mefjyKum jzefMY unfyh g/ vufwpfopf
vufESpfopf ponfjzifh rykdif;jcm;bJum; uodkPf;0ef;udk rjzefYygESifh?
ykdif;jcm;om jzefYyg/ xkdokdY ykdif;jcm; t"d|mefjyKum jzefYvkdufojzifh
uokdPf;0ef;onf jyefYoGm;cJhaomf ,if;uokdPf;0ef;onf tenf;i,f
vIyf&Sm;oGm;wwf\/ xkdtcg xdkuokdPf;0ef;ukd NidrfoufoGm;atmif
]]tjzL tjzL}}[k Iaeyg? orm"dprG ;f tm; aumif;vmaomtcg uokP
d ;f 0ef;onf NidrfoufoGm;rnf jzpfonf/ NidrfoufoGm;ygu a&S;enf;twl
ykdif;jcm; ykdif;jcm; t"d|mefjyKum xyfrH jzefYMunfhyg/
wpfpwpfp uodP
k ;f 0ef;onf us,jf yefv
Y maomtcg ]]wpfawmif
jyefYygap? wpfvH jyefYygap}} --- okdY ponfjzifh wkd;csJU jzefYMunfhyg/
enf;jzifh uokP
d ;f 0ef;ukd t&yf (10)rsuEf mS okYd twkid ;f twm yrmP
r&Sdatmif jzefYMuufyg/ t&yf (10)rsufESm rnfonfht&yfukd rqkd
Munfhvkdufwkdif; jzLaeygap/ tZw A[d' ESpfXmevkH; oPmefj'yf
vk;H 0r&Sad wmhbJ tjzLa&mifcsn;f oufouf wnf&adS eaomtcg xkt
d jzL
a&mifuokP
d ;f tmkH bm0empdwu
f dk Nird 0f yfpmG uyf wnfaeatmif
uodP
k ;f u vIy&f mS ;aeygu vIy&f mS ;aeaom tjzLa&mifuokP
d ;f tmk-H
ukv
d nf; Nird 0f yfomG ;atmif jzefMY uufNy;D aom ,if;tjzLa&mifuokP
d ;f \
wpfae&m --- wku
d ef &H H wpfcak y: OD;xkyw
f pfv;Hk ukd csw
d q
f x
JG m;ouJo
h Ydk
bm0empdwu
f dk uyfxm; ]]tjzL tjzL}}[kom Iaeyg/ ,if;tjzLa&mif
uokP
d ;f tmkH bm0empdwo
f nf Nird 0f yfpmG uyf wnfvmaomtcg
tjzLa&mifuokP
d ;f rSmvnf; vIy&f mS ;rI r&Sad wmhbJ Nird 0f yfvmrnf jzpf\/
bm0empdwfonfvnf; Nidrfoufoxuf Nidrfoufvm tjzLa&mif
uokdPf;vnf; Nidrf0yfvmaomtcg .. ,if; tjzLa&mifuokdPf;rSm
qGwfqGwfjzL txl;Munfvif oefY&Sif;vmrnf jzpfonf/ tjzLa&mif
uodP
k ;f edrw
d u
f kd wk;d yGm;atmif jzefMY uufNy;D aemuf xyfr
H &&Sv
d maom
uokdPf;y#dbm*edrdwfwnf;/ xkdtjzLa&mifuodkPf; y#dbm*edrdwf
tmkH wpfem&D ESpef m&DcefY ponfjzifh Nird 0f yfpmG uyf wnfaeatmif
]]tjzL tjzL}}[kyif Iaeyg/ xkdtcg ,if;y#dbm*edrdwfukdyif xyfum
xyfum ESvkH;oGif;aeygu Iaeygu orm"d'D*&D pHcsdefrDvmaomtcg
&ifhusufvmaomtcg xkdy#dbm*edrdwftmkHxJ bm0empdwfonf
epfjrKy
f Nird 0f yfpmG uyf wnfaeayvdrrhf nf/ xko
d Ydk ,if;y#dbm*edrw
d f
twGif; epfjrKyfum Nidrf0yfpGm uyf wnfaeaom ,if;bm0empdwf
0,f psmeft*Fg ig;yg;wkdYvnf; xif&Sm;aeMuayvdrfhrnf/ psmeft*FgwkdYonf pGrf;tif jynfhjynfh00jzifh tm;&SdaeMurnf jzpfayonf/ xkdtcg
yxrpsmeform"dodkYvnf; qkdufa&mufNyD; jzpfayonf/
psmeft*Fg ig;yg;
1/ 0dwu
uf
2/ 0dpm&
= tjzLa&mifuokP
d ;f y#dbm*edrw
d t
f mkaH y:okYd pdwu
f kd
a&S;Iwifay;jcif;oabm?
= tjzLa&mifuokdPf;y#dbm*edrdwftmkHukd ]]tjzL
tjzL}}[k xyfumxyfum ok;H oyfqifjcifjcif;oabm?
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
3/ yDwd
= tjzLa&mifuokdPf;y#dbm*edrdwftmkHukd ESpfouf
jcif;oabm?
4/ okc
= tjzLa&mifuokP
d ;f y#dbm*edrw
d t
f mk\
H t&omukd
csrf;csrf;omom cHpm;jcif;oabm?
5/ {u*wm = tjzLa&mifuokdPf;y#dbm*edrdwftmkHwpfckwnf;
ay:okdY pdwfusa&muf wnfNidrfaejcif;oabm?
0dwufponfh wpfvkH;pD wpfvkH;pDukd psmeft*Fg[k ac:qkd ,if;
psmeft*FgwkdY\ taygif;tpkukd psmef[k ac:qkdonf/ ,if; yxrpsmef
orm"dudkvnf; 0oDabmf ig;wef Ekdifeif;atmif avhusifhyg/ 0oDabmf
ig;wef Ekdifeif;aomtcg tmemygeur|mef; a&;om;wifjycJhonfh
twkdif; 'kwd,psmef wwd,psmef pwkwpsmefwkdYokdYvnf; tpOftwkdif;
ul;ygav/

1/ 0dwuf-0dpm&-yDw-d okc-{u*wm[laom psmeft*Fg ig;yg;&Sad om
yxrpsmef?
2/ yDwd-okc-{u*wm[laom psmeft*Fg oHk;yg;&Sdaom 'kwd,psmef?
3/ okc-{u*wm[laom psmeft*Fg ESpfyg;&Sdaom wwd,psmef?
4/ Oayum-{u*wm[laom psmeft*Fg ESpfyg;&Sdaom pwkwpsmef/

1/ 0dwuf-0dpm&-yDw-d okc-{u*wm[laom psmeft*Fg ig;yg;&Sad om
yxrpsmef?
2/ 0dpm&-yDwd-okc-{u*wm[laom psmeft*Fg av;yg;&Sdaom
'kwd,psmef?
3/ yDwd-okc-{u*wm[laom psmeft*Fg oHk;yg;&Sdaom wwd,psmef?

4/ okc-{u*wm[laom psmeft*Fg ESpfyg;&Sdaom pwkwpsmef?
5/ Oayum-{u*wm[laom psmeft*Fg ESpfyg;&Sdaom yrpsmef/
odkYvQif pwkuenf; psmef (4)yg; yuenf; psmef (5)yg;
&SdMuayonf/ psmeft*FgwdkYudk y,f&Sm;&m0,f yuenf;um; 0dwuf
ESifh 0dpm&udk wpfvHk;pD jzKwfojzifh psmef (5)yg; jzpfonf/ pwkuenf;
um; 0dwufESifh 0dpm&wdkYudk NydKifwl jzKwfojzifh psmef (4)yg; jzpfonf/
uRwx
f u
kd o
f ol ewfvl jA[m a0ae,sMum ow0gwd\
Yk tvkt
d BuKd uf
pdkufESifh avsmfnDpGm PfEkHYolwdkYtm; yuenf;ukd Pfxufjrufolwt
Ykd m; pwkue nf;ukkd a[mMum;awmfro
l nf/ lyg0p&psmefrsm;wnf;/
lyg0p&bHkodkY a&mufapEdkifaom pGrf;tm;&Sdaom psmefrsm;[k qdkvdk\/
um; ----- lyg0p&bHkodkY a&muf&Sda&;twGuf &nf&G,f orm"dudk
xlaxmifonfh vkyif ef;&yfukd jyKvyk af ponfum; r[kwyf g/ 0dyem\
tajcyg'utjzpf &nf&G,f orm"dxlaxmifrIudk wdkufwGef;aejcif;
jzpfygonf/
eDvuodkPf; ponfodkY
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf A[d' tdk;pkaum|moudk tmHk,l
Mo'gwuodP
k ;f udk pwkwp smeform"doYkd qdu
k o
f nfw
h ikd af tmif atmifjrifpmG orm"dukd xlaxmifEikd cf o
hJ nf&adS omf tZw td;k pkaum|moudk
tmHk,lvnf; tjzLa&mifuodkPf;udk tvm;wlyif pwkwpsmefodkY
qddkufonfhwkdifatmif yGm;rsm;Edkifayonf/
wpfzef ,if; tjzLa&mifuodkPf;vQif tmHk&Sdaom pwkwpsmef
orm"drS xaomtcg --1/ qHyifuJhodkY onf;ajcuJhodkY ndKaom aum|moudk tmHk,l
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
tndKa&mif eDvuodkPf;udkvnf;aumif;
2/ tqDcJ usifi,fuJhodkY 0gaom aum|moudk tmHk,l t0ga&mif yDwuodkPf;udkvnf;aumif;
3/ aoG;uJhodkY eDaom aum|moudk tmHk,l teDa&mif avm[dw
uodkPf;udkvnf;aumif; --tvdk&Sdu tvm;wl yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfcJhaomf pwkwpsmeform"dodkYyif qdkufa&mufEdkifayonf/ tZwaum|mo A[d'aum|mo
ESprf sK;d vH;k IEikd o
f nf/ atmifjrifru
I kd &&Sad omtcg A[d' oufrahJ vmu
wnf&Sdaom ydwfp ausmuf yef;yGifhwdkYudk tmHk,lvnf; ,if;
0PuodkPf;wdkYudk yGm;rsm;Edkifayonf/ xkduJhodkY 0PuodkPf; uRrf;usifaeoltm; ----1/ atmufrn
J Kd yiG hf jrcGmndKyiG w
hf u
Ykd vnf; tndKa&mif eDvuodP
k ;f udk
yGm;rsm;&eftwGuf ]]vmprf;yg IMunfph rf;yg}}[k zdwaf c:aeouJo
h Ykd
yif &SdMu\/
2/ twmul;onfh vwefcl;wGif yifvHk;uRwf zl;yGifha0qmvsuf
&SdMuaom yef;ydawmufESifh ika&T0gwkdYuvnf; t0ga&mif yDw
uodkPf;udk I&ef qD;BudK EIwfqufaeMuonfhtvm; &yfwnf
aeMurnfom jzpf\/
3/ v,facgif&ef;ESifh eDjref;aom ESif;qDyef;wdkYuvnf; teDa&mif
avm[dwuodkPf;udk I&ef apmifharQmfaeMuouJhodkY &SdMu\/
4/ yifvHk;uRwf yGifhaeMuaom wkwfpum;tjzLESifh tausmfyef;wdkYuvnf; tjzLa&mif Mo'gwuodP
k ;f udk I&ef wnfNird pf mG &yfwnf
ay;aeMuouJhodkY &SdMu\/
a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vb
f ufuom pGr;f tif jynf0h aeygap? jrifjriforQ
ouf&SdoufrJh t&m0wKwdkYu orxbm0empdwf 0dyembm0em-
pdwfrsm; jzpfay:vmatmif tm&rPyp,owdjzifh tmHktaMumif;w&m;tjzpf &yfwnfum aus;Zl;jyKay;aeMurnfom jzpfayonf/

