16.စန္-းလအသြင္- ျဖစ္ - ေစခ်င္-သည္ PDF

pef;vtoGif jzpfapcsio
f n
nff
(pE´Lyrokwåef )
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
oAÁ'geH "r®'geH Zdemwd?
oAÁ&oH "r®&aom Zdemwd/
oAÁ&wð "r®&wd Zdemwd?
wPSu©a,m oAÁ'ku©H Zdemwd/
'getm;vkH;udk "r®'geu atmifEdkif\/

t&omtm;vkH;udk w&m;t&omu atmifEdkif\/
arGUavsmfzG,ftm;vkH;udk w&m;ü arGUavsmfjcif;u atmifEdkif\/
'ku©tm;vkH;udk wPSmukefjcif;u atmifEdkif\/
pd&H wd|wk o'är®m? "ar® a[mEÅ K o*g&0g/

bk&m;&Sif\ tqHk;tr omoemawmfonf
t"GefY&SnfpGm wnfygapownf;/
o'¨r®oHk;jzmü ½kdaoav;pm;jcif; &SdMuygapukefownf;/
] u
rmwdum
taMumif;t&m pmrsufESm
ed'geuxm taMumif;jypmwrf;vTm .................. *
cdkifvHkaom tmrcHcsuf&dSaom w&m;awmf .............. *
y#doaEüsKd;udk ay;Edkifonfh ocFg½kayu©mrsKd; ........... C
ta&;tBuD;qHk;aom tcsdef ...................... q
aomwmEk*wokwåef ........................... Z
pef;vtoGif jzpfapcsifon nff (pE´Lyrokwåef) ............ 1
rdrdESifh yrmwlol ............................. 1
avmulyrmrsm; .............................. 4
vESifh yrmwlaom pdwfxm;[lonf .................. 6
vESifh yrmwlykH wpfrsKd; .......................... 9
tqifhtwef; jrifhrm;aeaom omoemawmf ........... 11
{nfhonfESifh yrmwlpGm ......................... 12
rSefuefaom OD;wnfcsuf ESpfrsKd; ................... 15
orm"d\ tusKd;*kPftif tmedoif ig;rsKd; ............. 17
rax&fnDaemif ESpfyg; ......................... 23
'umç 'umrwkdYxHokdY csOf;uyfxkdufaom &[ef; ......... 34
aumif;uifjyifü vufawmfudk vIyf&rf;í jyawmfrljcif; ..... 36
rpifMu,faom w&m;a'oema[menf; .............. 42
pifMu,faom w&m;a'oema[menf; ............... 46
w&m;*kPfawmf (6)yg; ......................... 57
oDv\tusKd;*kPftif tmedoif ................... 61
orm"d\tusKd;*kPftif tmedoif .................. 61
vm;&m*wdjro J l ............................. 62
c ] rmwdum
taMumif;t&m pmrsufESm
0dyóemÓPf\ pGrf;tif ....................... 62

r*fÓPf zkdvfÓPfwkdY\ pGrf;tm; .................. 63
t&Sifr[muóyukd twk,lyg ................... 65
rSwfom;zG,f&m tu©&mpOftñTef; .................. 67
] *
earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó/
ed'geuxm taMumif;jypmwrf;vTm
cdkifvHkaom tmrcHcsuf&dSaom w&m;awmf
bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;awmfwdkYonfum; oE´d|du paom *kPfawmf
taygif;wdkYESifh jynfhpHkawmfrlaom w&m;awmfwkdY jzpfMu\/ om0u
wpfOD;onf bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;awmfwkdYudk ---
1/ y&d,wåd od = oifod
2/ y#da0" od = usifhod
(wpfenf;)
1/ tm*rokw od = oifod
2/ t"d*rokw od = usifhod
þtodEpS rf sK;d wdYkjzifh aomwmywård *fÓPfzv kd Óf PfwYkjd zifh edAmÁ efukd
rsuaf rSmufjyKEidk of nfw h ikd af tmif od&cdS yhJ grlum; xdo k m0utzdYk tyg,f
wHcg;Bu;D um; tNy;D wdik f ydwo f mG ;NyjD zpfonf/ tu,fí a&SUodYk wpfqifh
wufum ½IyGm;Ekdifojzifh ou'g*grdr*fÓPfzdkvfÓPfwdkYjzifh edAÁmefudk
rsuaf rSmufjyKEidk o
f nfw h ikd af tmif BuKd ;yrf;Edik cf yhJ grlum; vlUbHu k o hJ aYkd om
umrbkHü wpfBudrfom y#doaE¨tm;jzifh uyfa&mufwnfaecGifh &Sdae-
awmhonf/ tu,fí xkx d ufwpfqifw h ufum BuKd ;yrf;Edik of jzifh tem-
C ] zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
*grdr*fÓPfzv kd Ó
f PfwjYkd zifh edAmÁ efukd rsuaf rSmufjyKEidk o
f nfw
h idk af tmif
BuKd ;yrf;Ekid cf jhJ yefygrlum; umrbHo k Ykd y#doaE¨tm;jzifh jyefa&mufvmcGihf
r&SdawmhbJ jA[®mjynfüom y#doaE¨tm;jzifh uyfa&mufwnfaecGihf &Sad y
awmhonf/ tu,fí xdkxufwpfqifhwufum xyfrH BudK;yrf;EdkifcJh-
ojzifh t&[wår*fÓPfzv kd Ó
f PfwYkdjzifh edAmÁ efukd rsuaf rSmufjyKEikd o
f nfh
wdkifatmif BudK;yrf;EdkifcJhjyefygrlum; y&dedAÁmepkwd\ aemufqG,fwGif
rnfonfh bHb k 0rSmrQ y#doaE¨tm;jzifh uyfa&mufwnfaecGihf r&Sad wmh-
bJ oHo&mc&D;rS tNyD;wkdif uRwfvGwfxGufajrmuf&ayNyD/
tu,fí om0uwpfOD;onf bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;awmfrsm;udk
xdu k ohJ Ykd oifod usio
hf d todEpS rf sK;d jzifh BuKd ;yrf;ygaomfvnf; yg&rDw\ Ykd
EkaYH ES;rIaMumifh t&d,r*fzv kd o
f Ykd rqdu k af &mufEikd b f J ocFg½kayu©mÓPf
uJhodkYaom 0dyóemÓPfrsm;odkYwdkifatmif qkdufa&mufcJhygrlum; xdk
ocFg½kayu©mwdkYuJhodkYaom 0dyóemuHrsm;u ewf&Gmok*wduJhodkYaom
aumif;aom bHb k 0odYk a&mufatmif ydaYk qmifEikd o f nfth jyif xkd ewfjynf
ewfavmuü r*fÓPfzdkvfÓPfwdkYjzifh edAÁmefudk rsufarSmufjyKEkdifonfh
wdkifatmif tm;BuD;aom rSD&m Oyedó, paom ypö,owådwdkYjzifh
&Gufaqmifay;EkdifMuayonf/
y#doaEüsKd;udk ay;Edkifonfh ocFg½kayu©mrsKd;
uxH ykxkZÆeó p aou©ó p ocFg½kayu©m, pdwåó tbd-
eD[ma&m {uwåH a[mwd/ ykxkZÆeó ocFg½kayu©H tbdeEáwm pdwåH
udvdówd? bm0em, y&dyaE¦m a[mwd? y#da0"ó tEÅ&ma,m
a[mwd? tm,wð y#doE¨, d m ypöa,m a[mwd/ aou©ómyd ocFg½k-
ayu©H tbdeEáwm pdwåH udvdówd? bm0em, y&dyaE¦m a[mwd?
Owå&d y#da0"ó tEÅ&ma,m a[mwd? tm,tm,wwð y#doEd̈,m ypöa,m
a[mwd/ {0H ykxkZÆeó p aou©ó p ocFg½kayu©m, pdwåó
tbdeD[ma&m {uwåH a[mwd tbdeEéa|e/ (y#doH?60/)
ed'geuxm taMumif;jypmwrf;vTm ] i
ykxkZefyk*¾dKvftm;vnf;aumif;ç aou©yk*¾dKvftm;vnf;aumif;
ocFg½kayu©mü pdwfudk a&S;½Iaqmifjcif;\ wlnDonf\ tjzpfonf
tb,f odkY jzpfoenf;[lrl --- ocFg½kayu©mudk ESpfoufaom ykxkZef\
pdwo
f nf npfErG ;f \? 0dyóembm0em\ ab;&ef jzpf\? t&d,r*fjzifh
opömav;yg;udk xd;k xGi;f odjcif; = y#da0"\ tEÅ&m,f jzpf\/ aemiftcg
ü y#doaE¨\ taMumif;w&m;jzpf\/
ocFg½kayu©mudk ESpfoufaom aou©yk*¾dKvf\vnf; pdwfonf
npfErG ;f \? 0dyóembm0em\ ab;&ef jzpf\? txuftxuf r*fÓPf
jzifh opömav;yg;udk xdk;xGif; odjcif; = y#da0"\ tEÅ&m,f jzpf\?
aemiftcgü y#doaE¨\ taMumif;w&m; jzpf\/ þodkYvQif ykxkZef
yk*¾dKvf\vnf;aumif;ç aou©yk*¾dKvf\vnf;aumif; ocFg½kayu©mü
pdwu f kd a&S;½Iaqmifjcif;onf ESpo
f ufwwfaom oabmtm;jzifh wlnD
onf\ tjzpfonf jzpfayonf/ (y#doH?60/)
d m ypöa,m a[mwDwd
tm,wð y#doE¨, wd ocFg½kayu©morÜ,wk -å
ur®ó Av0wåm awae0 ok*wdy#doE¨, d m 'D,rmem, tbdeEé-
ocFgawm avmbudavaom tem*aw umrm0p&ok*wdy#doE¨, d m
ypöa,m a[mwd/ ,o®m udavoo[m,H ur®H 0dyguH Zaewd? wo®m
ur®H Zeuypöa,m a[mwd? udavaom Oyw¬rÇuypöa,m/ y /
tm,wð y#doE¨, d m ypöa,m a[mwDwd wd aoau©ok aomwmyEé-
ou'g*grDeH te"d*wZösmemeH ocFg½kayu©muar®e 'D,rmem, umrm-
0p&ok*wdy#doE¨d,m tbdeEéudavaom ypöa,m a[mwd? psme-
vmbDeH ye tem*grdó p jA[®avmaua,0 y#doE¨meawm ypö-
a,m e a[mwd/ tEkavmra*gMwbl[d p 'D,rmem, y#doE¨d,m
t,ar0 udavaom ypöa,m a[mwDwd a0'dwaAÁm/
(y#doH?|?1?250/)
p ] zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
ykxkZefyk*¾dKvf\ ocFg½kayu©mÓPfESifh,SOfaom apwem[laom
uH\ tm;aumif;onf\tjzpfaMumifh xdkuHonfyifvQif umrok*wd
y#doaEüsKd;udk ay;vwfaomf ocFg½kayu©mudk ESpfoufjcif;[k qdktyf
aom avmbudavomonf tem*wf umrok*wdy#doaE¨\ t-
aMumif;w&m; jzpf\? avmbwnf;[laom udavom taygif;tazmf-
udk &&dS aom ocFg½kayu©mÓPfEiS hf ,SOw
f v
JG su&f aSd om apwemuHonf
umrok*wdy#doaE¨ paom tusKd;0dygufudk jzpfapEdkif\? xdkaMumifh
ocFg½kayu©mÓPfEiS hf ,SOaf om apwemuHonf tusK;d 0dygufukd wdu k -f
½dkufjzpfapwwfaom Zeu taMumif;w&m; jzpf\/ ocFg½kayu©mudk
ESpof ufwwfaom avmbudavomonf tm;ay;axmufyw hH wfaom
Oyw¬rÇu taMumif;w&m; jzpf\/ y /
aou©yk*¾dKvfwdkYwGif psmefudk r&&dS Muukeaf om aomwmyef ou-
'g*grfy*k Kd¾ vw
f \
Ykd ocFg½kayu©mÓPfEiS hf ,SOaf om apwem[laom ocFg-
½kayu©muHonf tusKd;ay;tyfaom umrok*wdy#doaE¨\ ocFg½k-
ayu©mudk ESpfoufaom avmbudavomonf tm;ay;axmufyHh
wwfaom Oyw¬rÇutaMumif;w&m;jzpf\? psmef&aom aomwmyef
ou'g*grfwEYkd iS hf tem*grfy*k Kd¾ v\
f jA[®mjynfüomvQif y#doaE¨,jl cif;
oabm&daS omaMumifh ocFg½kayu©mudk ESpo f ufaom avmbudavom
onf ,if;jA[®m y#doaE¨paom tusKd;0dyguf\ tm;ay;axmufyHh
wwfaom Oyw¬rÇutaMumif;w&m;onf rjzpfEdkifay/ tEkavmrç
a*gMwbkÓPfwEYkd iS hf ,SOw f v
JG su&f aSd om apwem[laom uHw&m;wdu Yk
tusK;d ay;tyfaom y#doaE¨\vnf; þocFg½kayu©mudk ESpo f ufwwf-
aom avmbudavomonfyifvQif tm;ay;axmufyHhwwfaom
Oyw¬rÇu taMumif;w&m;jzpfonf[k od&dSygav/ (y#doH?|?1?250/)
owdjyK&ef tcsuw
f pf&yf --- þü tEkavmrÓPfEiS hf ,SOw
f v
JG suf
&dSaom ukodkvfapwemuvnf; umrok*wdü wpfckaom y#doaE¨-
ed'geuxm taMumif;jypmwrf;vTm ] q
usK;d udk ay;Edik \

f [laom tqdu
k v
kd nf;aumif;ç a*gMwbkÓPfEiS hf ,SOw
f JG
vsuf&dSaom ukodkvfapwemuvnf; umrok*wdü wpfckaom y#d-
oaEüsK;d udk ay;Edik \
f [laom tqduk vkd nf;aumif; owdjyKí rSwof m;-
xm;yg/ tEkavmr = tEkvHkonfvnf; wpfBudrfom jzpfaom pdwf
jzpf\? a*gMwbkonfvnf; wpfBudrfom jzpfaom pdwf jzpf\/ wpfck-
aom apwemu wpfckaom b0udk jzpfapEdkifonfhxHk; oufao
om"ursm;yifwnf;/ tvm;wlyif ocFg½kayu©muHuvnf; xdkuJhodkY
tusKd;ay;EdkifyHkudk oabmaygufoifhayonf/
ta&;tBuD;qHk;aom tcsdef
oHo&mc&D;wGif usiv f nfae&aom ykxZk efvo l m; wpfO;D twGuf
wpfbufwiG f tyg,fü tusK;d ay;jcif;jraJ om yÍömeEÅ&, d uHEiS hf aoonfh
wkid af tmif rpGev Yf w
T &f ao;aom ed,wrdpmä 'd|u d w
H wYkd iG f wpfcck v k nf;
r&dSonfjzpftHh? wpfbufwGifvnf; jA[®mhjynfü tusKd;ay;jcif;jrJaom
aoonfw h idk af tmif ravQmusaom psmefw&m;wnf;[laom r[*¾Kw-f
uH wpfcck v k nf; r&do S nfjzpft?hH wpfbufwiG v f nf; ypö,y&d*[ ¾ ÓPf
odkYwdkifatmifaom 0dyóemÓPfrsm;udk atmufxpfqHk;tm;jzifh
r&&dSao;onfjzpftHh? aocgeD; r&PmoEé tcsdefumvum; ta&;-
tBuD; qHk;aom tcsdefumvyif jzpf\/ xdkykxkZefrsm;tzdkY aocgeD;
r&PmoEéaZmonf tukov kd af Zm jzpft?hH tyg,fav;bHk wpfbb kH okH Ykd
usdef;aoa&muf\/ aocgeD; r&PmoEéaZmonf ukodkvfaZm jzpftHh?
xdu
k o f nfth m;avsmpf mG ok*wd wpfbb kH o
kH Ykd a&muf\/ xdu k o
k v kd uf w H -Ykd
wGif þocFg½kayu©muHum; tvGef tqifjh rifrh m;aom uHwpfck jzpf\/
or®moarÁm"dÓPf yapöuaAm"dÓPf t*¾om0uaAm"dÓPf r[m-
om0uaAm"dÓPf[al om aAm"dÓPfrsm;udk &nf&, G af wmifw h xm;ol
r[kwfvQif xdkocFg½kayu©mÓPfodkYwdkifatmif 0dyóembm0em
ur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;xm;ol olawmfaumif;rsm;onf a,bk,stm;jzifh
Z ] zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
aoNyD;aemuf 'kwd,b0wGif t&d,r*fzdkvf edAÁmef[lonfh w&m;xl;
w&m;jrwfudk &&dSEdkifaMumif;udk aomwmEk*wokwåefwGif bk&m;&Sif
udk,fawmfwdkif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJh\/ ,if;odkY cdkifvHkonfh tmrcH-
csu&f o
Sd nfh bk&m;&Si\ f w&m;awmfrsm;udk tm*rokw[laom oifoçd
t"d*rokw[laom usifhod --- þtod ESpfrsKd;jzifh todBuD; odatmif
todÓPf&o Sd nfh vlUb0udk &cdu k f &[ef;b0udk &cdu
k f txl; BuKd ;yrf;-
oifhvSayonf/ oHo&mc&D; rqHk;ao;olwdkYtwGuf txufwGif a&;-
om;cJhonfhtwdkif; aocgeD; r&PmoEétcgonf tyg,f'k*¾wdESifh
aumif;&mok*wdukd vrf;cGaJ y;onfh ta&;tBu;D qH;k aom tcsed u f mv
jzpf\/ xdtk cgü aumif;&m ok*wdoYkd used ;f ao{uef a&mufapEdik af om
uHrsm;udk xlaxmifxm;Ny;D jzpfzYkd vdak yonf/ oHo&mc&D;udk tqH;k owf
Edkifatmif BudK;pm;xm;NyD; jzpfvQifum; wdkif;xuftvGef wHcGefESifh
bk&m;yif jzpfacsonf/ þwGif aomwmEk*wokwåef jrefrmjyefudk
qufvufí a&;om;wifjytyfygonf/
aomwmEk*wokwåef
&[ef;wdkY ...yom'aomwodkY ouf0ifí ÓPaomwjzifh
ydik ;f jcm;rSwo f m;tyfuek af omç EIwjf zifh tvGw&f atmif avhusut f yfNy;D
ukefaomç pdwfjzifh tzefzef txyfxyf aphaphikik Munfh½I qifjcif
oH;k oyftyfNy;D ukeaf omç w&m;ud, k t f eufoabmtm;jzifv h nf;aumif;
taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifv h nf;aumif; or®m'd|Ó d Pfynmjzifh aumif;pGm
ud, k w f ikd rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmufojd riftyfNy;D ukeaf om w&m;awmfw\ Ykd
rcRwf{uef &vdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhtyfukefaom tusKd;qufwdkYonf
þav;rsKd;wdkYwnf;/ tb,fav;rsKd;wdkYenf;[lrl ---
ed'geuxm taMumif;jypmwrf;vTm ] ps
1/ &[ef;wdkY ...þomoemawmfü &[ef;onf ---

1/ okwå = okwåtrnf&aom w&m;awmfç
2/ a*,s = *gxmESifh pum;ajy ESpfaxGa&maeaom w&m;-
awmfç
3/ a0,smu&P = *gxmrzuf oufoufaom pum;ajyw&m;awmfç
4/ *gxm = *gxmw&m;awmfç
5/ O'ge = O'gef; = 0rf;ajrmufpGm usL;&ifhawmfrltyfaom
w&m;awmfç
6/ £wd0kwåu = £wd0w k f = þodYk bk&m;&Sio f nf a[mMum;awmf-
rltyf\ -- þodYk tpcsv D suf ed'gef;ysK;d xm;aom
w&m;awmfç
7/ Zmwu = Zmwfawmfç
8/ tAÇKw"r® = rjzpfpzl; tOD;topf tHMh ozG,&f mwdEYk iS hf qufpyf-
aeaom w&m;awmfç
9/ a0'v’ = todxl; ÓPfxl;udkvnf; &&dSí ESpfouf0rf;-
ajrmufru I v kd nf; &&daS om tar; tajz jzpfaom
w&m;awmf ---
þt*Fg (9)wefEiS hf jynfph akH wmfral om w&m;awmfukd oifMum;\/
xd&k [ef;\ oEÅmefü xdw k &m;awmfwo Ykd nf yom'aomwodYk ouf0ifí
ÓPaomwjzifh ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;tyfukef\? EIwfjzifh tvGwf&atmif
avhusuftyfNyD; jzpfukef\? pdwfjzifh tzefzef txyfxyf aphaphikik
Munhf½I qifjcif oHk;oyftyfNyD; jzpfukef\? w&m;udk,f teufoabm
tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;ç taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; or®m'd|d
ÓPfynmjzifh aumif;pGm ud, k w f ikd rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmufojd riftyfNy;D
jzpfukef\/ (tH?1?504-505/)
Ú ] zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
«rSwcf suf --- 'd|,
d m oky#Ü 0d 'd g¨ wd tw¬awm p um&Pawm p ynm,
ok|K y#d0d'¨g ypöu©H uwm/ (tH?|?2?364/) --- bk&m;&Sif\
t*Fg (9)wefESifh jynhfpHkawmfrlaom yd#uwfoHk;yHk w&m;
awmfü a[mMum;xm;awmfrt l yfaom w&m;ud, k f teuf
oabmw&m;wdrYk mS pdwçf apwoduçf ½kyçf edAmÁ ef - [laom
y&rw¬w&m; (4)yg;wdkYom jzpfMu\/ pwkw¬y&rwf jzpf-
aom edAmÁ efw&m;awmfjrwfukd tvd&k aSd om olawmfaumif;
onf a&S;OD;pGm avmuD pdw-f apwodu-f ½ky[ f al om w&m;
udk,f teufoabmw&m;wdkYudkvnf;aumif;ç ,if;pdwf-
apwoduf-½kyfw&m;wdkY\ taMumif;w&m;wdkYudkvnf;-
aumif; or®m'd|Ó d Pfynmjzifh ud, k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f
azmufodjrifatmif BudK;pm;&\/ emr½lyy&dapä'ÓPfESifh
ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPfwnf;/ Ówy&dnmwnf;/ tm'd'Dyu
enf;wnf;/ Ówy&dnm wD&Py&dnm y[mey&dnm[k
y&dnm oHk;rsKd;&dS&m tpjzpfaom Ówy&dnmudk ,lojzifh
tv,fjzpfaom wD&Py&dnmç tqHk;jzpfaom y[me-
y&dnmwdu Yk vkd nf; odr;f usK;H ,l&aom enf;wnf;/ emr½ly-
y&dapä'ÓPfro S nf ocFg½kayu©mÓPfoYkd wdik af tmifaom
0dyóemÓPfrsm;ESifh jynhfpHkatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&ef
&nfñeT ;f xm;\/ ,if;odYk BuKd ;yrf;&mü a&S;OD;pGm ,if; pdw-f
apwoduf-½kyfw&m;wdkYudk oifodtaejzifh odatmif BudK;
pm;&\? tm*rokwwnf;/ xdkaemif or®m'd|dÓPfynm
jzifh ud,
k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmufojd rifatmif ocFg½k-
ayu©mÓPfoYkd qdu k o
f nfwikd af tmif BuKd ;pm;&\? t"d*r-
okwwnf;/ ,if;odkY tm*rokw t"d*rokw[laom
okww&m;ESihf jynhpf akH om olawmfaumif;udk txl; &nf-
ñTef;xm;onf[k rSwfyg/»»
ed'geuxm taMumif;jypmwrf;vTm ] #
xdk&[ef;onf owdvGwfuif;onfjzpfí aovGef&aomf trSwf

rxm; wpfyg;yg;aom ewfjynf ewfavmuü jzpf\/ (tH?1?505/)
«rSwfcsuf --- rk|ówd umvH uk½krmaem wd e,d'H Ak'¨0peH tEkó&-
maemwd
Powd,m tbma0e 0kwåH? ykxkZÆeumvud&d,H ye
oE¨m, 0kwåH/ ykxkZÆaem [d rk|ówd umvH ua&mwd
emr/ (tH?|?2? 364/) --- owdvwG u
f if;onf jzpfí aovGef
&aomf[laom þpum;udk bk&m;pum;awmfudk tpOf
avQmufí atmufarhwwfaom owd\ r&dSjcif;aMumifh
a[mawmfrlonfum; r[kwf? ykxkZeftjzpfESifh uG,fvGef
jcif;udo
k m &nf&, G af wmfrí
l a[mMum;awmfrjl cif; jzpf\/
rSefayonf --- ykxkZefonf owdvGwfuif;í aovGef&
onf rnfayonf/ (tH?|?2?364/)»
xdek wfjynf ewfavmuü csr;f omjcif;&daS om xdek wfom;\ oEÅmef
0,f w&m;yk'ftpkwdkYonf ay:vGifxif&Sm;vmMuukef\/ (vGefcJhaom
b0ü &Gwfzwfo&Zösm,fjcif;vQif taMumif;&if;cH&Sdaom EIwfjzifh
avhusux f m;tyfNy;D ukeaf om or®m'd|Ó d Pfynmjzifh aumif;pGm ud,k -f
wdik rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmufojd riftyfNy;D ukeaf om w&m;tm;vH;k wdoYk nf
Munfvifaom aMu;rHjk yifü t&dyu f o
hJ Ykd ay:vGix
f if&mS ;í vmMuuke\ f ??)
&[ef;wdkY ...w&m;awmfudk tpOfavQmufí ½IyGm;oHk;oyfwwf
aom 0dyóemÓPfESifh ,SOfwGJvsuf&dSaom owd\ jzpfay:jcif;onf
EkHYaES;vSao;\? tu,fpifppfrSmrl xdkewfom;jzpfaom owå0gonf
vsijf refpmG omvQif r*fzv kd ef Ad mÁ ef[o
l nfh w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfukd &&dES ikd f
\/ &[ef;wdkY ...þonfum; yom'aomwodkY ouf0ifí ÓP-
aomwjzifh ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;tyfukefaomç EIwfjzifh tvGwf&atmif
avhusut f yfNy;D ukeaf omç pdwjf zifh tzefzef txyfxyf aphaphiik k Munh½f I
qifjcif oHk;oyftyfNyD;ukefaomç w&m;udk,f teufoabmtm;jzifh
X ] zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
vnf;aumif;ç taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; or®m'd|dÓPf-
ynmjzifh aumif;pGm ud,
k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmufojd riftyfNy;D ukef
aom w&m;awmfwdkY\ rcRwf{uef &vdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhtyfaom
a&S;OD;pGmaom yxr tusKd;qufwnf;/ (tH?1?505/)
2/ &[ef;wdkY ...aemufwpfrsKd;aomfum; &[ef;onf okwå a*,s
a0,smu&P *gxm O'ge £wd0kwåu Zmwu tAÇKw"r® a0'v’
[laom t*Fg (9)wefEiS hf jynfph akH wmfral om w&m;awmfukd oifMum;\?
xd&k [ef;\ oEÅmefü xdw k &m;awmfwo Ykd nf yom'aomwodYk ouf0if
í ÓPaomwjzifh ydik ;f jcm;rSwo f m;tyfuek \ f ? EIwjf zifh tvGw&f atmif
avhusuftyfNyD; jzpfukef\? pdwfjzifh tzefzef txyfxyf aphaphikik
Munfh½Iqifjcif oHk;oyftyfNyD; jzpfukef\? w&m;udk,f teufoabm
tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;ç taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; or®m'd|d
ÓPfynmjzifh aumif;pGm ud, k w f ikd rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmufojd riftyfNy;D
jzpfukef\/
xdk&[ef;onf owdvGwfuif;onfjzpfí aovGef&aomf trSwf-
rxm; wpfyg;yg;aom ewfjynf ewfavmuü jzpf\/ xdek wfjynf ewf-
avmuü csr;f omjcif;&daS om xdek wfom;\ oEÅmef0,f w&m;yk't f pkwYkd
onf ay:vGix f if&mS ;íum; rvmMuukeaf o;? pifppfaomfum; wefc;kd
£'d̈yg'fEiS hf jynfph í
kH pdwu
f kd Edik Ef ikd ef if;eif; avhvmEdik jf cif;odYk a&mufNy;D
aom "r®uxdu&[ef;awmfonf ewfy&dowfü w&m;awmfudk a[m-
Mum;av\/ xdek wfom;\ oEÅmef0,f ]]þ,ck "r®uxdu&[ef;awmf
a[mMum;aeaom w&m;awmfonfum; a&S;,cif ig vljzpfpOf &[ef;
b0wke;f u ig usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwcf zhJ ;l aom oDv orm"d
ynm odum© oH;k &yf tusijhf rwfjzifh odr;f usK;H a&wGut f yfaom omoe-
jA[®p&d, trnf&onfh xd"k r®0ed ,yifwnf;}}[k pdwt f MuH jzpfvm\/
&[ef;wdkY ...w&m;awmfudk tpOfavQmufí ½IyGm;oHk;oyfwwfaom
ed'geuxm taMumif;jypmwrf;vTm ] !
owd\ jzpfay:jcif;onf EkaYH ES;vSao;\? tu,fpifppfrmS rl xdek wfom;

