Revised V. Imp.

VSAQS IN BIOMECHANICS
1.ANGLE OF INCLINATION
Femoral Angle of Inclination: The angle of inclination is
formed from the angle resulting from the intersection of a
line down the long shaft of the femur and a line drawn
through the neck of the femur. An increase in this angle,
greater than 125 degrees, results in coxa valga, and a
decrease is called coxa vara.
2.COMPLIANCE
The compliance of the chest wall describes the relationship
between the transmural pressure across the chest wall
compared with the chest cavity's volume. By transmural
pressure it means the relative pressure between the
atmospheric pressure compared with that in the
intrapleural space.
3.JUNCTURAE TENDINAE
Juncturae tendinum are narrow bands of connective
tissues that extend between the tendons of the extensor
digitorum communis and the extensor digiti minimi. It is
classified into three distinct types (Type 1, 2 and 3)
depending on morphology.
4.GLUTEUS MEDIUS ROLE IN NORMAL GAIT
Gluteus medius is the prime mover of abduction at hip joint
.Anterior portion of Gluteus medius abduct , assist in
flexion and medial rotation of hip.Posterior portion of
Gluteus medius abduct , assist in ext and lateral rotation of
hip.Gluteus medius is an important muscle in walking,
running and single leg weight-bearing because it prevents
the opposite side of the pelvis from dropping during
walking, running and single leg weight-bearing.When a
limb is taken off the ground the pelvis on the opposite side
will tend to drop through loss of support from below.
Gluteus medius works to maintain the side of the pelvis
that drops therefore allowing the other limb to swing
forward for the next step.
5.PATELLA ALTA
Patella alta or high-riding patella refers to an abnormally
high patella in relation to the femur. The patella sits high
on the femur where the groove is very shallow.This
condition has been associated clinically with patellofemoral
dysfunction and is considered a predisposing factor for the
development of patellofemoral pain (PFP).
6.CONVEX CONCAVE RULE
The convex-concave rule is the basis for determining the
direction of the mobilizing force when joint mobilization
gliding techniques are used to increase a certain joint
motion.The direction in which sliding occurs depends on
whether the moving surface is concave or convex.
Concave = hollowed or rounded inward
Convex = curved or rounded outward
If the moving joint surface is CONVEX, sliding is in the
OPPOSITE direction of the angular movement of the bone.
If the moving joint surface is CONCAVE, sliding is in the
SAME direction as the angular movement of the bone.
Examples:
Glenohumeral articulation: concave glenoid fossa
articulates with the convex humeral head.
7.ISOTONIC CONTRACTION
In an isotonic contraction, tension remains the same, while
the muscle's length changes.
There are two types of isotonic contractions: (1) concentric
and (2) eccentric. In a concentric contraction, the muscle
tension rises to meet the resistance, then remains the
same as the muscle shortens. In eccentric, the muscle
lengthens due to the resistance being greater than the
force the muscle is producing.
8.GENU VALGUM
Genu valgum, commonly called "knock-knee", is a
condition in which the knees angle in and touch each other
when the legs are straightened. Individuals with severe
valgus deformities are typically unable to touch their feet
together while simultaneously straightening the legs.
9.COXA VARA
Coxa vara is a deformity of the hip, whereby the angle
between the head and the shaft of the femur is reduced to
less than 120 degrees. This results in the leg being
shortened and the development of a limp. It may be
congenital and is commonly caused by injury, such as a
fracture. It can also occur when the bone tissue in the neck
of the femur is softer than normal, causing it to bend under
the weight of the body. This may either be congenital or
the result of a bone disorder. The most common cause of
coxa vara is either congenital or developmental.
10.OPEN PACK POSITION VS CLOSE PACK POSITION
Open-packed Position
•Position with the least amount joint surface
congruency(both jt. surfaces not touching each other)
•Capsule and support ligaments are lax
•Accessory motion or joint play is maximized
Close-packed Position
•Position with the most amount of joint congruency.
(touching both jt. surfaces each other)
•Capsule and supporting ligaments maximally tight
•Accessory motion is minimized.
11.OPEN KINETIC VS CLOSED KINETIC CHAIN
.There are two kinds of kinetic chain exercises: open and
closed.
In open kinetic chain exercises, the segment furthest away
from the body — known as the distal aspect, usually the
hand or foot — is free and not fixed to an object.
In a closed chain exercise, it is fixed, or stationary.
