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1 General Spine
1 General Spine
SEGMENTS OF SPINE
CURVES
Kyphotic curves
Curves that have a posterior convexity (anterior concavity)
Lordotic curves
Curves that have an anterior convexity (posterior concavity)
CURVES
Primary curves
Thoracic and sacral
Retain the original posterior convexity
throughout life
Secondary curves
Cervical and lumbar
Show a reversal of the original posterior
convexity .
Secondary or lordotic curves develop as a
result of the accommodation of the
skeleton to the upright posture
IMPORTANCE OF CURVE
Posterior : (pedicles )
Serve as the connection between the posterior elements and the vertebral
bodies.
Transmit tension and bending forces from the posterior elements to the
vertebral bodies.
Short, stout pillars with thick walls
Increase in size from the cervical to lumbar regions
Greater forces are transmitted through the pedicles in the lumbar region
TYPICAL VERTEBRA
Laminae
Transmit forces from the posterior elements to the pedicles and, through
them, onto the vertebral body.
This force transfer occurs through a region of the laminae called the pars
interarticularis.
TYPICAL VERTEBRA
Posterior :
Articular processes
Consist of two superior and two inferior facets for
articulation with facets from the cranial and caudal
vertebrae, respectively.
TRABECULAR SYSTEM
The joints between the vertebral bodies are referred to as the interbody joints.
Available movements at the interbody joints
Gliding
Distraction
Compression
Rotation (also called tilt or rocking in the spine)
Gliding motions can occur in the following directions:
Anterior to posterior
Medial to lateral
Torsional.
Tilt motions can occur in
Anterior to posterior and in lateral directions.
INTERBODY JOINTS
Interbody joints
• Translations and rotations of one vertebra in relation to an adjacent vertebra.
A. Side-to-side translation (gliding) occurs in the frontal plane.
B. Superior and inferior translation (axial distraction and compression) occur vertically.
C. Anteroposterior translation occurs in the sagittal plane.
D. Side-to-side rotation (tilting) in a frontal plane occurs around an anteroposterior axis.
E. Rotation occurs in the transverse plane around a vertical axis.
F. Anteroposterior rotation (tilting) occurs in the sagittal plane around a frontal axis.
ZYGOPHYSEAL JOINTS
Zygapophyseal articulations
The zygapophyseal joints are composed of the articulations between the
Right and left superior articulating facets of a vertebra and
Right and left inferior facets of the adjacent cranial vertebra.
The zygapophyseal joints are diarthrodial joints and have regional variations in
structure.
Intra-articular accessory joint structures in the zygapophyseal joints
Adipose tissue pads & fibroadipose meniscoids.
▪ Protect articular surfaces that are exposed during flexion and extension of
the vertebral column
LIGAMENTS AND JOINT CAPSULE
LIGAMENTS
Ligamentum flavum
Thick, elastic ligament
Interspinous ligaments
The interspinous ligament, along with the supraspinous ligament, is the
first to be damaged with excessive flexion
Contribute to lumbar spine stability
Degenerate with aging
LIGAMENTS
Supraspinous ligament
The supraspinous ligament, is stretched in flexion.
During hyper flexion, this ligament is the first to fail
LIGAMENT
Intertransverse ligaments
The ligaments are alternately stretched and
compressed during lateral bending.
During lateral bending to the left
The ligaments on the right side are stretched and
offer resistance
The ligaments on the left side are slack and
compressed during this motion.
During lateral bending to the right
The ligaments on the left side are stretched and
offer resistance to this motion
CAPSULE
( COMPRESSION, BENDING ,
TORSION AND SHEAR)
KINETICS
The end plates are able to undergo the least deformation and therefore will be
the first to fail (fracture)
Under high compressive loading. The disks will be the last to fail (rupture).
The intervertebral disks (like all viscoelastic materials) Exhibit creep.
This phenomenon produces typical diurnal changes in disk composition and
function.
BENDING
In forward flexion,
The anterior structures (anterior portion of the disk,
anterior ligaments, and muscles) are subjected to
compression;
The posterior structures are subjected to tension.
BENDING
In extension,
The posterior structures are unloaded or
subjected to compression,
The anterior structures are subjected to tension.
BENDING
In lateral bending
The ipsilateral side of the disk is
compressed;
In right lateral bending
The right side of the disk is compressed
The outer fibers of the left side of the disk
are stretched.
Coupling motion:
Is defined as the consistent association of one motion about an axis with
another motion around a different axis.
The most predominant motions that exhibit coupled behaviors are
Lateral flexion and rotation.
Pure lateral flexion and pure rotation do not occur in any region of the
spine.
KINEMATICS
Global muscles
Being multisegmental, are the large guy wires
that respond to external loads imposed on the
trunk that shift the center of mass (fig. A).
Unable to stabilize individual spinal segments
except through compressive loading because
they have little or no direct attachment to the
vertebrae.
If an individual segment is unstable,
compressive loading from the global guy
wires may lead to place stress on the inert
tissues at the end of the range of that segment
(fig's).
Core muscle
Core muscles
Have segmental attachments, respond
regardless of direction of motion.
Provide dynamic support to individual
segments in the spine and help maintain each
segment in a stable position so the inert tissues
are not stressed at the limits of motion.
Both the global and core musculature play critical
roles in providing stability to the multisegmental
spine.
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