jzpfaom owå0gonf vsifjrefpGmomvQif r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPf edAÁmef
[lonfh w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfudk &&dSEdkif\/
&[ef;wdkY ...jzpfoifhjzpf&m EdIif;cdkif;zG,f&m avmu Oyrmonf
um; pnfBuD;oHü vdr®muRrf;usifaom a,mufsm;onf c&D;&SnfoGm;
vwfaomf pnfBuD;oHudk Mum;av&m\? xdka,mufsm;\ oEÅmef0,f
xdkpnfBuD;oHü ]]pnfBuD;oHavavmç pnfBuD;oH r[kwfavavm}}[k
,HkrSm;jcif; awG;awmjcif;onf rjzpfawmhbJ pnfBuD;oH[líomvQif
trSeftwdkif; qHk;jzwfjcif;odkY a&muf&mouJhodkY -- &[ef;wdkY ... þ
OyrmtwlomvQif &[ef;onf okwå a*,s a0,smu&P *gxm O'ge
£wd0w k u
å Zmwu tAÇKw"r® a0'v’[al om t*Fg (9)wefEiS hf jynhpf kH
awmfral om w&m;awmfukd oifMum;\/ xd&k [ef;\ oEÅmefü xdw k &m;-
awmfwdkYonf yom'aomwodkY ouf0ifí ÓPaomwjzifh ykdif;jcm;
rSwof m;tyfuek \ f ? EIwjf zifh tvGw&f atmif avhusut f yfNy;D jzpfuek \
f ?
pdwfjzifh tzefzef txyfxyf aphaphikik Munfh½Iqifjcif oHk;oyftyfNyD;
jzpfukef\? w&m;udk,fteufoabmtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;ç taMumif;
w&m;tm;jzifv h nf;aumif; or®m'd|Ó d Pfynmjzifh aumif;pGm ud, k wf ikd f
rsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjriftyfNyD; jzpfukef\/
rxm; wpfyg;yg;aom ewfjynf ewfavmuü jzpf\? xdek wfjynf ewf-
avmuü csr;f omjcif;&daS om xdek wfom;\ oEÅmef0,f w&m;yk't f pkwYkd
onf ay:vGix f if&mS ;íum; rvmMuukeaf o;? pifppfaomfum; wefc;kd
£'d̈yg'fEiS hf jynhpf í
kH pdwu
f kd Edik Ef ikd ef if;eif; avhvmEdik jf cif;odYk a&mufNy;D
aom "r®uxdu&[ef;awmfonf ewfy&dowfü w&m;awmfudk a[m-
Mum;av\/ xdek wfom;\ oEÅmef0,f ]]þ,ck "r®uxdu&[ef;awmf
a[mMum;aeaom w&m;awmfonfum; a&S;,cif ig vljzpfpOf &[ef;
¡ ] zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
b0wke;f u ig usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwcf zhJ ;l aom oDv orm"d
ynm odum© oH;k &yf tusijhf rwfjzifh odr;f usK;H a&wGut f yfaom omoe-
jA[®p&d, trnf&onfh xd"k r®0ed ,yifwnf;}}[k pdwt f MuH jzpfvm\/
[lonfh w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfudk &&dSEdkif\/ &[ef;wdkY ...þonfum;
yom'aomwodYk ouf0ifí ÓPaomwjzifh ykid ;f jcm;rSwo f m;tyfuek f
aomç EIwfjzifh tvGwf&atmif avhusuftyfNyD;ukefaomç pdwfjzifh
tzefzef txyfxyf aphaphiik k Munf½h q I ifjcif oH;k oyftyfNy;D ukeaf omç
w&m;udk,f teufoabmtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;ç taMumif;w&m;tm;
jzifv
h nf;aumif; or®m'd|Ó d Pfynmjzifh aumif;pGm ud, k wf ikd rf suaf rSmuf
xGi;f azmufojd riftyfNy;D ukeaf om w&m;awmfw\ Ykd rcRw{f uef &vdr-hf
rnf[k arQmfvifhtyfaom ESpfckajrmufaom 'kwd, tusKd;qufwnf;/
(tH?1?505-506/)
3/ &[ef;wdYk ...aemufwpfrsK;d um; &[ef;onf okwå a*,s a0,sm-
u&P *gxm O'ge £wd0kwåu Zmwu tAÇ Kw"r® a0'v’[laom
t*Fg (9)wefEiS fh jynfph akH wmfral om w&m;awmfukd oifMum;\/ xd&k [ef;-
\ oEÅmefü xdw k &m;awmfwo Ykd nf yom'aomwodYk ouf0ifí ÓP-
aomwjzifh ykid ;f jcm; rSwo f m;tyfuek \ f ? EIwjf zifh tvGw&f atmif avh-
usut f yfNy;D jzpfuek \ f ? pdwjf zifh tzefzef txyfxyf aphaphiik k Munf½h I
qifjcif oHk;oyftyfNyD; jzpfukef\? w&m;udk,f teufoabmtm;jzifh
ynmjzifh aumif;pGm udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjriftyfNyD;
jzpfukef\/
ed'geuxm taMumif;jypmwrf;vTm ] P

rxm; wpfyg;yg;aom ewfjynf ewfavmuü jzpf\? xdkewfjynf ewf
avmuü csrf;omjcif;&dSaom xdkewfom;\ oEÅmef0,f w&m;yk'ftpk
wdkYonf ay:vGifxif&Sm;íum; rvmMuukefao;? wefcdk;£'¨dyg'fESifh
jynfhpHkí pdwfudk EdkifEdkifeif;eif; avhvmEdkifjcif;odkY a&mufNyD;aom "r®-
uxdu&[ef;awmfonfvnf; ewfy&dowfü w&m;awmfukd a[mMum;
awmfrrlao; jzpfae\? pifppfaomfum; "r®uxduewfom;onf ewf-
y&dowfü w&m;awmfudk a[mMum;av\/ xdktcg xdkewfom;\
oEÅmef0,f ]]þ,ck "r®uxduewfom; a[mMum;aeaom w&m;awmf
onfum; a&S;,cif ig vljzpfpOf &[ef;b0wke;f u ig usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwcf zhJ ;l aom oDv orm"d ynm odum© oH;k &yf tusijhf rwf
jzifh odr;f usK;H a&wGutf yfaom omoejA[®p&d, trnf&onfh xd"k r®-
0de,yifwnf;}}[k pdwftMuH jzpfvm\/ &[ef;wdkY ...w&m;awmfudk
tpOfavQmufí ½IymG ;oH;k oyfwwfaom owd\ jzpfay:jcif;onf EkaYH ES;
vSao;\? tu,fpifppfrmS rl xdek wfom;jzpfaom owå0gonf vsijf ref-
pGmomvQif r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPf edAÁmef[lonfh w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfudk
&&dSEdkif\/
&[ef;wdkY ...jzpfoifhjzpf&m EdIif;cdkif;zG,f&m avmuOyrmonf
um; c½koif;oHü vdrm® uRr;f usiaf om a,mufsm;onf c&D;&Sno f mG ;vwf
aomf c½koif;oHudk Mum;av&m\? xdka,mufsm;\ oEÅmef0,f xdkc½k-
oif;oHü ]]c½koif;oHavavm? c½koif;oH r[kwfavavm}}[k ,HkrSm;
jcif; awG;awmjcif;onf rjzpfawmhbJ ]]c½koif;oH}}[líomvQif trSef
twdkif; qHk;jzwfjcif;odkY a&muf&mouJhodkY - &[ef;wdkY ... þOyrm
twlomvQif &[ef;onf okwå a*,s a0,smu&P *gxm O'ge
£wd0w k u
å Zmwu tAÇKw"r® a0'v’[al om t*Fg (9)wefEiS hf jynfph kH
awmfral om w&m;awmfukd oifMum;\/ xd&k [ef;\ oEÅmefü xdw k &m;-
w ] zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
awmfwdkYonf yom'aomwodkY ouf0ifí ÓPaomwjzifh ydkif;jcm;
rSwof m;tyfuek \
f ? EIwjf zifh tvGw&f atmif avhusut f yfNy;D jzpfuek \
f ?
pdwfjzifh tzefzef txyfxyf aphaphikik Munfh½Iqifjcif oHk;oyftyfNyD;
jzpfuek \
f ? w&m;ud,
k f teufoabmtm;jzifv h nf;aumif;ç taMumif;-
w&m;tm;jzifv h nf;aumif; or®m'd|Ó d Pfynmjzifh aumif;pGm ud, k wf ikd f
rsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjriftyfNyD; jzpfukef\/
avmuü csrf;omjcif;&dSaom xdkewfom;\ oEÅmef0,f w&m;yk'ftpk
wdkYonf ay:vGifxif&Sm;íum; rvmMuukefao;? wefcdk;£'dÿg'fESifh
uxdu&[ef;awmfonfvnf; ewfy&dowfü w&m;awmfukd a[mMum;-
awmfrrlao; jzpfae\/ pifppfaomfum; "r®uxduewfom;onf ewf
y&dowfü w&m;awmfudk a[mMum;av\/ xdktcg xdkewfom;\
oEÅmef0,f ]]þ,ck "r®uxduewfom; a[mMum;aeaom w&m;awmf
onfum; a&S;,cif ig vljzpfpOf &[ef;b0wke;f u ig usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfcJhzl;aom oDv orm"d ynm odu©moHk;&yf tusifh-
jrwfjzifh odrf;usKH;a&wGuftyfaom omoejA[®p&d, trnf&onfh
xdk"r®0de,yifwnf;}}[k pdwftMuH jzpfvm\/ &[ef;wdkY ...w&m;-
awmfudk tpOfavQmufí ½IyGm;oHk;oyfwwfaom owd\ jzpfay:jcif;
onf EkHYaES;vSao;\? tu,fpifppfrSmrl xdkewfom;jzpfaom owå0g
onf vsifjrefpGmomvQif r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPf edAÁmef[lonfh w&m;xl;
w&m;jrwfudk &&dSEdkif\/ &[ef;wdkY ...þonfum; yom'aomwodkY
ouf0ifí ÓPaomwjzifh ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;tyfukefaomç EIwfjzifh
tvGw&f atmif avhusut f yfNy;D ukeaf omç pdwjf zifh tzefzef txyfxyf
aphaphikik Munfh½Iqifjcif oHk;oyftyfNyD;ukefaomç w&m;udk,fteuf-
ed'geuxm taMumif;jypmwrf;vTm ] x
oabmtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;ç taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;
or®m'd|Ód Pfynmjzifh aumif;pGm ud,k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmufo-d
jriftyfNy;D ukeaf om w&m;awmfw\
Ykd rcRw{f uef &vdrrhf nf[k arQmv f ifh
tyfaom oHk;ckajrmufaom wwd, tusKd;qufwnf;/ (tH?1?506/)
4/ &[ef;wdYk ...aemufwpfrsK;d um; &[ef;onf okwå a*,s a0,sm-
u&P *gxm O'ge £wd0kwåu Zmwu tAÇ Kw"r® a0'v’[laom
t*Fg (9)wefEiS hf jynfph akH wmfral om w&m;awmfukd oifMum;\? xd&k [ef;
\ oEÅmefü xdw k &m;awmfwo Ykd nf yom'aomwodYk ouf0ifí ÓP-
aomwjzifh ykid ;f jcm;rSwo f m;tyfuek \f ? EIwjf zifh tvGw&f atmif avh-
usut f yfNy;D jzpfuek \f ? pdwjf zifh tzefzef txyfxyf aphaphiik k Munh½f I
qifjcif oHk;oyftyfNyD; jzpfukef\? w&m;udk,f teufoabmtm;jzifh
ynmjzifh aumif;pGm udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjriftyfNyD;
jzpfukef\/
rxm; wpfyg;yg;aom ewfjynf ewfavmuü jzpf\/ xdkewfjynf ewf
avmuü csrf;omjcif;&Sdaom xdkewfom;\ oEÅmef0,f w&m;yk'ftpk
wdkYonf ay:vGifxif&Sm;íum; rvmMuukefao;? wefcdk;£'¨dyg'fESifh
awmfrrlao; jzpfae\? "r®uxduewfom;onfvnf; ewfy&dowfü
w&m;awmfukd a[mMum;rI r&Sad o; jzpfae\/ pifppfaomfum; ewfjynf
ewfavmuü a&S;OD;pGm ewfom;jzpfEiS ahf om vlUb0u oDwif;oH;k azmf
jzpfcJhzl;aom ewfom;onf aemufjzpfvmaom ewfom;udk ]]tcsif;
ewfom; ...a&S;,cif vljzpfpOf &[ef;b0wkef;u igwdkYusifhMuH
BuKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwcf zhJ ;l aom oDv orm"d ynm[laom odum©
' ] zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
oHk;&yf tusifhjrwfjzifh odrf;usKH;a&wGuftyfaom omoejA[®p&d,
trnf&onfh jrwfaom tusi[ hf al om xdk "r®0ed ,udk oif atmufarh-
avmh (= trSwf&avmh)? tcsif; ewfom; ...oif atmufarhavmh
(= trSwf&avmh)}}[k atmufarhap\ (= trSwf&ap\)/ xdkewfom;
onf ]]tcsif; ewfom; ... igonf atmufarh\ (= trSwf&yg\)?
tcsi;f ewfom; ... igonf atmufarh\ (= trSw&f yg\)}}[k qd\ k /
owd\ jzpfay:jcif;onf EkHYaES;vSao;\? tu,fpifppfrSmrl xdkewf-
om;jzpfaom owå0gonf vsijf refpmG omvQif r*fÓPf zdv k Ó
f Pf edAmÁ ef
[lonfh w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfudk &&SdEdkif\/
&[ef;wdYk ...jzpfoifjh zpf&m EdiI ;f cdik ;f zG,&f m avmuOyrmonfum;
ajrrIefYupm;zuf jzpfukefaom oli,fcsif; ESpfa,mufwdkYonf wpfcg
wpf&H wpfae&mü tcsif;csif; awGUqHkaygif;rdMuukef&m\? oli,fcsif;
wpfa,mufu oli,fcsif; wpfa,mufudk ]]taqG ...oifonf þ
trIudkvnf; atmufarhavmh? oifonf þtrIudkvnf; atmufarh-
avmh?}}[k þodkY qdk&m\/ xdkoli,fcsif;onf ]]taqG ...igonf
atmufarh\ = trSwf&yg\? taqG ...igonf atmufarh\ = t-
rSw&f yg\}}[k qdak v&m\/ &[ef;wdYk þOyrmtwlomvQif &[ef;onf
okwå a*,s a0,smu&P *gxm O'ge £wd0kwåu Zmwu tAÇ Kw-
"r® a0'v’[laom t*Fg (9)wefESifh jynfhpHkawmfrlaom w&m;awmfudk
oifMum;\? xd&k [ef;\ oEÅmefü xdw k &m;awmfwo Ykd nf yom'aomw-
odkY ouf0ifí ÓPaomwjzifh ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;tyfukef\/ EIwfjzifh
tvGw&f atmif avhusut f yfNy;D jzpfuek \ f ? pdwjf zifh tzefzef txyf-
xyf aphaphikik Munfh½Iqifjcif oHk;oyftyfNyD; jzpfukef\? w&m;udk,f
teufoabmtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;ç taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifhvnf;-
aumif; or®m'd|dÓPfynmjzifh aumif;pGm udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;-
azmufodjriftyfNyD; jzpfukef\/
ed'geuxm taMumif;jypmwrf;vTm ] "
xdk&[ef;onf owdvGwfuif;onf jzpfí aovGef&aomf trSwf

avmuü csrf;omjcif;&Sdaom xdkewfom;\ oEÅmef0,f w&m;yk'ftpk
wdkYonf ay:vGifxif&Sm;íum; rvmMuukefao;? wefckd;£'¨dyg'fESifh
awmfrrlao; jzpfae\? "r®uxduewfom;onfvnf; ewfy&dowfü
w&m;awmfukd a[mMum;rI r&Sad o; jzpfae\? pifppfaomfum; ewfjynf
ewfavmuü a&SUOD;pGm ewfom;jzpfESifhaom vlUb0u oDwif;oHk;azmf
jzpfcJhzl;aom ewfom;onf aemufjzpfvmaom ewfom;udk ]]tcsif;
ewfom; ...a&S;,cif vljzpfpOf &[ef;b0wkef;u igwdkY usifhMuH
BuKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwcf zhJ ;l aom oDv orm"d ynm[laom odum©
oH;k &yf tusijhf rwftm;jzifh odr;f usK;H a&wGut f yfaom omoejA[®p&d,
trnf&onfh jrwfaomtusi[ hf al om xd"k r®0ed ,udk oif atmufarh-
avmh (= trSwf&avmh)? tcsif; ewfom; ...oif atmufarhavmh
(= trSwf&avmh)}}[k atmufarhap\ (= trSwf&ap\)/ xdkewfom;
onf ]]tcsif; ewfom; ...igonf atmufarh\ (= trSwf&yg\?)
tcsi;f ewfom; ...igonf atmufarh\ (= trSw&f yg\)}}[k qd\ k /
[lonfh w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfudk &&SdEdkif\/ &[ef;wdkY ...þonfum;
yom'aomwodkY ouf0ifí ÓPaomwjzifh ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;tyf
ukeaf omç EIwjf zifh tvGw&f atmif avhusut f yfNy;D ukeaf omç pdwjf zifh
tzefzef txyfxyf aphaphiik k Munf½h q I ifjcif oH;k oyftyfNy;D ukeaf omç
w&m;ud, k f teufoabmtm;jzifv h nf;aumif; taMumif;w&m;tm;-
jzifvh nf;aumif; or®m'd|Ó d Pfynmjzifh aumif;pGm ud, k wf ikd rf suaf rSmuf
e ] zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
xGif;azmufodjriftyfNyD;ukefaom w&m;awmfwdkY\ rcRwf{uef &vdrfh
rnf[k arQmfvifhtyfaom av;ckajrmufaom pwkw¬ tusKd;qufay
wnf;/
&[ef;wdYk ...yom'aomwodYk ouf0ifí ÓPaomwjzifh ydik ;f -
jcm;rSwfom;tyfukefaomç EIwfjzifh tvGwf&atmif avhusuftyfNyD;
ukeaf omç pdwjf zifh tzefzef txyfxyf aphaphiik k Munf½h q I ifjcif oH;k oyf
tyfNyD;ukefaomç w&m;udk,fteufoabmtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;ç
taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifv h nf;aumif; or®m'd|Ó d Pfynmjzifh aumif;pGm
ud,k wf ikd rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmufojd riftyfNy;D ukeaf om w&m;awmfw\ Ykd
rcRwf{uef &vdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhtyfukefaom tusKd;qufwdkYonf
þav;rsKd;wdkYwnf;[k rdefYawmfrl\/ (tH?1?506-507/)
þum; aomwmEk*wokwåefü a[mMum;xm;awmfrltyfaom
bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;awmfrsm;udk oifodusifhod tod ESpfrsKd;wdkYjzifh
ocFg½kayu©mÓPfow Ykd ikd af tmif yGm;rsm;xm;tyfaom 0dyóemuHwu Ykd
'kw, d b0 ewfjynf ewfavmu0,f r*fÓPfzv kd Ó
f PfwjYkd zifh edAmÁ efukd
vsijf refpmG rsuaf rSmufjyKEikd af tmif &Guaf qmifay;Edik yf kH taMumif;t&m
wdkY jzpfMuonf/
oHo&mc&D;um; tked maoa&; 'kua© b;wdjYk zifh ½Iyaf xG;ayGvv D suf
&Sdaom uEÅm&c&D;cJBuD;jzpf\/ ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufzdkY&efum; tvGef
cufcJvS\/ rD;wpfq,fhwpfoD;wdkY\ avmifNrdKufrI'Pfcsufudkom
Burd zf efrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum cHpm;aeMu&aom bHXk mersm; jzpfMu\/
xdkuJhodkYaom 'ku©t00rS xkwfaqmifu,fwifay;Edkifaom w&m;-
aumif;rsm;udk raysmufrysuf&atmif xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufzkdY&ef
bk&m;&Sif y&dedAÁmefpHvGefawmfrlNyD;aemuf wynfhom0ursm;tay:ü
wm0efusa&mufvsuf &Sdae\/ xdkwm0ef0wå&m;udk taustyGef
xrf;aqmifz&Ykd ef bk&m;&Sif y&deAd mÁ efpv
H eG af wmfrNl y;D aemuf t&Sirf [m-
ed'geuxm taMumif;jypmwrf;vTm ] y
uóyrax&fonf w&m;awmfrsm; raysmufysufa&;twGuf o*Fg-

,emwifz&Ykd ef t½ktd ao tav;*½kjyKum pOf;pm;qifjcifawmfrcl ahJ v
onf/ xdo
k Ykd pOf;pm;qifjcifawmfr&l mü þ pE´Lyrokweå w
f iG f a[mMum;
xm;awmfral om taMumif;t&monfvnf; wpfct k ygt0if jzpfcahJ v
onf/
tmeEáw¬&ty'gefw&m;awmfrsm;udk a[mMum;&mü t&Sif-
tmeE´mrax&fjrwf\ bk&m;&Sif y&deAd mÁ efpv H eG af wmfrNl y;D aemuf &[EÅm
tjzpfodkY a&mufatmif BudK;yrf;yHkrsm;vnf; yg0ifcJh\/ yxro*Fg,em
wifyJG taMumif;t&mvnf; qufpyfvsuf yg0ifaejyef\/ þ pE´Lyr-
okweå uf m; yxro*Fg,emwifz&Ykd ef t&Sirf [muóyrax&f pOf;pm;
qifjcifawmfrlonfh tcsufwpf&yftjzpf yg0ifaeayonf/ odkYtwGuf
tmeEáw¬&ty'geftaMumif;udk a[mMum;&mü þokwåefudkyg Mum;-
n§yv
f suf a[mMum;cJah yonf/ xko d wk eå u
f kd emMum;cGihf &&do S jzifh pmtkyf
tjzpfjzifh ½ku
d Ef ydS v
f LS 'gef;vdyk gaMumif; 'g,um armifatmifjrifh (ref;NrKd U-
awmf)u avQmufxm;awmif;yefojzifh w&m;a[m wdwfacGrS pmtkyf
toGifodkY jyKjyifajymif;vJum xkwfa0vSL'gef;tyfygonf/
pm½Iol olawmfaumif;taygif;wdo Yk nf bk&m;&Si\ f w&m;awmfrsm;
udk oifod usio
hf d þESpo
f wd jYdk zifh od&u
Sd m edAmÁ efukd rsuaf rSmufjyKEidk Mf u
ygapaom0f/ tu,fí edAÁmefudk rsufarSmufrjyKEkdifMuao;cJhaomf
þaomwmEk*wokweå üf vm&So d nft h wkid ;f ocFg½kayu©mÓPfoYkd wdik -f
atmif usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfEdkifMuygapaom0f/
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
pef;vtoGif jzpfapcsifonf (pE´Lyrokwåef) ] 1
nff
pef;vtoGif jzpfapcsifon
(pE´Lyrokweå )f
(tmeEáw¬&ty'gef a[mpOfw&m;awmfrS aumufEkwf azmfjyonf/)
rdrdESifh yrmwlol
cspfom;&[ef;wkdY ... igbk&m;onf tmoa0gw&m; (4)yg;wkdY&JU
uke&f mjzpfwhJ tmoa0gw&m; r&S&d mjzpfwhJ t&[wåzv dk f apawm0drw k çdå
t&[wåzkdvf ynm0drkwådukd rsufarSmufaom ukd,f\tjzpfüyifvQif
uk,d wf idk f xk;d xGi;f ÓPfjzifh xk;d xGi;f odNy;D rsuaf rSmufjyKvsuf jynfjh ynfph pHk Hk
uyfa&mufNy;D aexkid Ef idk o f vkd uóy[mvnf; tvm;wlyJ tmoa0g-
w&m;wk&Yd UJ uke&f mjzpfwçhJ tmoa0gw&m; r&Sw d hJ t&[wåzv dk f apawm-
0drkwådç t&[wåzkdvf ynm0drkwådukd rsufarSmufaom ukd,f\tjzpfü
yifvQif uk, d w f idk f xk;d xGi;f ÓPfjzifh xGi;f azmufojd rifvsuçf rsuaf rSmuf-
jyKvsuf jynfjh ynfph pHk Hk uyfa&mufNy;D aexkid Ef idk yf gayw,fvYdk 'Dvdk bk&m;&Sif
u csD;rGrf;xm;awmfrlygw,f/ tJ'D csD;rGrf;csufu bmajymaewmvJqkd
awmh tEkykAÁ0d[m&vkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh eda&m"ormywftxdayghav -
ormywfu 9-yg; tbdnmPf 6-yg;qkdMupkdYaemf/ tJ'D ormywfu
9-yg; tbdnmPf 6-yg;qkdwJh 'Dw&m;awGukd Owå&drEkó"r®vkdY ac:yg
w,f/ vlwkdY&JU omrefukokdvfur®yxw&m; 10-yg;xuf ausmfvTm;
vGefajrmufaewJh w&m;awGyJ/ 'Dw&m;awGrSm bmjzpfvJ¿
2 ] zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
twåem oror|yaee p tEk*¾[dawm/

bk&m;&Siuf rdred YJ wef;wlxm;Ny;D awmh ighudk cs;D ajrm§ ufawmfrcl w
hJ ,f/
'Dvkd tcsD;ajr§mufcH&wJh yk*¾dKvfwpfa,mufonf bk&m;&Sif&JU omoem
qkwf,kwfysufpD;zkdY&ef jrifawGUvmwJh tcsdeftcgrSm vufykdufNyD;awmh
Munfhraeoifhbl;vkdY olu 'Dvkd oabmaygufawmfrlygw,f/ 'Dtcsuf
uawmh o*Fg,emrwifrD o*Fg,emwifzkdY&ef pOf;pm;awmfrlwJh t-
aMumif;t&mawGxJrSm wpfcktygt0if jzpfygw,f/
aemufwpfck ---
wxm tmumao ygPð pmavwGm tv*¾pdwåwm, ap0
paE´myry#dy'g, p yoHodawm/
wxm = xkdYtwl/ tmumao = aumif;uifü/ ygPð = vufukd/
pmavwGm = ajr§mufcsDí/ tv*¾pdwåwm, p = pdwfwGif Niduyf-
wG,fwmaom pdwfxm;r&Sdjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ paE´myry#dy'g, p
= vESiw h nf;aumif;/ yoHoad wm = cs;D rGr;f
hf al om usi0hf wfy#dywfjzifv
ajr§mufpm;cJhavNyD/
tvm;wlyJ - bk&m;&Sifu aumif;uifrSm vufukd ajr§mufNyD;awmh
Niu
d yfw, G w
f mrIpw d x f m; r&Sjd cif;qkw d hJ oabmw&m;? vESiw hf wl çhJ vukd
pHxm;Ny;D Oyrmay;Ny;D awmh qkq d ;Hk rtyfwhJ usi0hf wfy#dywfjzifv h nf; ighudk
jrwfpmG bk&m; cs;D rGr;f ajrm§ ufpm;awmfrcl w hJ ,f/ 'Dvdk tcs;D rGr;f tajrm§ uf-
pm;cH&wJh yk*¾dKvfwpfa,mufu bk&m;&SifbufuaeMunfh&if bk&m;-
omoemukd a<u;wifatmif igrvkyfoifhbl;vkdY olu 'Dvkd oabm-
aygufw,f/
'Dawmh vufawmfuav;ukd aumif;uifrmS ajrm§ ufNy;D awmh jrwfpmG
bk&m;u &[ef;awGukd qkdqkH;rw,fqkdwm b,fvkdvJ¿
tJ'Dokwåefuav;wpfckukdawmh emoifhygw,faemf/ pE´Lyr-

okweå v
f Ydk ac:ygw,f/ ed'ge0*¾o,
H w
k yf gVdawmfrmS yJ vm&Syd gw,faemf/
jrwfpmG bk&m;&Sio
f nf wpfcsed rf mS om0w¬jd ynfreG f aZw0efausmif;-
wku
d af wmfü oDwif;ok;H pHaeawmfrcl u dk f qkMd upkaYd emf/ bk&m;&Siu
f &[ef;-
awGukd 'Dokwåefuav;ukd a[may;awmfrlygw,f/
pE´Lyrm bdu©a0 ukvmed OyouFrx -- tyuaó0 um,Hç
tyuó pdwåHç edpöe0um ukavok tyÜ*AÇm/
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY .../ ukvmed = 'umç 'umrwkdY-
txHokdY/ pE´Lyrm = vvQif Oyrm&Sdaom pdwfxm;&SdMuukefonfjzpfí/
OyouFrx = csOf;uyfMuygukefavmh/
vESiw hf al ewJh pdwaf epdwx
f m;jzifh 'umç 'umrwkt
Yd xHudk csO;f uyf
Muprf;yg/
um,H = ukd,fukd/ tyuaó0 = xdef;csKyfíomvQif/ pdwåH =
pdwf"mwfukd/ tyuaó0 = xdef;csKyfíomvQif/ ukavok = 'umç
'umrwkt Yd ay:ü/ edpeö 0um = tjrw
J rf;tm*EÅK{nfo h nfozG,&f adS om
pdwf"mwfjzifh/ tyÜ*AÇm = ½kdif;ysaewJh um,uH 0pDuH raemuH r&SdbJ
jrjJ rw
H nfMunfaom um,uH 0pDuH raemuH &So d jzif/h pE´Lyrm = vvQif
Oyrm&Sad om pdw"f mwfjzif/h ukvmed = 'umç 'umrwkx H /Ydk OyouF-
Yd o
rx = csOf;uyfMuygukefavmh/
'umç 'umrawGxu H dk csO;f uyfwt hJ ykid ;f uav;rSm uk,d u f dk xde;f -
csKypf rf;yg? pdw"f mwfuav;ukv d nf; xde;f csKypf rf;yg/ uk,
d u
f dk xde;f csKy-f
NyD;awmhç pdwf"mwfuav;ukd xdef;csKyfNyD;awmh b,fvkdpdwfxm;jzifh
csOf;uyf&rvJvkdYar;awmh --- edpöe0um = rdrdukd,fukd tjrJwrf; tm*EÅK
{nfhonfawGjzpfw,fvkdY rdrdukd,fukd rdrd 'Dpdwf"mwfawGukd arG;jrLyg/
tm*EÅK{nfo h nfjzpfw,fqw d "f mwfjzif?h tyÜ*AÇm = 'umç 'umr-
dk hJ 'Dpw
wkdYxH csOf;uyfwJh tcsdeftcgrSm ½kdif;ysaewJh um,uH r&Sdap&bl;?