a,medaomreodum& (= enf;rSev
f rf;rSef ESv;kH oGi;f rI) &Sad eonfh
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftzdkY tvGef &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,faumif;aom oGm;wpfacsmif;uvnf; tjzLa&mif Mo'gwuodP
k ;f 0ef;wpfck jzpfay:vmatmif
tm&rPyp,owjd zifh aus;Zl;jyKay;Edik af om pGr;f tm; &Sad e\? tvGef
&GH&SmpufqkyfzG,faumif;aom tvGefao;i,faom onf;ajcuvnf;
tndKa&mif eDvuodP
k ;f 0ef;wpfck jzpfay:vmatmif tm&rPyp,owjd zifh aus;Zl;jyKay;Edik af om pGr;f tm;&Sad e\? tvGef &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G f
aumif;aom usiif ,faum|mowpfcu
k vnf; t0ga&mifyw
D uodP
k ;f
0ef;wpfck jzpfay:vmatmif tm&rPyp,owjd zifh aus;Zl;jyKay;Edik f
aom pGr;f tm;&Sad e\/ tvGef jrwfE;kd zG,&f maom ywjrm;&wem wpfv;kH
uvnf; teDa&mif avm[dwuodkPf;0ef;wpfck jzpfay:vmatmif
aus;Zl;jyKay;Edik af om pGr;f tm; &Sad e\/ ,if; uodP
k ;f 0ef; tm;vH;k wku
Yd
pwkwpsmeform"dodkYwkdifatmifaom psmefemrfw&m;pkwdkYtm; tmHk
taMumif;w&m;tjzpf &yfwnfum tm&rPyp,owdjzifh aus;Zl;
jyKay;vsuf &Sad eMu\/ enf;rSev
f rf;rSef ESv;kH oGi;f wwfonfh a,medaom
reodum&&So
d l a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vw
f pfO;D taejzifh ig;jzmtmHk umr*kPf
GefAGufrS pwkwpsmeform"dodkY wdkifatmifaom bm0em[laom
tESpo
f m&udk tcsed rf a&G; xkw,
f
l &Ekid \
f / ,if; pwkwp smeform"dukd
0dyem\ tajcyg'ujyK 0dyemokYd ul;cJah omf yg&rDtm;avsmpf mG
t&[wzv
kd o
f w
Ykd ikd af tmifaom tusK;d aus;Zl;rsm;udv
k nf; &&SEd idk o
f nf
om jzpf\/ tu,f yg&rDEkHY t&[wzkdvfokdY raygufa&mufao;cJh
vQifvnf; ravQmusaom psmef&Sdaom xkdolawmfaumif;udk oHo&m
c&D;wGif tvGef tqifhtwef;jrifhrm;vSaom jA[mhcsrf;omBuD;u
]]vmprf;yg vmprf;yg}}[k qD;BuKd zdwaf c:vsuf &Sad ernfom jzpfayonf/
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
rQ BuD;rm;vSaom *kPfaus;Zl;&Sdonhf uJhokdYaom w&m;xl;

w&m;jrwfrsm;udk omoemawmf ouf0if,HkMunfrI o'gw&m;udk
vufukdifxm;vsuf&Sdaom oifuJhodkYaom olawmfaumif;wpfOD;onf
tb,fah Mumifh ryGm;rsm; tm;rxkwb
f J aexku
d yf gtHeh nf;/ tcsed &f cdS u
dk f
vHkYvpdkufygavmh .../
!!!
yx0DuokdPf; = ajruodkPf;
1/ uodkPf;0ef;tjzpf jyKjyiftyfNyD;aom ajr
2/ uodP
k ;f 0ef;tjzpf rjyKjyiftyfao;aom jyuawh (= yuwd)aom
aumufpyg;e,f&m wvif;paom ajr
3/ tykdif;tjcm; &Sdonfom jzpfaom ajr
4/ ref;i,f (= Aef;i,f) qefaumi,f yrmP&Sdaom ajr
5/ tdk;p&nf;zHk; pavmif;zHk; yrmP&Sdaom ajr --ajrwdkY yx0DuodkPf;edrdwfudk &,lEkdifayonf/
(0dok'd?1?120??)
ww a,e twDwba0yd omoae 0g odyAZm , 0g yAZw

d mG
yx0DuodaP pwkuyuZmemed edAwdwykAmed? {0ly ykn0awm Oyed,orE tuwm, yx0d,m uodw|mae 0g
cvr@av 0g edrdwH OyZwd/ (0dok'd?1?120/)
a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vw
f pfO;D onf a&S;a&S;twdwb
f 0vnf; omoem
awmfwGif;aomfvnf;aumif; (omoemy) &aoh&[ef; tjzpf
aomfvnf;aumif; &aoh&[ef;jyKzl; yx0DuodkPf; pwkupsmef
yupsmefwu
Ydk kd jzpfaptyfuek \
f / odo
Yk abm&Sad om bm0emaMumifh
jzpfaom aumif;rIukodkvf yg&rDyknorm& taqmuftOD&Sdaom
tm;Bu;D aom bm0emukov
dk w
f nf;[laom rS&D m Oyed,ESihf jynfph -kH
aom xkda,m*g0p&yk*dKvfjrwftzdkYrlum; tavmif;awmf [wdygv
owdkYom;onf uokdPf;0ef;tjzpf rjyKjyiftyfao;aom **Fgjrpfa&t,Ofudk tmayguokdPf;edrdwftjzpf vG,fulpGm &,lEkdifouJhodkY (Zm?
|?4?483/) tvm;wlyif uodkPf;0ef;tjzpf rjyKjyiftyfao;aom
yuwdaom ajr0,f v,fxeG &f mt&yfaomfvnf;aumif; aumufe,f
wvif;t&yfaomfvnf;aumif; y&duredrdwfudk ,lcJhaomf ]]yx0D
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
yx0D}}[k pD;jzef;cJhaomf xkdy&duredrdwfrS O*[edrdwfodkY wpfcPcsif;

ajymif;vJoGm; O*[edrdwfudk &&SdEkdifayonf/ (0dok'd?1?120/)
txufyg 0dok'dr*t|uxm\ TefMum;csufrsm;ESifh tnD
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonfvnf; yx0DuokdPf;edrdwfudk &,lvkdcJhaomf
nDnm jruf opf&Guf cJpaom tjypfuif;aom yuwdaom ajrBuD;
wpfae&mwGif wkwjf zifjh zpfap t&m0wKwpfcjk zifh jzpfap 0ef;0kid ;f aom
ta&;tom;wpfckudk jyKvkyfyg/ ref;i,f (= Aef;i,f) qefaumi,f
yrmPrS p rddrd qE&Sdoavmuf yrmPudk jyKyg/ ---- tkP0Pm,
rwu
d m, uodPH umwA/H (0do'k ?d 1?120/) [laom 0do'k rd *t|uxm
\ TeMf um;csuEf iS hf tnD uodP
k ;f 0ef;jyKvyk rf nfh ajrBu;D \ ta&mifrmS
rrnf;vGef; rjzLvGef;aom tkPfa&mif (= teDa&mif) toifhtwifh
orf;aeaom ajrBu;D a&mif uokP
d ;f 0ef; jzpfygap/ xkad jruodP
k ;f 0ef;udk
pdkufMunfh --- ]]yx0D-yx0D-yx0D}}}[k (odkYr[kwf) ]]ajr-ajr-ajr}}}}[k
ESvHk;oGif;yg/
rsupf u
d kd zGiv
hf u
kd yf w
d v
f u
kd f jyKvyk
f edrw
d u
f kd ,lMunfyh g/ rsupf u
d kd
rSw
d v
f u
dk af omtcg yHpk w
H l edrw
d u
f kd &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; jrifae&ygu edrw
d f
,l &&SdNyD jzpf\/ tu,f rsufpdudk zGifhwHkrdSwfwHk jyKum edrdwfudk
tcsdef tawmftwef Mumatmif ,laeaomfvnf; rsufpdrdSwfvdkufaomtcg yuwdaom rsufpdjzifh jrif&ouJhodkY edrdwfudk ,lr&
jzpfaeygu rdrd &&Sdxm;NyD;jzpfonfh pwkwpsmeform"dwdkYwGif rdrd
ESpfNcdKuf&m orm"dwpfckckudk xkdae&mwGifyif &yfvsuf jyefvnf
orm"dudk xlaxmifyg/ xkdpwkwpsmeform"drS xaomtcg wpfzef
rsupf u
d kd zGiw
hf rkH w
dS w
f kH jyKum edrw
d ,
f Ml unfyh g/ atmifjrifru
I kd &&Sw
d wfygonf/ tu,f ratmifjrifygu ,if; &&SdNyD; pwkwpsmeform"dudk
yHpk w
H yl if wpfzef jyefvnf xlaxmifyg/ ,if;pwkwp smeform"daMumifh
vif;a&mifjcnfrsm; NyKd ;NyKd ;jyufjyuf wvufvuf awmufyvmaomtcg
,if;Pfta&miftvif;\ tultnDjzifh xkd rdrdjyKjyifxm;aom

yx0DuokP
d ;f 0ef;edrw
d u
f kd vSr;f tmH,
k yl g/ Pfrsupf jd zifh awGUjrifaom
tcg ]]yx0D-yx0D-yx0D}} (]]ajr-ajr-ajr}})[k ESvHk;oGif;yg/
txufygenf;vrf; wpfrsKd;rsKd;jzifh yx0DuodkPf;edrdwfudk
,lonft
h cg yuwdaom rsupf jd zihf jrif&ouJo
h Ykd edrw
d u
f kd ,l&cJah omf
rdrd ESpo
f uf&m w&m;xkid rf nfh ae&modYk oGm; xkid Ef idk Nf y/D xko
d Ykd xkid
f
xk&d &SNd y;D onfh yx0DuokP
d ;f 0ef;onf jyef ay:vmaomf uokP
d ;f 0ef;
edrw
d u
f kd ,l&cJah omf aumif;\/ tu,f uodP
k ;f 0ef;edrw
d u
f kd ,l
r&aomfvnf;aumif; uodP
k ;f 0ef;edrw
d rf mS ay:csaD ysmufcsD jzpfaeaomf
vnf;aumif; xdktcg rdrd &&Sdxm;NyD;onfh pwkwpsmeform"dudkyif
wpfzef jyef xlaxmifyg/ Pfvif;a&mifjcnf pGrf;tifrsm;onf
NyKd ;NyKd ;jyufjyuf wvufvuf awmufyvmaomtcg xk
d Pfvif;a&mif
jcnf\ tultnDjzifh xkdyx0DuokdPf;0ef; edrdwfudk uodkPf;0ef;
wnf&Sd&mbufokdY Pfudk apvTwfum wpfzef jyefvnf vSrf;um
tmHk,lyg/ ,if; rdrdjyKjyifxm;aom uodkPf;0ef;edrdwfudk wpfzef
tmHk,l &cJhaomf xkdyx0DuokdPf;0ef;edrdwfudk tzefzef txyfxyf
rS0D yJ g/
e 0aPm ypa0udwaAm? e vuPH reodumwAH/ tyd p
0PH trkdwGm ed,o0PH uwGm O'0aoe yPwd"ar pdwH
XaywGm reodumwAH/ (0dok'd?1?122/)
xdo
k Ydk yx0DuokP
d ;f edrw
d u
f kd ESv;kH oGi;f &m xkyd x0DuokP
d ;f 0ef;
wnfaom tkPfa&mif tqif;ESifh wlaom ta&miftqif;udkvnf;
raem0dnmPfjzifh rqifjciftyf ESv;kH roGi;f tyf/ xkyd x0DuodP
k ;f 0ef;\
wnf&m ajrBu;D \ x'vuPm (= cufrmjcif; yx0D"mwfvuPm)ukd
vnf; ESvHk;roGif;tyf/ pifppfrlum; ta&miftqif;udk rvTwfrl xkd
ta&miftqif;udk rdrdta&miftqif;\ rSD&m yx0DuodkPf;0ef;ESifh
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
wlaom tjcif;t&m (= wlaom tvm;) &Sdonfudk jyK yx0D"mwf

