Skeleton: From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Skeleton: From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Skeleton: From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Endoskeleton of an elephant.
Types of skeletons
[edit]Exoskeleton
Main article: Exoskeleton
Exoskeleton of an ant.
Other animals, especially arthropods, and especially insects and crustaceans, have
exoskeletons. Exoskeletons are external, as is typical of many invertebrates; they enclose the soft tissues
and organs of the body. Exoskeletons may undergo periodicmoulting as the animal grows.
Exoskeletons can be made of different materials including chitin (in arthropods), calciumcompounds
(in corals, mollusks) or silicate (for diatoms and radiolarians).
The exoskeleton of insects is not only a protection but also as a surface for muscle attachment, as a
watertight protection against drying and as a sense organ to interact with their environment.
An external skeleton is quite heavy in relation to the volume of an animal, so their presence is only
possible in small animals or organisms. The exoskeleton can occur in large aquatic animals because of
water pressure. The southern giant clam is a species of extremely large saltwater clam in the Pacific
Ocean that has a shell that is 4 m long and weighs about 250 kg.
[edit]Endoskeleton
Main article: Endoskeleton
Endoskeletons is the internal support structure of an animal, composed of mineralized tissue and are
typical of many vertebrates. They vary in complexity such as functioning purely for support (as in the case
of sponges), but often serves as an attachment site for muscle and a mechanism for transmitting
muscular forces. A true endoskeleton is derived from mesodermal tissue. Such a skeleton is present in
echinoderms and chordates.
[edit]Sponges
The skeleton of sponges consists of microscopic calcareous or silicious spicules.
Thedemosponges include 90% of all species of sponges. Their "skeletons" are made
ofspicules consisting of fibers of the protein spongin, the mineral silica, or both. Where spicules of silica
are present, they have a different shape from those in the otherwise similar glass sponges.[1]
[edit]Echinoderms
The skeleton of the echinoderms, which include, among other things, the starfish, is composed of calcite
and a small amount of magnesium oxide. It lies below the epidermisin the mesoderm and is within cell
clusters of frame-forming cells. This structure formed is porous and therefore firm and at the same time
light. It coalesces into small calcareousossicles (bony plates), which can grow in all directions and thus
can replace the loss of a body part. Connected by joints, the individual skeletal parts can be moved by the
muscles.
[edit]Chordates
In humans and generally in most vertebrates, the main skeletal component is referred to as bone. Another
important component is cartilage. In mammals they are found mainly in the joint areas. In other animals,
such as the cartilaginous fishes, which include thesharks, the skeleton is composed entirely of cartilage.
Bones in addition to supporting the body also serve, at the cellular level, as calcium and phosphate
storage.
[edit]Fish
The skeleton of the fish is either made of cartilage (cartilage fish) or bones (bony fishes). The main
features of the fish, the fins, are bony fin rays and, except the caudal fin, have no direct connection with
the spine. They are supported only by the muscles. The ribs attach to the spine.
[edit]Birds
The bird skeleton is highly adapted for flight. It is extremely lightweight but strong enough to withstand
the stresses of taking off, flying, and landing. One key adaptation is the fusing of bones into
single ossifications, such as the pygostyle. Because of this, birds usually have a smaller number of bones
than other terrestrial vertebrates. Birds also lack teeth or even a true jaw, instead having evolved a beak,
which is far more lightweight. The beaks of many baby birds have a projection called an egg tooth, which
facilitates their exit from the amniotic egg.
[edit]Marine mammals
To facilitate movement of marine mammals in the water, the hind legs were either lost altogether, as in
the whales and manatees, or united in a single tail fin (eg, seals).
[edit]Hydrostatic skeleton
The simplest form of skeleton is the Hydrostatic skeleton found in many cold-blooded organisms and softbodied animals. The pressure of the fluid and action of the surrounding muscles are used to change an
organism's shape and produce movement. This fluid filled cavity is the known as the coelom. Invertebrate
such as starfishs, sea urchins, jellyfish and earthwormss has this form of skeleton. The hydrostatic
skeleton have some similarities to muscular hydrostats.
[edit]Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton (gr. kytos = cell) is used to stabilize and preserve the form of the cells. It is a dynamic
structure that maintains cell shape, protects the cell, enables cellular motion (using structures such
as flagella, cilia and lamellipodia), and plays important roles in both intracellular transport (the movement
of vesicles and organelles, for example) and cellular division.