½kid ;f ysaewJh 0pDuv H nf; r&Sad p&bl;? ½kid ;f ysaewJh raemuHvnf; r&Sad p-
&bl;? veJw Y wl çhJ vOyrm&Sw d hJ pdw"f mwfjzifo h mvQif 'umç 'umrawG-
xHudk csO;f uyfyg/ 'Dtykid ;f ESihf qufpyfaewJh t"dymÜ ,fuav;awGuadk wmh
em&if;eJY oabmaygufvmygvdrrhf ,fxifw,f/ qufvufNy;D em,lMunfh
yg/
avmulyrmrsm;
ao,sxmyd bdu©a0 yk&daom Z½k'ygeH 0g Moavmau,s
yAÁw0dorH 0g e'D0d'k*¾H 0g -- tyuaó0 um,Hç tyuó pdwåHç
{0ar0 acg bdu©a0 pE´Lyrm ukvmed OyouFrx -- tyuaó0
um,Hç tyuó pdwåHç edpöe0um ukavok tyÜ*AÇm/
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY .../ ao,sxmyd = jzpfoifhjzpf&m
EIdif;ckdif;zG,f&m Oyrmonfum;/ yk&daom = a,mufsm;onf/ Z½k'ygeH
0g = a&wGi;f a[mif;ukad omfvnf;aumif;/ yAÁw0dorH 0g = rnDñw G w
f hJ
awmifukdaomfvnf;aumif;/ e'D0d'k*¾H 0g = urf;yg;jywfukdaomfvnf;-
aumif;/ um,H = ukd,fukd/ tyuaó0 = xdef;csKyfíomvQif/ pdwåH
= pdwu f omvQi/f Moavmau,s ao,s-
f /dk tyuaó0 = xde;f csKyí
xmyd = Munfh½I&mouJhokdY/ bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY .../ {0ar0
acg = þOyrmtwlomvQif/ ukavok = 'umç 'umrwkdYtay:ü/
edpöe0um = tjrJwrf; {nfhonfvkd pdwfxm;&SdMuukefvsuf/ tyÜ*AÇm =
½kdif;ysaom um,uHrI 0pDuHrI raemuHrI uif;pifMuukefvsuf/ um,H
= ukd,fukd/ tyuaó0 = xdef;csKyfíomvQif/ pdwåH = pdwfukd/ ty-
uaó0 = xdef;csKyfíomvQif/ pE´Lyrm = vvQif Oyrm&Sdaom
pdw"f mwfjzif/h ukvmed = 'umç 'umrwkx H /Ydk OyouFrx = csO;f uyf-
Yd o
Muygukefavmh/
cspo
f m;&[ef;wkYd ... Oyrmwpfcak jymNy;D igqk;H rr,f/ NyKd ysuaf ewJh
a&wGif;a[mif;wpfckukd oGm;NyD; MunfhNyD? rnDñGwfwJh awmifwpfck
tay:rSm oGm;a&mufNy?D rnDñw G w f hJ NyKd NyKd ysuaf ewJh oJurf;yg; jrpfurf;-
yg; wpfcrk mS oGm;Ny;D rwfwwf&yfNy/D tJ'D tcsed t f cgrSm oifa,mufsm;u
b,fvkdpdwfxm;&Sd&rvJ¿ rdrdukd,fukd xdef;csKyfxm;EkdifwJh pGrf;tm; rdrd
pdw"f mwfudk xde;f csKyx f m;Ekid w
f phJ rG ;f tm; &S&d r,f/ tJ'v D dk uk,
d u
f dk xde;f csKyf
xm;EkdifwJh pGrf;tm;ç pdwf"mwfukd xdef;csKyfxm;EkdifwJh pdwfxm;jzifhom
vQif 'Da&wGi;f a[mif;awGudk oGm;Ny;D awmh Munfo h ifw
h ,f csO;f uyfoifh
w,f? rnDñGwfwJh awmifawGukd oGm;NyD;awmh Munfhoifhw,f csOf;uyf
oifw h ,f? NyKd NyKd ysuyf suaf ewJh jrpfurf;yg;jywfawGrmS oGm;Ny;D Munfo h ifh
w,f &yfoifhw,f csOf;uyfoifhw,f/
uk, d uf v
dk nf; xde;f csKyrf I r&Sb
d ;l ? pdw"f mwfuv dk nf; xde;f csKyrf I r&S-d
bJeJY NydKNydKysufysufaewJh a&wGif;a[mif;BuD;awGukd oGm;NyD; Munfhr,fç
teD;tem;rSm &yfr,fq&dk if tEÅ&m,fr&Sb d ;l vm;¿ &Swd ,f/ uk,
d u f v dk nf;
xdef;csKyfrI r&SdbJç pdwf"mwfukdvnf; xdef;csKyfrI r&SdbJ rnDñGwfwJh
awmifawGrmS oGm;Ny;D awmh Munf½h rI ,fç usupf m;r,fq&dk ifaum ysupf ;D
EkdifwJhoabm r&Sdbl;vm;¿ &Sdw,f/
tvm;wlyJ - NyKd NyKd aewJh urf;yg;jywfBu;D wpfcrk mS rdru
d ,
dk u
f v
dk nf;
xdef;csKyfrI r&Sdbl;? rdrdpdwf"mwfukdvnf; xdef;csKyfrI r&SdbJeJY oGm;NyD;
rwfwwf&yfcJhr,fqkd&ifaum ysufpD;roGm;Ekdifbl;vm;¿ oGm;Ekdifw,f/
tvm;wlyJ - oifcspfom;wkdY ... 'umç 'umrwkdYtxHukd
csOf;uyfwJh tcsdeftcgrSm {nfhonfvkd pdwfxm;Mu? {nfhonfuJhokdY
pdwx f m;Muprf;yg/ ½kid ;f yswhJ um,uHrI r&Syd gapeJ?Y ½kid ;f yswhJ 0pDurH aI wG
r&SdMuygapeJ?Y ½kid ;f yswhJ raemuHraI wG r&SdMuygapeJ/Y rdru
d , dk u
f dk xde;f csKy-f
NyD; rdrdpdwf"mwfukd xdef;csKyfNyD;awmh vvQif Oyrm&SdaewJh pdwfxm;jzifh
'umç 'umrwkdYtxHokdY csOf;uyfMuprf;yg/ bk&m;&Sifu &[ef;awmf-
awGudk wku
d w
f eG ;f w,faemf/ tJ'aD wmh 'Dae&mrSm vvQif Oyrm&Sad ewJh
pdwf"mwfjzifh 'umç 'umrawGukd csOf;uyfykHeJY ywfoufNyD; t|uxm
q&mawmfu enf;enf;uav; xyfrHNyD; &Sif;jyxm;ygw,f/
vESifh yrmwlaom pdwfxm;[lonf
pE´Lyrmwd pEó'dom [kwGm/ (oH?|?2?154/)
pE´Lyrmwd = vvQif Oyrm&Sdaom pdwf"mwf[lonfum;/ pE´-
o'dom = vESiw
hf al om pdwx f nf/ [kwmG = jzpfMuukeí
f m;&Sd Muukeo f /
vESiw
hf al om pdwx f m;av;jzifh 'umç 'umrawGxu H dk csO;f uyfMu
prf;yg/ b,fvw kd o
l vJvaYkd r;awmh ---
uð y&dr@vwm,¿ aem/ (oH?|?2?154/)
vonf jynfjh ynf0h ef;0ef; &So
d vdk rdrd pdwx
f m;awG rdrcd E¨mud, k af wG
onfvnf; jynfhjynfhNzdK;NzdK;eJY oGm;NyD; csOf;uyf&rvm;vdkY 'Dvdkawmh
ar;p&m&Sdw,f/ r[kwfygbl;wJh - aemf/
tydp acg ,xm paE´m **ewvH yu©E´rmaem e auepd o' o'¨¨ ð
oE¦0H 0g odae[H 0g tmv,H 0g eduEEÅÅ ð 0g yw¬eH 0g y&d,k|meH 0g
ua&mwd? e p e a[mwd r[mZeó yda,m remayg? wkarSyd {0H
auepd o'
o'¨¨ ð oE¦0g'DeH tu&aPe A[kZeó yd,m remyg pE´Lyrm
[kwGm cwåd,ukvm'Ded pwåm&d ukvmed OyouFrxmwd taw¬m/
(oH?|?2?154/)
tydp acg = wu,fpifppftm;jzifhum;/ paE´m = vonf/ **-
ewvH = aumif;uifjyifudk/ yu©E´rmaem = ajy;vTm;cJhonf&Sdaomf/
auepd = wpfpkHwpfckaom yk*d¾Kvfowå0gESifh/ o'
o'¨¨ ð = twlwuG/ oE¦0H
0g = aygif;azmfjcif;udkvnf;aumif;/ odae[H 0g = cspfjrwfEdk;jcif;udk
vnf;aumif;/ tmv,H 0g = Niu d yfw,G w d nf;aumif;/ eduEEÅÅ ð
f mjcif;ukv
0g = wG,fwmiJhuGuf woufouf&Sd jcif;udkvnf;aumif;/ yw¬eH 0g =
awmifw k nf;aumif;/ y&d,|k meH 0g = x<uaomif;use;f jcif;udk

h jcif;udv
vnf;aumif;/ e ua&mwd ,xm = rjyKouJhokdY/
vu aumif;uifrmS oGm;Ny/D oGm;vku d w f hJ tcsed t
f cgrSm 'Daumif;-
uifjyifukd ajy;oGm;aewJh 'Dvonf wpfpkHwpfa,mufaom yk*d¾KvfESifh
twlwuG aygif;azmfaeovm;¿ aygif;azmfrI r&Sdbl;wJh/ wpfpkHwpf-
a,mufaom yk*¾dKvfESifh cspfcifjrwfEkd;rI = odae[w&m;aum &Sdae-
ovm;¿ r&Sb d ;l / wpfpw Hk pfa,mufaom yk*K¾d vt f ay:ü Niu d yfw, G w
f m-
aewJh tmv,"mwfaum &Sdovm;¿ r&Sdbl;/ wpfpkHwpfa,mufaom
yk*d¾Kvftay:ü wG,fwmiJhuGuf woufouf &Sdjcif;qkdwJh eduEÅdw&m;-
aum &So d vm;¿ r&Sb d ;l / wpfpwHk pfa,mufaom yk*K¾d vo f wå0gudk awmif-h
wrIaum &Sdovm;¿ r&Sdbl;/ wpfpkHwpfa,mufaom yk*d¾KvfESifh x<u
aomif;usef;aewJhoabmaum &Sdovm;¿ r&Sdbl;/ b,fhES,fwkH; --
[kwfovm;ç r[kwfbl;vm;¿ [kwfaew,f/
e p e a[mwd r[mZeó yda,m remayg/ (oH?|?2?154/)
p = xko d yYkd if jzpfygaomfvnf;yJ/ r[mZeó = owå0gtaygif;\/
e yda,m = rcspfjrwfEdk;tyfonf/ e a[mwd = rjzpfay/ e remayg =
pdwfESvkH;udk rwdk;yGm;apwwfonf/ e a[mwd = rjzpfay/
b,foel rYJ v
S nf; raygif;bl;? b,foel rYJ vS nf; rcspb f ;l ? b,foel rYJ -S
vnf; Niud yfrI wG,w f mrI ESpo
f ufrI jrwfE;dk rI awmifw h rI bmrS r&Sb d ;l ?
b,foleJYrSvnf; x<uaomif;usef;aewmvnf; r&Sdbl;/ tJ'Dvkd
r&Sad yr,fv
h Ydk vlrsm; taygif;u 'Dvudk rcspb f ;l vm;¿ cspw f ,f/ vlrsm;
taygif;u 'Dvudk rESpfoufbl;vm;¿ ESpfoufaew,f/
wkarSyd {0H auepd o'
o'¨¨ ð oE¦0g'DeH tu&aPe A[kZeó yd,m
remyg pE´Lyrm [kwGm cwåd,ukvm'Ded pwåm&d ukvmed OyouFrx/
(oH?|?2?154/)
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY .../ {0H = þOyrmtwlomvQif/

wkarSyd = oifcspo f m;wko Yd nfvnf;yJ/ auepd = wpfpw Hk pfa,mufaom
o'¨¨ ð = twlwuG/ oE¦0g'DeH = aygif;azmfjcif;ponf
yk*d¾Kvfowå0gESifh/ o'
wkuYd /kd tu&aPe = rjyKvyk jf cif;jzif/h A[kZeó = vlrsm;taygif;\/
yd,m = cspjf rwfE;dk tyfonfh yk*K¾d vw Ydk nf/ remyg = pdwEf v
f o S ;Hk udk wd;k yGm;
apwwfonfh yk*K¾d vw Ydk nf/ pE´Lyrm = vvQiOf yrm&SdwhJ yk*K¾d vw
f o f oYdk nf/
[kwGm = jzpfMuukefí/ cwåd,ukvm'Ded = rif;rsKd; tp&Sdonfh/ pwåm&d
ukvmed = trsKd;av;yg;wdkYodkY/ OyouFrx = csOf;uyfMuygukefavmh/
cspfom;&[ef;wkdY ...þOyrmtwlyifvQif oifcspfom;wdkY
wpfawGonfvnf; wpfpkHwpfa,mufaom yk*d¾KvfESifh aygif;azmf,SOfwGJ
rSD0Jqnf;uyfjcif; rvkyfygeJY/ wpfpkHwpfa,mufaom yk*d¾KvfeJY cspfjrwf-
Edk;jcif;vnf; r&SdygeJY/ wpfpkHwpfa,mufaom yk*d¾KvfeJY NiduyfwG,fwmrI
= tmv,vnf; r&Syd geJ/Y wpfpw Hk pfa,mufaom yk*K¾d vt f ay:ü vkv d m;
iJhuGuf woufouf&Sdjcif;qkdwJh 'Dpdwf"mwfvnf; r&SdygapeJY/ wpfpkH-
wpfa,mufaom yk*d¾Kvfowå0gudk NiduyfwG,fwmrIvnf; r&SdygapeJY/
wpfpkHwpfa,mufaom owå0gESifh x<uaomif;usef;jcif;vnf; rjyK-
vkyfygeJY/ tJ'Dvkd rjyKvkyfbJ owå0gtaygif;&JU vlrsm;taygif;&JU
cspjf rwfE;kd tyfwyhJ *k K¾d vçf ESpo
f uftyfwyhJ *k K¾d vçf veJY yrmwlaewJh yk*K¾d vf
awGom jzpfNy;D awmh cwå, d olaX;ol<u,f (= rif;olaX;ol<u,f) ykPmÖ ;
olaX;ol<u,fç *[ywdoal X;ol<u,fç olqif;&Jqw dk hJ 'DtrsK;d av;yg;-
xHoYkd oifcspo f m;wkYd csO;f uyfMuprf;ygvkYd 'Dvdk bk&m;&Sif wku d w f eG ;f awmf
rlygw,f/ vvQif Oyrm&SdwJh yk*d¾KvfawG taetm;jzifh trsKd;av;yg;odkY
csO;f uyfyg/ Niud yfw, G wf maewmudk bk&m;&Sif ESpNf cKd uo f vm;¿ rESp-f
NcdKufbl;aemf/
vESifh yrmwlykH wpfrsKd;

tydp ,xm paE´m tEüm&H 0d"rwd? tmavmuH z&wd? {0H
udavoEüm&0d"raee ÓPmavmuz&aPe pmyd pE´Lyrm [kwmG
cwåd,ukvm'Ded pwåm&d ukvmed OyouFrx/ (oH?|?2?154/)
tydp = aemufwpfenf;aomfum;/ paE´m = vonf/ tEüm&H =
trkdufwkdufudk/ 0d"rwd ,xm = azsmufzsufay;ouJhodkY/ tmavmuH
= va&mifqkdwJh tvif;a&mifudk/ z&wd ,xm = ysHUESH YapouJhodkY/ {0H
= þtwl/ wkarSyd = oifcspfom;wkdYonfvnf;yJ/ udavoEüm&-
0d"raee p = udavomwnf;[laom trkdufarSmif trkdufwkdufudk
y,fazsmufí ay;jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ ÓPmavmuz&aPe pmyd
= ÓPfwnf;[laom tvif;a&mifudk ysHUESHUapjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/
pE´Lyrm = vvQif Oyrm&Sdonfh yk*d¾KvfwkdYonf/ [kwGm = jzpfMuukefí/
cwå, d ukvm'Ded = rif;rsK;d tp&So
d nf/h pwåm&d ukvmed = trsK;d av;yg;-
wkdYodkY/ OyouFrx = csOf;uyfMuygukefavmh/
bk&m;&Si&f J U OD;wnfcsuu
f av;yJaemf/ omoemawmfrmS aexkid w f hJ
&Siaf wG &[ef;awG tm;vk;H yJ/ bk&m;&Siu f owå0gawGtay:ü usa&muf
aewJh &m*ç a'goç arm[ tp&Sw d hJ trdu k af rSmifawGukd y,fazsmufay;-
apcsiw f hJ qE´"mwf bk&m;&Sirf mS &Sw
d ,f/ 'Dawmh --- 'umç 'umrawGxH
csO;f uyfNy?D trsK;d av;yg;xH csO;f uyfNyqD &dk if 'DtrsK;d av;yg;wk&Yd UJ oEÅmefü
wnf&adS ewJh udavomwnf;[laom trdu k af rSmifawGukd ig y,fazsmuf
ay;r,f? ÓPfwnf;[laom tvif;a&mifawGudk ig jzefYMuufay;r,f
qkwd hJ 'Dvdk OD;wnfcsujf zifh vvQif ykyH rm&Sw d hJ pdwxf m;jzifh trsK;d av;yg;-
wkdYokdY csOf;uyfMuyg/
vonf trkdufarSmifudk y,fazsmufNyD; rdrd&JU tvif;a&mifudk
wpfavmuvkH;udk jzefYMuufay;ovkd oifcspfom;wkdY oifcspforD;wkdY
wpfawGvnf; owå0gawGtay:ü usa&mufaewJh &m*ç a'goç arm[

tp&SdwJh udavomtrkdufarSmifawGudk y,fazsmufay;NyD;awmh ÓPf-
wnf;[laom vif;a&mifjcnfudk jzefYMuufvsuf vvQif Oyrm&Sdaom
pdwfxm;jzifh trsKd;av;yg;wdkYxHodkY csOf;uyfMuyg/
'umç 'umrawGxHudk tvSLcHyk*d¾KvftjzpfeJY &yfwnfaewJh
omoem0efxrf; &Si&f [ef;wdYk xm;&So d ifw
h hJ pdwx
f m;yg/ 'umç 'umr-
awGxHu ypönf;av;yg;udk arQmfvifhawmifhwwJh pdwf"mwfjzifh 'umç
'umrxH csOf;uyf&rvm;¿ rcsOf;uyfygeJY/ 'umç 'umrawGxHrSm
usa&mufwnfaewJh &m*qkdwJh trdkufarSmifawGç a'goqkdwJh trkduf-
arSmifawGç arm[qkdwJh trkdufarSmifawGudk igwkdY y,fazsmufay;r,f?
ÓPfwnf;[laom tvif;a&mifawG&atmif wkdY BudK;pm;tm;xkwf-
ay;r,f --- vufawGUtm;xkwfaewJh yk*d¾Kvfrsm; em;vnfygw,faemf/
orxbm0empdwçf 0dyóembm0empdwaf wGu tqift h wef; rDvmNyD
pHcsed rf vD mNyq
D &dk if vif;a&mifjcnfprG ;f tifawG xGuaf y:rvmbl;vm;¿
xGuv f mw,f/ ÓPfwnf;[laom vif;a&mifjcnfawG omoemawmf-
udk ,HkMunfvkdY udk;uG,fqnf;uyfvmwJh olawmfaumif;wkdY&JU oEÅmefü
jzpfay:vmatmif wkYd BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwaf y;r,fqw dk hJ 'Dpw
d "f mwfuav;-
udk arG;jrLay;Mu&w,f/
tJ'D pdw"f mwfjzifh 'umç 'umrawGxH csO;f uyfcrhJ ,fq&dk if tcsO;f -
uyfcH&wJh 'umç 'umrawGqDrSmvnf; tusKd;r&Sdbl;vm;¿ tusKd;&Sd-
ygw,f/ tqift h wef; tvGef jrifrh m;wJh pdwaf epdwx f m;awGvYdk rajym-
Edik b
f ;l vm;¿ ajymEdik wf ,f/ omoemawmfrmS aeNyq D &dk if 'Dvdk tqifjh rif-h
aewJh pdwfaepdwfxm;uav;awG &SdzkdY rvkdbl;vm;¿ vkdtyfygw,f/
tifrwef atmufwef;aemufwef;usaewJh &m*ç a'goç arm[ç rmeç
£ómç rpä&, d wd&Yk UJ t&Sed t
f 0gwkaYd Mumifh jzpfay:vmwJh pdwaf epdwx f m;
uav;awGudk arG;jrLa&; vkyfay;ae&rvm;¿ rvkyfygeJY/
tqifhtwef; jrifhrm;aeaom omoemawmf

omoemawmfrSmae&if --- bk&m;&Sif&JU omoemawmfu tvGef
tqifhtwef;jrifhaewJh omoem jzpfygw,f/ tqifhtwef; jrifhw,f
qkw
d m bke;f Bu;D pD;yGm;a&;rsuv f ;Hk eJaY jymwJh tqifth wef;rsK;d r[kwb f ;l -
aemf/ ynma&;rsuv f ;Hk eJY ajymaewJh tqift h wef;/ ud,
k u
f siw hf &m;qkw
d hJ
tqifhtwef;ç orm"dqdkwJh tqifhtwef;ç ynmqdkwJh tqifhtwef;-
awGu bk&m;&Si&f UJ omoemawmfeYJ wjcm;wjcm; omoemawGeYJ wkid ;f -
wmEIdif;pmMunhfr,fqkd&if bkef;BuD;wkdY bk&m;&Sif&JU omoemawmfonf
oDvydik ;f rSmvnf; tvGef tqift h wef; jrifyh gw,f/ orm"dyikd ;f rSmvnf;
tqift h wef; jrifyh gw,f/ ynmydik ;f rSmvnf; tqift h wef; jrifyh gw,f/
yGiyhf iG v
hf if;vif; ajymMupkq Yd v
dk &Ydk &dS ifawmh bk&m;&Sif a[mawmfrw l hJ
½kywf &m;rsK;d rnfonfo h moemrSmrS a[mMum;xm;wm r&Sb d ;l / bk&m;&Sif
a[mMum;xm;awmfrw l hJ emrfw&m;rsK;d rnfonfo h moemrSmrS a[mMum;
xm;wm r&Sb d ;l / bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrw l hJ aMumif;usK;d qufE,G f
aewJh y#dpöorkyÜg'fqkdwJh w&m;rsKd; rnfonfhomoemrSmrS a[mMum;-
xm;wm r&Sdygbl;/ bkef;BuD;wkdY bk&m;&Sif&JU omoemawmfrSmyJ &Sdw,f/
bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlwJh ½kyfemrfaMumif;usKd;y#dpöorkyÜg'f-
w&m;wkdY&JU tedpötjcif;t&mç 'ku©tjcif;t&mç tewåtjcif;t&m-
awGqkdwJh 'D½IuGufawG[mvnf; bk&m;&Sifomoemawmf&JU jyifyrSm
&Sdovm;¿ r&Sdbl;/ ½kyfemrfaMumif;usKd; ocFg&w&m;awG&JU csKyfqkH;&m-
jzpfwJh tocFw"mwf edAÁmefqkdwmvnf; bkef;BuD;wdkY omoemawmf-
twGif;rSmom &Sdw,f/ omoemyrSm &Sdovm;¿ r&Sdygbl;/ 'Davmuf
tqifhtwef;jrifhw,f/
'Davmuf tqift h wef;jrifah ewJh todx;l ÓPfx;l awGukd qnf;yl;
&SmazGaewJh olawmfaumif;wpfO;D u 'umç 'umrawGxu H kd csO;f uyfwhJ
tydkif;rSm ypönf;av;yg;udk arQmfvifhawmifhwaewJh pdwfaepdwfxm;-
uav;jzifh rcsO;f uyfMuprf;ygeJ/Y vvQif Oyrm&Sad ewJh pdwaf epdwx f m;-

jzifh csOf;uyfyg/ vonf trdkufarSmifudk y,fazsmufay;ovkd? rdrd&JU
tvif;a&mifjzifh wpfavmuvkH;udk jzefYMuufay;ovdk tvm;wlyJ
oifcspfom;wkdYwpfawG oifcspforD;wkdYwpfawGvnf; owå0gawG&JU
oEÅmefrmS usa&mufaewJh udavomwnf;[laom trku d af rSmifawGukd
y,fazsmufay;vkw d hJ pdwxf m;jzifh ÓPfwnf;[laom vif;a&mifjcnfukd
jzefv
Y suf vvQif ykyH rm&Sad ewJh pdwaf epdwx
f m;jzifo
h m trsK;d av;yg;wd-Yk
xHodkY csOf;uyfMuprf;yg/
ÓPfwnf;[laom tvif;a&mifukd jzefMY uufw,fqw kd mu ckeu
ajymcJhwJhtwkdif;yJ/ 'ku©opömudk rodao;wJh yk*d¾KvfawGudk 'ku©opömukd
odatmif? ork',opömudk rodao;wJh yk*d¾KvfawGudk ork',opömukd
odatmif? eda&m"opömudk rodao;wJh yk*d¾KvfawGudk eda&m"opömukd
odatmif? r*¾opömudk rodao;wJh yk*d¾KvfawGudk r*¾opömukd odatmif
'Dvkd OD;wnfcsufjzifhomvQif 'umç 'umrawGxHudk csOf;uyfMuprf;yg
qdNk y;D awmh bk&m;&Siu
f vudk ykyH rmaqmifNy;D awmh a[mxm;w,faemf/
{nfhonfESifh yrmwlpGm
k edpeö 0um = tjrw
aemufwpfcu J rf; (tm*EÅ K ) {nfo
h nfpw
d af e-
pdwfxm;uav; &SdaeMuprf;ygwJh/
tm*EÅKaum [d y#dyg#d,m orÜwåa*[H y0dodwGm oap eH
C&omrdum 'doGm ]]trSmuH ykwåbmwa&m 0dyÜ0goH *wm {0H
0dp& ðol}}wd tEkurÜrmem edoD'gaywGm abmaZEÅd/ (oH?|?2?154-155/)
tm*EÅKaum = {nfo h nftm*EÅKonf/ y#dyg#d,m = tdrpf Oftm;jzif/h
orÜwåa*[H = qkdufa&mufwJhtdrfodkY/ y0dodwGm = 0ifa&mufí/ eH =
xkt h nfu/kd C&omrdum = tdr&f iS w
d m*EÅK{nfo Ydk / 'domG = awGUjrifí/
f u
trSmuH = igwd\
Yk / ykwb
å mwa&m = om;i,f armifi,fwo Ydk nf/ 0dy0Ü goH
= auGuGif;í cGJcGmae&jcif;odkY/ *wm = a&muf&SdcJhMuavukefNyD/ {0H =

þodkYvQif/ 0dp& ðok = vSnfhvnfusufpm;cJhMuavukefNyD/ £wd =
þodv Yk Qi/f tEkurÜrmem = tpOfoem;apmifah &Smufvadk om pdwx f m;-
jzif/h edo'D gaywGm = xkid af pí/ oap abmaZEÅd = tu,fí auR;arG;-
Muukefonf jzpfjim;tHh/
{nfhonftm*EÅ KtjzpfeJY tdrfpOfvSnfhvnfNyD; qkdufa&mufvmNyD/
rdrdtdrfudk qdkufa&mufvmwJh {nfhonfawGudk tdrf&SifawGu jrifNyD/
jrifvdkufwJhtcgrSm wkdYom;awG wkdYarmifawG wkdYeJY cGJcGmae&wm MumNyD/
wktYd rd o
f Ykd qku
d af &mufvmNyq
D w
kd hJ pdwx
f m;jzifh tpOfoem;apmifah &SmufwhJ
pdwfxm;jzifh ae&mxdkifcif;awG ay;NyD;awmh tu,fírsm; auR;arG;-
Mur,fqkd&if ---
bkwrå awåma,0 ]]wkrmS uH bmZeH *PSxm}}wd O|m, yuúrwd/
(oH?|?2?155/)
bkwrå awåma,0 = pm;Ny;D umrQüyifvQi/f wkrmS uH = oifw\
Ykd /
bmZeH = td;k cGuyf ef;uefu/kd *PSx = ,lMuayawmh/ £wd = þodYk
k / O|m, = xí/ yuúrwd = z,fomG ;\/
ajymqdí
cPacwåvmwJ{h nho f nfu pm;Ny;D wmeJY bmjzpfovJ¿ pm;Ny;D wmeJY
uJ - oifwkdY&JU yef;uefawG ,lMuayawmhqkdNyD;awmh csufcsif; ae&mu
xoGm;w,f/
e aw[d o'¨ ð oE¦0H 0g ua&mwd? e udpöu&PD,med 0g
oH0d'[wd/ (oH?|?2?155/)
aw[d = xkt f EYkd iS /hf o'
d rd &f iS w o'¨¨ ð = twlwuG/ oE¦0H 0g = aygif;azmf-
jcif;udkrlvnf;/ e ua&mwd = rjyK/ udpöu&PD,med 0g = jyKoifhjyK-
xku
d wf hJ trIBu;D i,f toG,o f , G w
f u kd nf;/ e oH0'd [wd = pDrcH efcY rJG I
Ydk v
r&Sday/
tdrf&SifwdkYeJY aygif;azmf,SOfwGJ rDS0JrIvnf; r&Sdbl;/ tdrf&SifawGrSm

jyKoifhjyKxkdufwJh udpöBuD;i,f toG,foG,fawG &Sdw,f/ 'DudpöBuD;i,f-
awGeJY ywfoufNyD;awmhvnf; 0ifa&muf pDrHcefYcGJrIawG 0ifrvkyfbl;/
{0H wkarSyd y#dyg#d,m orÜwåC&H y0dodwGm ,H £&d,myaxok
yoEém rEkóm a'EÅd? wH *a[wGm qdEéoE¦0g? awoH udpöu&PDa,
tAsm0#m [kwGm edu©rxmwd 'Daywd/ (oH?|?2?155/)
]]{0H = þodkYvQif/ wkarSyd = oifcspfom;wkdY oifcspforD;wkdYonf-
vnf;yJ/ y#dyg#d,m = tdrpf Oftm;jzif/h orÜwC å &H = qdu k af &mufvmwJh
f /Ykd y0dow
tdro d mG = 0ifí/ £&d,myaxok = £&d,mykxw f üYkd / yoEém
= MunfndKMuukefaom/ rEkóm = vl'umç 'umrwdkYonf/ ,H =
tMuifvLS zG,0f w¬Ku/kd a'EÅd = ay;vSLMuuke\
f / wH = xkad y;vSLwJh vSLzG,f
0w¬Kudk/ *a[wGm = ,laqmifMuukefí/ qdEéoE¦0g = jywfpJaom
aygif;azmfjcif; &SdMuukefvsuf/ awoH = xkd'umç 'umrwdkY\/ udpö-
u&PDa, = udpöBuD;i,f toG,foG,fü/ tAsm0#m = aMumifhMurJh-
pdwfxm; &SdMuukefonf/ [kwGm = jzpfMuukefí/ edu©rx = xkdtdrfrS
xGufcGmMuygukefavmh/}} £wd = þodkY/ 'Daywd = xif&Sm;jyawmfrl\/
bk&m;&Sif xm;&SdapcsifwJh pdwfxm;yJ/ tjrJwrf; rdrdudk,fudk
{nfhonf = tm*EÅKuJhodkY pdwfuav; xm;prf;ygwJh/ {nfhonf tm*EÅK-
pdwfxm;jzifh 'umç 'umrawGudk csOf;uyfyg/ {nfhonftm*EÅ Ku
tdrfwpftdrfudk 0ifa&mufvmNyDqkd&if MunfMunfjzLjzLeJY auR;arG;w,f
qkd&if pm;NyD;wmeJY 'DtdrfrSm &if;&if;ESD;ESD;eJY aygif;azmfjcif; qufqHjcif;
rjyKbJeJY udpöBuD;i,f toG,foG,fawGvnf; 0ifa&mufNyD; pDrHcefYcJGrI
rjyKbJ csufcsif; xGufcGmoGm;ovkd oifcspfom;wkdY oifcspforD;wdkY-
wpfawGonfvnf; tdrpf Oftwdik ;f qku d af &mufvmwJh tdru f kd tu,f-
írsm; 0ifcJhr,fqkd&if £&d,mykxfawGü MunfndKaewJh 'umç 'umr-
awGu vSLzG,0f w¬Kwpfcck u k kd vSLr,fq&dk if xkv d LS wef;wJh vSLzG,0f w¬Kukd
,laqmifNy;D awmh 'D'umç 'umrawGeYJ aygif;azmfjcif;udk jzwfawmuf-