xlajymonf\tjzpf owt
d m;jzifh vGeo
f nf\tjzpfjzifh yx0D (= ajr)
[laom avmua0g[m&ynwf pdwfudk a&S;I wnfap ]]yx0Dyx0D}} (= ajr-ajr)[k ESvHk;oGif;yg/ (0dok'd?1?122??)
tu,f a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf yx0DuokP
d ;f 0ef; wnf&adS om
]]tkPfa&mif}}[laom ta&miftqif;udkom wpfzufowf ESvHk;oGif;
ygu yx0DuodkPf; rjzpfawmhbJ ta&mifuokdPf; jzpfoGm;vdrfhrnf/
tu,f a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf yx0DuokdPf;0ef; xlajymvsuf
&Sad om yx0D"mwf\ cufrmrIoabmudo
k m wpfzufowf ESv;kH oGi;f rd
ygu yx0DuodkPf;udk ESvHk;oGif;onf rrnfawmhbJ "mwfur|mef;udk
ESvHk;oGif;onf rnfayvdrfhrnf/ yx0DuokdPf;vrf;rS "mwfur|mef;vrf;odkY ajymif;oGm;NyD jzpf\/ ykd IyfaxG;aom jyemwpf&yfum;
,if; yx0DuokP
d ;f 0ef; wnf&adS om rmrIoabmudo
k m wpfzufowf
ESvHk;oGif;rdygu ESvHk;oGif;aeygu ,if;rmrIoabmu a,m*g0p&
yk*dKvf\ lyum, wpfckvHk;udk vTrf;jcHKxm;ouJhodkY jzpfum orm"d\
pGrf;tif xufjrufvmonfESifhtrQ rmrIoabmrSmvnf; vGefuJvmum xkda,m*Dolawmfaumif; taejzifh xkdrmrIoabmukd onf;rcHEkdif
jzpfwwfonf/ owd&Sdap/ pnf;urf;csufukd yuwdaom ajr0ef;
edrdwf,lpOfaomfvnf;aumif; wpfae&mwGif w&m;xkdifpOf ,if;
edrw
d u
f dk wpfzef jyef tmk,
H pl Ofvnf;aumif; yx0DuokP
d ;f 0ef;ukd
jzefYMuuf&mtcgvnf;aumif; vkdufemyg/
ajrBuD; wnf&Sdaom rlvyx0DuokdPf;0ef;ukd rsufpd rdSwfwkH
zGiw
hf jHk yK edrw
d u
f dk ,l&m yuwdaom zGix
hf m;aom rsupf jd zifh uokP
d ;f
0ef;edrw
d u
f dk jrif&ouJo
h Ydk rsupf rd w
Sd x
f m;aom tcgvnf; xku
d okP
d ;f
0ef;edrdwfonf xifaeygu xkdtcg O*[edrdwf jzpfay:vmNyD jzpf\/
wpfae&mwGif oGm;a&mufum w&m;xkdifaom tcgvnf; xkd
O*[edrw
d u
f dk jyefvnf tmk,
H &l m vG,v
f ,
G u
f u
l El iS hf wpfzef ray:
vmojzifh rdrd &&Sx
d m;Ny;D aom pwkwp smef orm"dww
Ydk iG f wpfrsK;d rsK;d aom
pwkwp smeform"dudk wpfzef xlaxmifNy;D aemuf xkpd wkwp smeform"daMumifh jzpfay:vmaom vif;a&mifjcnf\ tultnDjzifh xkrd v
l edrw
d f
,lczhJ ;l aom yx0DuokP
d ;f 0ef; edrw
d u
f ydk if wpfzef jyef tmk,
H v
l u
dk f
aomtcg zGifhxm;aom rsufpdjzifh jrif&ouJhokdY yx0DuokdPf;0ef;
d fonf jzpfay:vmedrw
d o
f nf xifvmygrl xkt
d cgwGiv
f nf; O*[edrw
onf rnf\/
xkdO*[edrdwfukdyif qufvuf ESvkH;oGif;cJhaomf rDS0JcJhaomf
yGm;rsm;cJah omf Mo'gwuokP
d ;f qkt
d yfcNhJ y;D onft
h wkid ;f tpOftwkid ;f
BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwcf ahJ omf eD0&Pwko
Yd nf cGmtyfNy;D jzpfuek \
f ? uGmoGm;
Muuke\
f / udavomwko
Yd nf tenfxidk o
f mG ;Muuke\
f / Oypm&orm"djzifh pdwfonf wnfMunfvm\? y#dbm*edrdwfonf jzpfay:vm\/
xkdy#dbm*edrdwfukd wkd;yGm;atmif jyKvkyfcJhaomf t&yfq,frsufESmokdY
wkid af tmif jzefMY uufvsuf orm"dudk qufvufxal xmifcahJ omf yxrpsmefrSonf pwkwpsmefokdY wkdifatmif tpOftwkdif; qkdufa&muf
Ekdifayonf/
O*[edrdwfESifh y#dbm*edrdwfwkdY\ xl;jcm;csufukd 0dok'dr*t|uxm okYd azmfjyxm;\ -- O*[edrw
d f vufacsmif;&m wkw&f m
ponfh uokP
d ;f tjypfa'gorsm; xif&mS ;aewwf\/ y#dbm*edrw
d f um;
tdww
f iG ;f rS xkw,
f t
l yfaom aMu;rk0H ef;uJo
h v
Ydk nf;aumif; aumif;pGm
yGwftyfNyD;aom ckoif;cGufuJhokdYvnf;aumif; wdrfwkdufMum;rS
xGuaf y:vmaom vjynf0h ef;uJo
h v
Ydk nf;aumif; rk;d wdrn
f Kd 0 yso
H ef;
aeaom OAsdKif;wkdYuJhokdYvnf;aumif; O*[edrdwfukd xGif;azmuf
xGuaf y:vmouJo
h Ydk xkOd *[edrw
d x
f uf tqaygif; t&mtaxmifru
tvGef pifMu,foefY&Sif;onfjzpf xifvmwwfay\/ (0dok'd?1?122/)
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
tmayguokdPf; = a&uokdPf;
1/ oydwf cGuf yk;H ponf tem;a&;ESit
hf rQ jynfah tmif xnfx
h m;tyfaom uokdPf;0ef;tjzpf jyKvkyfxm;tyfaom tndK t0g
tjzL teD ta&mifwkdYjzifh a&m,SufrI r&Sd yuwd Munfvif
oef&Y iS ;f aom aumif;uifrS usvmaom rk;d a& okrYd [kwf xkad &ESihf
tvm;wl oefY&Sif;aom a&aomfvnf;aumif;
2/ a&wGif; a&uef wpfzufqnfuef ork'&mrS wufvmaom
qm;iHa&jzifh jynfhaom qm;usif; 'Dacsmif; ork'&mpaom
uokdPf;0ef;tjzpf rjyKjyiftyfaom a&aomfvnf;aumif;
tmayguokdPf;edrdwfukd ,lEkdifayonf/ (0dok'd?1?165/)
TeMf um;csurf sm;ESihf tnD a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vt
f wGuf taumif;
qkH;aom a&rSm MunfvifoefY&Sif;aom a&wGif;a&yif jzpfonf/
a&wGif;a& r&cJhaomf oydwf jzpfap tkd;cGufwpfck jzpfap a&jynfhatmif EIwfcrf;ESifh nDatmif xnfh tmayguokdPf;edrdwfukd ,lyg/
a&wGi;f wnf&adS om a&jzpfap oydwf tk;d cGupf onf wnf&adS om
a&jzpfap tmayguokdPf;edrdwfukd ,l&m a&[laom ynwf
oufoufukdom tmkH,lyg/ a&wGif;eH&HESifh a&wGif;atmufajcukd
vnf;aumif; oydwf tkd;cGufwkdY\ eH&H atmufajcukdvnf;aumif;
rMunfhrd&ef owdjyKyg/ a&oufoufukdom Munfh edrdwfukd ,lyg/
wpfzef xkdokdY edrdwfukd ,l&m rdrd &&SdNyD;aom pwkwpsmeform"d
wpfcck u
k dk 0ifpm;Ny;D rS xkpd smefaMumifh jzpfay:vmonfh Pfvif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tifrsm; tm;aumif;vmaomtcg xkdpsmefrS xum rsufpdukd
zGifh rdrd owfrSwfxm;aom tmayguokdPf;edrdwfukd ,lcJhaomf ykd
t&jrefwwfonf/ a&S;a&S;bm0emorm"drsm;u tm;BuD;aom rSD&m
Oyed,owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;aeaomaMumifh jzpfonf/
e 0aPm ypa0uw
d aAm? e vuPH reodumwA/H (0do'k ?d 1?165??)
xko
d Ydk tmayguokP
d ;f edrw
d u
f dk ,l&m a&\ta&mifudk ESv;Hk roGi;f
ygESifh? ta&mifukd ESvkH;oGif;cJhaomf 0PuokdPf; (= ta&mifuokdPf;)
bufoYdk ul;oGm;rnf/ tmayguokP
d ;f r[kwaf wmhay/ wpfzef tmayg"mwf\ ,kdpD;jcif; y*&PvuPmmukdvnf; ESvkH;roGif;ygESifh? a&\
at;rI oDwvuPmukv
d nf; ESv;Hk roGi;f ygESi/hf ,if;"mwfw\
Ydk obm0
vuPmukd ESv;Hk oGi;f cJah omf "mwfur|mef;bufoYdk ul;oGm;rnf jzpf\/
txl ; ojzif h a&\ at;rI o abmuk d ES v k H ; oG i f ; aeygu orm"d
tm;aumif;vmaomtcg xko
d Ydk ESv;Hk oGi;f aeaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f
cEmukd,f csrf;wufvmwwf\/ xkdaMumifh tqif;\ rSD&m tmayguokdPf;ukd tqif;ESifh wuG wlaom tjcif;t&m &Sdonfukd jyK
tmayg"mwf xlajymonf\ tpGr;f jzifh tmayg (= a&)[laom avmu
a0g[m& ynwftmkH pdwfukd xm; ---- ]]tmayg-tmayg-tmayg =
a&-a&-a&}}[k ESvkH;oGif; yGm;rsm;yg/
y&duredrdwf O*[edrdwf y#dbm*edrdwf[laom edrdwf okH;rsKd;
y&durbm0em Oypm&bm0em tyembm0em[laom bm0em ok;H rsK;d
y&durorm"d Oypm&orm"d tyemorm"d[laom orm"d okH;rsKd;
tpOftwkdif; jzpfay:vm pwkwpsmeform"dokdY wkdifatmif tpOf
twkdif; qkdufa&mufEkdifayonf/
wpfzef 0do'k rd *t|uxmwGif edrw
d x
f ifyu
Hk kd okYd &Si;f jyxm;\/
]] tmayguokdPf; O*[edrdwfonf vIyfouJhokdY xifvmwwf\/
tmayguokP
d ;f edrw
d u
f kd ,lcphJ Ofu a&onf a&jrKyf a&>yufEiS hf a&maom
a&jzpfcJhrl xkdykHpHtwkdif;om xifvmwwf\? vIdif;wHykd; xjcif; a&jrKyf
a&>yufEiS hf a&maESmaejcif; paom uodP
k ;f tjypfa'goonf xifvmwwf\/ xkdaMumifh Nidrfouf eufIdif;aom a& edrdwf,ljcif;u
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
tjypfa'go enf;yg;ojzifh ykdaumif;vSayonf/ y#dbm*edrdwfum;

wkev
f yI jf cif; uif;onfjzpf aumif;uif xm;tyfaom jr,yf0ef;uJo
h Ydk
vnf;aumif; jraMu;rkH0ef;uJhokdYvnf;aumif; jzpf a&S;SLxifvm\/
xkad ,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf xdyk #dbm*edrw
d x
f ifonfEiS hf twlwuGom
vQif qkcd NhJ y;D onft
h wkid ;f Oypm&psmef tyempsmefoYkd a&muf&EdS idk af yonf/
(0dok'd?1?165-166/)
awaZmuodkPf; = rD;uokdPf;
a&S;a&S; b0xkx
d u
dk jyKtyf qnf;yl;tyfczhJ ;l aom awaZmuokP
d ;f
bm0emvkyfief; bm0emukkokdvf yknorm& &SdcJhzl;aom yk*dKvftm;
uokP
d ;f 0ef;tjzpf rjyKjyiftyfao;aom rD; awaZmuokP
d ;f edrw
d u
f dk
,lcJhaomf &&SdEkdifonfom jzpf\/
1/
2/
3/
4/
qDrD;awmuf qDrD;vQHvnf;aumif;
csufjyKwf&m rD;zkdvnf;aumif;
oydwfzkwf&mXme wnf&Sdaom rD;ykHvnf;aumif;
awmrD;avmif&m rD;awmufrD;vQHvnf;aumif; -trSwfr&Sd rD;awmufavmif&m t&yf rD;vQHukd MunfhIpOf O*[edrdwf jzpfay:vmEkdif\/
twdwb
f 0 xkx
d u
dk awaZmuokP
d ;f ukd pD;jzef;rI yg&rD yknorm&
r&Sdaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonfum; awaZmuokdPf;0ef;ukd jyKvkyfxkduf\/ jyKvkyfykH tpDt&ifum; ---- tESpftqD &Sd ajcmufaoGUaom
xif;cGJjcrf;wkdYukd oifhawmf&m wpfae&m oydwfzkwfonfh ykHpHtae
txm;jzifh tpktykv
H u
dk f rD;awmufr;D vQH xGuaf y:vmonfw
h idk af tmif
rD;IdUyg/
oifjzL;zsm om;a&ykid ;f ykq;dk Murf; opfom;ysOcf sypf onfh wpfcck k
wGif wpfxGmavmuf twkdif;t&Snf &Sdaom 0ef;0kdif;aom taygufukd
azmuf xkt
d aygufazmufxm;aom t&m0wKudk a&SUxm; okrYd [kwf
wpfxGmcefY 0kdif;0ef;aom tayguf&Sdaom ZvkHaygufwpfckukd a&SU
xm; xkdifNyD;vQif --1/ rD;ykHatmuf avmifaeaom jrufxif;ukdvnf;aumif;
2/ txufokdY wufaom rD;ckd; rD;GefYukdvnf;aumif;
ESv;Hk roGi;f rl tv,f rusrJ
l wpfceJ uf wpfv;Hk wnf;tm;jzifh
awmufavmifaeaom rD;awmufrD;vQH O*[edrdwf y#dbm*edrdwfukd
,lygav/ (0dok'd?1?166/)
0aPm e ypa0udwaAm? OPSw0aoe vuPH e reodumwAH/ (0dok'd?1?166/)
xko
d Ydk awaZmuokP
d ;f edrw
d u
f dk ,l&m xkrd ;D awmufr;D vQ\
H tndK
t0g teD ponftm;jzifh jym;aom ta&mifukd ESvkH;roGif;ygESifh/
ta&mifudk ESv;Hk oGi;f cJah omf 0PuokP
d ;f (= ta&mifuokP
d ;f ) bufoYdk
ul;oGm;rnf jzpf\/ xkdrD;awmufrD;vQH\ ylaom vuPmukdvnf;
ESvkH;roGif;ygESifh/ ylaom vuPmudk ESvkH;oGif;ygu "mwfur|mef;
bufokdY ajymif;oGm;rnf jzpf\/ ylaom vuPmukd ESvkH;oGif;rdygu
ESv;Hk oGi;f aeygu orm"d tm;aumif;vmaomtcg a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f
cEmtdrfonfvnf; ylavmifvmwwfayonf/
xkdaMumifh rD;awmufrD;vQH wnf&Sdaom ta&miftqif;\
wnf&m rD;ukd tqif;ESifh wuGomvQif jyK awaZm"mwf rsm;jym;
xlajymonf\ tpGrf;jzifh awaZm (= rD;)[laom avmua0g[m&
ynwf pdwfukd xm; ]]awaZm-awaZm-awaZm = rD;-rD;-rD;}}}}[k
ESvkH;oGif; yGm;rsm;yg/ odkY yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfaom xkda,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; O*[edrdwf y#dbm*edrdwfrsm; jzpfay:vmrnf jzpf\/
(0dok'd?1?166...Munfhyg/)
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
TeMf um;csurf sm;ESihf tnD awaZmuokP