[edit]Human
Main article: Human skeleton
The human skeleton consists of both fused and individual bones supported and supplemented
by ligaments, tendons, muscles andcartilage. It serves as a scaffold which supports organs, anchors
muscles, and protects organs such as the brain, lungs and heart. The biggest bone in the body is
the femur in the upper leg, and the smallest is the stapes bone in the middle ear. In an adult, the skeleton
comprises around 14% of the total body weight,[2] and half of this weight is water.
Fused bones include those of the pelvis and the cranium. Not all bones are interconnected directly: There
are three bones in eachmiddle ear called the ossicles that articulate only with each other. The hyoid bone,
which is located in the neck and serves as the point of attachment for the tongue, does not articulate with
any other bones in the body, being supported by muscles and ligaments.
There are 206 bones in the adult human skeleton, a number which varies between individuals and with
age - newborn babies have over 270 bones[3][4][5] some of which fuse together. These bones are organized
into a longitudinal axis, the axial skeleton, to which the appendicular skeleton is attached.[6]
The human skeleton takes 20 years before it is fully developed. In many animals, the skeleton bones
contain marrow, which produces blood cells.
Much of the human skeleton maintains the ancient segmental pattern present in
all vertebrates (mammals, birds, fish, reptiles and amphibians) with basic units being repeated. This
segmental pattern is particularly evident in the vertebral column and in the ribcage.
[edit]Bones
and cartilage
[edit]Bone
Main article: Bone
Bones are rigid organs that form part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. They function to move, support,
and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells and store minerals. Bone
tissue is a type of dense connective tissue. Because bones come in a variety of shapes and have a
complex internal and external structure they are lightweight, yet strong and hard, in addition to fulfilling
their many other functions. One of the types of tissue that makes up bone is the mineralized osseous
tissue, also called bone tissue, that gives it rigidity and a honeycomb-like three-dimensional internal
structure. Other types of tissue found in bones include marrow, endosteum and periosteum, nerves, blood
vessels and cartilage. There are 206 bones in the adult human body[7] and 270 in an infant.[8]
[edit]Cartilage
Main article: Cartilage
Cartilage is a stiff and inflexible connective tissue found in many areas in the bodies of humans and other
animals, including the joints between bones, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the elbow, the knee, the
ankle, the bronchial tubes and the intervertebral discs. It is not as hard and rigid as bone but is stiffer and
less flexible than muscle.
Cartilage is composed of specialized cells called chondrocytes that produce a large amount
of extracellular matrix composed of Type II collagen (except Fibrocartilage which also contains type I
collagen) fibers, abundant ground substance rich in proteoglycan, and elastin fibers. Cartilage is classified
in three types, elastic cartilage, hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage, which differ in the relative amounts of
these three main components.
Unlike other connective tissues, cartilage does not contain blood vessels. The chondrocytes are supplied
by diffusion, helped by the pumping action generated by compression of the articular cartilage or flexion
of the elastic cartilage. Thus, compared to other connective tissues, cartilage grows and repairs more
slowly.
Kerangka (gr. skeletos = "kering-tubuh", "mumi"), adalah dalam biologi dan di bagian
tubuh anatomythe yang membentuk struktur pendukung dari suatu organisme. Ada
dua jenis rangka yang berbeda: exoskeleton, yang merupakan kulit terluar stabil
organisme, dan theendoskeleton, yang membentuk struktur penyangga dalam
tubuh.
Dalam arti kiasan, kerangka dapat merujuk pada teknologi yang mendukung struktur
seperti sebuah bangunan.
Jenis kerangka
[Sunting] exoskeleton
Artikel utama: exoskeleton
Exoskeleton dari semut.
hewan lain, khususnya arthropoda, dan terutama serangga dan krustasea, telah
exoskeletons. Exoskeletons bersifat eksternal, seperti khas dari invertebrata
banyak, mereka menyertakan jaringan lunak dan organ tubuh. Exoskeletons
mungkin mengalami molting berkala sebagai binatang tumbuh.
Exoskeletons dapat dibuat dari bahan yang berbeda, termasuk kitin (di arthropoda),
senyawa kalsium (pada koral, moluska) atau silikat (untuk diatom dan radiolarians).