vku
d yf g/ 'Dtrd rf mS vSLNy;D &if 'Dtrd u f 'umç 'umrawGeYJ aygif;azmfjcif;-
vkyif ef; rjyKygeJ/Y xk'd umç 'umrawG&UJ udpBö u;D i,f toG,o f ,
G af wGü
0ifa&mufNyD;awmh aMumifhMurIawGvnf; rvkyfygeJY/ aMumifhMurJhwJh
pdwaf epdwx f m;awGeYJ xkt d rd rf S xGucf mG ygwJ/h 'Dvdk bk&m;&Siu
f ñTeMf um;-
ay;awmfrlygw,f/
rSefuefaom OD;wnfcsuf ESpfrsKd;
bmjzpfvkdYvJ¿ rdrdwkdY&JU OD;wnfcsufu 'D'umç 'umrawGeJY
a&ma&maESmaESm aezdkY omoemabmifudk 0ifa&mufNyD; &Sif&[ef;-
jyKMuwm [kwfovm;¿ r[kwfbl;/ 'g wpfcsufaemf/ 'umç 'umr-
awG&JU udpöBuD;i,f toG,foG,fawGudk aqmif&Gufay;zkdYqkdwJh OD;wnf-
csuef YJ omoemabmifukd 0ifa&mufNy;D &Si&f [ef;jyKvmMuwm [kwMf u-
ovm;¿ r[kwMf ubl;/ odaYk omf wcsKUd wcsKUd 'umç 'umrrsm;u tod-
ÓPf r&Sb d ;l / todÓPfr&Sad wmh olw&Ykd UJ udpBö u;D i,f toG,o f , G af wG-
udk 0ifa&mufNyD; aqmif&Gufay;rS olwdkYu auseyfMuw,f/ tu,fí
olw&Ykd UJ udpBö u;D i,f toG,of ,G u f kd 0ifa&mufNy;D aqmif&u G rf ay;bl;-
qk&d if 'Dbek ;f Bu;D pmrwwfb;l eJY wlw,fw/hJ [kwo f vm;¿ udpBö u;D i,f
toG,foG,fudk 0ifa&mufNyD; aqmif&Gufay;wJh bkef;BuD;qdk&ifawmh
aemufuae xyfMuyfruGm vkdufaew,f/
awmfMum eHygwfuav; ay;vdrfhr,f xifw,f/ awmfawmfMum
,Mwm "mwf½kduf"mwfqifuav;vnf; vkyfay;vdrfhr,feJY wlw,f/
awmfawmfMum [ku d pd ö 'Dupd ö pD;yGm;a&;av;awG wku
Yd kd tqifajyatmif
bmvkyaf y;vdrrhf ,f? nmvkyaf y;vdrrhf ,f? 'DarQmv
f ifch suaf wGeYJ aygif;azmf
qnf;uyfaewmrsKd;udk bk&m;&Sif ESpfNcdKufovm;¿ rESpfNcdKufbl;/
bk&m;&Siu
f tifrwef &G&H mS awmfryl gw,f/ bmjzpfvYdk &Go H vJ¿ oHo&m-
0#fqif;&J'ku©u uRwfcsif vGwfcsifvkdYqkdwJh OD;wnfcsufjzifh omoem-
abmifukd 0ifa&mufvmwJh &Si&f [ef;jyKwhJ yk*K¾d vaf wGuo

kd mvQif bk&m;&Sif
u ESpNf cKd uw
f ,f/ omoemawmfukd rScD udk yf&yfNy;D awmh tjrwfxw k rf ,fh
yk*d¾KvfawGudk bk&m;&Sifu ESpfNcdKufovm;¿ rESpfNcdKufbl;/
owå0gawG&UJ oEÅmefrmS wnf&adS ewJh &m* a'go arm[ wnf;[l-
aom udavom trku d af rSmifawGukd ig NzKd caJG y;r,f? ÓPfwnf;[laom
vif;a&mifjcnfawG olwdkY oEÅmefrSm jzpfay:vmatmif ig jzefYMuuf-
ay;r,fqw dk hJ OD;wnfcsujf zifo h mvQif 'umç 'umrawGxu H kd csO;f uyf-
apcsifw,f/ tJ'DOD;wnfcsufESpfck 'umBuD;awG pOf;pm;Munfhprf;yg/
'umç 'umrawG pD;yGm;a&;aumif;atmifç csJaygufatmifç ,Mwm
"mwf½u dk "f mwfqifawGeYJ use;f rma&; aumif;atmifç pD;yGm;a&; aumif;-
atmif aqmif&u G af y;w,f/ 'Dvyk if ef;cGif &Swd ,f/ tJ'v D yk if ef;cGitf wdik ;f
olaqmif&Gufay;vkdufwkdif; rdrdwdkYu BuD;yGm;vmNyD? wkd;wufvmNyD?
csrf;omvmNyDxm; --- tJ'D pnf;pdrfOpömtay:ü 'D'umç 'umronf
wG,fwmrI &Sdrvm;ç r&Sdbl;vm;¿ &Sdaew,f/ tJ'DwG,fwmrIawGudk
rpGefYvTwfEkdifbJ b0wpfckudk tqkH;owfcJh&&if 'Dowå0g b,fa&muf-
rvJ¿ aocgeD;umv r&PmoEéaZm&JU ae&mudk 'DpGJvrf;csufqkdwJh
avmbOD;aqmifaewJh aZmawGu ae&m,loGm;cJhr,fqkd&if tyg,f
av;bkH wpfbkHbkHawmh usdef;ao a&mufr,f/
(tm'dwåy&d,m,okwåef? oH?2?377-379/)
tu,fí 'umç 'umrawGxu H kd &[ef;awmfwpfyg;u csO;f uyf-
vku
d Nf y/D csO;f uyfvu
dk wf hJ tcsed t
f cgrSm 'D'umç 'umrawG&UJ oEÅmefrmS
jzpfay:aewJh &m*qkw d hJ trdu
k af rSmifawGç a'goqkw
d hJ trdu
k af rSmifawGç
arm[qkdwJh trdkufarSmifawGudk ig y,fazsmufay;r,fqkdwJh OD;wnf-
csufjzifh ÓPfwnf;[laom tvif;a&mifawG jzpfay:vmatmif jzefY-
Muufay;w,f/ ÓPfwnf;[laom tvif;a&mifawG jzpfay:vmatmif
b,fvkd jzefYMuufay;vJ¿ oDvusifhpOfawGudk wu,fvufawGU jzLjzL
pifpif jznfu
h siEhf idk af tmif oGeo
f ifjyo qkq d ;Hk ray;w,f/ orm"dusiphf Of
awGukd wu,fvufawGU vdu k ef musiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwEf ikd -f
atmif vufy;l vufMuyf aoaocsmcsm pepfwus oGeo f ifjyo qdq
k ;Hk r
ay;w,f/
qkdqkH;ray;awmh xkdyk*d¾Kvf xkd'umç 'umru ,kHMunfcsuf o'¨g-
w&m; tjynht f 0jzifh 'Dorxusiphf OfawGukd usiMfh uyH mG ;rsm; tm;xkw-f
vkdufvkdY psmeform"dawGtxd qkdufcJhNyDqkdMupdkY ... xkdtcsdeftcgrSm
psmeform"dawGukd pepfwus xlaxmifvdkY&aewJh yk*d¾Kvf&JU oEÅmefrSm
psmeform"deYJ ,SOw f aJG ewJh ÓPfaMumifjh zpfay:vmwJh vif;a&mifjcnf-
awG xif&Sm; &Sdraebl;vm;¿ &Sdaew,f/ ,©K tmemygeur®|mef; ½IyGm;
tm;xkwaf ewJh yk*K¾d vaf wGxrJ mS edrw
d u
f av; ay:vmNyq D v
dk &Ykd &dS if vif;-
a&mifjcnfawG xGufvmwJh yk*d¾KvfawGvnf; &SdMuw,f/ edrdwfray:cif
vif;a&mif jcnfuav;awG xGufaewJh yk*d¾KvfawGvnf; &SdMuw,f/
edrdwfuvnf; ckdifNyD/ pwkw¬psmefavmuftxdvnf; aygufoGm;NyDqkdvdkY
&Sd&if vif;a&mifjcnfuav;awGvnf; ckdifcHhraebl;vm;¿ ckdifcHhaeNyD/
'Dvif;a&mifjcnfawG ckdifcHhaeawmh bmxl;ovJvdkY ar;p&m &Sdw,f/
orm"d&JU pGrf;tifowdåeJY ywfoufNyD; orm"d&JU tusKd;*kPftif tmed-
oifawGudk ig;csuf zGifhxm;ygw,faemf/
orm"d\ tusKd;*kPftif tmedoif ig;rsKd;
1/ 'd|"r®okc0d[m&medoHo (0dok'¨d?1?368/)
&[EÅmt&Sijf rwfawGu 'Dorxbm0emvkyif ef;&yfawGukd usiMhf uH
BudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfMuw,f/ oku©0dyóem,medu&[EÅmrsm;
odrYk [kwf oku0© yd óem,medur[kww f hJ psmevmbD&[EÅmrsm; psmefukd
0ifpm;Muw,f/ bmvJ¿ 'd|"r®okc0d[m& = rsufarSmufb0ü psmef-
csrf;omuav;udk cHpm;csifwJh OD;wnfcsufjzifhomvQif psmefudk 0ifpm;-
Muw,f/ tJ'v D dk 0ifpm;cJrh ,fq&dk if xk&d [EÅmrax&fjrwfawGtzdYk 'Dpsmef-

orm"donf 'd|"r®ock 0d[m& tusK;d tmedoif &Sw d ,f/ rsuaf rSmufb0-
rSm csrf;ompGm aexkdif& jcif;qkdwJh tusKd;&Sdw,f/
aemufwpfckuawmh ---
2/ 0dyóemedoHo (0dok'¨d?1?368/)
wcsKUd yk*K¾d vaf wGusawmh 'Dpsmefukd 0dyóem&JU tajcyg'utjzpfeYJ
xlaxmifw,f/
orm"ð bd u © a 0 bma0x? orm[d a wm bd u © a 0 bd u © K
,xmblwH yZmemwd/ (oH?2?12/) (oH?3?opöoH,kwf orm"dokwåef? 363/)
ponfjzifh opömav;yg;udk [kww f idk ;f rSepf mG oda&;twGuf orm"dudk
xlaxmifzkdY bk&m;&Sif wkdufwGef;xm;onfhtwkdif; opömav;yg;ukd
oda&;twGuf orm"dukd xlaxmifw,f/ 'Dorm"dawGu atmifjrifcJh
r,fqv dk &Ydk &dS ifvnf; 'Dorm"d&UJ pGr;f tifaMumifh xkt d csed t
f cgrSm ÓPf-
tvif;a&mifawGu jzpfay:raebl;vm;¿ jzpfay:aewJh ÓPfvif;-
a&mifjcnf&JU pGrf;tm;aMumifh 'ku©opömudk [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm odwJhÓPf?
ork',opömudk [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm xkd;xGif;odwJhÓPf? eda&m"opömudk
[kwfwkdif;rSefpGm xkd;xGif;odwJhÓPfawG? r*¾opömudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm
xk;d xGi;f odwhJ ÓPfawG ay:vmNyD qdMk upd/Yk ay:vmvk&Yd &dS if 'Dorm"donf
0dyóemyg'u 0dyóemedoo H = 0dyóemÓPfwnf;[laom tusK;d
udk jzpfapEkdifwJhpGrf;tm; &Sdw,f/
3/ tbdnmedoHo (0dok'¨d?1?368/)
aemufwpfck --- wcsKUd wcsKUd yk*K¾d vaf wGu tbdnmPfawGukd vkv d m;
awmifhwcJhMuw,f/ tbdnmPfudk vkdvm;awmifhwcJh&if uodkPf;
(10)yg; ormywf (8)yg;wku Yd kd 'k;d vkad rT a&vkad ESmufNy;D awmhrS uodP
k ;f
(8)yg; ormywf (8)yg;wkdYukd (14)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mjzifh yGm;rsm;
tm;xkwf&ygw,f/ yg&rDtm;avsmfpGm tbdnmPfawG &&SdcJhr,fqkd&if

xkdyk*d¾KvfwkdY\ psmeform"donf tbdnmPfwnf;[laom tusKd;ukd
&Gufaqmifay;EdkifwJh pGrf;tm; &Sdw,f/ ajrvQKd;rdk;ysHEdkifwJh pGrf;tm;awG
ay:vmw,f/
4/ b00daoomedoHo (0dok'¨d?1?369/)
psmeform"dawGudk ckvdk pepfwus xlaxmifvkdufw,f/ uodkPf;
(10)yg;? ormywf (8)yg; aygufNyDyJ xm;ygawmh/ xkda,m*Dolawmf-
aumif;u omoemawmftwGi;f jzpfaewJt h wGuf BuKd u&f m psmeform-
ywfwpfckudk pepfwus a&G;cs,fcGifh &Sdygw,f/ tJ'Dpsmefudk tjrwfpm;ç
tvwfpm;ç tnHhpm; yGm;rsm;xm;Edkifygw,f/ qE´ 0D&d, pdwå 0DrHovkdY
ac:wJh £'dy¨ g'fav;yg;u tqift h wef; tvGef jrifah ecJrh ,fq&dk ifawmh
'Dpsmef[m tjrwfpm;psmefvkdY ac:w,f/ 'D£'dÿg'fav;yg;u tvwf-
wef;pm; jzpfcJhr,fqkd&if olyGm;rsm;xm;wJh psmefu tvwfpm;psmefyJ/
'D£'dÿg'fav;yg;u enf;enf;av; tiftm;aysmhaecJh&if 'g tnHhpm;
psmefvkdY ac:ygw,f/ tJ'DpsmefawGudk yGm;rsm;xm;NyD qkdMuygpdkY/ tJ'D
txJrmS tjrwfpm;psmeftqifu h kd yGm;Ekid cf rhJ ,fq&dk if xkyd *k K¾d vu
f xkpd smefeYJ
avsmnf aD ewJh tjrwfpm;jzpfwhJ jA[®mb h u Hk kd a&mufEikd w f hJ pGr;f tm; &Sw
d ,f/
b,ftcgrSm &So d vJvaYkd r;&if aoonfw h idk af tmif 'DpsmefawGu ravQm-
usbl;qkdvdkY&Sd&if jA[®mhjynfudk a&mufEkdifw,f/ psmefeJY avsmfnDaewJh
bkHawGudk a&mufEkdifw,f/ okdYaomf t&Sifa'0'wfwkdYvkd raorDrSm t-
aMumif;trsKd;rsKd;aMumifh 'DpsmefawGu avQmusoGm;cJhr,fqkd&ifawmh
jA[®mjh ynfudk aoonft h jcm;rJrh mS awmh ra&mufEidk b f ;l / tu,fí ao-
onfhwkdifatmif psmefawGu ravQmuscJhbl;qkd&ifawmh aoonf\
tjcm;rJrh mS jA[®mjh ynf a&mufEidk yf gw,f/ jA[®mch sr;f omqkw d mu vlcsr;f -
om ewfcsr;f omeJY wdik ;f wm EIid ;f pmvku d rf ,fq&dk if vlcsr;f om ewfcsr;f -
omu uyfyg;av;yJ jzpfygw,f/ jA[®mcsrf;omu tvGef BuD;us,fwJh
oabm&Sdw,f/
ckeu ajymovdkayghav ... csJeHygwfav; &vkdY &&SdwJhykdufqHeJY
jA[®mpnf;pdrfawGudk &&SdwJh pnf;pdrfcsrf;omawGudk wkdif;wmEIdif;pm-
Munfph rf;yg/ b,foif;u tqifjh rifrh vJ¿ jA[®mcsr;f omu ydNk y;D tqif-h
jrifhw,f/ ÓPfwnf;[laom vif;a&mifjcnfudk xGufay:vmatmif
jzefMY uufay;jcif;onf xkt d jzefMY uufc&H wJh 'umç 'umrawG&UJ oEÅmefrmS
tusK;d r&Sbd ;l vm;¿ &Sw
d ,f/ 'Dawmh 'DjA[®mcsr;f omudk vkv d m;awmifw
h wJh
yk*d¾Kvfonf &&SdcJhr,fqkd&ifawmh b00daoom0[ = jA[®mhbkHqkdwJh
b0txl;udk &Gufaqmifay;EkdifwJh pGrf;tm;&Sdw,f/ &Gufaqmifay;Ekdif-
wJh tusK;d tmedoo H &Swd ,fqNdk y;D 'g orm"d&UJ tusK;d udk azmfjyxm;w,f/
'gu wpfck/
5/ eda&m"medoHo (0dok'¨d?1?369/)
aemufwpfrsKd; --- wcsKdUwcsKdU yk*d¾KvfawGusawmh eda&m"ormywf
0ifpm;csiw f ,f/ wavmu a,m*Dwpfa,muf ausmif;a&mufvmw,f/
xl;xl;jcm;jcm;yJ/ 0dyóemydik ;f eJY ywfoufNy;D olu auseyfaeNy/D bmrS
qufNyD; tm;rxkwfcsifawmhbl;/ olU0dyóemudk ol ,kHMunfw,f/
ausvnf;auseyfw,f..wJ/h 'gayr,fh olu eda&m"ormywf 0ifpm;
vkdY r&bl;/ ormywf (8)yg; &&SdwJh yk*d¾KvfawGonfomvQif eda&m"
ormywfudk 0ifpm;vkdY&onfhtwGuf ormywf (8)yg;oufoufudkom
'DXmerSm vmNyD;oif,lr,fqkd&if oifay;rvm;wJh/ olu ar;cGef;wpfck
vmar;w,f/ b,fEh , S vf J ...a,m*DawG bke;f Bu;D bufu b,fvrdk sm;
jyefajz&rvJ¿ tqifu h awmfawmfjrifah ew,f/ jrifah ewJt h cgusawmh
bke;f Bu;D bufuvnf; oifay;ygw,fvYkd 'DavmufyJ ajymvku d yf gw,f/
'DrmS ajymcsiw
f t
hJ csuu
f awmh --- wcsKUd wcsKUd yk*K¾d vaf wGu eda&m"-
ormywfukd 0ifpm;csiMf uw,f/ b,fvydk *k K¾d vf 0ifpm;vk&Yd ovJqadk wmh
tem*grfç &[EÅmt&Sijf rwfawG jzpfw,f/ ormywf (8)yg;udk &&Sad wmf-

rlwJh tem*grfç &[EÅmt&Sifjrwfom eda&m"ormywfudk 0ifpm;vdkY-
&w,f/ 'Dawmh olu eda&m"ormywfudk 0ifpm;csifw,fqkd&ifawmh
olUtqifhu tem*grfç &[EÅmtqifh wpfckckawmh &&Sd&rSmaygh/ 'g
olUtajym ajymwmyg/ wu,f [kwfçr[kwfukdawmh qef;ppfawmh
rMunfhawmhygbl;/ 'Dawmh psmeformywfawGukd r&wJhtwGuf eda&m-
"ormywfukd 0ifpm;vdYk r&awmh olu eda&m"ormywfukd jyefausmNh y;D
awmh avhvmcsiw f ,fqNdk y;D a&mufvmwJh yk*Kd¾ vyf /J ukid ;f ...&Sad pawmh/
eda&m"ormywfu b,fvkd 0ifpm;ovJvdkYar;awmh ckeu
uodkPf; (10)yg;xJu uodkPf;wpfyg;yg;udk tajccHw,f qkdMuygpdkY/
Oyrm --- yx0DuodP k ;f qkMd upd/Yk yx0DuodP k ;f 0ef;udk tm½k, H Nl y;D awmh
yxrpsmefukd 0ifpm;w,f/ yxrpsmefrx S Ny;D yxrpsmef emrfw&m;awGukd
tedpöç 'ku©ç tewå vu©Pma&;okH;wef wpfvSnfhpD wifNyD;awmh
0dyóem ½Iw,f/ 'kw, d psmefudk 0ifpm;w,f/ 'kw, d psmefrS xNy;D 'kw-d
,psmef emrfw&m;awGudk tedpöç 'ku©ç tewå vu©Pma&;okH;wef
wpfvn S phf D wifNy;D awmh 0dyóem ½Iw,f/ tJ'eD nf;pepfeYJ ormywfawG
udk tpOftwkid ;f 0ifpm;oGm;vku d w f m 0dnmPÍöm,wepsmefukd 0dyó-
em½INy;D vkYd tqk;H tmudÍn ö m,wepsmefukd qufvufNy;D awmh 0ifpm;Ny/D
0ifpm;Ny;D onfEiS hf wpfNyKd ief ufwnf; xkad ,m*Dy*k K¾d vo f nf jyKoifjh yKxu dk -f
wJh ykAÁudpöav;yg; jyK&ygw,f/ bk&m;&Sif ac:awmfrlcJh&if ormywfrS
xygap/ oHCmu tvk&d cdS &hJ if ormywfrS xygap/ eD;uyfaewJh ud, k ef YJ
qufpyfaewJh y&du©&mtokH;taqmifawG ysufpD;rI r&SdygapeJY/ rdrd
t"d|mefxm;wJt h wkid ;f (7)&ufqv dk Qif (7)&uf aphonft h cg 'DormywfrS
xygapqkNd y;D ykAu Á pd aö v;yg;udk jyKvyk &f ygw,f/ jyKvu dk Nf y;D wmeJY wpfcg-
wnf; ae0onmemonm,wepsmefudk qufvuf 0ifpm;vkdufcJh&if
ae0onmemonm,wepsmefaZm wpfBudrf okdYr[kwf ESpfBudrf usNyD;
wmeJY wpfNydKifeufwnf; eda&m"ormywf qkdufoGm;w,f/ 'Dvkdqdk&if

'DormywfawGonf bmtusK;d &So d vJ¿ eda&m"ormywfqw
kd hJ tusK;d udk
&Gufaqmifay;EkdifwJh pGrf;tm;&Sdaew,f/
(0dok'¨d?2?344-351/ eda&m"ormywåduxm/)
'g orm"d&UJ tusK;d tmedoo H (5)cky/J tJ'D (5)ckxrJ mS a,m*Dy*k K¾d v-f
u rdr&d &Scd siw
f hJ tusK;d tmedoo H udk a&G;cs,cf iG hf r&Sb
d ;l vm;¿ &Syd gw,f/
'gaMumifh orm"dukd wpfzufowf tjypfajymjcif;onf aumif;ovm;¿
odyaf wmh raumif;bl;aemf/ 'gaMumifh orm"d&adS ewJh yk*K¾d vrf mS orx-
bm0empdwEf iS hf ,SOwf aJG ewJh pdwaf Mumifh jzpfay:vmwJh vif;a&mifjcnf-
awG &SdaeNyD/ xdkvif;a&mifjcnf&SdaewJh yk*d¾KvfrSm tusKd;r&Sdbl;vm;¿
csaJ ygufwmxuf tJ't D usK;d awGeYJ b,foif;u ydak umif;ovJ¿ (orm"d
tusK;d awGu ydak umif;ygw,f) bke;f Bu;D tBuKd uf ajymwmeJY wlygw,f-
aemf/ ckaeom bke;f Bu;D u cseJ yH gwfay;r,fq&dk if 'umBu;D awG ,lrvm;ç
r,lb;l vm;¿ (r,lcsiyf gbl;bk&m;/) 'gvnf; bke;f Bu;D tBuKd uf ajymwm-
yJeYJ wlygw,faemf/ [d;k aemufu 'umrBu;D awGaum¿ ,lMur,feYJ wlyg-
w,faemf/ bkef;BuD; ray;wwfygbl;/ ay;vnf; ray;ygbl;aemf/
uJ - 'g orm"daMumifh &&Sw
d thJ usK;d / orm"dvif;a&mifjcnf/ 'Dxuf
wpfqifw h ufNy;D 'Dorm"dawGudk tajccHNy;D ½kyaf wG emrfawGukd odatmif?
taMumif;w&m; tusK;d w&m;awGukd odatmif? taMumif;w&m;eJw Y uG
'D½yk ef mrfawG&UJ tedpt
ö csuçf 'kut© csuçf tewåtcsuaf wGukd odatmif
qufvufNyD;awmh oifay;vkdufNyD/ oifay;vkdufwJhtwkdif; ½kyfemrf
aMumif;usKd; ocFg&w&m;wkdY&JU tedpötjcif;t&mç 'ku©tjcif;t&mç
tewåtjcif;t&mawGukd odNy/D 0dyóemÓPfawG xko d al wmfaumif;&JU
oEÅmefrSm jzpfay:vmNyD/ jzpfay:vmwJh 'D0dyóemÓPfaMumifhvnf;
vif;a&mifjcnfawG ay:rvmbl;vm;¿ ay:vmw,f/ tJ'D vif;a&mif-
jcnf&adS ewJh olawmfaumif;onf 0dyóemÓPfukd &ifu h suaf tmifom
avhusiyhf g/ rdr&d J U yg&rDtm;avsmpf mG rdrad rQmvf ifah wmifwh aewJh r*fÓPf

zdkvfÓPf r&Edkifbl;vm;¿ &Ekdifw,f/ xkdyk*d¾Kvfonf aomwmywdå
r*fÓPfzkdvfÓPfom &&SdcJhr,fqkd&if tyg,fav;bkHrS uGif;vkH;uRwf
vGwfr,f/ ou'g*grdr*fÓPfuawmh vlUbkHqkdwJh umrok*wdbkHrSm
wpfBudrfavmufawmh vmcGifh&Sdygw,f/ tem*grdr*fÓPfzdkvfÓPfxd
qkud cf rhJ ,fq&dk if umr (11)bkrH S uGi;f vk;H uRwf vGwrf ,f/ t&[wår*f-
ÓPfzv dk Ó
f Pfxd qku d cf rhJ ,fq&dk ifawmh (31)bkrH S uGi;f vk;H uRwf rvGwf
bl;vm;¿ vGwfoGm;r,f/
'gaMumifh 'Dvif;a&mifjcnfukd jzefMY uufay;jcif;onf tjzefMY uufc-H
&wJh olawmfaumif;oEÅmefü tvGeBf u;D us,jf rifjh rwfaewJh tusK;d w&m;-
awG r&Edik b f ;l vm;¿ &Ekid yf gw,f/ tJ't
D usK;d w&m;rsK;d udak wmh bk&m;&Sif
u ay;apcsifygw,faemf/ opfoD;av; ay;vkduf? yef;av; ay;vkduf?
,Mwm "mwf½u dk "f mwfqifav; ay;vku d ?f cseJ yH gwfav; ay;vdu k ef YJ 'Dvdk
ykHpHrsKd;udk bk&m;&Sif ESpfNcdKufovm;¿ rESpfNcdKufbl;/ 'gaMumifh 'umç
'umrawG&JU udpöBuD;i,f toG,foG,fü aMumifhMupdkufNyD;awmh 'umç
'umrawGeYJ a&ma&maESmaESm aexdik jf cif;qkw d hJ vkyif ef;&yfukd bk&m;&Sif
rESpNf cKd ubf ;l / veJY OyrmwlaewJh pdwaf epdwx f m;jzifo h mvQif omoem-
awmfrmS aexkid yf g/ 'Dvdk bk&m;&Siu f tqk;H tr ay;oem;awmfryl gw,f/
'Dae&mrSm ---
rax&fnDaemif ESpfyg;
£ró ye edpöe0ubm0ó tm0dbm0w¬H a'Gbmwdu0w¬K
uaxwAÁH/ (oH?|?2?155/)
£ró ye edpeö 0ubm0ó = þtjrw J rf; tm*EÅKu {nfo
h nf-
ozG,f jzpfíaeaom pdwx f m;jzifh ae&jcif;\/ tm0dbm0w¬H = oabm-
w&m;udk xif&Sm;jyjcif;iSm/ a'Gbmwdu0w¬K = a'Gbmwdu trnf&wJh
nDaemifrax&fEpS yf g;wd&Yk UJ 0w¬Ku/dk uaxwAÁH = þae&mü ajymqko

d ifh
ajymqkdxdkufay\/
nDtpfudk &[ef;awmfESpfyg; &S Md uygw,f/ tm*EÅ K {nfhonftjzpf
aexkid yf eHk YJ ywfoufNy;D b,fvdk aexkid o
f ifw
h ,fqw
dk hJ oabmw&m;u-
av;awG ay:vGizf &Ydk mtwGuf nDaemifrax&fEpS yf g;wk&Yd UJ 0w¬Kuav;udk
'Dae&mrSm ajymjyoifhw,fwJhaemf/
0omVe*&*grawm ud& a'G bmwdum edu©rdwGm yAÁZdwm/
(oH?|?2?155/)
0omVe*&*grawm = 0omVe*&trnf&wJh &GmrS/ a'G bmwdum
Ykd nf/ edur© w
= nDtpfuEkd pS af ,mufwo d mG = tdr&f mwnfaxmif vlaY bmif
rS xGufcGmMuí/ yAÁZdwm = omoemabmifokdY 0ifa&mufí &Sif&[ef;
jyKvmMuavukef\/
0omVe*&*grqkw d &hJ mG u nDtpfuEkd pS af ,muf omoemabmifoYkd
0ifa&mufNyD; &Sif&[ef;jyKMuNyD/
aw plVem*aw¬a&m p r[mem*aw¬a&m pmwd ynm,ðok/
(oH?|?2?155/)
aw = xkdnDaemifESpfyg;wkdYonf/ plVem*aw¬a&m p = plVem*-
rax&f[í l vnf;aumif;/ r[mem*aw¬a&m p = r[mem*rax&f[í l
vnf;aumif;/ £wd = þodkY/ ynm,ðok = omoemawmfü xif&Sm;-
awmfrlMuavukef\/
xdkrax&fESpfyg;onf plVem*rax&f? r[mem*rax&fqkdNyD;
omoemawmfrSm xif&Sm;w,fwJh/
aw pdwv å yAÁaw wðo 0ómed 0odwmG t&[wåH ywåm ]]rmw&H
yódómrm}}wd tm*EÉm 0omVe*&0d[ma& 0odwGm yke'd0ao
rmwk*grH yd@m, y0doðok/ (oH?|?2?155/)
aw = xkdnDtpfudkESpfyg;wdkYonf/ pdwåvyAÁaw = pdwåvawmif-

ausmif;ü/ wðo 0ómed = ESpfokH;q,fwkdYumvywfvkH;/ 0odwGm =
oDwif;okH;awmfrlMuNyD;aemuf/ t&[wåH = t&[wåzkdvfodkY/ ywåm =
qkdufa&mufawmfrlMuukefonfjzpfí/ rmw&H = r,fawmftm;/ yód-
ómr = awGUjrifMuukeftHh/ £wd = þodkY ESvkH;ykdufí/ tm*EÉm =
<uvmawmfrlMuavukefí/ 0omVe*&0d[ma& = 0omVe*&&Gm-
ausmif;wdkufü/ 0odwGm = oDwif;okH;awmfrlMuukefí/ yke'd0ao =
aemufwpfaeYü/ rmwk*grH = rdcif&SdwJh &GmtwGif;odkY/ yd@m, = qGrf;-
tvkdYiSm/ y0doðok = <u0ifawmfrlMuavukef\/
oD[dkVfuRef;rSm xif&Sm;wJh pdwåvawmifausmif;qkdwJh awmif-
ausmif;wpfck &SdcJhzl;ygw,f/ wpfcsdefu &[EÅmrax&fjrwfaygif;
(12000)wkYd oDwif;ok;H Ny;D awmh ur®|mef;w&m;awGukd usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf
tm;xkwfoGm;wJh ausmif;wkdufBuD;wpfckvdkY pmrSmawmh azmfjyxm;yg-
w,f/ rsuaf rSmufacwf tcsed rf mS uawmh ausmif;wdu k af wG r&Sad wmhbJ
axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom *luav;awGtoGief o YJ m wnf&adS ewJh awm-
ausmif;wpfck jzpfygw,f/ wdóapwDqkdwJh apwDawmfwpfqlvnf;
xifxif&mS ;&Sm; wnf&adS eygao;w,f/ om;&Jw&d pämefawG tvGeaf ygrsm;
aewJh awmawmifxlxyfwJh a'owpfckyJ/ vlwdkYa'oeJY tenf;qkH; 4ç
5ç 6-rdkifcefY uGma0;aewJh awmBuD;xJrSm wnf&Sdaeygw,f/
'Dae&mrSm pum;pyfrdwJhtwGuf wdóapwDawmftaMumif;udk
tenf;i,f ajymvkdygw,f/ ]wdóapwDawmf}qdkwmuawmh &[EÅm
jzpfawmfral om wdó &Sio f mraP\ "mwfawmfrsm;udk Xmyemí wnf
xm;udk;uG,fxm;aom apwDawmfwpfql jzpfygw,f/ a&S;a&S;ynm&Sd
olawmfaumif;wd[ Yk m e0ur®ac:wJh omoemawmfü jyKoifh jyKxu kd w
f hJ
vkyif ef;&yftrIopfawGukd jyKvyk u
f m rdrw
d Ykd oEÅmefü jzpfay:aewJh umr
0dwufpwJh MuHpnfpdwful;rI trsKd;rsKd;awGukd y,fazsmufawmfrlMuwJh
xH;k a[mif;wpf&yfukd rZÑrd edum,f rlvyPÖmoygVdawmf 0dwuúoP²me-

okwåef t|uxm (r?|?1?395/)rSm azmfjyxm;ygw,f/
wpfcsed wf ek ;f u wdótrnf&w dS hJ &Sio f mraPwpfyg;[m oD[Vdk -f
uRef;rSm wpfcsdefu tvGefxif&Sm;ausmfMum;awmfrlcJhzl;wJh wdó-
r[m0d[m&ausmif;wku d Bf u;D rSm OyZÑm,fq&m rax&f jrwfBu;D ESit hf wl
oDwif;oHk; aexdkifcJhygw,f/ wdór[m0d[m&ausmif;wkdufqkdwm
wpfcsdefu &[EÅmrax&f jrwfaygif; aomif;ESifhcsD oDwif;oHk;awmfrlcJh-
zl;wJh ausmif;wku d Bf u;D wpfck jzpfygw,f/ wpfcsed rf mS wdó omraP[m
omoemawmfrmS raysmaf rGUbJ Ni;D aiGUvmwJt h aMumif;udk OyZÑm,fq&m
awmftm; wifjyavQmufxm;cJyh gw,f/ tJ't D cgrSm wdó omraPudk
OyZÑm,fq&mawmfu --- ]]'D wdór[m0d[m&ausmif;rSm csK;d a&&zd&Yk ef
cufcw J ,fu, G ?f 'gaMumifh ighukd ac:aqmifNy;D pdwv å awmifausmif;udk
oGm;yg}}[k trdefY&Sdawmfrlvdkufygw,f/ 'Dvdk trdefY&SdvdkufwJhtcg
&SifomraPuvnf; q&mOyZÑm,f trdefY&SdwJhtwkdif; vdkufemjyKusifh
aqmif&u G af y;vdu k yf gw,f/ pdwv å awmifausmif;udk q&mwynfh ESpyf g;
wkYd a&muf&o dS mG ;MuwJt h cg OyZÑm,fq&mawmfu xyfrH trde&Yf dSjyefw,f/
]]at; ... 'D pdwåvawmifausmif;uawmh oHCduppfppf jzpfw,f-
uG,f? ightwGuf yk*¾vduae&mwpfckavmuf pDrHaqmif&Gufay;yg/}}[k
xyfrH trde&Yf dSjyefw,f/ tJ't D cgrSmvnf; wdó ud&k ifuav;u ]]om"k
baEÅ = aumif;ygNyD t&Sifbk&m;}}[k wifjyavQmufxm;um vdkPf*l
wpfckudk oyÜg, rQrQww aevdkY&atmif pwifum aqmif&Gufay;yg-
w,f/ OyZÑm,fq&mawmfuvnf; wdóomraPudk awaZmuodP k ;f
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwyf akH wGuv kd nf; oifjyay;awmfryl gw,f/ oH,w k eå u
d m,f
udkvnf; pwif oifMum;ay;awmfrlygw,f/ oH,kwåedum,fqkdwmu-
awmh 0dyóem½Iuu G af wGukd jynfjh ynfph pkH kH ½Iuu G pf akH tmif a[mMum;xm;
awmfrlwJh a'oemawmfawG jzpfMuygw,f/ twdwf tem*wf ypöKyÜef
tZÑwå A[d'¨ MoVm&du (tMurf;) okckr (tEk) [De (t,kwf) yPDw

