Araucanian Genetic Relationships

Author(s): Mary Ritchie Key

Source: International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 44, No. 4 (Oct., 1978), pp. 280-293
Published by: The University of Chicago Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1264282
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 ARAUCANIAN GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS'

MARY RITCHIE KEY

UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA,
IRVINE

0. Introduction importance, for three and a half centuries

1. Heuristic devices for recognizing it has defied linguistic classification. It has
obscure relationships simply been referredto as an "independent
1.1. Phoneme fluctuation linguistic family." The present study shows
1.2. Morpheme identification it to be related to the Tacanan-Panoan
1.3. Larger relationships families of Bolivia and Peru, and, more
2. Mapuche phonemes distantly, to the Fuegian languages.
3. Mapuche fluctuation The name Mapuche is used to refer to
4. Mapuche phonemes and Tacanan- the Araucanian people and language of
Panoan correspondences Argentina and Chile: mapu- earth, land +
5. Dictionary of forms -che people. The term Mapudungu(n) is
also used to refer to the language: mapu-
0. The Araucanian group of languages earth, land + dungun tongue, language.
and dialects is a large and cohesive com- The Chilean dialects are spoken in the
munity which has been known since the "Frontera," that is, the provinces of
earliest publications on languages of South Arauco, Bio-Bio, Malleco, Cautin, Val-
America. Father Valdivia published a divia, and Osorno.3 Estimates of the
grammar on "the language of Chile" in Araucanian population in Chile range from
1606.2The Araucanian Indian society con- 200,000 to 400,000. Estimates of the
tinues to function today in its own indigen- Araucanian population in Argentina range
ous way; indeed, it was the last large from 8,000 to 40,000.4
Indian group to be subdued. In spite of its The basis of this study is my comparative
1 I am pleased to acknowledge a Fulbright- Tacanan-Panoan study.5 I took my com-
Hays Research and in
Lectureship Comparative parative files to Chile to do fieldwork, and
Linguisticsand Indian Languagesof Chile, 1975. therefore worked with the actual cognate
I also wish to express my appreciation for the
generouscooperationand help of the Universidad 3 Adalberto Salas, "Consideracionesmetodo-
de Chile and the Universidad Cat6lica de
Valparaiso, and especially Professor Adalberto logicas para la investigaci6n de las lenguas
Salas, who introduced me to my Mapuche indigenas," in Actas acuerdosy recomendaciones
language teacher, Manuel Loncomil. Finally, I (Chile: Universidad de Concepci6n, 1971), pp.
wish to acknowledge the enthusiastic support of 83-94.
4 Perla Golbert de
students at the University of California, Irvine, Goodbar, Epu Peniwen
in a seminar on American Indian languages, ("Los dos hermanos")(Buenos Aires: Centro de
especially Debi Ross, Sydney Tompkins, and Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Educaci6n,
Gail Cameron. 1975); and M. R. Key, The Groupingof South
2 Luis Valdivia, Arte y gramdticageneral de la
AmericanIndianLanguages(The Hague: Mouton,
in press).
lenguaque correen todo el Reyno de Chile(Lima,
6 M. R. Key, Comparative TacananPhonology:
1606).
With CavinenaPhonology and Notes on Pano-
[IJAL, vol. 44, no. 4, October 1978, pp. 280-93] Tacanan Relationship (The Hague: Mouton,
O 1978 by The University of Chicago.
0020-7071/78/4404-0003 $01.23 1968).
280
NO. 4 ARAUCANIAN GENETICRELATIONSHIPS 281