The exoskeleton serangga tidak hanya perlindungan tetapi juga sebagai permukaan
untuk otot lampiran, sebagai perlindungan terhadap pengeringan dan kedap air
sebagai organ akal untuk berinteraksi dengan lingkungan mereka.
Sebuah kerangka eksternal yang cukup berat dalam kaitannya dengan volume
binatang, sehingga kehadiran mereka hanya mungkin pada hewan kecil atau
organisme. exoskeleton ini dapat terjadi pada hewan air besar karena tekanan
air. The kima raksasa selatan merupakan spesies kima air asin yang sangat besar di
Samudra Pasifik yang memiliki cangkang yang 4 m panjang dan berat sekitar 250
kg.
[Sunting] Endoskeleton
Artikel utama: Endoskeleton
tersebut. Karena itu, burung biasanya memiliki sejumlah kecil tulang dari vertebrata
darat lainnya.Burung juga kurang atau bahkan gigi rahang yang benar, bukan
berevolusi memiliki paruh, yang jauh lebih ringan. The paruh burung banyak bayi
proyeksi yang disebut sebagai gigi telur, yang memfasilitasi mereka keluar dari telur
ketuban.
[Sunting] mamalia Laut
Untuk memfasilitasi pergerakan mamalia laut dalam air, kaki belakang entah hilang
sama sekali, seperti pada ikan paus dan manate, atau bersatu dalam sirip ekor
tunggal (misalnya, segel).
[Sunting] kerangka Hidrostatik
Bentuk paling sederhana dari kerangka adalah kerangka hidrostatis yang ditemukan
dalam organisme berdarah dingin dan hewan bertubuh lunak. Tekanan dari cairan
dan tindakan otot-otot sekitarnya digunakan untuk mengubah bentuk suatu
organisme dan menghasilkan gerakan. Rongga diisi cairan ini adalah dikenal
sebagai coelom tersebut. Invertebrata seperti starfishs, landak laut, ubur-ubur dan
earthwormss memiliki bentuk kerangka. Kerangka hidrostatik memiliki beberapa
kesamaan dengan hydrostats otot.
[Sunting] Sitoskeleton
The sitoskeleton (gr. kytos = sel) digunakan untuk menstabilkan dan melestarikan
bentuk sel. Ini adalah struktur yang dinamis yang mempertahankan bentuk sel,
melindungi sel, memungkinkan gerak seluler (struktur menggunakan seperti flagela,
silia dan lamellipodia), dan memainkan peran penting dalam kedua transportasi
intraseluler (pergerakan vesikula dan organel, misalnya) dan seluler divisi.
[Sunting] Manusia
Artikel utama: kerangka Manusia
Kerangka manusia terdiri dari kedua tulang menyatu dan individu didukung dan
dilengkapi oleh ligamen, tendon, otot dan tulang rawan. Ini berfungsi sebagai
perancah yang mendukung organ-organ, jangkar otot, dan melindungi organ seperti
otak, paru-paru dan jantung. Tulang terbesar dalam tubuh adalah tulang paha di
kaki atas, dan yang terkecil adalah tulang stapes di telinga tengah. Dalam orang
dewasa, tulang terdiri dari sekitar 14% dari berat total tubuh, [2] dan setengah dari
berat ini adalah air.
tulang Fused termasuk orang-orang dari panggul dan tengkorak. Tidak semua
tulang saling berhubungan langsung: Ada tiga tulang di setiap telinga tengah disebut
ossicles yang mengartikulasikan hanya dengan satu sama lain. Tulang hyoid, yang
terletak di leher dan berfungsi sebagai titik attachment untuk lidah, tidak
mengartikulasikan dengan tulang lainnya di dalam tubuh, yang didukung oleh otot
dan ligamen.
Ada 206 tulang dalam kerangka manusia dewasa, suatu jumlah yang bervariasi
antara individu dan dengan usia - bayi baru lahir memiliki lebih dari 270 tulang [3] [4]
[5] yang beberapa di antaranya sekering bersama-sama. Tulang-tulang ini
diorganisir ke dalam sumbu longitudinal, kerangka aksial, yang kerangka
apendikularis terpasang. [6]
Kerangka manusia membutuhkan waktu 20 tahun sebelum sepenuhnya