d ;f ukd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf
vkad om a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf rD;awmufr;D vQ&H &dS m t&yfoYdk a&S;OD;pGm
csO;f uyfyg/ xkad e&m rdrd &&Sx
d m;Ny;D onfh wpfrsK;d rsK;d aom pwkwp smeform"dukd jyefvnf xlaxmifyg/ xkdpsmefrS xaomtcg rsufpdukd
zGifhvsuf ,if;rD;awmufrD;vQH atmuf rD;avmifaeonfh xif;pESifh
tay:ykdif; rD;GefYwkdYukd rMunfhbJ tv,f rD;awmufukdom Munfh
awaZmuokP
d ;f edrw
d u
f dk ,lMunfyh g/ ratmifjrifcahJ omf q,fvufrcefY
tayguf&Sdaom ZvkHaygufwpfckukd a&SUu cHxm; xkdZvkHayguf\
a&SU wnf&adS om rD;awmufr;D vQH awaZmuokP
d ;f edrw
d u
f dk ,lMunf-h
yg/ atmifjrifwwfygonf/
tcsKUd aom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vw
f u
Ydk m; xku
d o
hJ Ydk rjyKvyk af wmhbJ rdrd
w&m;xkdifaeus ae&mrSmyif rdrd &&Sdxm;NyD;onfh pwkwpsmeform"d
wpfckckukd xlaxmifNyD;aomtcg xkdpwkwpsmeform"dESifh ,SOfaom
Pf a Mumif h Nyd K ;Nyd K ;jyuf j yuf wvuf v uf awmuf y vmaom
vif;a&mifjcnftultnDjzifh a&S;,cifu rdrd jrifczhJ ;l awGUMuKH czhJ ;l aom
awmrD;avmifonft
h cg okrYd [kwf tdru
f dk rD;avmifonft
h cg okrYd [kwf
trIdufykHukd rD;avmifonfhtcg ponfwkdY jzpfay:aeaom rD;awmuf
rD;vQu
H dk wpfzef jyef tmk,
H Ml unfv
h u
dk af omtcg Pftvif;a&mif
atmufwGif xkdrD;awmufrD;vQHukd Pfrsufpdjzifh tmkH,l &wwfayonf/ xkdtcg xkdrD;awmufrD;vQHyif a&S;enf;twl awaZmuokdPf;edrdwfukd ,lcJhaomf a&S;a&S;aom bm0emorm"dwkdY\ tm;BuD;
aom rS&D m Oyed,yp,owjd zifh aus;Zl;jyKay;rI t&Sed t
f 0gowu
d dk
qufc&H aomaMumifh vG,v
f ,
G u
f u
l yl if awaZmuokP
d ;f edrw
d u
f kd ,l&wwfayonf/ rdrd &&Sx
d m;Ny;D onfh awaZmuokP
d ;f edrw
d u
f kd jyefvnf
tmkH,lonfESifh wlnDayonf/
awaZmuokdPf;eddrdwfukd ,l atmifjrifrI &&SdcJhaomf xkdedrdwf-
ukdyif tmkH,lum orm"dukd qufvuf xlaxmifyg/ y&duredrdwf

O*[edrw
d f y#dbm*edrw
d [
f al om edrw
d f ok;H rsK;d y&durbm0em Oypm&bm0em tyembm0em[laom bm0em ok;H rsK;d y&durorm"d Oypm&orm"d tyemorm"d[laom orm"d okH;rsKd;wkdYudk tpOftwkdif; &&Sd
atmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfyg/
xkdokdY tm;xkwfaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef jzpfay:vmaom O*[edrdwf y#dbm*edrdwf ESpfrsKd;wkdYwGif O*[edrdwfum;
rD;awmufrD;vQHonf jywf jywf usonfESifh wlonfjzpf xifvm
\/ uokP
d ;f 0ef;tjzpf rjyKjyiftyfaom rD;ykH awaZmuokP
d ;f edrw
d u
f dk
,laom yk*dKvftm;um; uokdPf;\ tjypfa'goonf xif&Sm;\? rD;
tykdif;tp (= rD;xif;p)onfvnf;aumif; rD;usD;pk rD;usD;cJykHonf
vnf;aumif; jymonfvnf;aumif; rD;ckd;onfvnf;aumif; xifae
wwf\/ y#dbm*edrdwfonfum; rwkefvIyfonfjzpf aumif;uif
jzefYcif;xm;tyfaom urvmykdif;uJhokdYvnf;aumif; a&T,yf0ef;uJhokdY
vnf;aumif; a&TonfwkdifuJhokdYvnf;aumif; xifvm\/ xkda,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf xkdy#dbm*edrdwf\ xifonfESifh twlwuGomvQif
Oypm&psmefudkvnf;aumif; tyempsmefudkvnf;aumif; a&muf&SdEkdif
ayonf/ (0dok'd?1?166/)
0ga,muokdPf; = avuokdPf;
0ga,muodPH bma0wkumaremyd 0g,ko edrw
d H *PSw
d A/H w
acg 'd|0aoe 0g zk|0aoe 0g/ (0dok'd?1?167/)
0ga,muokdPf;ukd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfvkdaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonfvnf; av edrw
d u
f kd ,ltyf\/ xk0d ga,muokP
d ;f edrw
d u
f v
dk nf;
1/ tjrif\ tpGrf;jzifhvnf;aumif;
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
2/ tawGU\ tpGrf;jzifhvnf;aumif; ,ltyfayonf/ xkdaMumifh --1/ opfyifzsm; opf&Gufzsm;ponfwkdY wkdufcwfaeaom avudk

Munfh jrifvnf; 0ga,muokdPf;edrdwfukd ,lEkdif\/
2/ rdrd\ ukd,ft*Fgtpdwftykdif; wpfae&m vma&muf awGUxdaeaom avudkvnf; 0ga,muokdPf;edrdwftjzpf ,lEkdif\/
rdr\
d uk,
d t
f *Fg awGUxdaom avukd 0ga,muokP
d ;f edrw
d t
f jzpf
,lvkdaomf a&S;OD;pGm rdrd &&Sdxm;NyD;aom wpfrsKd;rsKd;aom pwkwpsmeform"dudk wpfzef jyef xlaxmifyg/ xkpd wkwp smefaMumifh jzpfay:vm
aom Pfvif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tifrsm; tm;aumif;vmaomtcg
avomjyLwif;aygufponfrS 0ifvm uk,
d t
f *Fg tpdwt
f ykid ;f wpfae&m vma&mufxdckdufaom avtpk owdukd jzpfap --- ]]0ga,m0ga,m-0ga,m = av-av-av}}
av-av-av}}[k ESvkH;oGif; yGm;rsm;yg/
tu,f opfyifzsm; opf&u
G zf sm; ponfwYdk wku
d cf wfaeaom
avudk Munfh edrdwfudk ,lvkdcJhaomf a&S;OD;pGm rdrd &&Sdxm;NyD;aom
wpfrsK;d rsK;d aom pwkwp smeform"dudk xlaxmifNy;D aemuf vif;a&mifjcnf
pGr;f tifrsm; tm;aumif;vmaomtcg xkv
d if;a&mifjcnf\ tulnjD zifh
xkdavudk jrifatmif Munhf xkdav owdudk jzpfap ---- ]]0ga,m0ga,m-0ga,m = av-av-av}}
av-av-av}}[k ESv;Hk oGi;f yGm;rsm;yg/ edrw
d f ok;H rsK;d
bm0em okH;rsKd; orm"d okH;rsKd;vkH;ukd &&Sdatmif pwkwpsmeform"dokdY
qdkufa&mufonfhwdkifatmif tpOftwkdif; yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfyg/
O*[edrdwfum; ckHavmuf (= zkdcaemuf)rS cstyfumrQ jzpfaom
EkC
Yd emqGr;f \ tck;d taiGUtvk;H ESihf wlpmG wkev
f yI o
f nfjzpf xifvm\/
y#dbm*edrdwfonfum; Nidrfoufaom taetxkdif&Sdonf rwkefvIyfonfjzpf xifvm\/ <uif; enf;wl rSwfav/ (0dok'd?1?167/)
tmavmuuodkPf; = tvif;a&mifuokdPf;
tmavmuuokdPf;ukd edrdwf,lvkdaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf
1/ eH&Haygufjzifh 0if xifvmaom va&mif aea&mift0ef;
2/ oHaumufaygufjzifh 0if xifvmaom va&mif aea&mift0ef;
3/ avaomufwcH g;aygufjzifh 0if xifvmaom va&mif aea&mift0ef; --t0ef; wpfckck edrdwfukd ,lEkdif\/ (0dok'd?1?169/)
tmavmuuokP
d ;f bm0emvkyif ef; jyKtyfczhJ ;l aom ]t"dum&}
aumif;rIuo
k v
kd yf g&rD &Sad om a,m*g0p&olawmfaumif;tm; eH&aH yguf
ponfwkdYwGif wpfckckaom taygufjzifh aea&mifonfvnf;aumif;
va&mifo
f nfvnf;aumif; 0if eH&H vnf;aumif; ajr (= Murf;jyif)
vnf;aumif; xifvmaom tvif;a&mift0ef;udk jrifomvQif O*[
edrw
d f y#dbm*edrw
d o
f nf jzpfay:vmEkid \
f / wpfceJ uf xlaom t&Guf
&Sdaom opfyif\ tcufMum;jzifhvnf;aumif; wpfcJeuf xlaom
opfcufr@yfMum;jzifah omfvnf;aumif; xGu
f ajromvQif xifvm
aom ta&mift0ef;ukd jrifomvQiv
f nf; O*[edrw
d f y#dbm*edrw
d f
onf jzpfay:vmEkdif\/ (0dok'd?1?169/)
tmavmuuokdPf; bm0emvkyfief; jznfhqnf;yl;cJhaom yg&rD
t&Sdeft0g tm;aysmhaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonfum; txufwGif
wifjyxm;aom tvif;a&mif okH;rsKd;wkdYwGif wpfrsKd;rsKd; ---- ]]tmavm
aum-tmavmaum-tmavmaum = tvif;a&mif-tvif;a&miftvif;a&mif}}}[k ESv;Hk oGi;f yGm;rsm;yg/ ratmifjrifcahJ omf tk;d wpfv;Hk \
twGi;f qDr;D ukd nx
d eG ;f tk;d 0ukd ydw
f tk;d taygufwpfck jyKvyk
f
eH&HbufokdY a&S;Iwnfxm;yg/ xkdazmufxm;aom tkd;aygufrS qDrD;a&mifonf xGu
f eH&H t0ef;t0kid ;f xifaeayrnf/ xked &H H xifae-
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
aom qDrD;a&mif t0ef;t0kdif;ukd ---- ]]tmavmaum-tmavmaumtmavmaum = tvif;a&mif-tvif;a&mif-tvif;a&mif}}}[k ESv;Hk oGi;f