files, as well as with the residue. I worked The more I studied the Mapuche lan-
systematically through the several hundred guage, the more I began to find similarities
slips and soon began to recognize recurring in the Tacanan-Panoan languages and
patterns. First, I went through the vocabu- culture. The Tacanan kinship vocabulary
laries from the Tacanan-Panoan point of has many nasal phonemes, as does the
view, that is, the protophonological systems. Mapuche kinship vocabulary. Palataliza-
Then, I went through the same vocabu- tion in Cavinefia (Tacanan) reminds one
laries from the Mapuche point of view, of the extensive palatalization in Mapuche.
using the sound system of present-day The vowel system of Cashibo (Panoan) is
speakers. almost identical with Mapuche. The
Madidi River in the Tacanan-speaking
1. Reasons for not recognizing relation- area of Bolivia is called Nahihi by the
ships are complex. Few investigators are Cavinefia (Tacanan), with regular sound
familiar with more than one South Ameri- correspondencesin the Tacanan languages.
can native language, thereby making it Among the Mapuche, the name Moluche
difficult to find cognates when the lan- varies with Noluche. Note that Mapuche rj
guages are distantly related. For example, corresponds to Tacanan and Panoan m.
one has to know both Spanish and English Reciprocal relationships are found in the
well to recognize the semantic relationship languages: English right and left are both
of Spanish barco to English bark (sailing translated by the same word, respectively,
vessel) or Spanish calor to English calorie. in the Chama (Tacanan) and Alacaluf
In addition, orthographies present almost (Fuegian) languages; yesterday and to-
insurmountable problems. While one is morrow are both translated by the same
consumed with trying to account for sound word in Chama (Tacanan), and both of
change, one often realizes that he/she is these meanings occur in the same cognate
spending the time accounting for differ- set in Panoan;7 the grandparent and
ences of orthography! grandchildrelationship occurs in the cog-
For example, the files contain three re- nates of Tacanan and Panoan; Mapuche
cordings for the word fajita ribbon, band: uses the same word for father-in-law and
guton, nitrohue, and nguchrohue. The son-in-law, and father-in-law and daughter-
letters g, n, and ng were used for the sound in-law. The verbal system of Chama
ij; u = i; t = chr = tr (the retroflexed (Tacanan) is based on a postural con-
stop); o = o; the verbal suffix -n is deleted figuration-sitting, standing, lying. The
when another suffix is added. In the re- Chama morpheme for sitting is found
cording of this morpheme, then, only one cognate to the Mapuche word for sit.
orthographic symbol is the same in all three However, these curiosities are not
recordings. One is reluctant to abandon enough. They could be relegated to typo-
the earlier materials, however, because logical considerations, were it not for the
cognates may be found in the languageused consistencies in the phonological fluctua-
300 years earlier, where Spanish loans or tion which are outlined below. What is
other shifts occur today; for example, really convincing is the extensive system of
Schuller'salyquen tree appearsto be a good fluctuation and how it relates to corre-
cognate with Proto-Tacanan *aki.6 spondences with the Tacanan and Panoan
7 Olive Alexandra
Shell, "Pano Reconstruc-
6 R. R. Schuller, El vocabulario Araucano de tion" (Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania,
1642-1643 (Santiago, 1907). 1965), set no. 391.
 282 INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF AMERICANLINGUISTICS VOL. 44

languages. Paradoxically, the fluctuation used to call it "free variation"?), is more

of phonemes in these related South common than has been realized, or re-
American languages is undoubtedly a corded. The "inability" to "hear" or
major factor, if not the major factor, in the "recognize" fluctuation is a perceptual
relationships being obscured for so many problem in part-one of which linguists
hundreds of years. have barely touched the frontiers and of
which we can expect more understanding
1.1. Chama (Tacanan) has a notable from neurolinguistics. We would under-
amount of fluctuation between phonemes, stand more about language change if these
both quantitatively and qualitatively. Fluc- fluctuations were systematically recorded
tuation follows certain patterns: only cer- in field studies.
tain exchanges are allowed within series In addition to fluctuation between con-
and orders. The phonemes must be similar sonant phonemes, there is an inordinate
in some way, either by point or manner of amount of vowel variation in what are
articulation. For example, there is fluctu- surely cognate sets. For example, Tacana
ation between certain bilabials, between (Tacanan) boepa sky and Cavinefia (Taca-
some of the stop series, between some of the nan) barepa, along with Cavinefia abaro-
fricatives, between alveopalatals, between kwe to the sky. Cavinefia hopi mat and
velars, and so on. In almost all of the Chama xepi. Erize gives the following for
instances of specific fluctuations listed, Mapuche ant: collalla, collella, collilla,
corresponding problems are found in the collolla, collulla, collulla, colliilla, and for
comparative data. Either the sounds in- split: chrelolun, chroun, chrign, chriiran.9
volved are proved reflexes/correspondences The Spanish word for horse, caballo, has
of a sister language or remain as un- been borrowed into Mapuche as kawellu.
explained residue in one of the sister lan- The variation is undoubtedly based on
guages. For example, fluctuation between some kind of patterning in the distribution
k, x, and h occurs, and all three of these are or morphology, but so far the patterns have
correspondencesof*x. Fluctuation between not been identified. Vowel correspondences
s, s, and h occurs, and all three of these are in the Tacanan and Panoan languages are
correspondences of *c and *s. Fluctuation usually so regular that one is baffled by
between t and k occurs, and these are corre- such stark irregularities.Hockett mentions
spondences of *t.8 a similar problem in the reconstruction of
While Chama has a large amount of Proto-Central-Pacific.10
fluctuation, it has few minimal pairs. It is Variant pronunciations may also reflect
probable that phoneme fluctuation gener- allophonic variations of a particular
ally occurs in inverse proportion to the language. Such variation occurs in the
amount of minimal pairs. Undoubtedly Panoan languages and in Chama (Tacanan)
sound variation, or fluctuation (did we with the voiced stops, which may be