12.PREHENSION
Prehension (gripping) is an advanced skill in humans,
resulting largely from the ability of the thumb to oppose the
fingers. Two types of grip may be described, 'precision'
involving the thumb and fingers and 'power', involving the
whole hand.
13.GENU RECURVATUM
Genu recurvatum is a deformity in the knee joint, so that
the knee bends backwards. In this deformity, excessive
extension occurs in the tibiofemoral joint. Genu recurvatum
is also called knee hyperextension and back knee. This
deformity is more common in women & people with
familial ligamentous laxity.Hyperextension of the knee may
be mild, moderate or severeThe normal range of motion
(ROM) of the knee joint is from 0 to 135 degrees in an
adult. Full knee extension should be no more than 10
degrees. In genu recurvatum, normal extension is
increased. The development of genu recurvatum may lead
to knee pain and knee osteoarthritis.
14.ISOMETRIC EXERCISE /CONTRACTION
.An isometric exercise is a form of exercise involving the
static contraction of a muscle without any visible
movement in the angle of the joint.The three main types of
isometric exercise are isometric presses, pulls, and holds.
They may be included in a strength training regime in order
to improve the body’s ability to apply power from a static
position or, in the case of isometric holds, improve the
body’s ability to maintain a position for a period of time.
15.OSTEOKINEMATICS VS ARTHROKINEMATICS
Osteo = from the Greek osteon, meaning "bone"
Arthro = from the Greek word arthron, meaning "joint"
Kinematic/Kinetic = from the Greek word kenesis, meaning
"motion or movement"
So Osteokinematics is simply bone movement and
Arthrokinematics is joint movement. Another way to
describe this would be that Osteokinematics is the
movement that is happening around the joint and
Arthrokinematics is the movement that is happening at the
joint surface.
Osteokinematics is the gross movement that happens
between two bones. This happens because our bone
surfaces articulate at the joint. Osteokinematics typically
consist of flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and
internal rotation/external rotation.
Arthrokinematics is the small movements happening at the
joint surface. Arthrokinematic movements typically consist
of rolls, glides/slides, and spins.
16.MOTOR UNIT
Within a muscle, the muscle fibres are functionally
organised as motor units. A motor unit consists of a single
motor neuron and all of the muscle fibres it innervates. The
size of the unit can involve only a few fibres for fine
movement to huge numbers for gross movement such as
what occurs in walking. eg the eyes require rapid, precise
movements but little strength; in consequence, extraocular
muscle motor units are extremely small and have a very
high proportion of muscle fibres capable of contracting with
maximal velocity. In contrast, the gastrocnemius, a muscle
that comprises both small and larger units, has an
innervation ratio of 1000–2000 muscle fibres per motor
neuron, and can generate forces needed for sudden
changes in body position.
17.ACCESSORY MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION
The accessory inspiratory muscles are the
sternocleidomastoid, the scalenus anterior, medius, and
posterior, the pectoralis major and minor, the inferior fibres
of serratus anterior and latissimus dorsi, the serratus
posterior anterior may help in inspiration also the
iliocostalis cervicalis.
The accessory expiratory muscles are the abdominal
muscles: rectus, abdominis, external oblique, internal
oblique and transversus abdominis. And in the
thoracolumbar region the lowest fibres of iliocostalis and
longissimus, the serratus posterior inferior and quadratus
lumborum.
18.INTERVERTEBRAL DISC
The intervertebral disc (IVD) is important in the normal
functioning of the spine. It is a cushion of fibrocartilage and
the principal joint between two vertebrae in the spinal
column. There are 23 discs in the human spine: 6 in the
cervical region (neck), 12 in the thoracic region (middle
back), and 5 in the lumbar region (lower back).
IVDs allow the spine to be flexible without sacrificing a
great deal of strength. They also provide a shock-
absorbing effect within the spine and prevent the vertebrae
from grinding together. They consist of three major
components: the inner, nucleus pulposus (NP), the outer,
annulus (AF) and the cartilaginous endplates that anchor
the discs to adjacent vertebrae.
19.GENU VARUS
Genu varum (also called bow-leggedness, bandiness,
bandy-leg, and tibia vara), is a varus deformity marked by
(outward) bowing at the knee, which means that the lower
leg is angled inward (medially) in relation to the thigh's
axis, giving the limb overall the appearance of an archer's
bow. Usually medial angulation of both lower limb bones
(femur and tibia) is involved.