(tjrwf) 'l& (ta0;) oEÅu d (teD;) qdw k hJ wpfq,fwh pfrsK;d aom tjcif;-
t&mtm;jzifh wnfaewJh Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg; 'ku©opömw&m;awGudk
½IaxmifhtrsKd;rsKd;rS 0dyóem ½IyGm;oHk;oyfyHkawGudkvnf; xkdedum,frSm
jynfhjynfhpHkpHk a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJhygw,f/
wpfzef ed'ge0*¾ oH,w k yf gVdawmfwpfavQmufv;kH rSmvnf; t*kw F Kdå &f
ygVdawmf wduedygwf wdwm¬ ,weokweå f (tH?1?174/)rSm a[mMum;xm;-
awmfro l nft h wkid ;f ork',opöm trnf&wJh aMumif;usK;d qufE, G rf I
y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'f oabmw&m;awGukd ½Iaxmift h rsK;d rsK;d rS 0dyóem ½IymG ;
oH;k oyfyakH wGuv kd nf; om0uwd\ Yk tvdt
k BuKd uf tZÑmo,"mwfEiS hf
tnD jynfjh ynfph pkH kH a[mMum;xm;awmfrcl yhJ gw,f/
tJ'D oH,kwåedum,f wpfckvHk;udkvnf; wdó omraPtm;
OyZÑm,fq&mawmfu oifMum;ay;awmfrlygw,f/ a&S;wkef;uawmh
q&morm;u EIww f udk cf say;w,f? wynfu h vnf; EIww f u
kd o
f if,&l wJh
pepfrsK;d jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvkd EIwwf u
kd o
f if,El ikd w
f t
hJ wGuf cE¨m 5-yg;enf;ç
tm,we 12-yg;enf;ç "mwf 18-yg;enf;ç y#dpöorkyÜg'fenf;ç opöm
4-yg;enf; pwJh 0dyóem½Ienf;tzHkzHkawGudk EIwfwdkuftm*Hk oif,l
xm;NyD; jzpfaeygw,f/
wpfaeYrmS awmh q&mOyZÑm,ftwGuf rQrQww oDwif;oH;k Ekid zf &Ydk m
pDraH qmif&u G af ewJh vdPk *f jl yKjyifa&;vkyif ef;wpfcv k nf; Ny;D pD;atmifjrif-
oGm;NyDjzpfw,f/ tyÜempsmeform"dodkY qkdufonfhwdkifatmif awaZm-
uodP k ;f yGm;rsm;tm;xkwyf kH tpDt&ifvnf; Ny;D pD;atmifjrifomG ;NyD jzpf-
w,f/ oH,w k eå u
d m,fwpfcv k ;kH udk EIww
f uftm*Hk oif,jl cif;udpv ö nf;
Ny;D pD;atmifjrifomG ;NyjD zpfw,f/ tJ't D cgrSm vdP
k *f jl yKjyifa&;udpö Ny;D qH;k -
oGm;NyD jzpfaMumif;udk OyZÑm,fq&mawmftm; wifjyavQmufxm;vku d -f
ygw,f/
tJ'DtcsdeftcgrSm OyZÑm,fq&mawmfu bmtrdefY&SdovJ -–

]]'kau©e aw omraP& uwH? tZÆ wm0 wGHa,0 0om[D}}wd
tm[/ (r?|?1?395/)
omraP& = omraP .../ aw = oifonf/ 'kau©e = yifyif
yef;yef; qif;qif;&J&Jjzifh/ avPH = vkdPf*ludk/ uwH = jyKpD&iftyfcJhNyD;
avNy/D tZÆ = ,aeY/ wm0 = a&S;OD;pGm/ wHaG ,0 = oifu, kd w f idk yf ifvQi/f
0om[d = oDwif;oH;k aexdik yf gOD;/ £wd = þod/Yk tm[ = rdeMYf um;awmfrl
vdkufavNyD/
uJ - udk&if ... rif;udk,fwdkif yifyifyef;yef;jzifh jyKjyifpD&if
aqmif&GufcJh&wJh vdkPf*lwpfck jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh rif;udk,fwkdifyJ
acgifq;kH pwifNy;D oDwif;oH;k ay;yg/ 'Dvkd OyZÑm,fq&mu trde&Yf v dS u
kd -f
w,f/
aom wH &wåð avaP 0oaEÅm OwkoyÜg,H vbdwGm 0dyóeH
0a¹wGm t&[wåH ywGm waw¬0 y&dedAÁm,d/ (r?|?1?395/)
aom = xdk&SifomraPonf/ wH &wåð = xdknOfhywfvHk;/ 0oaEÅm
= oDwif;oH;k awmfrcl o hJ nf&adS omf/ OwkoyÜg,H = rQwaom OwkoyÜg,-
udk/ vbdwGm = &&SdonftwGufaMumifh/ 0dyóeH = 0dyóemÓPfudk/
0a¹wGm = ÓPfpOftwdkif; tqifhqifhwdk;yGm;atmif BudK;pm;tyfonf
&Sdaomf/ t&[wåH = t&[wåzdkvfodkY/ ywGm = qkdufa&mufawmfrlí/
waw¬0 = xdv k P l wGi;f üyifvQi/f y&deAd mÁ ,d = y&deAd mÁ efpaH wmfrcl -hJ
kd *f t
avNyD/
udk&ifwdó[m tJ'Dn wpfnvHk; vdkPf*ltwGif;rSm oDwif;oHk;-
Munfhvdkufawmh OwkoyÜg, odyfrQwaewm awGU&w,f/ OwkoyÜg,
rQwrIukd rS0D &J wJt h wGuf rdrd &&Sxd m;Ny;D jzpfwhJ awaZmuodP k ;f bm0em
vkyfief;&yfudk jyefvnfyGm;rsm;tm;xkwfvkdufwJhtcg vG,fvG,fululeJY
tyÜempsmeform"doYkd jyefvnfqu dk af &mufcyhJ gw,f/ orm"d&w dS hJ &[ef;-
[m opömav;yg;ukd [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm odjrifEdkifaMumif;udk bk&m;&Sif

ud,
k af wmfwikd f opöo, H wk f orm"dow k eå f (oH?3?363/)ü a[mMum;xm;-
awmfro l nft
h wkid ;f rdrd &&Sx
d m;Ny;D wJh psmeform"dukd 0dyóem\ tajc-
yg'ujyKí ---
1/ twdwf tem*wf ypöKyeÜ f tZÑwå A[d'-¨ pwJh (11)rsK;d aom tjcif;-
t&mtm;jzifh wnfaewJh Oyg'geu©Em¨ ig;yg; 'kuo © pömw&m;wkuYd kd
vnf;aumif;?
2/ ork',opöm trnf&wJh aMumif;usKd;qufEG,frI y#dpöorkyÜg'f
oabmw&m;wkdYudkvnf;aumif;?
þ ocFg&w&m;awGudk ÓPfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,lNyD; odrf;qnf;NyD;awmh
tedpö 'ku© tewå vu©Pma&;oHk;wefodkYwifum 0dyóemÓPfpOf
twdkif; tqifhqifh BudK;pm;tm;xkwfawmfrlvkduf&m aemufqHk; tJ'D
nrSmyJç tJ'DvdkPf*ltwGif;rSmyJ t&[wåzkdvf qdkufa&mufawmfrlNyD;-
aemuf y&dedAÁmef pHvGefoGm;awmfrlcJhygw,f/
y&dedAÁmefpHNyD;awmh bmvkyfMuovJ/
wó "mwka,m *a[wGm apwd,H tuHok/ tZÆmyd wdó-
aw¬&apwd,EÅd ynm,wd/
wó = xdk&[EÅm jzpfawmfrlaom wdó&SifomraP\/ "mwk-
a,m = "mwfawmfwdkYudk/ *a[wGm = ,laqmifMuí/ apwd,H = apwD
udk/ tuHok = jyKMuavukefNyD/ tZÆmyd = ,aeYüvnf;yJ/ wdóaw¬&-
apwd,EÅd = wdóaw¬&apwD[lí/ ynm,wd = xif&Sm;wnf&Sdaeay
\/
y&dedAÁmefpHvGefawmfrlNyD;onfhtcg "mwfawmfwdkYudk ,laqmifum
apwDwnfxm;udk;uG,fMuygw,f/ ,aeYtxd pdwåvawmifausmif;
twGif;rSm wdóapwDawmfqdkNyD;awmh xif&Sm;wnf&Sdaeygao;w,f/
'guawmh wdóapwDawmf&UJ ordik ;f tusO;f csKyjf zpfygw,f/
,ck rax&f naD emif ESpyf g;wk&Yd J U 0w¬KZmwfaMumif;udk jyefqufMu-

&atmif –--
rax&fnDaemif ESpfyg;wkdY[m tJ'D pdwåvawmifausmif;rSm tESpf
oH;k q,fausmw f u Ykd mvywfv;kH oDwif;ok;H Ny;D awmh --- wpfaeY t&[wå-
zkdvf qdkufoGm;MuNyD/ t&[wåzdkvfqkdufatmif ESpfaygif;b,favmuf
tm;xkwf&ovJ¿ (ESpfokH;q,fyg bk&m; ...) 'umBuD;awG 'umr-
BuD;awG w&m;tm;xkwfwm b,fESpfESpf &Sd NyDvJ¿ pdwfaepdwfxm;
aysmhnHhvGef;vdkY bkef;BuD;u ajymwmyg/
ESpaf ygif;ok;H q,favmuf 'Dw&m;udk tjyif;txef tm;xkwNf y;D awmh
t&[wåzv kd f qdu k o f mG ;MuNy/D qdu
k Nf y;D awmh wkrYd ,fawmfuakd wmh oGm;Ny;D
Munf½h I Mupd/Yk nDtpfuEkd pS yf g; wkid yf ifMuw,f/ wkid yf ifNy;D awmh <uvm-
w,f/ r,fawmf&w dS hJ 0omVe*&&GmrSmvnf; &Gmausmif;wpfck &Syd gw,f/
xk&d mG ausmif;rSm oDwif;ok;H Ny;D awmh aemufwpfaeY r,fawmf&w dS hJ &GmxJukd
qGr;f cH<uMuw,f/ qGr;f cH<uvdu k af wmh bmjzpfvmvJ¿
rmwmyd awoH OVKauFe ,m*kH eD[&dwmG {uó yawå tmud&/d
(oH?|?2?155/)
rmwmyd = r,fawmfonfvnf;yJ/ OVKauFe = ZGef;a,mufrjzifh/
,m*kH = ,m*kudk/ eD[&dwGm = xkwaf qmifí/ awoH = xkdrax&fESpfyg;
wkdYwGif/ {uó = rax&fwpfyg;\/ yawå = oydwfwGif;ü/ tmud&d =
avmif;vSLcJhavNyD/
OVKuFuawmh a,mufcsKdZGef;yJ/ tkef;rIwfeJY jyKvkyfxm;w,f/
a&S;wke;f uawmh ZGe;f uav;awGtjzpf tok;H jyKy&Hk w,f/ tJ't D ek ;f rIw-f
cGuwf pfcek YJ jyKvyk x
f m;wJh ZGe;f qkad wmh awmfawmfBu;D ykH &ygw,f/ ZGe;f xJ
rSm ,m*kawG tjynhx f nfNh y;D awmh rax&fwpfyg;&JU oydwx f J avmif;vSL
vdkufw,f/
wóm wH Moavmu,rmem, ykwåodaea[m OyÜZÆd/

(oH?|?2?155/)
wH = xkdrax&fudk/ Moavmu,rmem, = Munfh½Iaeaom/
wóm = xkdr,fawmf\ oEÅmefü/ ykwåodaea[m = om;[laom
cspfjrwfEdk;jcif;onf/ OyÜZÆd = xif&Sm;jzpfay:í vmcJhayonf/
r,fawmfuvnf; 'D,m*kqGrf;udk tvSLcHaewJh &[ef;awmfudk
MunfhvdkufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm om;[laom cspfjcif; jzpfay:vmw,f/
jzpfay:vmawmh --- bmajymvJ¿
tx eH tm[ -- ]]wGH wmw r,SH ykawåm r[mema*g}}wd/
(oH?|?2?155/)
tx = xdktcg/ eH = xkdrax&fudk/ rmwm = r,fawmfu/ tm[
= ar;jref;avQmufxm;avNyD/
r,fawmfu ar;Munfhw,f/ b,fvkdvJ¿
]]wGH wmw r,SH ykawåm r[mema*g}}wd/ (oH?|?2?155/)
wmw = cspfom;/ wGH = oifonf/ r,SH = ig\/ r[mema*g =
r[mem*trnf&Sdaom/ ykawåm = om;avavm[k/ £wd = þodkY/
tm[ = ar;jref;av\/
cspfom; ...oif[m igh&JUom; r[mem*avvm;vkdY ar;Munfh-
w,f/ ar;Munfhvdkufawmh ---
axa&m ]]ypärd H ax&H ykpä Oygodau}
u}}}wd 0wGm yuúmrd/ (oH?|?2?155??)
axa&m = ra[mem*rax&fonf/ Oygodau = Oygodum 'g,d-
umrBuD;/ ypdärH = aemufuvkdufvmwJh/ ax&H = rax&fudk/ ykpä =
ar;jref;avavmh/ £wd = þodkY/ 0wGm = ajymqkdí/ yuúmrd = z,fcGm-
<uoGm;awmfrlav\/
Oygodum 'umrBuD; aemufu udk,fawmfudk ar;Munfhayawmh/

tJ'Dvdk ajymNyD;awmh rax&f jrwfBuD;uvnf; a&SUc&D;qufoGm;w,f/
ypärd ax&óyd ,m*kH 'wGm ]]wmw wGH r,SH ykawåm plVema*g}}wd
ykpäd¿ (oH?|?2?155/)
ypädrax&óyd = aemufawmfu vkdufygwJh rax&ftm;vnf;/
,m*kH = ,m*kudk/ 'wGm = ay;vSLNyD;í/ wmw = cspfom;/ wGH =
oifonf/ r,SH = ig\/ plVema*g = plVem*trnf&SdwJh/ ykawåm =
om;avavm/ £wd = þodkY/ ykpäd = ar;jref;avQmufxm;av\/
aemufuvkdufvmwJh rax&fudkvnf; 'umrBuD;u ,m*kav;-
vSLNy;D awmh --- cspo
f m; ... oif[m igh&JUom; plVem* r[kwb
f ;l vm;vdYk
ar;Munfhw,f/
axa&m ]]uð Oygodau yk&drH ax&H e ykpäoD}}wd¿ 0wGm yuúmrd/
(oH?|?2?155/)
axa&m = plVem*rax&fuvnf;yJ/ Oygodau = Oygodum
'umrBu;D / uð = tb,ftaMumif;aMumif/h yk&rd H ax&H = a&SUu rax&f-
BuD;udk/ e ykpäod = rar;jref;avoenf;/ £wd = þodkY/ 0wGm =
ajymqkdí/ yuúmrd = z,fcGm<uoGm;awmfrl\/
aMomf - 'umrBu;D a&SUu rax&f Bu;D udak wmh bmaMumifh rar;jref;
vkdufavoenf;vkdY ajymNyD; c&D;qufoGm;w,f/
{0H rmw&myd o'
o'¨¨ ð qdEéoE¦a0g bdu©K edpöe0aum emr a[mwd/
(oH?|?2?155/)
{0H = þod/Yk rmw&myd o'
o'¨¨ ð = rdcifEiS ahf omfrv
S nf;yJ/ qdEo
é E¦a0g
= jywfpJaom aygif;azmfjcif;&Sdaom/ bdu©K = &[ef;onf/ edpöe0aum
emr = tjrJwrf; tm*EÅK{nfhonfESifh wlwJh &[ef;rnfonf/ a[mwd
= jzpf\/
tjrJwrf; tm*EÅ K{nfhonfeJY wlwJholqkdwm tJ'Dvkd ae&w,fwJh/

b,fhES,fvJ¿ 'umBuD;ç 'umrBuD;awG raumif;bl;vm;¿ aemufu
'umrBuD;awGa&m - aumif;ovm;ç raumif;bl;vm;¿ rajzMubl;/
bmjzpfvv Ykd ¿J om;qkw d m tifrwef csp&f wmud;k / ud, k o hf m;u 'Dvo dk m
jyKrrl ,fq&dk if rsu&f nfawG awmufawmuf rusb;l vm;¿ usuek rf ,f/
rdcif&JUoabmu tifrwef aysmhaysmif;wJhoabm &Sdwmudk;/ odkYaomf
bk&m;&Sifu rdcifeJYaomfvnf; jywfpJwJh aygif;azmfjcif; &Sdapcsifw,f/
Niu
d yfw, G w f maewJh pdwx f m; bk&m;&Sirf mS &Sad pcsiof vm;¿ r&Sad pcsi-f
bl;/ tjrw J rf; tm*EÅKvdk oabmxm;Ny;D awmh qufqyH gwJ/h 'g bk&m;&Sif
xm;&Sad pcsiw f hJ pdwx
f m;/ omoemabmifrmS aeNyq D vdk &Ydk &dS if 'Dpw
d x
f m;-
uav;awG &Sd&rvm;ç r&Sd&bl;vm;¿ &Sd&r,f/
b,fhES,fvJ¿ bkef;BuD;awG ... omoemrSm aevkdY&Sd&if 'Dpdwf-
xm;rsK;d &S&d rvm;ç r&S&d bl;vm;¿ (&S&d ygr,fb&k m;) oDv&Siaf wG ...'Dvkd
pdwfxm;rsKd; &Sd&rvm;ç r&Sd&bl;vm;¿ ratrvmvdkY&Sd&if arQmfaewJh
pdwx f m;rsK;d &S&d rvm;ç r&S&d bl;vm;¿ trsK;d rsK;d ajzaew,f/ omoemrSm
aeNyq D v
dk &Ydk &dS if bk&m;&Sib
f ufu jywfpaJ pcsiw f ,f/ 'Dvjdk ywfpw J hJ pdw-f
xm;uav;awG &S&d r,f/ tJ'pD w d x f m;eJY omoemabmifrmS aeNyq D &dk if
bmjzpfovJ¿ ½kid ;f yswhJ um,uHraI wG r&Sad p&bl;/ ½dik ;f jywJh 0pDurH aI wG
r&Sdap&bl;/ ½kdif;yswJh raemuHrIawG r&Sdap&bl;/ rdrdwkdY&JU udk,ftrl
t&mawGukd xde;f csKyx f m;Edik w
f hJ pGr;f tm; &S&d r,f/ rdrw
d &Ykd UJ pdw"f mwfukd
xdef;csKyfxm;EdkifwJh pGrf;tm; &Sd&r,f/ tJovkd xdef;csKyfNyD;awmh 'umç
'umrawGtay:ü tjrJwrf; tm*EÅK{nfhonfozG,f pdwfaepdwfxm;
jzifh tjrJwrf; csOf;uyfygwJh/ 'gaMumifh bk&m;&Sifu ---
uóayg bdua© 0 pE´Lyarm ukvmed OyouFrwd -- tyuaó0
um,H tyuó pdwåH edpöe0aum ukavok tyÜ*aAÇm/ (oH?1?402/)
bdua© 0 = cspo
f m;&[ef;wdYk .../ uóayg = uóyonfum;/
pE´Lyarm = vESifh Oyrmwlaom pdwfxm;&Sdonf/ [kwGm = jzpfí/

ukvmed = 'umç 'umrwkx H /Ykd OyouFrwd = csO;f uyfav\/ um,H
Yd o
= udk,fudk/ tyuaó0 = xdef;csKyfíomvQif/ pdwåH = pdwf"mwfudk/
tyuaó0 = xdef;csKyfíomvQif/ edpöe0aum = tjrJwrf; tm*EÅK
{nfhonfozG,f pdwfxm;&Sdonfjzpfí/ ukavok = 'umç 'umrwdkY
tay:ü/ tyÜ*aAÇm = ½kid ;f ysaom um,uHrI 0pDurH I raemuHrI r&So d nf
jzpfí/ ukvmed = 'umç 'umrwkx H /Ykd OyouFrwd = csO;f uyfav\/
Yd o
t&Sifr[muóyBuD;udk bk&m;&Sifu MunfndKw,f/ MunfndKwJh
twGuf t&Sifr[muóyBuD;&JU pdwfaepdwfxm;uav;awGuvnf;
MunfndKxkdufwJh *kPfawG&SdvdkY &[ef;awG twk,lNyD; usifhapcsifwJh
qE´"mwfjzifh bk&m;&Siu
f t&Sirf [muóyudk pHxm;Ny;D awmh a[mMum;
aeawmfrlygw,f/
cspo f m;&[ef;wdYk ...t&Sirf [muóy[mvnf; vvQif Oyrm
&SdaewJh pdwfxm;jzifhomvQif 'umç 'umrwkdYxHudk csOf;uyfw,f/
rdrud , kd u f kd xde;f csKyEf ikd w
f hJ pGr;f tm;jzifh xde;f csKyNf y;D awmhrS 'umç 'umr-
awGxHudk csOf;uyfw,f/ rdrd&JU pdwf"mwfudk xdef;csKyfNyD;awmhrS 'umç
'umrawGxHukd csOf;uyfw,f/ tjrJwrf; tm*EÅ K{nfhonfozG,f
pdwaf epdwx f m;jzifoh mvQif 'umç 'umrawGxu H kd csO;f uyfw,f/ 'umç
'umrawGtay:ü tjrJwrf; tm*EÅ K{nfhonfozG,f pdwfaepdwfxm;
&Sw
d hJ ½dik ;f yswhJ um,uHrI 0pDurH I raemuHraI wGukd tjrw J rf; y,f&mS ;xm;-
w,fwJh/
'umç 'umrwkdYxHokdY csOf;uyfxkdufaom &[ef;
wH uð rnx bdu©a0 uxH½layg bdu©K t&[wd ukvmed
OyouFrdwHk/ (oH?1?402/)
bdua© 0 = cspo
f m;&[ef;wdYk .../ wH = igbk&m;ar;r,fah r;cGe;f ud/k
wkarS = oifcspfom;wkdYonf/ uð rnx = todkYatmufarhrSwfxif

,lqMuukefoenf;¿
cspfom;wdkYudk igbk&m; ar;cGef;wpfck ar;r,f/ oifcspfom;wkdY
b,fvkd,lqMurvJ¿
uxH½al yg = tb,foaYkd om oabm&Sad om/ bduK© = &[ef;awmf-
onf/ ukvmed = 'umç 'umrwkx H /Ykd OyouFrw
Yd o d Hk = csO;f uyftahH om-
iSm/ t&[wd = xkdufwefygoenf;/
cspfom;&[ef;wdkY ... tb,f&[ef;rsKd;onf 'umç 'umrwkYd-
xHoYkd csO;f uyfz&Ydk eftwGuf xku
d w
f efygovJw/hJ 'Dvakd r;cGe;f ar;Munf-h
w,f/ ar;vdkufwJh tcsdeftcgusawmhrS ---
b*0Hrlvum aem baEÅ "r®m b*0Haewådum b*0Hy#do&Pm/
om"k 0w baEÅ b*0EÅaH ,0 y#dbmwk {wó bmodwó taw¬m/
b*0awm okwGm bdu©L "ma&óEÅD}}wd/ (oH?1?402/)
baEÅ = bkef;awmfae0ef; xGef;vif;awmufyawmfrlygayaom
jrwfpmG bk&m; .../ aem = bk&m;wynfah wmfwt Ydk zd/Yk "r®m = w&m;awmf-
wko Yd nfum;/ b*0Hrv l um = bk&m;&Sivf Qif t&if;tjrpfrv l taMumif;
t&if; &SdMuyguke\ f / b*0Haewdu
å m = bk&m;&Sio f nfom xkwaf qmifrI
&SdMuygay\/ b*0Hy#do&Pm = bk&m;&Sio f nfom rScD &dk m &SdMuyguke\ f /
baEÅ = bke;f awmfae0ef; xGe;f vif;awmufyawmfryl gayaom jrwfpmG -
bk&m; .../ 0w = pifppf{uef trSet f m;jzih/f om"k = awmif;yefyg\/
{wó bmodwó taw¬m = þpum;awmf\qkdvdk&if; teuf-
oabmw&m;onf/ b*0EÅHa,0 = bk&m;&Sif\ ÓPfawmfüomvQif/
y#dbmwk = xifvmygapownf;/ b*0awm = bkef;awmfajcmufyg;-
ocif bk&m;&Si\ f xHawmfr/S okwmG = Mum;emMu&ukeo f nfjzpfí/ bduL©
= &[ef;awmfwo Ykd nf/ "ma&óEÅd = aqmifxm;Muygukev f rd rhf nf jrwfpmG
bk&m;/
jrwfpmG bk&m; ...w&m;awG[m bk&m;&Siv f Qif t&if;tjrpf &SMd u-
ygw,f/ 'Dw&m;awGudk bk&m;&SifuomvQif xkwfaqmifawmfrljcif;
jzpfw,f/ w&m;awGonf bk&m;&SifukdomvQif rSDckd&ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh
wynfhawmfwkdY avQmufxm; awmif;yefygw,f/ 'Dpum;&JUqkdvkd&if;
teufoabmw&m;awGudk jrwfpGmbk&m;\ ÓPfawmfüomvQif
xif&mS ;awmfryl g/ bk&m;&Six f rH S wynfah wmfwYkd Mum;em&wJh tcsed tf cg-
rSm wynfhawmfwkdY &[ef;awmfwkdYonf Mum;em&onfhtwdkif; aqmif-
xm;Muygukev f rd rhf ,f jrwfpmG bk&m; ...qkNd y;D awmh jyefvnf avQmuf-
xm;Muw,f/ tJ'DtcgusawmhrS bk&m;&Sifu ---
aumif;uifjyifü vufawmfudk vIyf&rf;í jyawmfrljcif;
tx acg b*0g tmumao ygPð pmavod/ (oH?1?402/)
tx acg = xktd cgü/ b*0g = jrwfpmG bk&m;&Sio
f nf/ tmumao
= aumif;uifjyifü/ ygPð= vufawmfudk/ pmavod = vIyf&rf;í
jyawmfrl\/
xkt
d csed t
f cgrSm bk&m;&Siu
f vufawmfav;udk aumif;uifjyifrmS
tomav; vIyf&rf;NyD; jyvkdufw,faemf/
ao,sxmyd bdu©a0 t,H tmumao ygPd e oZÆwd e *,Swd
e AZÑwd? {0ar0 acg bdu©a0 ,ó uópd bdu©Kaem ukvmed
OyouFrawm ukavok pdwåH e oZÆwd e *,Swd e AZÑwd -- ]vbEÅK
vmbumrm yknumrm ua&mEÅK yknmeD}wd/ (oH?1?402/)
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wdkY .../ ao,sxmyd = jzpfoifhjzpf&m
EIdif;ckdif;zG,f&m avmuOyrmonfum;/ t,H ygPd = þvufawmf-
onf/ tmumao = aumif;uifü/ e oZÆwd = NiduyfrIr&Sd/ e *,Swd
= pGJNidrIr&Sd/ e AZÑwd = aESmifzGJUrIr&Sd/

aumif;uifukd vufuav; &rf;Munfyh g/ aumif;uifeYJ 'Dvufonf
NiduyfrI &Sdovm;¿ r&Sdbl;/ 'Daumif;uifudkvnf; igç igh[mqkdNyD;
'Dvufu vSr;f Ny;D pG,
J al erIoabmaum &So
d vm;¿ r&Sb
d ;l / aumif;uifeYJ
'Dvufudk &pfywfaESmifzGJUxm;rI qkdwmaum &Sdovm;¿ r&Sdbl;/
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wdkY .../ {0ar0 acg = þOyrmtwl-
omvQif/ ukvmed = 'umç 'umrwkYdxHokdY/ OyouFrawm = csOf;uyf-
aom/ ,ó uópd bduK© aem = trSwrf xm; wpfyg;yg;aom &[ef;-
awmf\/ pdwåH = pdwfonf/ ukavok = 'umç 'umrwkYdtay:ü/ e
oZÆwd = NiduyfrI r&Sdap&/ e *,Swd = pGJ,lrI r&Sdap&/ e AZÑwd =
aESmifzGJUrI r&Sdap&/
cspo
f m;&[ef;wdYk ... 'DOyrmtwkid ;f yJ/ &[ef;awmf wpfyg;yg;u
'umç 'umrwkYdxH csOf;uyfr,fqkd&if 'DcsOf;uyfaewJh &[ef;awmf\
pdwf"mwfonf 'umç 'umrwdkYtay:ü --- e oZÆwd = NiduyfrI r&Sdyg
apeJY/ e *,Swd = 'gu igh'umç igh'umrqkdNyD; 'Dvdk pGJ,lrIvnf; r&Sdyg
apeJY/ e AZÑwd = 'D'umç 'umrawGeJY rdrdwkdY[m aESmifzGJUrI enf;enf;
av;rS r&SdygapeJY/ b,fvkdpdwfxm;rsKd; &Sd&rvJ¿
]vbEÅ K vmbumrm yknumrm ua&mEÅK yknmeD}wd/ (oH?1?402??)
vmbumrm = vmbfvmbudk tvkd&SdMuukefaom olwdkYonf/
vbEÅK = vmbfvmbudk &&SdMuygukeo f wnf;/ yknumrm = aumif;rI-
ukodkvfudk tvkd&SdMuaom yk*d¾KvfwdkYonf/ yknmed = aumif;rIukodkvf-
Yd /kd ua&mE
wku ua&mEÅÅ K = jyKvyk Ef idk Mf uygapukeo
f wnf;/ £wd = þuJo h aYkd om
pdwx f m;jzif/h ukavok = 'umç 'umrwkt Yd ay:ü/ pdwåH = rdr\
d pdwu f /kd
e oZÆwd = NiduyfrI r&SdygapESifh/ e *,Swd = rpGJ,lygapESifh/ e AZÑwd
= aESmifzJGUrI r&SdygapESifh/
vmbfvmbudk tvkd&SdwJh yk*d¾KvfawG tvkd&SdwJh vmbfvmbudk