yGm;rsm;ygav/ okYd jyKjyifprD x
H m;aom tvif;a&mifuodP
k ;f 0ef;um;
va&mif aea&mifwaYdk Mumifh xifaeaom uokP
d ;f 0ef;xuf yk
d wm&Snf
cHayonf/ (0dok'd?1?169/)
tmemygewdorm"dudk pwkwpsmeform"dokdY wkdifatmif
vnf;aumif; tjcm;tjcm;aom uokdPf;wkdY pwkwpsmeform"dokdY
wkid af tmifvnf;aumif; orm"dudk xlaxmifxm;Ny;D aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf eHeufcif;tcg odkYr[kwf naecsrf;tcg0,f xlxJaom
opfcuf opf&Guf&Sdaom opfyif\ opfcuf opf&GufwkdY\ tMum;rS
jrifawGU&aom aea&mifjcnf\ tvif;a&mifudk tmk,
H
l tmavmu
uokP
d ;f edrw
d u
f dk &,lcahJ omf vG,v
f ,
G u
f u
l yl if edrw
d u
f dk ,l&wwfay
\/ xko
d Ydk edrw
d u
f dk ,lEidk cf ahJ omf xifvmaom O*[edrw
d w
f \
Ydk tvif;
a&mif\ pGr;f tifrmS vnf; yk
d tm;aumif;wwfayonf/ arSmifru
dk af e
aom nOfhtcg0,f ,if;uJhokdYaom atmifjrifrIukd &&Sdxm;NyD;jzpfaom
tmavmuuokdPf;0ef; edrdwfudk jzefYMuufcJhaomf uokdPf;0ef;ukd
jzefYMuufxm;NyD;&mt&yftwGif; wnf&Sdaeaom tvif;a&mifrSm
aeYtcguJo
h yYdk if vif;aeaom [l\/ t*Fw
k & edum,f owuedygwf
vm&Sdaom ypv,rmeokwef (tH?2?463/) vm&Sdaom bk&m;&Sif\
TefMum;awmfrlcsufESifh nDGwfvsufyif &Sdayonf/
tmavmuuokP
d ;f O*[edrw
d o
f nf eH&H vnf;aumif; ajr
(= Murf;jyif)vnf;aumif; opfcuf opf&u
G Mf um;ponfvnf;aumif;
xifaeaom yuwdtvif;a&mif t0ef;t0kid ;f ESihf wl\/ y#dbm*edrw
d -f
onfum; bk&m;&Sif\ wpfvHrQavmufaom a&mifjcnfawmf0ef;uJhokdY
wpfceJ uf twk;H vku
d f tcJvu
dk f jzpf txl;MunfvifvaS om tvif;a&miftpkESifh wl\/ <uif; enf;wlrSwfyg/ (0dok'd?1?169/)
tmavmuonm ac: tmavmuuokdPf;rSm xderd' y,fazsmufa&;wGif taumif;qkH;aom vufeufwpfrsKd; jzpf\/ t*FkwdK&fygVdawmf owuedygwf ypv,rmeokwef (tH?2?463 ..) xderd'ukd
y,fazsmufaMumif; aysmufuif;aMumif; w&m; (7)rsKd;ukd cGJjcm;um
a[mMum;xm;awmfr\
l / ,if; (7)rsK;d wkw
Yd iG f tmavmuonmonf
vnf; wpfcktygt0if jzpfonf/ edAmefukd vkdvm;awmifhwvsuf&Sdaom yk*Kd vw
f idk ;f vufuidk x
f m;oifah om ur|mef; wpfrsK;d yif jzpfonf/
'dApuKtbdnmPf\ tajccH awaZmuokdPf; Mo'gwuokdPf;
tmavmuuokdPf;[laom okH;rsKd;aom uokdPf;wkdYwGif --(arok p ye wDok) tmavmuuodPHa,0 ao|w&H/
(0dok'd?2?58/)
[laom 0dok'dr*t|uxmESifh tnD tmavmuuokdPf;rSm

taumif;qkH; tjrwfqkH;aom uokdPf;wpfckyif jzpfonf/
tmumouodkPf; = aumif;uifuokdPf;
1/ eH&Haygufaomfvnf;aumif;
2/ oHaumufaygufaomfvnf;aumif;
3/ avomjyLwif;aygufMum;aomfvnf;aumif; --tmumouokdPf; (= tMum;taygufuokdPf; = aumif;uifuokdPf;)edrdwfudk &,lEkdifayonf/ (0dok'd?1?169/)
a&S;a&S;b0u tmumouokdPf; bm0emvkyfief; jyKtyfcJhzl;aom ]t"dum&}aumif;rIuo
k v
dk f &So
d oltm; eH&aH ygufpaom tMum;
tayguf wpfckckudk awGUjrifcJhaomf O*[edrdwf y#dbm*edrdwfonf
vG,fulpGmyif jzpfay:vmEkdif\/ t"dum&aumif;rIukokdvf tm;enf;
olum; aeajymufrxkd;&atmif aumif;pGm rkd;xm;tyfaom r@yf
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
aomfvnf;aumif; om;a& zsmponfwkdYwGif wpfckckaomfvnf;

aumif; wpfxGm vufav;opfponf yrmP&Sdaom 0ef;0kdif;aom
taygufudk jyKvyk
f xku
d okP
d ;f 0ef;tjzpf jyKvyk x
f m;tyfaom tayguf
ukdaomfvnf;aumif; eH&Haygufpaom wpfckckaom taygufukdaomf
vnf;aumif; tmumouokP
d ;f edrw
d t
f jzpf tmk,
H
l ]]tmumaomtmumaom-tmumaom = aumif;uif-aumif;uif-aumif;uif}}}[l
ESvkH;oGif; yGm;rsm;tyf\/ (0dok'd?1?169/)
tu,f atmifjrifrIukd r&&SdcJhvQif wpfxGmcefY wpfaycefY
tayguft0kdif;wpfckukd opfom;ysOfcsyfwGif puf0kdif;usus azmufyg/
xkt
d mumouokP
d ;f 0ef;ygaom ysOcf syu
f dk opfyif rk;d om; wdr&f yd pf aom
tjypf uif;pifonfh aumif;uifbufoYdk ajrm uf ukid x
f m;yg? xkt
d 0ef;
t0kdif; tmumoedrdwfukd ysOfjym;csyf\ azmufxm;aom puf0kdif;twGif; pdwfpkduf tmkH,lMunfhyg/ uokdPf;0ef;taygufukd ausmfvGef aumif;uifbufokdY vkdufrMunhfygESifh/ ysOfjym;csyfwGif azmuf
xGif;xm;aom uokdPf;0ef;om tmumouokdPf;edrdwfudk ,lyg/
tu,f rsupf u
d dk zGiw
hf Hk rSw
d w
f jHk yKum uokP
d ;f 0ef;edrw
d u
f dk ,laeaomfvnf; vG,fulpGmjzifh edrdwfukd,l r& jzpfaeao;vQif rdrd&&Sdxm;NyD;
aom wpfrsKd;rsKd;aom pwkwpsmeform"dukd wpfzefjyef xlaxmifyg/
xkdaemif ,if;pwkwpsmefrS x ykHpHwlyif tmumouokdPf;0ef;edrw
d u
f dk rsupf zd iG
hf jyef,Ml unfyh g/ rsupf u
d kd rSw
d v
f u
dk af omtcg O*[edrdwfonf xifvmygu atmifjrifrIukd &&SdayNyD/ atmifjrifrIudk &&Sd
aomtcg edrdwfukd ckdifatmif qufvufavhusifh rdrdtvkd&Sd&m
t&yfokdY oGm; xkdifvsuf yGm;rsm;Ekdifayonf/ rdrd BudKufESpfouf&m
ae&m xkdifaomtcg rdrd&&Sdxm;NyD;onfh orm"drsm;ukd wpfzefjyef
xlaxmifyg/ txl;ojzifh rdrdESpfouf&m wpfrsKd;rsKd;aom pwkwpsmef
orm"dodkYwkdifatmif orm"dudk xlaxmifyg/ xkdaemif rdrd edrdwf,l
&&Sdxm;NyD;jzpfonfh tmumouokdPf;0ef;edrdwfudkyif wpfzef jyef

tmkH,lyg/ a&S;a&S;aom bm0emorm"dwkdY\ tm;BuD;aom rSD&m Oyed,owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;rI t&Sdeft0g owdxl;ukd qufcH&aom
aemufaemufaom bm0emorm"drSmvnf; vG,fulacsmarmvsufyif
&Sdaewwfygonf/
tmumouodkPf; O*[edrdwfonf eH&HaygufponfwkdYESifh
twlwuG xkdrlveH&HaygufponfwkdYESifh wlonfomvQif jzpfayonf/
O*[edrdwftckduf bm0empGrf;tm; enf;yg;onfh twGufaMumifh
uodkPf;0ef;ukd wkd;yGm;atmifjyKvkyfaomfvnf; rwkd;yGm;Ekdifao;ay/
y#dbm*edrdwfum; eH&HpGef;ponf rxifawmhbJ aumif;uift0ef;
oufoufom jzpf xifvmawmhonf/ xkdtcg tmumouokdPf;
bm0emvkyfief; tmumouokdPf; bm0emorm"donf jrJjrHoGm;NyD
jzpfaomaMumifh uokP
d ;f 0ef;udk wk;d yGm;apaomfvnf; uokP
d ;f 0ef;onf
wkd;yGm;vmEkdifayonf/ <uif; enf;wlayNyD/ (0dok'd?1?169/)
uodP
k ;f (10)yg;wku
Yd dk yGm;rsm;ykH tpDt&ifonf wGif Ny;D qk;H oGm;
ayNyD/ a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf bk&m;a[m a'oemawmfpOftwkdif; -yx0D tmayg awaZm 0ga,m eDv (= tndKa&mif) yDw (= t0ga&mif) avm[dw (= teDa&mif) Mo'gw (= tjzLa&mif) tmavmu
(= tvif;a&mif) tmumo (= aumif;uif)[laom uokP
d ;f q,fyg;wku
dY dk tpOftwkid ;f uokP
d ;f wkid ;f uokP
d ;f wkid ;f 0,f pwkwp smeform"doYkd
qkdufonfhwkdifatmif Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum tm;xkwfyg/
xko
d Ydk BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwEf idk yf gu rnfonft
h &m0wKEiS yhf if awGMuKH &onfjzpfap uokP
d ;f 0ef;edrw
d t
f jzpf tmk,
H
l &Ekid o
f nfh t&m0wK
rSeyf gu uokP
d ;f edrw
d t
f jzpf vSr;f tmk,
H v
l u
dk o
f nfEiS hf wpfNyKd ief uf
uokdPf;edrdwfukd vG,fvG,fululyif &,lEkdifayonf/ ouf&SdoufrJh
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
umr0wK tpkpkrS bm0em[laom tESpfom&ukd xkwf,lwwfygu

,ckuo
hJ aYdk om enf;rSev
f rf;rSef ESv;Hk oGi;f wwfrI (= a,medaomreodum
um&& ) xif&mS ;&Sad eaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vw
f pfO;D tzkYd yxrpsmeform"d
'kwd,psmeform"d wwd,psmeform"d pwkwpsmeform"duJhokdYaom
bm0emtESpfom&rsm;um; vG,fvG,fululyif xGufay:vmrnf
jzpfayonf/ ,if; psmeform"drsm;u eD0&Pudavom tnpftaMu;
wkdYudk cyfMumMum cGmxm;Ekdifojzifh xkduJhokdY yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfaeaom
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef0,f r[myx0DajrBuD;ESifh wlnDaom
pdwx
f m; a&ESihf wlnaD om pdwx
f m; rD;ESihf wlnaD om pdwx
f m; avESihf
wlnaD om pdwx
f m; aumif;uifEiS hf wlnaD om pdwx
f m;rsm;onf ,m,D
tcku
d t
f weft
Y m;jzifh txl;ojzifh psmefukd 0ifpm;aeEkid o
f rQ umvywf
vkH; jzpfay:aeMurnfom jzpfayonf/ vmbf&jcif; vmbfr&jcif;
tjct
H &H tausmt
f apm rsm;jcif; tjct
H &H tausmt
f apm enf;yg;jcif;
tuJh&JUcH&jcif; tcsD;rGrf;cH&jcif; csrf;omjcif; qif;&Jjcif;[lonfh
avmu"H avjyif;rkefwkdif;wdkY wkdufcwfvmaomtcgvnf; txkduf
tavQmuf MuHUMuHUckdifMunf &yfwnfEkdifrnf jzpfayonf/ avmu"H
avjyif;rkefwkdif;wkdYaMumifh wkefvIyfjcif; r&Sdonfh wm'd*kPfESifh txkduf
tavsmuf jynfhpkHaernfom jzpfayonf/ wpfzef ,if;pwkwpsmef
orm"dwkdYudk 0dyem\ tajccHtaMumif;&if; yg'upsmeftjzpf
xlaxmifum 0dyemodkY ul;wufoGm;ygu ,if;orm"dw&m;wkdYu
t&[wzv
dk w
f idk af tmifaom tusK;d w&m;wku
Yd dk &&Sad vatmif tm;Bu;D
aom rS&D m Oyed,owjd zifh aus;Zl;jyKay;aeMurnfom jzpfayonf/
tu,f t&[wzkdvfokdY qkdufa&mufoGm;ygu ajr-a&-rD;-avaumif;uifwEYdk iS hf wlnaD om pdwx
f m;rsm;onf xm0& ude;f 0yfEidk Mf uNyD
jzpfMuojzifh wm'd*P
k Ef iS hf >cif;csuf r&Sd tNy;D wkid f jynfph NHk yD jzpfayonf/
!!!
tlyg0p&psmefykdif;
tu,f a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vu
f 0dyemokYd rul;vkad o;bJ tlypsmeformywfawGukd qufvufum avhusifhvkdyguvnf; qufvuf
yGm;rsm; tm;xkwEf idk af yonf/ pmrlum; jzpfEidk o
f rQ tusO;f csKyu
f m
a&;om;wifjyaytHh/ jynfhjynfhpkHpkH jznfhusifhEkdifa&;twGufum; q&morm;rsm;ESifhom csOf;uyfavhvmyg/
tlyg0p&psmefonf ----1/ tmumomem,wepsmef = tmumo (= aumif;uifynwf)vQif wnf&mtmkH&Sdaom psmef
2/ 0dnmPm,wepsmef = tmumomem,we0dnmPfvQif
wnf&mtmkH&Sdaom psmef
3/ tmudnm,wepsmef = tmumomem,we0dnmPf\ r&SdrI
(= ewdabmynwf)vQif wnf&mtmkH&Sdaom psmef
4/ ae0onmemonm,wepsmef = (ke&Yf if;Murf;wrf;aom onmum; r&Sd? tvGefYtvGef odrfarGUEl;nHhaom onmom &Sdojzifh)
onm&So
d nfvnf; r[kwf onmr&So
d nfvnf; r[kwaf om psmef
okdYvQif (4)rsKd; &Sdayonf/
tmumomem,wepsmef
uokdPf;q,fyg;wkdY uokdPf;wpfyg;wpfyg;vQif pwkwpsmef
orm"dokdYwkdifatmif t0g;0pGm avhusifhtyfNyD;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf yx0DuokdPf;rSonf tmavmuuokdPf;okdY wkdifatmif
(9)rsKd;aom uokdPf;wkdYwGif rnfonfhuokdPf;rS rqkd tlypsmefwkdYokdY
ul;vku
d ul;Ekid o
f nfom jzpfayonf/ wGif yx0DuokP
d ;f rS ul;yku
H dk
tusOf;csKyfum wifjyaytHh/
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
tmumomem,wepsmefukd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfvkdaom a,m*g