&Muygap/ aumif;rIukokdvfudk tvkd&SdwJh 'umç 'umrawG aumif;rI-
ukov kd af wGukd jyKvyk Ef idk Mf uygapqkwd hJ 'Dpw
d x
f m;av;om &Syd gwJ/h rdr\ d
pdw"f mwfonf 'D'umç 'umrawGtay:rSm Niu d yfrI r&Syd gapeJ/Y igh'umç
igh'umrqkw d hJ pG,
J rl v
I nf; r&Syd geJ/Y 'D'umç 'umrawGeYJ rdr&d UJ pdw"f mwf
awG[m &pfywfaESmifzUJG xm;rIvnf; r&Syd gapeJ/Y ]]bke;f Bu;D uawmh 'Dae&m
uae oGm;rvkdYawmh &nf&G,faeygw,f/ 'umç 'umrawG iJhn§mNyD;
bkef;BuD;u roGm;Ekdifjzpfaewm/}} 'Dvkd pdwfxm;rsKd; &Sd&rvm;¿ r&Sd&
ygbl;/ oGm;csiw f thJ csed f csucf si;f om xoGm;? b,foUl iJ&h rvJ¿ b,forl S
riJ&h bl;/ raumif;bl;vm;¿ (aumif;ygw,f) wu,fvm;¿ awmfMum-
usrS rsuf&nfuav;eJY vmNyD; rsuf&nfcHxkd;Muw,f/ 'DykHpHrsKd; jzpf&-
rvm;¿ rjzpf&bl;wJh/
,xmoaue vmabe twåraem a[mwd okraem? {0H ya&oH
vmabe twåraem a[mwd okraem? {0½layg acg bdu©a0 bdu©K
t&[wd ukvmed OyouFrdwkH/ (oH?1?402/)
oaue = rdrOd pömjzpfaom/ vmabe = &&Sad om vmbfvmbjzif/h
twåraem = ESpfvkdaom pdwfxm;&Sdonf/ okraem = 0rf;ajrmufaom
pdwfxm;&Sdonf/ a[mwd ,xm = jzpfouJhokdY/ {0H wxm = xkdYtwl/
ya&oH = olwpfyg;wkdYtm;vnf;yJ/ vmabe = &&Sdaom vmbfvmb-
jzifh/ twåraem = ESpfvkdaom pdwfxm;&Sdonf/ okraem = 0rf;ajrmuf-
aom pdwfxm;&Sdonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/
rdrud ayghaemf/ tu,fí rdrd vkv d m;awmifw
h aewJh vmbfvmb
wpfck &&Scd &hJ if 0rf;omw,f? auseyfw,f/ tvm;wlyJ - 'umç 'umrvkYd
ac:qkdtyfwJh olwpfyg;awG[mvnf; vmbfvmbudk &&SdMur,fqkd&if
olwkdY &&SdwJh vmbfvmbaMumifh ESpfvkd0rf;ajrmufwJh pdwfxm;om
&Sdw,f/ 'Dawmifhwcsufuav; wpfckyJ &Sdw,f/
{0½layg acg bdu©a0 bdu©K t&[wd ukvmed OyouFrdw/kH

(oH?1?402/)
bdua© 0 = cspo
f m;&[ef;wdYk .../ {0½layg acg bduK© = þuJoh -Ykd
aom tqifth wef; jrifrh m;aeaom pdwaf epdwx
f m;&Sad om &[ef;awmf-
onf/ ukvmed = 'umç 'umrwkdYxHodkY/ OyouFrdwkH = csOf;uyftyf-
aomiSm/ t&[wd = xkdufwefygay\/
'Dvdk pdwfaepdwfxm;&SdaewJh &[ef;awmfawGonfomvQif 'umç
'umrawGxHukd csOf;uyfoifh csOf;uyfxkdufygw,f/ 'umç 'umrawG
ay;wJh vmbfvmbudk arQmv f ifah wmifw
h aewJh pdwaf epdwx
f m; wpfc-JG
om;jzifh 'umç 'umrawGxH csO;f uyf&rvm;¿ rcsO;f uyfprf;ygeJ/Y 'gu
tvGefnHhzsif;wJh pdwfxm;/ b,fvkdpdwfxm;om &Sd&rvJ¿ vmbfvmb
tvkd&SdwJh 'umç 'umrawG tvkd&SdwJh vmbfvmbudk &Muygap/
aumif;rIukodkvfukd tvkd&SdwJh 'umç 'umrawG aumif;rIukodkvfudk
&Muygap 0rf;ajrmufMuygap ESpfoufMuygapqkdwJh 'Dpdwfxm;jzifhom
'umç 'umrawGxH csOf;uyfyg/ 'D'umç 'umrawGxH csOf;uyfNyD;wJh
tcsed tf cgrSmvnf; 'umç 'umrawG oEÅmefrmS wnf&adS ewJh udavom
trku d af rSmifawGukd ig y,fazsmufay;r,f/ ÓPfwnf;[laom tvif;-
a&mifawG jzpfay:vmatmif ig BudK;pm;tm;xkwfay;r,fqkdwJh 'Dvdk
tqift h wef; jrifrh m;aewJh pdwaf epdwx f m;jzifo
h mvQif 'umç 'umr-
awGxHudk csOf;uyfyg/ tJ'Dvdk pdwfxm;&SdwJh &[ef;awmfonfomvQifç
'Dvkd pdwaf epdwx f m;&Swd hJ oDv&Sio f nfomvQif 'umç 'umrawGxu H kd
csOf;uyfoifh csOf;uyfxkdufygw,f/
'umBu;D awG bk&m;&Si&f UJ OD;wnfcsuu
f av;awGukd Munfv
h udk rf ,f
qkd&if tvGef MunfndKzkdY raumif;bl;vm;¿ odyfaumif;w,f/ tjypf
ruif;bl;vm;¿ odyuf if;aew,f/ vmbfvmbudk wG,w f mrufarmae-
wJh tvGef ,kwfnHhaewJh pdwfxm;&Sdwmudk jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif ESpfNcdKuf-
ovm;¿ rESpfNcdKufygbl;/
uóyó bdu©a0 ukvmed OyouFrawm ukavok pdwåH e
]vbEÅÅ K vmbumrm yknumrm ua&mEÅK
oZÆwd e *,Swd e AZÑwd -- ]vbE
yknmeD}wd/ (oH?1?402/)
bdua© 0 = cspo
f m;&[ef;wdYk .../ ukvmed = 'umç 'umrwkx Yd o H /Ykd
OyouFrawm = csOf;uyfaom/ uóyó = uóy\ oEÅmefü/
ukavok = 'umç 'umrwkdYtay:ü/ pdwåH = pdwf"mwfonf/ e oZÆwd
= NiduyfrIr&Sd/ e *,Swd = igh'umç 'umr[k pGJ,lrI r&Sd/ e AZÑwd =
'umç 'umrwkEYd iS hf &pfywfaESmifzUJG rI r&S/d vmbumrm = vmbfvmbudk
tvdk&SdMuukefaom yk*d¾KvfwkdYonf/ vbE vbEÅÅK = tvk&d w dS hJ vmbfvmbudk
&&SdMuygapukeo f wnf;/ yknumrm = aumif;rIuo k v dk uf kd tvk&d MdS uwJh
yk*Kd¾ vw Ydk nf/ yknmed = aumif;rIuo
f o k v
kd w Ykd /kd ua&mE
f u ua&mEÅÅK = jyKvyk Ef ikd Mf u-
ygapownf;/ £wd = þodaYk om pdwaf epdwx f m;jzif/h ukvmed = 'umç
'umrwkdYxHodkY/ OyouFrawm = csOf;uyfíaeaom/ uóyó =
uóy\/ ukavok = 'umç 'umrwdkYtay:ü/ pdwHå = pdwfonf/ e
oZÆwd = NiduyfrI r&dS/ e *,Swd = igh'um 'umr[k pGJvrf;rI r&Sd/ e
AZÑwd = 'umç 'umrwkdYESifh &pfywfaESmifzGJUrI r&Sd/
odyaf umif;w,fç odyaf umif;w,f/ 'Dvkd pdwx f m;jzifo h m wu,f
csOf;uyfae&if 'Dvkd yk*d¾KvfrsKd;awG[m rMunfndKxkdufbl;vm;¿ odyf-
MunfnKd xu kd wf ,f/ vmbfvmbudk tvd&k w dS hJ 'umç 'umrawG tvk-d
&SdwJh vmbfvmbawG &Muygap/ aumif;rIukokdvfudk tvkd&SdwJh 'umç
'umrawG aumif;rIukodkvfudk &MuygapqkdwJh 'Dpdwfxm;yJ&Sdw,f/
tJ'aD umif;rIuo k vkd x
f rJ mS bmukovkd af wG ygovJ¿ 'geukov kd yf gw,f?
oDvukokdvfygw,f? orxukodkvfygw,f? 0dyóemukodkvfygw,f?
t&d,r*fuo k vkd af wGtxd ygw,f/ tJ'v D dk tqift h wef; jrifrh m;aewJh
ukov dk af wGukd vdv k m;awmifw h aewJh yk*K¾d vaf wGonf rdrw d Ydk tvk&d adS ewJh
aumif;rIuo
k v
dk af wG &Muygap/ &atmifvnf; 'D&[ef;awmfu bmvkyf
ay;ovJ¿ jzefYjzL;ay;w,f/ 'umç 'umrawG oEÅmefrSm wnf&SdaewJh
udavomwnf;[laom trdu k w
f u
dk af wGukd azsmufzsuaf y;w,f/ 'umç
'umrawG oEÅmefrSm ÓPfwnf;[laom vif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tifawG
jzpfay:vmatmif a[mMum;jyo qkdqkH;ray;w,f/
,xmoaue vmabe twåraem a[mwd okraem? {0H ya&oH
vmabe twåraem a[mwd okraem// (oH?1?402/)
oaue = rdrOd pömjzpfaom/ vmabe = &&Sad om vmbfvmbjzif/h
twåraem = ESpfvkdaom pdwfxm;&Sdonf/ okraem = 0rf;ajrmufaom
pdwfxm;&Sdonf/ a[mwd ,xm = jzpfouJhodkY/ {0H wxm = þtwl/
ya&oH = olwpfyg;wkdYtm;vnf;yJ/ vmabe = &&Sdaom vmbfvmb-
jzifh/ twåraem = ESpfvdkaom pdwfxm;&Sdonf/ okraem = 0rf;ajrmuf-
aom pdwfxm;&Sdonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/
t&Sifr[muóyudk Munfhr,fqkd&if yk*d¾Kvfwpfa,mufu rdrd
vmbfvmbudk &Ny/D &cJv h &Ykd &dS if auseyfrI 0rf;ajrmufrI jzpfovdk tvm;-
wlyw J ?hJ olwpfyg;wkYd vmbfvmb&jcif;wnf;[laom taMumif;aMumifh
t&Sifr[muóy&JU oEÅmefrSm olwpfyg;wkdY&JU vmbfvmb&jcif;udk
taMumif;jyKNy;D ESpv f 0dk rf;ajrmufro I m jzpfay:aew,f/ olwpfyg;&wm-
udk auseyf&rvm;ç rauseyf&bl;vm;¿ auseyf&r,f/ auseyfwphJ w d -f
xm;[m olawmfaumif;wkdif;rSm &Sd&rvm;ç r&Sd&bl;vm;¿ &Sd&r,f/
olwpfyg; &wmudk rauseyfbl;qdkwm tvGef tqifhtwef;edrfhwJh
pdwaf epdwx f m; jzpfw,f/ auseyfw,fqw dk mu olUqDrmS arQmv
f ifch suef YJ
auseyfwmrsKd;aum [kwfovm;¿ r[kwfygbl;/ olvkdvm;awmifhw-
aewJh vmbfvmbawG olvkdvm;awmifhwaewJh aumif;rIukodkvfawG
&&Sdwm jrifNyD; bmjzpfovJ¿ 0rf;omrIom jzpfw,f/ aemufwpfck ---
bk&m;&Sif qufNyD; a[mjyefw,faemf/
rpifMu,faom w&m;a'oema[menf;
wH uð rnx bdu©a0 uxH½lyó bdu©Kaem ty&dok'¨g
"r®a'oem a[mwd/ (oH?1?402/)
a[m ...bke;f Bu;D buf vSnv
hf mNyaD emf/
bdua© 0 = cspo
f m;&[ef;wk/Yd wH = xkd igbk&m; ar;r,fah r;cGe;f ud/k
wkarS = oifcspfom;wkdYonf/ uð rnx = todkY rSwfxif,lqMu-
oenf;¿
igbk&m; oifcspfom;wdkYudk ar;cGef;wpfck xyfar;OD;r,f/ oifwdkY
b,fvkd xifjrif,lqMuovJ¿
uxH½yl ó bduK© aem ty&do'k g¨ "r®a'oem a[mwd/ (oH?1?402??)
uxH½yl ó bduK© aem = tb,fuo hJ aYkd om oabm&Sad om &[ef;-
awmf\oEÅmefü/ ty&dok'¨g = rpifMu,f roefY&Sif;aom/ "r®a'oem
= w&m;a'oemawmfonf/ a[mwd = jzpfay:í aeygoenf;/
b,fvdk &[ef;awmfrsK;d &JU oEÅmefrmS b,fvdk rpifMu,fwhJ w&m;-
a[menf;qkdwm jzpfay:vmovJ¿
uxH½lyó bdu©Kaem y&dok'¨g "r®a'oem a[mwd/ (oH?1?402/)
uxH½yl ó bduK© aem = tb,fuo hJ aYkd om oabm&Sad om &[ef;-
awmf\ oEÅmefü/ y&dok'¨g = pifMu,foefY&Sif;aom// "r®a'oem =
w&m;a'oemawmfonf/ a[mwd = jzpfay:íaeygoenf;/
b,fvkd&[ef;awmf&JU w&m;a[mrIu pifMu,fovJ¿ b,fvdk
&[ef;awmf&UJ w&m;a[mrIu rpifMu,fygoenf;¿ 'Dar;cGe;f uav;ukd
ar;Munfwh ,f/ w&m;a[m&wmaum vG,o f vm;¿ odyaf wmh rvG,-f
bl;/ bk&m;&Sif ESpfNcdKufwJh pdwfaepdwfxm;eJY a[mMum;EkdifzkYd tykdif;us-
awmh awmfawmfuav; cufomG ;w,faemf/ tJ't D cgusawmhrS &[ef;-
awmfwdkYu ---
b*0Hrlvum aem baEÅ "r®m b*0Haewådum b*0Hy#do&Pm/
om"k 0w baEÅ b*0EÅaH ,0 y#dbmwk {wó bmodwó taw¬m/
b*0awm okwGm bdu©L "ma&óEÅD}}wd/ (oH?1?402/)
baEÅ = bkef;awmfae0ef; xGef;vif;awmufyawmfrlygayaom
jrwfpGmbk&m; .../ aem = bk&m;wynfhawmfwkdYtzkdY/ "r®m = w&m;-
awmfwo Ykd nf/ b*0Hrv
l um = bk&m;vQif t&if;tp rlv&Sd Muyguke\ f /
b*0Haewådum = bk&m;&Sifonfom xkwfaqmifol jzpfMuygukef\/
b*0Hy#do&Pm = bk&m;&SifonfomvQif rSDcdk&m &Sd Muygukef\/ baEÅ
= bke;f awmfae0ef; xGe;f vif;awmufyawmfryl gayaom jrwfpmG bk&m;/
0w = pifppf{uef trSet f m;jzih/f om"k = avQmufxm; awmif;yefMuyg-
ukef\/ {wó bmodwó taw¬m = þpum;awmf\ qkdvdk&if;
teufoabmw&m;onf/ b*0EÅaH ,0 = bk&m;&Si\ f a&TÓPfawmfü-
omvQif/ y#dbmwk = xif&Sm;apawmfrlyg/ b*0awm = bkef;awmf
ajcmufyg;ocif bk&m;&Sif\xHawmfarSmufrS/ okwGm = Mum;emMu&-
ukeof nfjzpfí/ bduL© = &[ef;awmfwo Ykd nf/ "ma&óEÅd = aqmifxm;
Muygukefvdrfhrnf jrwfpGmbk&m;/
jrwfpGmbk&m; ... w&m;awG[m bk&m;vQif t&if;tjrpf &SdMu-
ygw,f/ 'Dw&m;awmfawGukd bk&m;&Siu f omvQif xkwaf qmifawmfrjl cif;
jzpfw,f/ bk&m;&Sio f nfomvQif rScD &dk m &SMd uygw,f/ 'gaMumifh wynf-h
awmfwYdk avQmufxm;awmif;yefygw,f jrwfpmG bk&m; ...? 'Dqv dk &dk if;
teufoabmw&m;awGudk jrwfpGmbk&m;\ a&TÓPfawmfüomvQif
xif&mS ;apawmfryl g/ bk&m;&Six
f rH S Mum;em&onf&adS omf wynfah wmfwYdk
&[ef;awmfww Ydk pfawGonf Mum;em&onft h wdik ;f aqmifxm;Muyguke-f
vdrfhr,f jrwfpGmbk&m; ...qkdNyD;awmh wifjyavQmufxm;Muw,f/
tJ'vD kd wifjyavQmufxm;wJh tcsed t f cgrSm bk&m;&Sib f ufu bmtrdeYf
&SdawmfrlovJ¿
awe [d bd u © a 0 ok P mx? om"k u H reod ua&mx?
bmodómrD}}wd/ (oH?1?402/)
bdua© 0 = cspo
f m;&[ef;wdYk .../ awe [d = xko
d jYkd zpfMuyguke-f
rlum;/ okPmx = em,lMuygukeaf vmh/ om"kuH = aumif;rGe½f akd opGm/
reod ua&mx = ESvkH;oGif;Muygukefavmh/ bmodómrd = igbk&m;
a[mMum;jyo qkdqkH;rawmfrlaytHh/
cspfom;&[ef;wdkY ... 'Dvkdqkd&ifawmh oifcspfom;wkdY ½dkaopGm
em,lMu/ aumif;rGepf mG ESv;Hk oGi;f Muayawmh/ igbk&m; a[mjyay;r,f/
rSefygh jrwfpGmbk&m; ... qkdNyD;awmh &[ef;awmfawGu bk&m;&Sifudk
jyefNyD; wifjyavQmufxm;Muw,f/ xkdtcsdeftcgrSm bk&m;&Sifu bm-
trdefY&SdovJ¿
a,m [d aumpd bdu©a0 bdu©K {0Hpdawåm ya&oH "r®H a'aowd?
]ta[m 0w ar "r®H okaP,sKH? okwGm p ye "r®H yoDa',sKH? yoEém
p ar yoEémum&H ua&,sK}EÅd? {0½lyó acg bdu©a0 bdu©Kaem
ty&dok'¨g "r®a'oem a[mwd/ (oH?1?403/)
bdua© 0 = cspo
f m;&[ef;wdYk .../ a,m [d aumpd = trSwrf xm;
wpfyg;yg;aom/ bdu©K = &[ef;awmfonf/ {0Hpdawåm = þuJhodkYaom
pdwf"mwf&Sdonfjzpfí/ ya&oH = olwpfyg;wkYdtm;/ "r®H = w&m;awmf-
jrwfudk/ a'aowd = a[mMum;awmfrl\/
cspof m;&[ef;wdYk ... &[ef;awmf wpfyg;yg;u 'Dvkd pdw"f mwfjzifh
olwpfyg;awGudk w&m;a[mNyD/ b,fvkdvJ¿
ar = ig\/ "r®H = w&m;awmfjrwfudk/ okaP,sKH = emMum;Muyg-
ukefrlum;/ ta[m 0w = aMomf ... aumif;avpG/
aMomf ... 'Dpw d x f m;uav;/ ]]ighw&m;udk emwJo h al wG rsm;r,f

qk&d ifawmh odyaf umif;r,f/}} b,fEh , S wf ;Hk 'umBu;D awG "r®uxdu
qkw
d m tJ'pD w d x
f m; &SEd idk o
f vm;ç r&SEd ikd b
f ;l vm;¿ trsm;tm;jzifh Mum;&
wm wcsKUd "r®uxduawG w&m;emy&dowf enf;Nyq D v dk &Ykd &dS if a[mawmif
ra[mcsiaf wmhb;l wJ/h bk&m;&Siu f tJ'pD w d x f m;rsK;d &Sad pcsio f vm;¿ r&Sd
apcsib f ;l /
okwGm p ye "r®H yoDa',sK/H (oH?1?403/)
okwmG p ye = Mum;emNy;D rlvnf;/ "r®H = w&m;awmfu/kd yoDa',sKH
= MunfndKMuygukefrlum;/ ta[m 0w = aMomf ... aumif;avpG/
iga[mwJh w&m;emNyD;&if 'Dw&m;udk MunfndKMur,fqkd&if odyf-
aumif;r,fw/hJ b,fEh , S vf ¿J tJ'pD w
d x
f m;rsK;d u r&SEd ikd b
f ;l vm;¿ &SEd idk -f
w,f/ 'Dpdwfxm;uav; &Sdwmudku bk&m;&Sif ESpfNcdKufovm;¿ igh
w&m;udk MunfnKd &if odyaf umif;r,fqw dk hJ 'Dpw
d x
f m; bk&m;&Siu f r&S-d
apcsifbl;/ ol MunfndKwm rMunfndKwmxm;/ rSefwmudk a[m&r,f-
qdw
k hJ pdwx
f m;awmh bk&m;rSm &Swd ,f/ olrsm; MunfnKd atmif a[mae-
wmudk bk&m;&Sif ESpfNcdKufovm;¿ rESpfNcdKufbl;/ bmudk ESpfNcdKufvJ¿
aemufxyf vmvdrfhr,faemf/
yoEém p ar yoEémum&H ua&,sK}EÅ/d (oH?1?403/)
yoEém p = MunfnKd Muukeaf om olwo
Ykd nfvnf;yJ/ ar = ightm;/
yoEémum&H = MunfnKd aom tjcif;t&mud/k ua&,sKH = jyKMuygukerf -l
um;/ ta[m 0w = aMomf ... aumif;avpG/
a[m ... ighw&m;udk MunfnKd Ny;D awmh ighukd MunfnKd whJ tjcif;-
t&mawG jyMu&ifawmh odyaf umif;rSmyJwahJ emf/ MunfnKd whJ tjcif;-
t&mudk azmfjyw,fqw
dk m bmvJ¿ bke;f Bu;D apmif;a[mwm r[kwb f ;l -
aemf/ 'DrmS t|uxmu zGix hf m;w,f/
yoEémum&H ua&,sK EÅd pD0&m'a,m ypöa, 'a',sK/H (oH?|?2?158??)

MunfnKd whJ tjcif;t&mudk azmfjyw,fqw dk mu ouFe;f ausmif;
aq; qGr;f tp&Sw d hJ ypön;f av;yg;awGukd vmNy;D awmh vSL'gef;Mur,fq&dk if
odyaf umif;r,fw/hJ tJ'v D kd vmbfvmbudk arQmv f ifah wmifw
h Ny;D awmh
w&m;a[mwmrsK;d udk bk&m;&Sif ESpNf cKd uo f vm;¿ rESpNf cKd ub f ;l / w&m;-
wpfyrJG mS b,favmufqw dk hJ owfrw
S cf suf &Sad eNy/D bk&m;&Sif ESpNf cKd u-f
ovm;¿ rESpNf cKd uyf gbl;aemf/
{0½lyó acg bdua© 0 bduK© aem ty&do'k g¨ "r®a'oem a[mwd/
(oH?1?403/)
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wdkY .../ {0½lyó acg bdu©Kaem =
þuJo h Ykd oabm&Sad om &[ef;awmftm;/ ty&do'k g¨ = rpifMu,faom/
"r®a'oem = w&m;a[mjcif;onf/ a[mwd = jzpfay:í aeay\/
'Dvdkpdwfxm;eJY w&m;a[mcJh&if 'D&[ef;awmf a[maewJh w&m;-
awmfonf pifMu,faomw&m; [kwfrvm;¿ r[kwfawmhbl;/ rpif-
Mu,fb;l / 'D&[ef;awmf&UJ w&m;a[mjcif;onf rpifMu,faom w&m;-
a[mjcif; jzpfaeNyD/
pifMu,faom w&m;a'oema[menf;
aemufwpfck --- pifMu,fwJh w&m;a'oemawmf a[menf;/
bk&m;&Sif wpfbufvSnfhNyD;awmh a[mawmfrljyefw,f/
a,m p acg bdu©a0 bdu©K {0Hpdawåm ya&oH "r®H a'aowd/
(oH?1?403/)
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wdkY .../ a,m p acg bdu©K = tMuif
trSwfrxm; wpfpkHwpfa,mufaom &[ef;awmfonfum;/ {0Hpdawåm
= þuJhodkYaom pdwfxm;&Sdonfjzpfí/ ya&oH = olwpfyg;wdkYtm;/ "r®H
= w&m;awmfjrwfudk/ a'aowd = a[mMum;awmfrlav\/

'Dvdk pdwfxm;jzifh olwpfyg;awGudk w&m;a[mw,f/ b,fvdk
pdwfxm;vJ¿
]oGmu©mawm b*0wm "ar®m oE´d|daum tumvdaum {[d-
yódaum Moyae,sdaum ypöwåH a0'dwaAÁm 0dnL[D}wd/ (oH?1?403/)
b*0wm = bkef;awmfajcmufyg;ocif bk&m;&Sifonf/ "ar®m =
r*fav;wef zkv d af v;wef edAmÁ ef y&d,wf[k qdt
k yfaom q,fwefaom
w&m;awmfjrwfudk/ oGmu©mawm = aumif;pGm a[mMum;jyo qkdqkH;r-
awmfrt l yfygay\/ aom "ar®m = xkw d &m;awmfjrwfonfum;/ oE´|d -d
aum = rsuaf rSmufb0ü vufiif;tusK;d ay;Edik af om pGr;f tm; &Syd gay\/
tumvdaum = tcgrvifh tusKd;ay;Ekdifaom pGrf;tm; &Sdygay\/
{[dyódaum = vmvSnfhç ½IvSnfh[k zdwfac:xdkufaom w&m;awmf-
vnf; jzpfygay\/ Moyae,sdaum = rdrdwkdY\ cE¨mtdrf ½kyfemrfoEÅmef
tpOfü xif&mS ;jzpfay:vmatmif uyfí aqmifxm;xku d af om w&m;-
awmf jzpfawmfrlygay\/ 0dnL[d = ynm&Sd olawmfaumif;wdkYonf/
ypöwåH = toD;toD;/ a0'dwaAÁm = odoifhodxkdufaom w&m;awmf
jzpfygay\/
rdrdwkdY w&m;vkdY rjzpfapcsifbl;/ bk&m;a[mwJhw&m; jzpfapcsif-
w,f/ bmenf;ç nmenf;? b,fq&mawmfenf;ç 'Dq&mawmfenf;?
'DvkdrsKd; jzpf&rvm;¿ rjzpf&bl;/ bmom jzpf&rvJ¿ b*0wm "ar®m
= bk&m;&Si&f UJ w&m;omvQif jzpf&r,f/ tJ'D bk&m;&Sio f nf w&m;awmf-
awGukd b,fvdk a[movJ¿ oGmu©mw = tpç tv,fç tqk;H ok;H yg;tpkH
aumif;jcif;*kPfawGeJY jynfhpkHpGm a[mxm;wJh w&m;awmfawG jzpfMu
w,f/ oDvusiphf Ofqw dk hJ tpç orm"dusiphf Ofqw
dk hJ tv,fç ynmusi-hf
pOfqw dk hJ tqk;H / 'Do;Hk yg;tpkH aumif;jcif;*kPaf wGeYJ jynfph aHk tmif a[m-
Mum;xm;awmfrlwJh w&m;awmfawG jzpfMuw,f/ 'gudk ay:vGifatmif

bk&m;&Sifu a[mapcsifw,f/
oEd´|du = vufiif;tusKd;ay;EdkifwJh w&m;/ tumvdu = tcg-
rvifh tusKd;ay;EdkifwJh w&m;/ 'gawGuawmh txl;ojzifh t&d,-
r*fÓPfukd &nfñeT ;f xm;ygw,f/ {[dyódu = vmvSnyhf gç ½IMunfyh gvkYd
zdwaf c:Edik w
f hJ w&m;/ oDt&dk o
D abmoufouf [kwo f vm;¿ r[kw-f
bl;aemf/ vufawGU½IvkdY&wJh w&m;awG/ bk&m;&Sifu vm½IMunfhygvkdY
tjrJwrf; zdwfac:aew,f/ wcsKdUwcsKdUw&m;awGu vm½IvSnfhygvkdY
zdwfac:wJhtwdkif; ½IwJhtcg ½IwJhtwdkif; ykHpHrSef jzpfovm;¿ rjzpfbl;/
bk&m;w&m;awmfawGuawmh jzpfukd jzpfap&r,fvYkd 'Dvkd tmrcHcsujf zifh
bk&m;&Sifu zdwfac:xm;w,f/ Moyae,sdu = ynm&Sdolawmfaumif;
jzpfcJhr,fqkd&ifawmh toD;toD; udk,fpD udk,fpD rdrdwdkY&JU ½kyfemrf
oEÅmeftpOfrmS xif&mS ;jzpfay:aeatmif aqmifxm;xku d w
f hJ w&m;awG
jzpfw,fwJh/
bmjzpfvv Ydk ¿J 'Dr*fÓPfzv kd Ó f Pfqw kd hJ w&m;awGukd rsuaf rSmuf-
jyKNyD; r*fÓPfzkdvfÓPfqkdwJh w&m;awmfawG udef;0yfwnfvmatmif
aqmifxm;Edik rf ,fq&dk if 'Dr*fÓPfzv dk Ó
f Pfqw dk hJ w&m;awmfjrwfawGu
aqmifxm;wJh xko d wå0gvkYd ac:qkt d yfwhJ ½kyef mrfoEÅmeftpOfukd tyg,f
av;bkH tp&SdwJh oHo&m0#fqif;&J 'ku©toD;toD;rS xkwfaqmif
u,fwifEidk w f hJ pGr;f tm; r&Sbd ;l vm;¿ &Sad ew,f/ 'gaMumifh 'Dvkd tyg,f
av;bkH tp&Sw d hJ oHo&m0#fqif;&J 'kua© wGrS xkwaf qmifu,fwifEidk w f hJ
pGr;f tm;&Sw
d hJ w&m;rsK;d qk&d if rdrw d &Ykd UJ cE¨mtpOf ½kyef mrfoEÅmefrmS ude;f 0yf
vmatmif aqmifxm;zkdY raumif;bl;vm;¿ (aumif;ygw,f bk&m;/)
aqmifxm;Murvm;¿ ausmif;zGifh&ifaum jyefrvm;¿ b,fvkdwkef;¿
tJ'gusawmh rajzawmhbl;aemf/
olu q,f&ufwJh/ awmfawmfuav;awmh 0rf;enf;zkdY aumif;yg

w,faemf/ wcsKdUuawmh wpfvwJh/ bk&m;&Sifacwfuawmh q,f&ufç
wpfveJY &Edik w f w
hJ &m; jzpfaumif; jzpfEikd yf gw,f/ 'gayr,fh ckacwfrmS u
vufa&G;pOfawGu &Sdao;ovm;¿ r&Sdawmhbl;/ vufa&G;pOfawGu
bk&m;&Sief YJ ygoGm;Ny/D aemufywd af cG;awGyJ useaf eygw,f/ 'Dawmh "m;r
aemufydwfacG;awGu q,f&ufqkdNyD; vmNyD; aps;qpfaeMur,fqdk&if
awmh 'Dw&m;rsK;d awGu vG,v f ,G ef YJ &Edik yf gawmhrvm;¿ r&Ekid af wmhb;l /
'gaMumifh 'Dw&m;awGudkomvQif bk&m;&Sifu a[mapcsifw,f/ a[m
vkdufwJhtcgrSmvnf; ighw&m;qkdNyD; ukd,fykdifjyKvkyfxm;wJh ykHpHeJY a[m
&rvm;¿ ra[m&bl;/ b,fvkdom a[m&rvJ¿ jrwfpGmbk&m; a[m
Mum;xm;wJh tpç tv,fç tqk;H ok;H yg;tpkH aumif;jcif;*kPef YJ jynfph w Hk hJ
w&m;ygvkdY 'Dvkd 0efcHNyD;awmh a[mapcsifygw,f/
ta[m 0w ar "r®H okaP,sKH? okwGm p ye "r®H tmZmae,sKH?
tmZmedwGm p ye wxwåm, y#dyaZÆ,sK}EÅd/ (oH?1?403/)
ar = ig\/ "r®H = w&m;awmfjrwfudk/ okaP,sKH = Mum;emMuyg-
ukefrlum;/ ta[m 0w = aMomf ... aumif;avpG/
'Dpw
d x
f m;uav;awmh &Sw d ,f/ Mum;emapvkw
d hJ pdwxf m;uav;-
awmh &Sdw,f/ 'gayr,fh OD;wnfcsufu ykHpHwpfrsKd;oGm;w,f/ ckeu
OD;wnfcsufeJU rwlbl;/
okwGm p ye = MumemNyD;ívnf;yJ/ "r®H = w&m;awmfjrwfudk/
tmZmae,sKH = od&Sd Muygukefrlum;/ ta[m 0w = aMomf ...
aumif;avpG/
OD;wnfcsufuav; rdrd a[mwJhw&m;udkvnf; emMum;apvkdwJh
pdwfxm;awmh &Sdwm rSefw,f/ 'gayr,fh OD;wnfcsufu bmjzpfvJ¿
okwGm = Mum;emNyD;í/ "rH® = w&m;awmfjrwfudk/ tmZmae,sKH =
od&SdMuygukefrlum;/ ta[m 0w = aMomf ... aumif;avpG/

iga[mwJh w&m; em,laewJh y&dowfawG od&SdMur,fqkd&if
odyaf umif;r,f/ 'Dpw d xf m;&Sw
d ,f/ ckeu rpifMu,fwhJ yk*K¾d v&f UJ w&m;-
a[menf; pdwfxm;eJY wlao;vm;¿ rwlawmhbl;aemf/ w&m;a[mNyD
qkvd &Ydk &dS ifawmh 'Dpw
d xf m;uav; &S&d r,f/ a[mw,fqw kd mu -- wpfv;Hk
ajymwmvnf; a[mwmygyJ/ ESpfvkH; ajymwmvnf; a[mwmygyJaemf/
'gayr,fh 'Dw&m;uav; a[mNyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm od&Sd MuygapqkdwJh
'Dpdwfxm;uav;onf tvGef rGefjrwfwJh pdwfxm;uav; jzpfygw,f
aemf/
tmZmedwGm p ye wxwåm, y#dyaZÆ,sK}EÅd/ (oH?1?403/)
tmZmedwmG = od&MdS um;emukeNf y;D ívnf;yJ/ wxwåm, = rcRw-f
r,Gif;&eftvkdYiSm/ y#dyaZÆ,sKH = usifhMuHBudK;ukwf tm;xkwfMuygukef-
rlum;/ ta[m 0w = aMomf ... aumif;avpG/
pdwxf rJ mS wpfrsK;d xm;Ny/D a[mwJh w&m;ukd emNy;D Ny/D emNy;D od&NdS y;D wJh
aemuf wxwåm, = rcRwfr,Gif; qufvufNyD; usifhMuHBudK;ukwf
tm;xkwaf pcsiw f ,f/ a[mvku d w
f hJ w&m; emNy/D bmqkv d w
dk ,f qkw d m-
vnf; odNy/D odvu kd w
f hJ tcsed tf cgrSm rusiMhf ubl;qk&d ifvnf; tusK;d &S-d
yghrvm;¿ r&Sdbl;/ 'Dawmh 'DrSm wxwåm, = rcRwfr,Gif;&eftvkdYiSm
qkdwmeJY ywfoufNyD; t|uxmq&mawmfu t"dyÜm,fuav; ykd&Sif;-
atmif zGifhqkdxm;w,f/
wxwåm, y#dyaZÆ,ssKK EÅd oDvó tm*w|mae oDvH yl&,-
rmem? orm"d0yd óem r*¾zvmeH tm*w|mae wmed wmed orÜm',-
rmem wxmbm0g, y#dyaZÆ,sKH/ (oH?|?2?158/)
'Dvdk zGix
hf m;w,f/ bmajymwmvJ¿ oDv vm&Sw d ahJ e&mrSm oDvudk
wu,fvufawGU jzLjzLpifpif jznfhusifhMur,fqkd&if odyfaumif;r,f/
"r®uxduudk,fawmfu oDvtaMumif; a[mNyD/ oDvudk b,fykH

b,fyef; b,fenf;vrf;tm;jzifh jznfhusifh&r,fqkdwmawGukd a[mNyD/
a[mvku d wf thJ cg Mum;emcGihf &Ny?D od&NdS y/D od&w dS t
hJ cg 'Dov D udk rusihf
bl;qk&d if tusK;d &Syd ghrvm;¿ r&Sbd ;l / 'gaMumifh oDvtaMumif; a[mwJh
tcsed t f cgrSm oDvawGukd jynhjf ynfph pHk Hk jznfuh siMfh ur,fq&dk if odyaf umif;
r,f/ 'Dpw d xf m; &Swd ,f/ orm"dtaMumif; a[mvku d w
f hJ tcsed tf cgrSm
vnf; 'Dorm"dawGudk wu,fvufawGU jynhfjynhfpkHpkH jznfhusifhMur,f
qk&d if odyaf umif;r,f/ rjynhrf pkH rpdrYk ykYd usiw hf mudak wmh qkv d odk vm;¿
rqkdvdkygbl;aemf/ bk&m;&Sifu jynfhjynfhpkHpkHuav; jznfhusifhwmudk
ESpfNcdKufw,faemf/
aemufwpfck -- 0dyóemtaMumif; a[mNy/D 0dyóemtaMumif;
a[mvku d w f hJ tcsed t
f cgrSmvnf; a[mvku d w
f hJ 0dyóemusiphf OfawGukd
jynfjh ynfph pHk Hk jznfu
h siMhf ur,fq&dk if odyaf umif;r,f/ 'Dpw
d x
f m; &Sw
d ,f/
[m - 'Dbek ;f Bu;D a[maewJh w&m;awGuvnf; rjzpfEidk yf gbl;/ om0u-
awGu b,f 'D½yk f 'DemrfawG od&EdS ikd rf mS vJ ponfjzifh a0zefa&;orm;-
awGvkyfNyD; a&SmifauGUoGm;wJh ykHpHrsKd; jzpf&rvm;¿ rjzpf&bl;/ bk&m;u
'D½kyf 'DemrfawGudk od&r,f/ 'DtaMumif;w&m; 'DtusKd;w&m;awGudk
od&r,f a[mxm;w,f/
[m - 'Dtwdwf tem*wfu b,fvkdvkyf ½I&rSmvJ? 'D½kyf (28)yg;
qkw
d muvnf; b,fvv kd yk f ½I&rvJ? 'gu oAÁnKwÓPft&myJ - ponf
jzifh a0zefa&;orm;awG vkyw f ,f/ twdwq f w
dk m jzpfNy;D Ny?D r&Sad wmhb;l /
tem*wfqkdwm jzpfrS rjzpfao;wm? b,fvkdvkyf ½IrvJ/ twdwfu-
vnf; r&SdrS r&Sdawmhwm b,fvkdvkyf½IrvJ -- ponfjzifh a0zefa&;
orm;awGvkyfNyD; a&SmifauGUoGm;w,f/ tJ'Dvkd a&SmifauGUwJh pdwfxm;-
uav;awG r&Sb d J rcRwrf ,Gi;f vufawGUusiMhf ur,fq&dk if odyaf umif;-
r,fqkdwJh 'Dpdwfxm;jzifh w&m;a[mw,f/ a[mvkdufwJhtwdkif;vnf;
usifhMur,fqkd&if raumif;bl;vm;¿ odyfaumif;w,f/ aemufwpfck -

r*fÓPf zkv d Ó f PftaMumif;udk a[mjyNy/D a[mjyvku d w
f hJ tcsed -f
tcgrSmvnf; r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPfeJY ywfoufwJhtydkif; a&mufvmNyD
qkd&ifvnf; r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPf qkdufonfhwdkifatmif rcRwfr,Gif;
wu,fvufawGU usifhw,f/ a[mvdkufwmu wjcm;? usifhaewmu
wpfjcm; jzpfaecJrh ,fq&dk if rcRwrf ,Gi;f usiw hf m[kwo
f vm;¿ r[kwb f ;l
aemf/ a[mvdu k wf thJ wkid ;f vufawGU rSerf eS u
f efuef wdwu
d sus usiMhf uH
BuKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwyf grS (wxwåm, y#dyaZÆ,sKH =)) rcRwrf ,Gi;f zdYk
&eftwGuf usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfaeonf rnfw,f/ 'D
tcsufuawmh odyfta&;BuD;w,f/ bkef;BuD;uawmh a[mvkdufwmyJ/
usifhwmu wvGJusifhaeNyDqkd&ifawmh ykHpHrSefyghrvm;¿ rrSefbl;/
bkef;BuD;u ½kyftaMumif; a[mvdkufw,f/ aMomf - 'D½kyfawGu
wynfhawmf odNyD;om;awGyJ? awGUNyD;om;awGyJ/ bkef;BuD;u emrft-
aMumif; a[mvdkufawmhvnf; aMomf - 'DemrfawGu wynfhawmfwkdY
½INy;D om;/ 'g tm;vk;H em;vnfaew,f/ bke;f Bu;D a[maezdYk vdak o;vm;¿
rvkad wmhb;l / olu odNy;D om; jzpfaeNy/D y#dpo
ö rkygÜ 'ftaMumif; a[m-
vdu k af wmhvnf; wynfah wmf em;vnfNy;D om;yg/ 'gawGukd wynfah wmf-
udk xnfrh ajymeJ/Y wynfah wmfu 0dyóemrSm auseyfaewJh yk*K¾d vyf qJ Ndk y;D
rdrdudk,fudk rdrd txifBuD;aew,f/
'Dvqkd v
kd &Ykd &dS if rcRwrf ,Gi;f zk&Yd eftwGuf vufawGUusiahf ewJyh *k K¾d vv
f Ydk
ac:Edik yf ghrvm;¿ rac:Edik yf gbl;/ rac:Edik w f mu olu wu,f½yk ef mrf-
vnf; rodvYkd ajymwmygaemf/ 'gayr,fh a,m*Dqw dk mu ykpH aH wmh trsK;d -
rsKd;&Sdygw,f/ wu,fhpdwfaepdwfxm; rSefrSefuefuef wdwdususjzifh
rodwmudk rodb;l ? rodao;wJw h &m;udk odatmif vufawGUusiahf ewJh
olawmfaumif;awGvnf; &SMd uygw,f/ odNy;D om; w&m;udv k nf; tod-
ÓPf oef&Y iS ;f atmifqNkd y;D wifjyavQmufxm;aewJyh *k K¾d vaf wGvnf; &SMd u
ygw,f/ wcsKdUyk*d¾KvfawGusawmh 'Dvdk r[kwfjyefbl;/

[kb d ufu olu 'g ½Iaew,fqadk wmh ud, k u
f rcHcsibf ;l / igvnf;
'g ½INyD;NyD/ [kwfovm;/ a&mcsvdkufw,f/ usifhNyD;wm rusifhNyD;wm
rodb;l / ig [kw[ f w k f r[kw[
f w
k f oif;xuf tom,lNy;D awmh ajymcs
vdkufw,f/ 'DykHpHrsKd;usawmh rcRwfr,Gif;&ef usifhaewJh yk*d¾Kvf[kwfygh
rvm;¿ enf;enf;av; jyefemMunfhyg/ ck w&m;a[maewJh yk*d¾Kvf&JU
OD;wnfcsufuav;u ---
ar = ig\/ "rH® = w&m;awmfu/kd okaP,sKH = Mum;emMuygrlum;/
ta[m 0w = aMomf - aumif;avpG/ okwGm p ye = Mum;emNyD;vQif-
vnf;yJ/ "rH® = w&m;awmfjrwfu/kd tmZmae,sKH = od&dS Muygukerf u
l m;/
ta[m 0w = aMomf - aumif;avpG/ tmZmedwGm = od&SdMuukefNyD;í-
vnf;yJ/ wxwåm, = rcRwfr,Gif;&eftvdkYiSm/ y#dyaZÆ,sKH = usifhMuH-
BudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfMuygukefrlum;/ ta[m 0w = aMomf
aumif;avpG/
ig a[mwJhw&m;awGudk emMum;Mur,fqkd&if odyfaumif;r,f?
Mum;emNyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm a[mvdkufwJhw&m;awGudk bmqkdvdkw,f
qkw
d mudk wdwu d sus od&Sd Mur,fq&dk ifvnf; odyaf umif;r,f? odvu kd -f
wJhtwkdif;vnf; rcRwfr,Gif; rSefrSefuefuef wdwdususjzifh vufawGU
wu,f usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwMf ur,fq&dk if odyaf umif;r,f
qkdwJh 'Dpdwfxm;&Sdw,f/ tJ'Dpdwfxm;jzifh olu w&m;a[mNyD/ a[m-
vdkufwJhtcsdeftcgrSm bmjzpfovJ¿
£wd "r®ok"r®wH y#dpö ya&oH "r®H a'aowd? um½knH y#dpö
tEk'´,H y#dpö tEkurÜH Oyg'g, ya&oH "r®H a'aowd/ (oH?1?403/)
£wd = þodkYvQif/ "r®ok"r®wH = w&m;awmf\ aumif;aom
w&m;"r®jzpfonf\tjzpfudk/ y#dpö = tpGJjyKí/ ya&oH = olwpfyg;-
wdkYtm;/ "rH® = w&m;awmfjrwfudk/ a'aowd = a[mMum;awmfrl\/

w&m;a[mMum;wJh tcsed t f cgrSm bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;wJh w&m;
awGudk ("r®ok"r®wH =)) bk&m;&Sif&JU w&m;awGonf aumif;aomw&m;
"r®awG jzpfw,fvYdk aumif;aomw&m;"r®ukd tpGjJ yKNy;D omvQif olwpfyg;
wdt
Yk m; w&m;udk a[mw,f/ rdru d ,kd yf ikd w
f &m;taeeJY ud, k af wGUÓPfjrif
taeeJY a[mwmrsK;d [kwo f vm;¿ r[kwb f ;l / bk&m;a[mxm;wJh w&m;
awGu (ok"r® =)) aumif;aomw&m;"r®jzpfykHudkomvQif tpJGjyKNyD;awmh
olwpfyg;awGudk w&m;a[mw,f/
um½knH = oem;jcif;udk/ y#dpö = tpGJjyKí/ "rH® = w&m;awmfudk/
a'aowd = a[mawmfrl\/ tEk'´,H = Muifemoem;jcif;udk/ y#dpö =
tpGJjyKí/ "r®H = w&m;awmfjrwfudk/ a'aowd = a[mawmfrl\/ tEk-
urHÜ = tpOfoem;apmifah &Smufvw
dk hJ pdw"f mwfu/kd Oyg'g, = taMumif;-
jyKí/ ya&oH = olwpfyg;wdkYtm;/ "rH® = w&m;awmfjrwfudk/ a'aowd
= a[mMum;awmfrl\/
awmifxyd w f pfae&muae awmifatmufwpfae&mrSm wnf&adS e-
wJh vlpkvla0;BuD;udk vSrf;NyD;awmh Munfhvdkufovkd ynm&Sdolawmf-
aumif;wkdYu txufwef;uswJhae&muae atmufwef;uswJhvlom;
OD;aqmifaewJh owå0gawGukd vSr;f arQmNf y;D Munfv h u
kd wf ,f/ Munfv h ukd -f
wJh tcsed t f cgrSm oem;MuifemwJh pdw"f mwfawG xko d al wmfaumif;wd&Yk UJ
oEÅmefrSm ay:vmw,f/ bmjzpfvdkY oem;Muifem&ovJ¿ 'Dowå0g-
awGudk MunfhvdkufvkdY&Sd&if wu,fvufawGU rusifhao;bl;qkdvdkY&Sd&if
oHo&mab;BuD;u ruRwfao;bl;qdk&if olwdkYrSm aemufxyfwpfzef
y#doaE¨wnfae&jcif; qif;&Jukd &ifqidk af eMu&w,f/ td&k wJah b;qd;k udk
&ifqidk af eMu&w,f/ em&wJah b;qk;d Bu;D awGev YJ nf; &ifqidk af eMu&w,f/
ao&wJah b;qk;d Bu;D awGevYJ nf; &ifqidk af eMu&w,f/ &m*ruif;ao;wJh
yk*d¾KvfawG jzpfMur,fqkd&if pdk;&drf&jcif;qdkwJh ab;qkd;BuD;? idka<u;jrnf-
wrf;&jcif;qdkwJh ab;qkd;BuD;? udk,fqif;&J&jcif;qdkwJh ab;qkd;BuD;? pdwf-

qif;&J&jcif;qdwk hJ ab;qk;d Bu;D ? jyif;pGmylyef&jcif;qdw k hJ ab;qk;d Bu;D awGeYJ
&ifqidk af eMu&w,f/ &m*rD;awG&UJ avmifNrKd uw f 'hJ Pfcsuu f kd cHaeMu&-
w,f/ a'gorD;awG&JU avmifNrKd uw f hJ 'Pfcsuu f kd cHaeMu&w,f/ arm[
rD;awG&JU avmifNrdKufwJh'Pfcsufudk cHaeMu&w,f/
bk&m;tp&Swd hJ t&d,molawmfaumif;awG&UJ rsuv f ;Hk bufu Munfh
r,fqkd&if 'DvdkrD; (11)oD;&J U avmifNrdKufwJh'Pfcsufudk cHaeMu&wJh
yk*d¾KvfawG[m oem;p&mowå0gawG jzpfraeMubl;vm;¿ jzpfaeMu
w,f/ wpfcsuf/ aemufxyf aojcif;qdkwJh ab;qdk;BuD; &ifqkdif&wJh
tcsdeftcgrSm tyg,foHo&mudk a&muf&SdoGm;r,fh owå0gawGvnf;
'Dowå0gawGxJrSm rsm;pGm &Sdaumif;&SdEdkifw,f/ bmaMumifhvJ¿ tyg,f
ab;BuD;rS vGwfatmif rcRwfr,Gif; wu,fwrf; vufawGU rusifhMu
ao;vdkYwJh - aemf/ rusifhMuao;wJhtwGuf tyg,fab;qdk;BuD;rS
rvGwfEdkifao;bl;wJh/ tyg,fa&mufEdkifwJh owå0gawG 'DxJrSm rsm;pGm
&Sdw,fqkdvkdY vSrf;Munfhvdkufawmh jrifaew,f/
jrifvdkufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm 'Dowå0gawGtay:rSm oem;MuifemrI
qdkwJh oabmw&m; olawmfaumif;awG&JU ESvkH;tdrfrSm ay:vmw,f/
ay:vmwJh tcsdeftcgusawmh 'Dowå0gawGudk ig oem;apmifha&Smuf-
ay;rS awmfawmhr,fqw kd hJ 'Dpw d xf m; ay:rvmbl;vm;¿ ay:vmw,f/
tyg,fab;qd;k Bu;D rS vGwaf tmifç tdak b;qk;d Bu;D rS vGwaf tmifç emab;-
qk;d Bu;D rS vGwaf tmifç aoab;qk;d Bu;D rS vGwaf tmif ig w&m;"r®awGukd
a[mMum;jyo qkq d ;Hk ray;rS awmfawmhr,f/ &m*rD;awG&UJ avmifNrKd uw f hJ
'PfcsufrS vGwfoGm;atmifç a'gorD;awG&JU avmifNrdKufaewJh 'Pf-
csufu vGwfoGm;atmifç arm[rD;awG&JU avmifNrdKufaewJh'Pfcsufu
vGwfajrmufoGm;atmifç aomurD; y&da'0rD; 'ku© a'greó Oyg-
,mo-qdw k hJ rD; (11)oD;qdw k hJ rD;awG&UJ avmifNrKd uaf ewJ'h Pfcsuaf wGu
vGwfoGm;atmif ig w&m;"r®a[mMum;jyo qkdqkH;ray;rS awmfawmh-

r,f/ tyg,fab;qkd;BuD;rS vGwfatmifç umr (11)bkHu vGwfatmifç
(31)bkrH S uGi;f vk;H uRwv
f w
G o
f mG ;atmif -- ig w&m;"r® a[mMum;ay;rS
awmfawmhr,fqNdk y;D awmh owå0gawGukd tpOfoem;apmifah &SmufwwfwhJ
pdwf"mwfawGudk tpGJjyKNyD;awmhrS w&m;awGudk a[mNyD/ a[mvdkufwJh
tcsdeftcgusawmhrS bmjzpfovJ¿
{0½lyó acg bdu©a0 bdu©Kaem y&dok'¨g "r®a'oem a[mwd/
(oH?1?403/)
bdua© 0 = cspof m;&[ef;wdYk .../ {0½lyó acg = þuJo h aYkd om
f m;&Sad om/ bduK© aem = &[ef;awmfrsm;\/ "r®a'oem = w&m;"r®
pdwx
a[mMum;jcif;onf/ y&do'k g¨ "r®a'oem = pifMu,faom w&m;a'oem
a[mMum;jcif; jzpfay\/
'Dvkd pdwfaepdwfxm;&SdaewJh &[ef;wpfyg;&JU w&m;a[mjcif;[m
y&do'k g¨ "r®a'oem = pifMu,foef&Y iS ;f aewJh w&m;a[menf;jzpfw,fvYkd
bk&m;&Sifu 'Dvkd trdefY&Sdawmfrlw,f/
tJ'vD dk trde&Yf SdNy;D wJh tcsed t
f cgusawmh bk&m;&Siu
f aemufqufwJG
&[ef;awGudk bmqkH;rovJ¿
uóayg bdu©a0 {0Hpdawåm ya&oH "r®H a'aowd/ (oH?1?403/)
bdua© 0 = cspof m;&[ef;wdYk .../ uóayg = uóyonfum;/
{0H pdawåm = þuJhodkYaom pdwfxm;&Sdonfjzpfí/ ya&oH = olwpfyg;-
Yd m;/ "rH® = w&m;awmfjrwfu/kd a'aowd = a[mMum;jyo qkq
wkt d ;Hk r-
av\/
uóy[m 'Dvdkpdwfxm;&SdNyD;awmh olwpfyg;awGudk w&m;"r®-
awGudk a[mMum;jyo qkdqkH;ray;w,f/ b,fvkdvJ¿
w&m;*kPfawmf (6) yg;

oGmu©mawm b*0wm "ar®m oE´d|daum tumvdaum {[d-
yódaum Moyae,sdaum ypöwåH a0'dwaAÁm 0dnL[Dwd/
b*0awm = bke;f awmfajcmufpHk wefc;kd *kPEf iS hf jynhpf aHk wmfral om
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifonf/ oGmu©mawm = tp tv,f tqkH; okH;yg;tpHk
aumif;jcif;*kPfESifh jynhfpkHawmfrlaom w&m;awmfjrwfukd aumif;pGm
a[mMum;awmfrltyfygay\/ aom "ar®m = xkdw&m;awmfjrwfonf
um;/ oEd´|daum = udk,fwkdifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrifEdkifaom
w&m;awmfjzpfygay\/ tumvdaum = tcgrvifh tusKd;ay;wwfwJh
w&m;awmfjzpfygay\/ {[dyódaum = vmvSn½hf v I nS [
hf k zdwaf c:jcif;
iSm xkdufwefaomw&m;vnf; jzpfygay\/ Moyae,sdaum = ynm&Sd
olawmfaumif;wko Yd nf rdrw d &Ykd UJ ½kyef mrfoEÅmef pdw"f mwftpOfü tpOf-
wpdkuf aqmifxm;xkdufaom w&m;awmfvnf; jzpfygay\/ 0dnL[d =
ynm&Sdolawmfaumif;wdkYonf/ ypöwHå = toD;toD;/ a0'dwaAÁm =
odoifhodxkdufaom w&m;awmfvnf; jzpfygay\/
bk&m;&Sif a[mwJwh &m;udak wmh OD;wnfxm;w,faemf/ bk&m;&Si&f UJ
w&m;awmfawG[m tp tv,f tqkH; okH;yg;tpkH aumif;jcif;*kPfESifh
jynhfpkHpGm a[mxm;wJh w&m;awmfawGjzpfw,f/ tp tv,f tqkH;
t,ltqawGuawmh enf;trsKd;rsKd; zGifhxm;ygw,faemf/
tpydik ;f jzpfwhJ oDvusiphf OfMunfv
h u
kd v
f nf; jzLpifw,f? oef&Y iS ;f -
w,f/ tv,fydkif;usifhpOfawGjzpfwJh orx-0dyóem? r*fÓPfzdkvf-
ÓPfawG Munfhvdkufawmhvnf; jzLpifw,f? oefY&Sif;w,f/ tqkH;ydkif;
jzpfwJh edAÁmefw&m;awmfjrwfudk Munfhvdkufawmhvnf; jzLpifaew,f?
oefY&Sif;aew,f/ bk&m;&Sif&JU w&m;awmfawGu b,fw&m;uawmh
raumif;bl;vdkY vufn§dK;xkd;jyavmufwJhw&m; wpfckrS r&Sdbl;/ tp
tv,f tqk;H ok;H yg;tpkH aumif;jcif;*kPef YJ jynfph aHk ewJwh &m;awmfawG

jzpfMuw,f/ tJ'w D &m;awGonf (oEd|´ u d =)) olrsm;tajymeJY vGr;f &r,fh
w&m;awG r[kwb f ;l / ud,
k w
f idk rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmufoEd idk w
f w
hJ &m;/
wu,fvufawGU rSerf eS u f efuef rcRwrf ,Gi;f usichf rhJ ,fq&dk if uk, d w
f idk f
rsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodEdkifwJhw&m; jzpfw,f/
vufawGUusifhaewJh yk*d¾Kvfrsm; em;vnfygw,faemf/ tmemyge-
ur®|mef;udk vufawGUusifhw,fqdkMuygpdkY/ MunfvifawmufyaewJh
tmemygey#dbm*edrdwfonf wpfcsdef ay:vmr,f/ vufawGUusifhvkdY
vufawGUjrifNyq
D &dk if olrsm;tajymeJY vGr;f ae&wJt
h qifh [kwo
f vm;¿
r[kwfygbl;aemf/
'DMunfvifawmufyaewJh tmemygey#dbm*edrw d u
f kd tm½k,
H Nl y;D
yxrpsmeform"dç 'kw, d psmeform"dç wwd,psmeform"dç pwkwp¬ smef-
orm"dawGukd qufvufNy;D xlaxmifr,fq&dk if rdr&d J U yg&rDtm;avsmpf mG
xlaxmifv&Ydk Ekid w
f ,f/ vufawGUvnf; usiMhf unfw
h ,f/ vufawGUvnf;
xlaxmifMunfhw,f/ atmifjrifrI&w,f/ olrsm;tajymeJY vGrf;ae&wJh
tqifhrsKd; [kwfovm;¿ r[kwfawmhbl;/ udk,fwkdifodoGm;NyD/
a&SUwpfqifhwufNyD;awmh "mwfBuD;av;yg;udk OD;aqmifNyD;awmh
cE¨mudk,frSm "mwfBuD;av;yg; pwif odrf;qnf;w,f/ tjzL okdYr[kwf
tMunfjyifay:vmw,f/ tjzLjyif tMunfjyifay:rSmvnf; "mwfav;-
yg;udk qufpukd ½f w
I ,f/ tMunf"mwfu ckid cf vhH mwJt h cgrSm tmumoudk
jrifatmif qufNy;D pku
d ½f w
I ,f/ ½Ivu
dk w
f hJ tcsed t
f cgrSm uvmyftrIeaf wG
awGUNyD/
uvmyfwpfckwpfcktwGif;rSm yx0Dç tmaygç awaZmç 0ga,m
"mwfBuD;av;yg;udk jrifatmif½INyD/ ukd,fwkdif ½IvdkY &oGm;NyD/ &oGm;wJh
yk*d¾Kvfwpfa,mufukd --- ]]rif;uGm ... 'DuvmyftrIefuav;awG
b,fvkdrS om0uawG rjrifEdkifygbl;/ uvmyfwpfckwpfcktwGif;rSm