0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf a&S;OD;pGm kyw
f &m;wk\
Yd tjypfudk jrifatmif Iqifjcif
tyf\/
rdbwkdY\ okufaoG;ukd trSDjyK xif&Sm;jzpfay:vm&aom uH
pdwf Owk tm[m&wnf;[laom taMumif;w&m;wkdYaMumifh xif&Sm;
jzpfay:vm&aom lyum,cEmuk,
d u
f dk ]u&Zum,}
]u&Zum,}[k ac:qk\
d /
,if;u&Zum, xif&mS ; &Sad ejcif;aMumifh wkwf "m; paom vufeufudk
pGu
J idk v
f suf owfyw
k Mf u\? ku
d Ef u
S Mf u\? nO;f yef;ESyd pf ufMu\? cku
d &f ef
jzpfMu\? jiif;ckHMu\? rsufpda&m*g em;a&m*gponfjzifh tema&m*g
trsKd;rsKd;ukd cHpm;&\/ u&Zum, trnf&aom kyfw&m;om
xif&Sm; r&Sdygu xkduJhokdYaom 'kursKd;pkHrS vGwfayvdrfhrnf[k ynmjzifh
qifjcif kyfw&m;ukdomvQif NiD;aiGUjcif;iSm pufqkyfjcif;iSm csKyfapjcif;iSm tmumomem,wepsmefudk &&Sad tmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkw&f \/
xkdodkY tm;xkwf&m0,f a&S;OD;pGm u&Zum,trnf&aom kyfw&m;
,if;uJo
h Ydk tjypfudk jrifatmif I xkd yk w
f &m;ukd ausmv
f mT ;vGeaf jrmuf
zkdY&ef yx0DuokdPf; pwkwpsmefudk jzpfaptyf\/ xkdpwkwpsmef\
tmkHjzpfaom yx0DuokdPf;kyfukdvnf; kyf[kyif ,lqum (= rlv
yx0DuokdPf;0ef; edrdwf,l&m ajrBuD;rSm OwkZMoZ|rukyfwkdY\
taygif;tpkjzpf kyt
f ppfjzpf\/ xkd yk w
f &m;wku
dY kd rS
D jzpfay:vmaom
jzeYMf uufxm;tyfaom yx0DuokP
d ;f 0ef;edrw
d rf mS uokP
d ;f ynwfrQom
jzpfaomfvnf; rlvyx0DuokP
d ;f 0ef; kyt
f ppfukd rS
D jzpfay:vmaom
uokP
d ;f ynwfjzpfjcif;aMumifh ,if;jzefMY uufxm;Ny;D aom yx0DuokP
d ;f
0ef;ukdvnf; kyf[kyif ,lqum) xkdyx0DuokdPf;kyfrS NiD;aiGU
ausmv
f mT ; vGeaf jrmufvo
dk nfjzpf 0oDabmf ig;wefudk Ekid ef if;atmif
avhusit
hf yfNy;D onfjzpf t0g;0pGm avhvmtyfNy;D aom yx0DuokP
d ;f
vQif tmkH&Sdaom pwkwpsmefrS x xkdpwkwpsmef tjypfukd okdY
jrifatmifI --1/ lyg0p&pwkwpsmefonf ig NiD;aiGUtyfaom uodkPf;kyfukd

tmkHjyKbd\?
2/ aomrea0'em[laom (wwd,psmef[laom) eD;uyfaom
&efol &Sd\/
3/ Nidrfoufaom 0darmujzpfaom tlypsmefatmuf kefY&if;\/
okdY tjypfukd jrifatmifI
4/ xkpd wkwp smef wG,w
f miJu
h u
G f woufouf &Sjd cif;ukd ukeaf p
5/ tmumomem,wepsmefudk Nird o
f ufaomtm;jzifh ESv;Hk oGi;f
6/ pMu0Vm qkH;onfhwkdifatmifvnf;aumif; tvkd&SdorQ t&yfokdY
wkdifatmifvnf;aumif; rdrd yGm;xm;NyD;aom uodkPf;kyfukd
jzefYMuuf
7/ xkduokdPf;kyfjzifh awGUxd&m t&yfukd ]]tmumo-tmumo}} [k
vnf;aumif; odkYr[kwf ]]teEtmumo-teEtmumo}}
mumo}}[k
vnf;aumif; ESvkH;oGif; lyg0p&pwkwpsmef\ tmkHjzpfaom
uokdPf;kyfukd cGmyg/
wpfenf; ----- xkyd x0DuokP
d ;f kyf wpfae&mudk pku
d
f ]]tmumo-tmumo}}
o-tmumo}}[k wpfzufowf ESvkH;oGif;yg/ tmumoukd Pfjzifh
jrifaomtcg tmumoukdom wpfzufowf ESvkH;oGif;yg/ ,if;
tmumoudk jzefMY uufyg/ tmumojzifh awGUxdr&d m yx0DuokP
d ;f kyf
wnf&m t&yftm;vk;H onf wjznf;jznf; tmumojyefv
Y monfEiS t
hf rQ
aysmufysufum tmumocsnf; jzpfoGm;vdrfhrnf/ yx0DuokdPf;kyf
&S&d m t&yftm;vk;H tmumojzpfatmif ESv;Hk oGi;f yg/ yx0DuokP
d ;f kyfukd cGmyg/
yx0DuokP
d ;f ukd rqifjcifbJ ESv;Hk roGi;f bJ rok;H oyfbJ pifppfrmS rl
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
xkdyx0DuokdPf;kyfjzifh awGUxd&m tmumoukdyif ]]tmumotmumo}} [l wpfzufowf ESv;Hk oGi;f aom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo

f nf
uokdPf;ukd cGmonfrnf\/ ,if;okdY cGmtyfaom yx0DuokdPf;kyfonfvnf; rxr<u? repfrqkwf/ a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ yx0DuokdPf;udk oufouf ESvkH;roGif;jcif;ukdvnf;aumif; ]tmumotmumo}
tmumo}[k wpfzufowf ESvkH;oGif;jcif;ukdvnf;aumif; tpGJjyK
yx0DuokdPf;ukd cGmonf rnfay\/ uodkPf;ukd cGm&mcGmaMumif;
tmumoaumif;uifynwfrQonfomvQif xifvm\/
uodP*k g #drmumo = uokP
d ;f ukd cGm &&St
d yfaom tmumo
uodPzka|mumo = uokdPf;jzifh awGUxdrd&m tmumo
uodP0d0w
d m umo = uokP
d ;f rS uif;qdwo
f mG ;aom tmumo
ok;H yk'v
f ;Hk onf y&d,m,fEiS Ef iS f jzpfaomaMumifh teuftm;jzifh
wlonfomwnf;/ (0ddok'd?1?320-321/)
1/
2/
3/
xkda,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf xkdyx0DuokdPf;ukd cGm &&Sdvmaom

tmumoedrdwfudk ]tmumo-tmumo}
]tmumo-tmumo}[l tzefzef txyfxyf
qifjcif\? 0dwufjzifh ]tmumo-tmumo}[k a&S;I acgufonfukd
xuf0ef;usif vSnv
hf nf acgufonfukd jyK\/ odYk tzefzef txyfxyf
qifjcifaom 0dwufjzifh ]tmumo-tmumo}[k a&S;I acgufonfudk
xuf0ef;usif acgufonfudk jyKaom xkda,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef
eD0&Pwko
Yd nf uGmuke\
f ? tmumoedrw
d v
f Qif tmk&H adS om owdonf
tvGefxifonfjzpf aumif;pGmwnf\/ Oypm&psmeform"djzifh pdwfonf tmumoedrdwf aumif;pGm wnfMunfae\/ xkda,m*g0p&
yk*Kd vo
f nf xkt
d mumoedrw
d u
f kd tzefzef txyfxyf rS0D \
J ? yGm;rsm;\?
Budrfzefrsm;pGm tavhtvmjyK\/ okdY tzefzef txyfxyf qifjcif
aom ESv;Hk oGi;f aom xkad ,m*g0p&yk*Kd vt
f m; tmumoedrw
d t
f mkH
tmumomem,wepdwfonf tyempsmef\ tpGr;f jzifh jzpfay:vm\/

yx0DuokdPf;paom uokdPf;ynwftmkH lyg0p&psmefpdwfonf
typsmef\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfouJhokdYwnf;/ (0dok'd?1?321/)
0dnmPm,wepsmef
0dnmPm,wepsmef[o
l nf tmumomem,we0dnmPfvQif
wnf&mtmk&H adS om psmefwnf;/ tmumomem,we0dnmPfudk tIcH
tmkx
H m; IymG ;ok;H oyfojzifh &&Sv
d maom psmefwnf;/ xk0d n
d mPm,wepsmefukd &&Sdatmif yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfvkdaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf
onf tmumomem,wepsmeformywfudk 0oDabmf ig;wef Ekid ef if;
atmif avhusifhtyf\/ tmumomem,wepsmeformywf 0oDabmf ig;wefudk Ekid ef if;atmif avhusiNhf y;D aom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf
1/ ]] ig &&Sdxm;aom tmumomem,wepsmeformywfonf
lyg0p&psmef[laom eD;uyfaom &efol &Sd\}}/
2/ ]]0dnmPm,wepsmeformywfuo
hJ Ydk Nird o
f ufonfvnf; r[kwf
cJh}}/ okdYvQif tmumomem,wepsmeformywf tjypfukd
jrifatmif I ----3/ xkd tmumomem,wepsmef ckrH ifwyfrufjcif; wPSmudk uke-f
ap
4/ 0dnmPm,wepsmefukd ]Nidrfouf\}[l ESvkH;oGif;NyD;vQkif
xkdyx0DuokdPf;ukd cGm &tyfaom tmumoedrdwfukd ysHUESHU
jzpfay:vmaom xkdtmumomem,we0dnmPfukd ]0dnmPH0dnmP
mPH}[l tzefzef txyfxyf qifjciftyf\? ESvkH;oGif;tyf\?
Pfjzifh ouf0if qifjciftyf\/ 0dwufjzifh ]0dnmPH 0dnmPH}[k
a&S;S Lacgufonfudk xuf0ef;usif vSnv
hf nf acgufonfukd jyKtyf\/
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
]teEH-teEH}[l oufouf ESvkH;roGif;aumif;? ]0dnmPH-0dnmPH}