qdwk muvnf; "mwfBu;D av;yg; b,fvrkd S ½IvYkd r&Edik yf gbl;/ bmjzpfv-Ydk
vJ¿ 'D½kyfw&m;awGu rsufpdwpfrSdwf vQyfwpfjyufvkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh
tcsdeftwGif;rSmyJ uka#ig;axmifausmf jzpfNyD;ysufaewJhw&m;awG/
'Davmuf vsifvsifjrefjref jzpfNyD;ysufaewJh w&m;awGudk om0uawG
b,fvrdk S rodEidk yf gbl;/}} ponfjzifh wpfbufy*k K¾d vu f vmajymNyq D Mdk u-
ygpdkY/ udk,fwkdif ½IvkdY&aewJh yk*d¾Kvfu xdkyk*d¾Kvf&JU ajymqkdcsufudk ol
vufcHEdkifygOD;rvm;¿ vufrcHEdkifawmhbl;/
'gaMumifh bk&m;&Sif&JU w&m;awGu (oEd´|daum =)) rcRwfr,Gif;
rSefrSefuefuef wdwdusus usifhr,fqkd&if udk,fwkdifrsufarSmuf xGif;-
azmufoEd ikd w
f hJ w&m;awG jzpfw,f/ odaYk omf owå0gawGtm;vk;H od&-
r,fvdkY rqkdvkdbl;aemf/ odEdkifwJh yg&rDrsKd;aph txdkuftavsmuf&SdaewJh
olawmfaumif;tzdkY rcRwfr,Gif; rSefrSefuefuef wdwdusus usifhr,f
qkd&ifawmh odEkdifw,fvkdY 'Dvkd qkdvkdygw,faemf/
'Dawmh a[mvdu k w f w
hJ &m;u rdro d m odNy;D olwpfyg;awG rodEikd w f hJ
w&m;qk&d if 'Dw&m;rsK;d onf jynfph w Hk w
hJ &m;vdYk ac:Edik yf ghrvm;¿ bk&m;-
&Sif&JU w&m;awGu udk,fwkdifvmusifhMunfhyg/ udk,fwkdifusifhr,fqkd&if
ud,k w f idk o
f Ed ikd w
f ,fvYdk bk&m;&Siu
f &J&t J mrcHxm;w,faemf/ a&SUwpfqifh
wufvYdk ½kyaf wG emrfawG odr;f qnf;jcif;/ taMumif;w&m; tusK;d w&m;-
awG odrf;qnf;jcif;? taMumif;w&m;ESifhwuG 'D½kyfemrfawGudk tedpöç
'kuç© tewå vu©Pma&;ok;H wefwifNy;D awmh 0dyóem½Ijcif;qkw d hJ vky-f
ief;cGifawG wpfqifhwufNyD; ½INyD/
[m - rif;wkdY twdwfb,fvdkvkyf½IovJwJh/ wpfcsKdUu oHo,
&Sw
d ,f/ tJ't D wdwf b,fvv dk yk ½f o
I vJvYkd ar;wJyh *k K¾d vaf wG[m rsm;aom
tm;jzifh bkef;BuD; okawoejyKMunfhwm olwdkYu zm;0g'udk usifhwJh
yk*K¾d vaf wGyg/ zm;0g'qkw
d m zm;wkrYd nfonfrmS vrf;oGm;wJt h cg zm;oGm;-
wJvh rf;&,fvYdk ykrH eS w

f wd u d sus &So
d vm;¿ r&Sb d ;l / [kcd ek f 'Dcek ef /YJ vrf;,lwhJ
yk*K¾d vaf wG [kwo f vm;¿ r[kwb f ;l / tJ'v
D dk [dck ek f 'Dcek ef YJ vrf;r,lbeJ YJ
usichf sio f vkd usiafh ew,fq&dk ifawmh bk&m; a[mwJh ½ky?f bk&m;a[mwJh
emrf odEikd zf Ydk rvG,b f ;l / bk&m;a[maewJh aMumif;usK;d qufy#dpo ö rkygÜ 'f-
oabmw&m;udk odEdkifzkdYqkdwmvnf; rvG,fbl;/
bk&m;&Sif&JU w&m;awGu ]]tEkykAÁodu©m tEkykAÁud&d,m tEkykAÁ-
y#dy'g}} tpOftwdik ;f usi&hf wJwh &m;awG jzpfw,f/ oDv orm"d ynm-
odu©mokH;&yfjzifh odrf;usKH;a&wGufxm;tyfwJh bk&m;&Sif&JU w&m;awmf-
awGonf tpOftwkid ;f wdwu d susjzifh usi&hf wJw
h &m;awmfawGjzpfw,f/
tJ'Dawmh wdwdususeJY tpOftwdkif; usifh&r,fh w&m;wpfckudk tpOf-
twdkif; rusifhbJ zm;ckefovkd [dkckef 'Dckef ckefaer,fqkd&ifawmh bk&m;
a[mwJw h &m; odyghrvm;¿ rodEikd bf ;l / oEd|´ u
d *kPef YJ jynfph w
Hk hJ w&m;yg/
OD;yÍöif;wdkY bk&m;&Sif&JU w&m;u ---
(tumvdu =)) tcgrvifh tusKd;ay;w,f/ txl;ojzifhawmh
t&d,r*fÓPfudk &nfñTef;xm;ygw,f/ t&d,r*fÓPfxd orx-
0dyóembm0emur®|mef;awGudk pepfwus usihfMuHyGm;rsm; tm;xkwf
vkud w
f hJ olawmfaumif;tzdYk t&d,r*fÓPfay:Ny;D onfEiS hf wpfNyKd ief uf-
wnf; pdwåu©P rjcm;bl;/ t&d,zkdvfÓPfqkdwmu qufwkdufay:-
vmw,f/ tcsed t f cg apmifqh idk ;f rI r&Sb
d ;l / tcgrvifh tusK;d ay;w,f/
({[dyódaum =)) vmNyD; ½IMunfhprf;ygvdkY zdwfac:xkdufwJhw&m;
jzpfw,f/ oDt&dk aD c:wJh oabmw&m;oufouf r[kwyf gbl;/ wu,f-
vufawGUusiv hf &Ykd wJh w&m;awGvYdk 'Dvdk bk&m;&Siu f zdwaf c:aewmyg/
OD;yÍöi;f wkYd bk&m;&Siu f ohJ Ykd rdr&d UJ vkyif ef;cGif rdr&d UJ usiphf OfawGukd &J&0J 0hH hH
zdwfac:aewJh bmoma&;acgif;aqmifqdkwm &Sdovm;¿ r&Sdygbl;/
(Moyae,sad um =)) 'Dw&m;awG[m pdwt f pOfrmS odrYk [kwf ½kyef mrf

oEÅmeftpOfrSm udef;0yfaeatmif aqmifxm;xkdufwJh w&m;awGjzpf-
w,f/ bmjzpfvv Ykd ¿J 'Dw&m;awGu tenf;qk;H yrmPtm;jzifah yghav -
atmufxpfqkH;ajym&&if oDvjzLpifoefY&Sif;wJh b0wpfckeJY tqkH;owf
oGm;cJ&h &if aocgeD;umvrSmvnf; rdr&d UJ pifMu,faewJh 'Dov D ukov kd f
apwemawGukd wpfzefjyefNy;D tm½k, H El idk w
f ,fq&dk if yÍöov
D orm'ged,-
rax&ftavmif;wdkYvkdYayghaemf ---
oDv\ tusKd;*kPftif tmedoif

rdrod v
D awGukd jyefNy;D qifjcifvu
kd v
f Ydk 0rf;ajrmufrI yDwad omreó
jy"mef;aewJh ukodkvfaZmtpOfawGu r&PmoEéaZm&JUae&mudk ,l-
oGm;cJhr,fqkd&if 'DoDvukokdvfapwemawGu aumif;&mok*wdudk
a&mufatmif 'D½yk ef mrfoEÅmeftpOfvYkd ac:qkt d yfwhJ owå0gudk ydaYk qmif
ray;Edkifbl;vm;¿ ydkYaqmifay;Edkifw,f/
orm"d\ tusKd;*kPftif tmedoif
'Dxufa&SUwpfqifhwufvkdufvkdY rdrdu orm"dusifhpOfudk atmif-
atmifjrifjrif usifhEdkifNyD/ orm"dusifhpOfudk atmifatmifjrifjrif usifh-
Edik cf v
hJ Ykd aoonfwh idk af tmif 'DpsmefawGu ravQmuscb hJ ;l qk&d if jA[®m-h
jynfqw dk hJ txufwef;uswb hJ 0awGukd a&muf&adS tmif 'Dorm"duo k v
kd -f
aZmapwemawGu ydaYk qmifay;Edik w f hJ pGr;f tm; r&Sb
d ;l vm;¿ &Sad ew,f/
&SdaecJh&if 'DoDvqkdwJhw&m;u rdrd&JU ½kyfemrfoEÅmeftpOfrSm udef;0yf-
aeatmif raqmifxm;xku d b f ;l vm;¿ aqmifxm;xku d w f ,f/ 'Dorm"d
qdkwJhw&m;udkvnf; rdrd&JU ½kyfemrfoEÅmeftpOfrSm udef;0yfaeatmif
raqmifxm;xku d bf ;l vm;¿ aqmifxm;xku d w
f ,f/ odaYk omf bk&m;&Siu f
'DavmufeJY &yfwefY&r,fvkdY rqkdvkdygbl;aemf/
vm;&m*wdjrJol
0dyóemusifhpOfudk wpfcsuful;vdkufNyD/ ½kyfawG odNyD/ emrfawG
odNyD/ taMumif;w&m; tusKd;w&m;awG odNyD/ ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPfudk
ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm; &NyD/ twdwf-tem*wf-ypöKyÜef umvokH;yg;twGif;rSm
taMumif;w&m;tqufquf tusKd;w&m;tqufqufudk pepfwus
odrf;qnf;wwfNyD/ xkdodrf;qnf;wwfwJh olawmfaumif;onf ]]v'¨-
ómaom v'ÿÜwda|m}} bk&m;&Sif&JU omoemawmfü oufom&mudk
&&SdoGm;wJh olawmfaumif;jzpfw,f/ bk&m;&Sif&JU omoemawmfrSm
axmuf&mwnf&mudk &&So h al wmfaumif; jzpfw,f/ (ed,w*wd-
d mG ;wJo
u =)) aumif;&mok*wdqw dk hJ vm;&m*wdjro
J mG ;wJh olawmfaumif; jzpf-
w,f/ tyg,fbu Hk kd aemufwpfb0rSm usciG &hf adS o;ovm;¿ r&Sad wmhb;l /
£rdem ye ÓaPe orEém*awm 0dyóaum Ak'ömoae
v'¨ómaom v'ÿwda|m ed,w*wdaum plVaomwmyaEém emr
a[mwd/ (0dok'¨d?2?240/)
plVaomwmyef = aomwmyefnDaxG; jzpfNyDvkdY zGifhqkdxm;w,f/
'Dvq dk &dk if tyg,fab;rS ckvu dk ,fwifEikd w
f hJ pGr;f tm;&Sad ewJh emr-
½lyy&dapä'ÓPfç ypö,y&d*[ ¾ ÓPfqw kd hJ 'DÓPfEpS yf g; ukov kd w
f &m;-
awGuv kd nf; rdrw d &Ykd UJ ½kyef mrfoEÅmeftpOfrmS ude;f 0yfaeatmif aqmifr
xm;xkdufbl;vm;¿ aqmifxm;xkdufw,f/
0dyóemÓPf\ pGrf;tif
a&SUwpfqifw h ufvu dk Of ;D / 0dyóemÓPfawG &Ny/D ½kyaf wG emrfawG
odrf;qnf;NyD; taMumif;w&m;ESifh wuGaom 'D½kyfemrfawGudk tedpöç
'kuç© tewå vu©Pma&;ok;H wefwifNy;D 0dyóem½INy/D yg&rDtm;avsm-f
pGm r*fzv
kd ef Ad mÁ efr&vdYk 0dyóemÓPfjzifh b0udk tqk;H owfc&hJ r,fq&dk if
txl;ojzifh ocFg½kayu©mÓPfavmuftxd &r,fq&dk if 'kw, d b0rSm
usdef;ao r*fÓPfzdkvfÓPf&r,fvkdY bk&m;&Sifudk,fawmfwkdifuvnf;

t*kFwådK&fygVdawmf aomwmEk*wokwåef (tH?1?505-507/)rSm tmrcH
xm;ygw,f/ tmrcHw,fqkdwmuawmh 'kwd,b0rSm r*fÓPf zdkvf-
ÓPfukd vdv k m;awmifw
h aewJh olawmfaumif;awGtwGuf jzpfygw,f/
qkBuD;yefawGtwGufawmh rqkdvdkbl;aemf/
t*¾om0uaAm"dÓPfç r[mom0uaAm"dÓPf pwJh aAm"dÓPf-
awGudk &nf&G,fawmifhwaewJh om0uawGudk rqkdvdkygbl;/ 'Dvkdqdk&if
'D0dyóemÓPfawG[m rdrdwdkY&JU ½kyfemrfoEÅmeftpOfrSm udef;0yfae-
atmif aqmifrxm;xkdufbl;vm;¿ aqmifxm;xkdufw,f/
r*fÓPf zkdvfÓPfwkdY\ pGrf;tm;
'Dxufwpfqifwh ufvYdk r*fÓPfzv dk Ó
f Pf qdu
k Nf y/D edAmÁ efukd rsu-f
arSmufjyKNyD/ aomwmywdår*fÓPfzdkvfÓPfudk &&if tyg,fab;BuD;rS
uGif;vkH;uRwf vGwfNyD/ ou'grdr*fÓPfzdkvfÓPf &r,fqdk&if vlUbkH
uhJokdYaom umrok*wdbkHrSm wpfBudrfavmufyJ jzpfcGifh&Sdawmhw,f/
tem*grdr*fÓPfzv kd Óf Pfukd &r,fq&dk ifawmh umr (11)bkrH S uGi;f vk;H
uRwf vGwfNyD/ t&[wår*fÓPfzdkvfÓPfudk &&SdcJhr,fqkd&ifawmh
(31)bkHoHo&mc&D;rS uGif;vkH;uRwf vGwfoGm;NyD/ 'Dvdk oHo&mc&D;rS
tqifhqifh vGwfoGm;atmif xkwfaqmifu,fwifEdkifwJh pGrf;tm;&SdwJh
w&m;wpfck xif&Sm;&Sdae&if 'Dw&m;awGudk rdrdwkdY&JU ½kyfemrfoEÅmef
tpOfrSm udef;0yfatmif wnfaeatmif aqmifrxm;xdkufbl;vm;¿
aqmifxm;xkdufw,f/ aemufwpfck ---
(ypöwHå a0'dwaAÁm 0dnL[d =)) ynm&SdwJh olawmfaumif;rSefcJh&if
ud,k pf u
D ,kd if toD;toD; od&EdS ikd w
f hJ w&m;awGjzpfygw,fqNdk y;D bk&m;-
&Sifu tmrcHNyD; a[mxm;w,faemf/ tJ'Dvdk tmrcHcsufawGeJY jynfhpkH
aewJh w&m;"r®awGudk uóyu a[mw,fuG,f/ olUukd,fykdifw&m;
udk,fawGUÓPfjrifvkyfNyD; a[movm;¿ ra[mbl;/ aemufwpfck ---

ta[m 0w ar "r®H okaP,sKH? okwGm p ye "r®H tmZmae,sKH?
tmZmedwGm p ye wxwåm, y#dyaZÆ,sK}EÅd/ £wd "r®ok"r®wH y#dpö
ya&oH "r®H a'aowd/ (oH?1?403/)
ar = ig\/ "rH® = w&m;awmfjrwfudk/ okaP,sKH = Mum;emMuyg
ukefrlum;/ ta[m 0w = aMomf - aumif;avpG/ okwGm p ye =
Mum;emNyD;ívnf;yJ/ "rH® = w&m;awmfjrwfudk/ tmZmae,sKH = od&Sd-
Muygukefrlum;/ ta[m 0w = aMomf - aumif;avpG/ tmZmedwGm p
ye = od&SdMuNyD;ívnf;yJ/ wxwåm, = rcRwfr,Gif;&eftvkdYiSm/ y#d-
yaZÆ,sKH = usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfMuygukefrlum;/ ta[m
0w = aMomf - aumif;avpG/ £wd = þodkYaom pdwfaepdwfxm;jzifh/
"r®o"k r®wH = w&m;awmf\ aumif;aomw&m;"r®jzpfonf\tjzpfu/kd
y#dpö = tpGjJ yKí/ ya&oH = olwpfyg;wkt Yd m;/ "rH® = w&m;awmfjrwfu/kd
a'aowd = a[mMum;awmfrl\/
iga[mwJhw&m;udk vmNyD; emMur,fqkd&ifawmh odyfaumif;r,f/
emMum;NyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSmvnf; a[mwJhw&m;udk a[mwJhtwdkif;
odMur,fq&dk if odyaf umif;r,f/ od&dSNy;D wJh tcsed t
f cgrSmvnf; 'Dw&m;-
awGukd rcRwrf ,Gi;f wdwu
d sus rSerf eS u
f efuef usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;
tm;xkwfMur,fqkd&if odyfaumif;r,fqkdwJh 'Dpdwfxm;awGeJY uóy-
onf olwpfyg;awGukd 'Dw&m;"r®awGukd a[mMum;jyo qkq d ;Hk ray;yg-
w,f/
£wd "r®ok"r®wH y#dpö ya&oH "r®H a'aowd? um½knH y#dpö
tEk'´,H y#dpö tEkurÜH Oyg'g, ya&oH "r®H a'aowd/ (oH?1?403/)
£wd = þodkYvQif/ "r®ok"r®wH = w&m;awmf\ aumif;aom
w&m;"r®jzpfonf\tjzpfudk/ y#dpö = tpGJjyKí/ ya&oH = olwpfyg;wkdY
tm;/ "rH® = w&m;awmfjrwfudk/ a'aowd = a[mMum;awmfrl\/ um-

½knH = oem;jcif;udk/ y#dpö = tpGJjyKí/ tEk'´,H = Muifemjcif;udk/ y#dpö
= tpGJjyKí/ tEkurHÜ = tpOfoem;apmifha&Smufvdkjcif;udk/ Oyg'g, =
tpGJjyKí/ ya&oH = olwpfyg;wkdYtm;/ "rH® = w&m;awmfjrwfudk/
a'aowd = a[mMum;ay\/
uóy[m ("r® =) w&m;awmf&UJ (ok"r® =) aumif;aom w&m;-
jzpfykHudk tpGJjyKNyD;omvQif olwpfyg;wkdYtm; w&m;"r®awGudk a[mMum;
ay;w,f/ owå0gawGtay:ü oem;MuifemrIukd tpGjJ yKNy;D awmh tpOf-
oem;apmifha&SmufvkdwJh pdwfxm;udk tpJGjyKNyD;awmh olwpfyg;awGudk
w&m;"r®a[mMum;jyoay;ygw,f/ a[mMum;ay;wJhtwGuf bmjzpf-
ovJ¿
t&Sifr[muóyukd twk,lyg
uóaye 0g [d a0g bdu©a0 Mo0'dómrd a,m 0g yeó
uóyo'daom? Mo0'daw[d p ye a0g wxwåm, y#dyZÆdwAÁ}}EÅd/
(oH?1?403/)
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wdkY .../ a0g = oifcspfom;wdkYtm;/
uóaye 0g = uóyESifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ a,m 0g = tMuif
yk*d¾Kvfonf/ uóyo'daom = uóyESifh tvm;wlonf/ tó =
jzpfav&m\/ aw[d 0g = xkduóyESifh tvm;wlwJh yk*d¾Kvfjzifhvnf;-
aumif;/ OyrH uwGm = OyrmjyKí/ t[H = igbk&m;onf/ a0g =
oifcspfom;wdkYtm;/ Mo0'dómrd = qkdqkH;r&awmhr,f/ Mo0'daw[d
p ye a0g = tqdq k ;Hk rcHMu&ukeaf om oifcspo f m;wdoYk nf/ wxwåm,
= rcRwfr,Gif;&eftvdkYiSm/ y#dyZdÆwAÁH = usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;-
xkwfxkduf\/
cspfom;&[ef;wkdY ... uóyESifhaomfvnf;aumif;ç uóyESifh

tvm;wlaewJh yk*K¾d vEf iS ahf omfvnf;aumif; EIid ;f cdik ;f Ny;D awmh oifcspo
f m;
wduYk kd igbk&m; tqk;H tr ay;&awmhr,f/ igbk&m;&JU tqk;H trudk cH,-l
&wJh oifcspfom;wdkYwpfawG[m rcRwfr,Gif; razmufjyefzdkY&eftwGuf
usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfxkdufygw,fqdkNyD;awmh bk&m;&Sifu
t&Sifr[muóyudk ykHpHxkwfNyD;awmh qkdqkH;rxm;wJh w&m;awmfawG
&Sw
d ,f/ aemufxyf aumif;wJw h &m;awmfawGvnf; trsm;Bu;D &Syd gao;-
w,f/ odkYaomf w&m;aMumu odyf&SnfoGm;r,faemf/ ck a[mxm;wJh
w&m;av;awGudk t&Sifr[muóyu o*Fg,emwifzdkY pdwful;ay:-
vmwJh tcsdeftcgrSm 'Dw&m;av;awGudk olu jyefNyD;awmh trSwf&-
w,faemf/
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
pef;vtoGif jzpfapcsifon
nff (pE´
pE´Lyrokwåef)
rSwfom;zG,f&m tu©&mpOftñTef;
tu©&mpOf pmrsufESm tu©&mpOf pmrsufESm
«t» «£»
tumvdu 48 £'d̈yg'fav;yg; 19
tqifhtwef; jrifhrm;aeaom
«O»
omoemawmf 11
tZÑmo,"mwf 27 Owå&rd Ekó"r® 1
tewåtjcif;t&m 11 OVKuF 30
tedpötjcif;t&m 11 «{»
tEkykAÁ0d[m& 1
{[dyódu 48
tyÜempsmeform"d 28
{nfhonfESifh yrmwlpGm 12
tyg,fab;qkd;BuD;rS
vGwfatmif 56 « Mo »
tyg,foHo&m 55 Moyae,sdu 48
tbdnmedoHo 18
trsKd;av;yg; 8 «u»
tjrJwrf; tm*EÅ K{nfhonf 3 umr (11)bkHu vGwfatmif 56
t&[wåzkdvf apawm0drkwåd 1 aumif;uifjyifü vufawmfudk
t&[wåzkdvf ynm0drkwåd 1 vIyf&rf;í jyawmfrljcif; 36
t&d,r*fÓPf 60
ta&;tBuD;qHk;aom tcsdef q «c»
t&Sifr[muóyukd cdkifvHkaom tmrcHcsuf&dSaom
twk,lyg 65 w&m;awmf *
« tm » «p»
tmv,"mwf 7 plVaomwmyef 62
68 ] pef;vtoGif jzpfapcsifon
nff (pE´
pE´Lyrokwåef)
pifMu,faom w&m;a'oem ed'geuxm taMumif;jy

a[menf; 46 pmwrf;vTm *
pef;vtoGif jzpfapcsifonf 1 eda&m"medoHo 20
« ps » «y»
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ocFg½kayu©mrsKd; C
«w»
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wxwåm, 50
w&m;*kPfawmf (6)yg; 57 «z»
wdóapwDawmf 25 zm;0g'udk usifhwJh yk*d¾KvfawG 59
wdór[m0d[m&ausmif; 26
«b»
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tjcif;t&m 27 b00daoomedoHo 19
b00daoom0[ 20
«'»
«r»
'umç 'umrwkdYxHokdY
csOf;uyfxkdufaom &[ef; 34 rpifMu,faom w&m;a'oem
'd|"r®okc0d[m&medoHo 17 a[menf; 42
'ku©tjcif;t&m 11 rax&fnDaemif ESpfyg; 23
r&PmoEéaZm 16
«"»
rdrdESifh yrmwlol 1
"r®ok"r®wH 54 r*fÓPf zkdvfÓPfwkdY\
"m;r aemufydwfacG; 49 pGrf;tm; 63
«e» rSefuefaom OD;wnfcsuf
ESpfrsKd; 15
eduEÅdw&m; 7
rSwfom;zG,f&m tu©&mpOftñTef; ] 69
«&» «o»
½kdif;yswJh um,uHrI 5 oEd´|du 48
½kdif;yswJh raemuHrI 5 orm"d\ tusKd;*kPftif
½kdif;yswJh 0pDuHrI 5 tmedoif 61
orm"d\ tusKd;*kPftif
«v»
tmedoif ig;rsKd; 17
vu©Pma&;okH;wef 21 oDv\ tusKd;*kPftif
vESifh yrmwlykH wpfrsKd; 9 tmedoif 61
vESifh yrmwlaom oku©0dyóem,medu&[EÅm 17
pdwfxm;[lonf 6 ok"r® 54
vm;&m*wdjrJol 62 aomwmEk*wokwåef Z
avmulyrmrsm; 4 oGmu©mw 47
«0» « ocFsm »
0dyóemÓPf\ pGrf;tif 62 (31)bkHrS uGif;vkH;uRwf
0dyóemedoHo 18 vGwfoGm;atmif 56
rSwfom;zG,f&m tu©&mpOftñTef; NyD;\/
²²²

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pef;vtoGif jzpfapcsio

'getm;vkH;udk "r®'geu atmifEdkif\/

pd&H wd|wk o'¨ar®m? "ar® a[mEÅ K o*g&0g/

0dyóemÓPf\ pGrf;tif ....................... 62

earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó/

usK;d udk ay;Edik \

1/ &[ef;wdkY ...þomoemawmfü &[ef;onf ---

xdk&[ef;onf owdvGwfuif;onfjzpfí aovGef&aomf trSwf

owd\ jzpfay:jcif;onf EkaYH ES;vSao;\? tu,fpifppfrmS rl xdek wfom;

xdk&[ef;onf owdvGwfuif;onfjzpfí aovGef&aomf trSwf

xdk&[ef;onf owdvGwfuif;onf jzpfí aovGef&aomf trSwf

uóyrax&fonf w&m;awmfrsm; raysmufysufa&;twGuf o*Fg-

twåem oror|yaee p tEk*¾[dawm/

tJ'Dokwåefuav;wpfckukdawmh emoifhygw,faemf/ pE´Lyr-

wkdYxH csOf;uyfwJh tcsdeftcgrSm ½kdif;ysaewJh um,uH r&Sdap&bl;?

awmifw k nf;aumif;/ y&d,|k meH 0g = x<uaomif;use;f jcif;udk

bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY .../ {0H = þOyrmtwlomvQif/

vESifh yrmwlykH wpfrsKd;

wpfawGvnf; owå0gawGtay:ü usa&mufaewJh &m*ç a'goç arm[

tqifhtwef; jrifhrm;aeaom omoemawmf

uav;jzifh rcsO;f uyfMuprf;ygeJ/Y vvQif Oyrm&Sad ewJh pdwaf epdwx f m;-

= auGuGif;í cGJcGmae&jcif;odkY/ *wm = a&muf&SdcJhMuavukefNyD/ {0H =

tdrf&SifwdkYeJY aygif;azmf,SOfwGJ rDS0JrIvnf; r&Sdbl;/ tdrf&SifawGrSm

,laqmifNy;D awmh 'D'umç 'umrawGeYJ aygif;azmfjcif;udk jzwfawmuf-

abmifukd 0ifa&mufvmwJh &Si&f [ef;jyKwhJ yk*K¾d vaf wGuo

Muw,f/ tJ'v D dk 0ifpm;cJrh ,fq&dk if xk&d [EÅmrax&fjrwfawGtzdYk 'Dpsmef-

tm;xkwf&ygw,f/ yg&rDtm;avsmfpGm tbdnmPfawG &&SdcJhr,fqkd&if

tem*grfç &[EÅmt&Sijf rwfawG jzpfw,f/ ormywf (8)yg;udk &&Sad wmf-

wmeJY wpfNydKifeufwnf; eda&m"ormywf qkdufoGm;w,f/ 'Dvkdqdk&if

avhusiyhf g/ rdr&d J U yg&rDtm;avsmpf mG rdrad rQmvf ifah wmifwh aewJh r*fÓPf

nDaemifrax&fEpS yf g;wd&Yk UJ 0w¬Ku/dk uaxwAÁH = þae&mü ajymqko

aw = xkdnDtpfudkESpfyg;wdkYonf/ pdwåvyAÁaw = pdwåvawmif-

xH;k a[mif;wpf&yfukd rZÑrd edum,f rlvyPÖmoygVdawmf 0dwuúoP²me-

tZÑwå A[d'¨ MoVm&du (tMurf;) okckr (tEk) [De (t,kwf) yPDw

tJ'DtcsdeftcgrSm OyZÑm,fq&mawmfu bmtrdefY&SdovJ -–

[m opömav;yg;ukd [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm odjrifEdkifaMumif;udk bk&m;&Sif

,ck rax&f naD emif ESpyf g;wk&Yd J U 0w¬KZmwfaMumif;udk jyefqufMu-

wóm wH Moavmu,rmem, ykwåodaea[m OyÜZÆd/

Oygodum 'umrBuD; aemufu udk,fawmfudk ar;Munfhayawmh/

tjrJwrf; tm*EÅ K{nfhonfeJY wlwJholqkdwm tJ'Dvkd ae&w,fwJh/

pE´Lyarm = vESifh Oyrmwlaom pdwfxm;&Sdonf/ [kwGm = jzpfí/

wkarS = oifcspfom;wkdYonf/ uð rnx = todkYatmufarhrSwfxif

= pGJNidrIr&Sd/ e AZÑwd = aESmifzGJUrIr&Sd/

vmbfvmbudk tvkd&SdwJh yk*d¾KvfawG tvkd&SdwJh vmbfvmbudk

{0½layg acg bdu©a0 bdu©K t&[wd ukvmed OyouFrdw/kH

aMomf ... 'Dpw d x f m;uav;/ ]]ighw&m;udk emwJo h al wG rsm;r,f

yoEémum&H ua&,sK EÅd pD0&m'a,m ypöa, 'a',sK/H (oH?|?2?158??)

= w&m;awmfjrwfudk/ a'aowd = a[mMum;awmfrlav\/

Mum;xm;awmfrlwJh w&m;awmfawG jzpfMuw,f/ 'gudk ay:vGifatmif

olu q,f&ufwJh/ awmfawmfuav;awmh 0rf;enf;zkdY aumif;yg

od&SdMuygukefrlum;/ ta[m 0w = aMomf ... aumif;avpG/

"r®uxduudk,fawmfu oDvtaMumif; a[mNyD/ oDvudk b,fykH

usifhMur,fqkd&if raumif;bl;vm;¿ odyfaumif;w,f/ aemufwpfck -

ygw,f/ wcsKdUyk*d¾KvfawGusawmh 'Dvdk r[kwfjyefbl;/

wdkYtm;/ "rH® = w&m;awmfjrwfudk/ a'aowd = a[mMum;awmfrl\/

wrf;&jcif;qdkwJh ab;qkd;BuD;? udk,fqif;&J&jcif;qdkwJh ab;qkd;BuD;? pdwf-

vGwfoGm;atmif ig w&m;"r®a[mMum;jyo qkdqkH;ray;rS awmfawmh-

w&m;*kPfawmf (6) yg;

tv,f tqk;H ok;H yg;tpkH aumif;jcif;*kPef YJ jynfph aHk ewJwh &m;awmfawG

b,fvkdrS om0uawG rjrifEdkifygbl;/ uvmyfwpfckwpfcktwGif;rSm

wJvh rf;&,fvYdk ykrH eS w

(Moyae,sad um =)) 'Dw&m;awG[m pdwt f pOfrmS odrYk [kwf ½kyef mrf