[kvnf;aumif; ]teEH 0dnmPH - teEH 0dnmPH}[kvnf;aumif;
ESvkH;oGif;aumif;\/
okaYd om enf;tm;jzifh xkt
d mumomem,we0dnmPf[al om
0dnmPfedrdwf tzefwvJvJ bm0empdwfukd jzpfapaom xkda,m*g
0p&yk*dKvftm; eD0&Pw&m;wkdYonf uGmusoGm;Muukef\/ tmumomem,we0dnmPfvQif wnf&mtmk&H adS om owdonf aumif;pGm
wnfvm\? Oypm&psmeform"djzifh bm0empdwfonf aumif;pGm
wnfMunfvm\/
xkda,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf xkdtmumomem,we0dnmPf[k
qkt
d yfaom xd0k n
d mPferd w
d u
f dk tzefzef txyfxyf rS0D \
J ? yGm;rsm;\?
Budrfzefrsm;pGm tavhtvmjyK\/ odkYaom enf;jzifh tBudrfrsm;pGm
jyKaom xkad ,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f oEmef yx0DuokP
d ;f ukd cGm &tyfaom tmumoedrdwf tmumomem,wepsmefpdwfonf tyem
psmef\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfouJhokdY -- yx0DuokdPf;ukd cGm &&Sdvmaom
tmumoedrw
d u
f dk ysUH ES
YH tmkjH yK jzpfay:vmaom tmumomem,we0dnmPftmHk 0dnmPm,wepsmefpdwfonf tyempsmef\
tpGrf;jzifh jzpfay:vm\/ (0dok'd?1?325/)
tIcH tmHkrSm tmumomem,wepsmef0dnmPf jzpf\/ xkd
tmumomem,wepsmef0dnmPfukd ]0dnmPH-0dnmPH}[k IcJhaomf
xkt
d mumomem,wepsmef0n
d mPftmkH Nird 0f yfpmG uyf wnfae
Muaom bm0empdww
f w
Ydk iG f Oypm&psmefaZmwk\
Yd aemuf tyempsmef
\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfay:vmaom psmefpdwfonf 0dnmPm,wepsmefpdwfwnf;/ tmumomem,we0dnmPfvQif wnf&m tmkH&Sdaom
psmefpw
d f [lvo
dk nf/ t&m0,f tyempsmefoYkd rqku
d rf D tIct
H mkrH mS
tmumomem,wepsmefpw
d f jzpf Iwwfaom bm0empdww
f u
Ydk m;
umrm0p& (r[mukov
dk f odrYk [kwf r[mBu,
d m)aZmwkw
Yd nf;/ tyem
psmeftcku
d f um; tIct
H mkrH mS tmumomem,wepsmefpw
d f jzpf
Iwwfaom bm0empdwfrSm 0dnmPm,wepsmefpdwfwnf;/ tIcH
tmkHESifh Iwwfaomw&m; ESpfrsKd;vkH;rSm psmefpdwfcsnf;omwnf;/
tmudnm,wepsmef
tmudn
m,wepsmef[o
l nf tmumomem,wepsmef\ r&S-d
jcif; (= ewdabmynwf)vQif wnf&mtmkH&Sdaom psmef[k qkdvkdonf/
tmudn
m,wepsmefukd &&Sad tmif yGm;rsm;tm;xkwv
f adk om a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf 0dnmPm,wepsmeformywf 0oDabmf ig;wef
Ekdifeif;atmif avhusifhtyf\/ 0oDabmf ig;wefukd Ekdifeif;atmif
avhusifhNyD;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf okdY qifjciftyf\/
1/ ]] ig &&Sdxm;aom 0dnmPm,wepsmeformywfonf tmumomem,wepsmef[laom eD;uyfaom &efol&Sd\}} (= tcsdef
ra&G; tmumomem,wepsmefokdY jyef avQmusEkdif\ [lvkd
onf/)
2/ ]]tmudn
m,wepsmefuo
hJ Ydk Nird o
f ufonfvnf; r[kwcf /hJ }} okdYvQif 0dnmPm,wepsmef tjypfukd jrifatmifI
3/ xkd0dnmPm,wepsmef wG,fwmiJhuGuf woufouf &Sdjcif;ukd ukefap
4/ tmudnm,wepsmefukd Nidrfoufaomtm;jzifh ESvkH;oGif;
5/ tMuif tmumomem,wepsmef0dnmPfukd tmkHjyK 0dnmPm,wepsmefonf jzpfay:vm&\? xkd0dnmPm,wepsmef
\yifvQif tmkHjzpfjzpfaom tmumomem,we0dnmPf\
]r&Sdjcif;} [laom ]ewdabmynwf}ukd ]qdwfonf\tjzpf}ukd
]uif;aom tjcif;t&m}udk ESvkH;oGif;tyf\/ (0dok'd?1?326-327/)
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
qkdvkd&if; ----- pdwfwkdYrnfonf pdwuPwpfck\ twGif; ESpfck

NyKd iw
f l jzpf;dk "rwm r&SMd uay/ pdwu
P
wpfck jzpfNy;D csKyNf y;D rSomvQif
aemufpdwuPwpfck jzpfkd; "rwm &Sd\/ tmumomem,we0dnmPfonf Oyg'f-XD-bif taetm;jzifh xif&Sm;jzpfaeaom tcsdef
0dnmPm,we0dnmPfonf Oyg'f-XD-bif taetm;jzifh xif&Sm;
rjzpfao;ay/ 0dnmPm,we0dnmPfonf wpfenf;qk&d aomf 0dnmPm,we0dnmPfESifh wuG tmumomem,we0dnmPfukd Iae
aom umrm0p&bm0empdwftaygif;onf Oyg'f-XD-bif tm;jzifh
xif&mS ; jzpfaeMucsed f vnf; tmumomem,we0dnmPfonf Oyg'fXD-bif taetm;jzifh xif&mS ; r&Sad wmhay/ ,if;tmumomem,we0dnmPf\ r&SdrI oabmudk ]ewdabmynwf}[k qkdvkd\/ ,if; ewdabmynwfukd tIcHtmkHxm;um ESvkH;oGif; IyGm;&\/
tb,fokdY ESvkH;oGif;tyfoenf; xkdtmumomem,we0dnmPfukd tcsif;cyfodrf; ESvkH;roGif;rl xkdtmumomem,we0dnmPf\ r&Sdjcif;oabm ewdabmynwfudkom tmkHjyK --1/ ]]ewd ewd = r&Sd r&Sd}} [lvnf;aumif; ]]ewd udd? ewd udd =
bmrQr&Sd? bmrQr&Sd}}[lvnf;aumif;
2/ ]]oknH oknH = qdwf\ qdwf\}}}}[lvnf;aumif;
3/ ]]0d0dwH 0d0dwH = uif;\ uif;\}}
\}}[lvnf;aumif; ----tzefzef txyfxyf qifjciftyf\? ESvkH;oGif;tyf\? Pfjzifh
ouf0if Ityf\? 0dwufjzifh a&S;SL acgufonfudk xuf0ef;usif
vSnfhvnf acgufonfudk jyKtyf\/ (0dok'd?1?326-327/)
qkt
d yfcNhJ y;D onfh enf;twkid ;f xkt
d mumomem,we0dnmPf
\ ]r&Sdjcif; = ewdabmynwf}[k qkdtyfaom psmefjzpfaMumif; edrdwf
bm0empdwu
f dk jzpfapaom xkad ,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f oEmef0,f eD0&P
w&m;wkdYonf uGmusoGm;Muukef\? tmumomem,we0dnmPf\

r&Sjd cif; ewad bmynwfvQif wnf&mtmk&H adS om owdonf aumif;pGm
wnfvm\/ Oypm&psmeform"djzifh bm0empdwfonf aumif;pGm
wnfMunfvm\/ xkda,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf xkdtmumomem,we0dnmPf\ r&Sdjcif; ewdabmynwf[k qkdtyfaom psmefjzpfaMumif; edrw
d u
f dk tzefwvJvJ rS0D \
J ? yGm;rsm;\? Burd zf efrsm;pGm tavh
tvmjyK\/ okdYaomenf;jzifh jyKusifhaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\
oEmef yx0DuokP
d ;f ukd cGm &tyfaom tmumoedrw
d u
f dk ysUH ESUH
jzpfay:vmaom xkrd [*Kwf tmumomem,we0dnmPf\omvQif
qdwfonf\tjzpf uif;onf\tjzpf r&Sdonf\tjzpf[laom ewdabmynwf tmudn
m,wepsmefpw
d o
f nf tyempsmef\ tpGr;f jzifh
jzpfay:vm\/ tmumoedrdwf ysHUESHU jzpfaom tmumomem,we0dnmPfedrdwfukd tmkHjyK 0dnmPm,we0dnmPfonf
jzpfay:vmouJhokdYyifwnf;/ (0dok'd?1?327/)
ae0onmemonm,wepsmef
ke&Yf if;Murf;wrf;aom onmum; r&Sd tvGet
Yf vGef odraf rGUEl;nHh
aom onmom &Sad omaMumifh onm&So
d nfvnf; r[kwf onm r&S-d
onfvnf;r[kwfaom psmefonf ae0onmemonm,wepsmef
rnf\/ onmukd tOD;rlojzifh a'oemawmfukd a[mMum;xm;awmf
rljcif; jzpf\/ kefY&if;Murf;wrf;aom emrfw&m;um; r&Sd? tvGefYtvGef
odrfarGUEl;nHhaom emrfw&m;pkom ,if;ormywf wnf&Sdonf/ xkdaMumifh ,if;ormywfukd ]]ocFg&m0aooormywf = tykdif;tjcm;ukd
vGef odrfarGUonf\ tjzpfokdYa&mufvsuf rajympavmuf ocFg&rQom jzpfaom = todraf rGUqk;H tjzpfoYdk a&mufaom ocFg&rQomjzpfaom
= todrfarGUqkH; tjzpfokdY a&mufaom ocFg&rQom <uif;usefaom
pwkwtlyg0p&ormywf}}[k ac:qkd\/
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
ae0onmemonm,wepsmefudk &&Sdatmif yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfvkdaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf tmudnm,wepsmeformywf

0oDabmfig;wefukd Ekdifeif;atmif avhusifh&\/ avhusifhNyD;aomf --1/ ]] ig &&Sx
d m;aom tmudn
m,wepsmeformywfonf 0dnmPm,wepsmeformywf[laom eD;uyfaom &efol &Sd\/}}
2/ ]]ae0onmemonm,wepsmeformywfuJhokdY Nidrfoufonfvnf; r[kwfcJh}}--- [kvnf;aumif; ]]onmonf a&m*gwnf;?
onmonf tkdif;trmESifh wl\? onmonf jrm;ajimifhESifh wl\?
tMuif ae0onmemonmonf &S\
d ? ae0onmemonm,wepsmefonf Nird o
f uf\? ae0onmemonm,wepsmefonf
rGejf rwf\}}--- [kvnf;aumif; okv
Yd Qif tmudn
m,wepsmef
tjypfa'goukv
d nf;aumif; txufjzpfaom ae0onmemonm
,wepsmef tusKd;tmedoifukdvnf;aumif; jrifatmif I --3/ tmudn
m,wepsmef wG,w
f miJu
h u
G f woufouf&dSjcif; eduEd
w&m;udk ukefcef;ap
4/ ae0onmemonm,wepsmefukd Nidrfoufaomtm;jzifh ESvkH;
oGif;
5/ tmumomem,we0dnmPf\ r&Sdjcif; ewdabmynwfudk
tmkHjyK jzpfay:vmaom xkdtmudnm,wepsmeformywf
ukdyif tmkHjyK ]]oEm oEm = NidrfoufaypG NidrfoufaypG}}}}----}}
[k tzefzef txyfxyf qifjciftyf\? ESv;Hk oGi;f tyf\? Pfjzifh
ouf0if Ityf\? 0dwufjzifh ]oEm oEm = NidrfoufaypG
NidrfoufaypG}--- [k a&S;S L acgufonfukd xuf0ef;usif vSnfhvnf
acgufonfukd jyKtyf\/ (0dok'd?1?328-329/)
qkt
d yfcNhJ y;D onfh enf;twkid ;f xkt
d mudn
m,wepsmeform-
ywf tmkHedrdwf tzefzef txyfxyf bm0emreodum&udk jzpfapaom xkda,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef eD0&Pw&m;wkdYonf uGmus
oGm;Muukef\/ tmudnm,we0dnmPfvQif wnf&mtmkH&Sdaom
owdonf aumif;pGm wnfvm\? Oypm&psmeform"djzifh bm0empdwo
f nf aumif;pGm wnfMunfvm\/ xkad ,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf ae0onmemonm,wepsmefjzpfaMumif; jzpfonfh xkdtmudnm,we
psmeformywfedrdwfukd tzefwvJvJ rDS0J\? yGm;rsm;\? Budrfzefrsm;pGm
tavhtvmjyK\/ odkYaom enf;jzifh jyKusifhaom xkda,m*g0p&
yk*Kd v\
f oEmef -- tmumomem,we0dnmPf\ uif;jcif;[laom
ewdabmynwf tmudnm,wepsmefonf tyem\ tpGrf;jzifh
jzpfay:vmouJhokdY -- tmudnm,wepsmeformywf[k ac:qkdtyf
ukefaom emrfcEmav;yg;wkdY tmkHjyK ae0onmemonm,we
psmefpdwfonf tyem\tpGrf;jzifh jzpfay:vm\/ (0dok'd?1?329??)
ae0onmemonm,wepsmefukd &&Sad tmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkw-f
&m --1/ ]]{wH oEH? {wH yPDwH = 0dnmPfonf Nidrfouf\?
0dnmPfonf rGefjrwf\}}[kvnf;aumif;
2/ ]]oEH oEH = oEm oEm = Nidrfouf\ Nidrfouf\}}}}[kvnf;aumif;
3/ ]]yPDwH yPDwH = rGefjrwf\ rGefjrwf\}}}}[kvnf;aumif; --- okdY
ESvkH;oGif;Ekdif\/ (r[m#D?1?403/)
ae0onmemonm,wepsmefuv
dk nf; 0oDabmf ig;wef Ekid -f
eif;atmif avhusiyhf g/ yx0DuokP
d ;f rS ormywf (8)yg; aygufatmif
IouJo
h Ydk tmayguokP
d ;f rS tmavmuuokP
d ;f wkid af tmifaom <uif;
uokdPf; (8)yg;wkdYvnf; uokdPf;wpfyg;wpfyg; ormywf (8)yg;pD
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
aygufatmif qufvuf IEidk af yonf/ xkpd smefww

Ydk iG f rdrd ESpNf cKd u&f mpsmef
udk 0dyem\ tajcyg'utjzpf orm"dudk xlaxmifum 0dyemodYk
ul;vkdu ul;EkdifayNyD/
!!!
255
yxrwGJ - rSwfom;zG,f&m tu&mpOftTef;

tu & mpOf
pmrsuf E S m
t
tusKd; (= tw)
94
tMum;taygufuokdPf; 239
tMum;okw
91
taMumif;&if; um&P
95
tcuftcJrsm;
168
t*Fgav;yg;ESifh jynfhpHkaom
trdkufwkduf
158
t*Fgav;yg;ESifh jynfhpHkaom
O,smOfapmifh
8
t*Fg (9) wefESifh jynfhpHkawmf
rlaom w&m;awmf
99
t*Fkw&t|uxmtzGifh
81
t|r emxw&m; =
a&mifh&JvG,fjcif;
132
twKuHoe
72
tw[lonf um&P[lonf 92
t"rdu uwdu0wf
54
t"d*rokw
92? 97
t"dpdwokwef
150
tE&m,dum "rm
82
temxr&Pykdif;
1
tu & mpOf
pmrsuf E S m
teD;pyfqHk;aom taMumif; 156

tEky'"r0yd em
202
tEky'okwef
199
tEkk'r[m0dwuokwef 131
teYHraumif;aom
tkyfqkd;aom Nydwmr 41
ty&my&d, tukokdvfuH 34
ty&my&d,a0'eD,uH
47
tA Kw"r
99
tb,okwef
#
tbd"rmudk y,fol
119
tbdeda0o
164
trZmwf vm&Sdaom
temxr&P
25
t&u trnf&aom &aoh 25
t&d,r*fw&m;wnf;[laom
arG;nyf
48
t&d,r*fvrf;
P
tlyg0p&psmefyidk ;f
243
ta& r&Sdaom Nydwm 34? 40
tkd;pkNydwm
29
t&Sit
f Ek'k g
4
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
tu & mpOf
pmrsuf E S m
t&SiftZdrax&f
t&SifOyaoe\
avQmufxm;csuf
t&Sifa'0'wf
t&Sifr[marm*vmef
t&Sif&m[kvm
t&SifvuPrax&fjrwf
t&Sifom&dykw&m
tvGef&EkdifcJaomt&m
t0dy#dom&
tom;wkH;Nydwm
tom;wpfNydwm
toufudkom pGefYtHh?
oDvudk rpGefYtHh
ta[moduH
tu & mpOf
pmrsuf E S m
29
107 tm'dwokwef
tmemygeur|mef;
165
51 tmemygeedrdwf trsKd;rsKd; 174
2? 25 tmayguokdPf; =
a&uokdPf;
230
29
223
110 tm&rPyp,owd
29 tm&rPlyedZmepsmefESifh
vuPlyedZmepsmef 145
2
192 tmkHig;yg; umr*kPfw&m; 75
89 tmavmuuodkPf; =
tvif;a&mifuokdPf; 237
34
127
33 tmo0u,okwef

14
47 wd0kwu
Èd,oH0&oDv
tm
aÈig;yg;wdkYukd
nDrQatmifusifhyHk
tmumouodkPf; =
aumif;uifuokdPf; 239
O
tmumomem,wepsmef 243
tmudnm,wepsmef
249 Ou|eda'oenf;
tm*rokw
91? 97 OauyeD,uH
d Ef iS hf
tmpm&
50? 72 O*[edrw
y#dbm*edrw
d f
tmpm& ESifh tempm&
58
tmZD0yg&dok'doDv
68 O',w*grded,m ynm,
99
68
180
108
120
176
142
rSwfom;zG,f&m tu&mpOftTef; 257

tu & mpOf
O'ge
Oyudavomavmu
Oypm&pum;[k rSwfyg
Oypm&bkH
OyZm,fjyK
Oy"dav;jzm
Oy"d0ad 0u
OyyZa0'eD,uH
OD;acgif; r&Sdaom Nydwm
pmrsuf E S m
99
160
156
191
56
135
135
47
43
tu & mpOf
pmrsuf E S m
uvd*Frif;\ rdzk&m;
42
uvsmPrdw
108? 109
uvsmPrdwokwef
103
uynDaemif
29
uodPzka|mumo
246
uodP0d0dwmumo
246
uodPmavmu
160
uodPk*g#drmumo
246
um,0da0u
134
umVuppfolBuD;
3
Mo ..
udw0gobk&ifBuD;
23
Mo'gwuodkPf; =
ukarmyrokwef
68
tjzLa&mifuokdPf;
216 ukarm0 t*Fged
70
MobmoevuPm
148
tkd;yrmPrQ a0S;aph&Sdaom
c
Nydwm
39 cwd,ra[oD rdzk&m;acgif 179
tyfpyfaomenf;jzifh
tvSLcH,lcGifh
83
*
tyfarG;aygufaom
*,moDot&yf
29
a,mufsm;Nydwm
37 *gxm
100
*dZuk#fawmif
29
u
a*,s
100
uwd opm
11 a*gp&
50
u&Zum,
244 a*gp& ESifh ta*gp&
60
uvmyoroe
202
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
..[l
tu & mpOf
pmrsuf E S m
p
pMu0aw;rif;avmif;
udk,f0ef
p@mv
pwkwpsmef\ xl;jcm;aom
rSwfausmuf
pwkw emxw&m; =
qHk;rvG,fuljcif;
pwkyg&dok'doDv
pdrmP tavmif;vsm
pdwvawmif
pdw0da0u
plV&m[kavm0g'okwef
plVoknwokwef
plVaomwmyef
tu & mpOf
pmrsuf E S m
aZw0efausmif;wdkuf
51
179
ps
219
27 psmeft*Fg ig;yg;
220 psmeft*FgwkdYukd odrf;qnf;ykH 199
206
110
67
12
158
135
116
114
97

Pfa&mif av;rsKd;
159
wZeD,uH
120
wwd,psmefokdY
203
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uvsmPrdw &Sdjcif; 103
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126
wm'd*kPf
114
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q
vm&Sdaom ork',opm 95
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232
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118
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4
x
Z
xderd'0daem'etmavmu 160
Zmwu
99

tu & mpOf
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'd|"ra0'eD,uH
47
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180
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93
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22
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Nydwm
38
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201
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90
a'oemawmfed*Hk;
144
tu & mpOf
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edrdwokwef
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"
y
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e
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109 y#dvmbbkH
138
49
1
89
150
169
214
221
56
51
251
68
22
238
220
117
150
212
171
191
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
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tu & mpOf
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4
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63
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ywjrm;&wemBuD;
5
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194
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49
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225
y&0re
72
y&durerd w
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171
y&durmavmu
160
y&d,wdA[kkw
91
y&dok' - y&da,m'gw yb&
197
y'd
89
yaoe'Daumovrif;BuD; 103
ygpdwftmywf
54
ygwdarmuoH0&oDv
50
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89
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215
yDwd
89
jyHK;ao}} ao&onfh yk*dKvf X
tu & mpOf
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91
ADvHk;iSuf
64
Ak'E& toacsF,suyf
46
Ak'a0ae,s
52
aAmZif[k ac:qkd
189
aAmZif (7) yg; nDrQatmif
usifhyHk
188
jA[mhcsrf;omBuD;
223
b
bmok&ly
bk&m;tavmif;awmf
bk&m;&SifwkdY\
pum;awmf[lonf
154
2
125
r
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r*jA[p&d,
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rPdplVuokwef
73
51
106
10
40
40
84

tu & mpOf
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196
r&PmoEaZm
34
r[m&m[kavm0g'okwef 110
rdpm tmZD0
59
rdpmr*fvrf;qdk;
P
rD;usD;ykH rD;avmifcHae&aom
Nydwmr
42
ar@uodumyk'f
83
ar;oifhaom tcsufwpf&yf 52
rJhao}}ao&onfhyk*dKvf
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armuE&m,f[lonf
78
rnfolUudkrQ rcspfwwfjcif; 22
rnfolUudkrQ rrkef;wwfjcif; 24
arsmuf
73
arsmufESJap;
74
jrm;tarG;aygufaom
a,mufsm;Nydwm
36
ajracG;
68
rSDcdktm;xm;&m emxw&m;
jzpfEdkifygovm;
97
,
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tu & mpOf
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3
&
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40
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5
&[ef;Nydwm omraPNydwm 44
lygHk trsKd;rsKd;udk
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157
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80
a&Smif&mS ;&ef
170
v
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28? 46
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avmu"Hw&m;
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avmu0Zodumyk'f[lonf 79
avm[dwuodkPf;
215
vdyf
68
vrf;okH;oG,f
211
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a,mufsm;Nydwm
36
0
89 0*FEykPm;BuD;
148 0opm
53
96
[lonf (yxrwGJ)
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tu & mpOf
pmrsuf E S m
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ta&mifuokdPf;
0wH ty&dyla&aEm
0oDabmf ig;wef
0ga,muokdPf;
= avuokdPf;
0dnmPm,wepsmef
0dyemynm r*fynm
0dyaembmo
0drw
k d
0drw
k
d P'e
0darmuw&m;
0d&m*
0d0opm
a0'emudk y,fpOf
a0'v
a0,smu&P
a0om&ZPfawmfjrwf
a0om&Zokwef
a0od,ma*gp& =
jynfhwefqmrtdrf
usufpm;rI
a0VK0efausmif;wkdufawmf
0ifpm;rI rsm;ygap qifjcifrI enf;ygap
tu & mpOf
pmrsuf E S m
o
104
213 ouwdkif;
64
62 oukP*dokwef
78
196 o*E&m,f[lonf
ocFg&m0aooormywf 251
235 opoH,kwf - orm"dokwef 147
247 owr emxw&m; =
vHkYv0D&d, &Sdjcif;
129
142
153 owdy|mefw&m; av;yg; 66
89 owdjyK&ef tcsufwpf&yf 178
186
89 owd-owd-owd
180
213 o'g[lonf
132
89 oaEmow&m; ig;yg;
49
96 oemx0d[m&Dykdif;
206 orP"r = &[ef;w&m; 63
147
99 orxur|mef;ykdif;
100 orm 'kuu,*grded,m 143
89
120 orm"d
81 orm"dESpfrsKd;wkdY\
xl;jcm;csuf
190
ork',opm
94
179
63 oav; rka,mpyg;zHk;
76
29 omywdu bdua0
om0wdjynfrGef
51
54
194 om0wdoHCm

tu & mpOf
pmrsuf E S m
omoejA[p&d,
51
odMum;rif;
4
oDv\
tusKd;*kPftiftmedoif 89
oDv&Sdjcif;
50
oDv0dywd
72
oD[moe
158
okc
89
oknw"mwfoabm
212
okw
99
ok'0dyem,meduyk*dKvf 162
ok0p*kPf
116
tu & mpOf
pmrsuf E S m
ao&nfao&uf
raomufwwfjcif;
20
aomwd, ykPm;trsKd;
15
aomwmEk*wokwef
100
oHvsuftarG;aygufaom
a,mufsm;Nydwm
35
odef;iSuf
64
(32) aum|mo
210
[
[wdygv owdkYom;
[dr0Emawmifrif;
225
73

) ) Udk Ug, FTM XM &M) ) ) ) Udk Ug, FTM XM &M) ) ) ) Udk Ug, FTM XM &M) ) ) ) Udk Ug, FTM XM &M) ) ) ) Udk Ug, FTM XM &M) )

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