8 For a clearer picture of the range of behavior

of the fluctuations, see M. R. Key, "Phonemic 9 Esteban
Erize, Diccionario comentado:
Pattern and Phoneme Fluctuation in Bolivian Mapuche-Espanol: Araucano, Pehuenche, Pampa,
Chama (Tacanan)," La Linguistique 2 (1968): Picunche, Ranciilche, Huilliche (Buenos Aires:
35-48; "La fluctuaci6n de fonemas en la teoria Editorial Yepun, Bahia Blanca, 1960).
fonologica," Signos: Estudios de Lengua y 10 C. F. Hockett, "The Reconstruction of Proto
Literatura 9, no. 1 (1976): 137-43; and Compara- Central Pacific," Anthropological Linguistics 18,
tive Tacanan Phonology (n. 5 above). no. 5 (1976): 187-235, esp. 189-90.
NO. 4 ARAUCANIAN
GENETIC
RELATIONSHIPS 283

actualized as nasals or stops: mb, b, m; 1.3. The topography of Chile is not

and nd, d, n. conducive to easy communication between
The vast and inhospitable desert
1.2. There are some common mor- peoples.
in the north and the cold heights of the
phemes in Mapuche which occur in the Andes
discourage travel. So one is all the
Tacanan, Panoan, and Fuegian languages:
more amazed to hear vocabulary items
for example, in the words for such basic
used freely in Chile which are common in
concepts as court, earth/land,people, water Mexico: cancha
(court/game grounds),
(see 5 below). These morphemes are
chicha, poncho, pulque, trapiche, and of
intimately incorporated in stems, words, course the Even more
and compounds. ubiquitous charqui.
intriguing is the number of vocabulary
Basic morphemes in South American
items which are similar to the Aztec lan-
languages appear to have a one-syllable
guage, with which I had worked pre-
shape." Two or more of the one-syllable
viously.12 Compare the following Aztec
morphemes make up stems. The order of words with the
the basic morphemes may be changed in corresponding vocabulary
in 5: kWaligood, i-may hand, kaki hear,
the historical development; indeed, meta-
kali house, amo negative, -ti nominalizer,
thesis often occurs on the morphological
koci sleep, kwowit tree, siwat woman.
level. This creates hazards. While it is true
Araucanian has also been suggested to
that some "cognates" in the dictionary of
have an affinity with the Mayan lan-
forms (5 below) may be mere coincidences,
it is also true that many more cognates may guages.13
not have been identified because of the
2. There is fairly general agreement on
metathesis and distribution of one-syllable
Mapuche phonemes in the recent analyses
morphemes. Possible examples of meta-
published, as well as my own field notes.14
thesis are found in the words for chili
Mapuche is noteworthy for its number of
pepper, mat, snake, and sky. A stem made
up of two one-syllable morphemes may be 12 M. R.
identified with different cognates. For Key and Harold Key, Vocabulario
trekan Mejicano de la Sierra (Mexico, 1953).
example, Mapuche walk appears to 13 A lexical list of eighty-fivepossible cognates
correspond with Proto-Tacanan *ase- and is presentedin Louisa R. Stark,"MayanAffinities
Selknam cee, on the one hand, and with with Araucanian,"Papersfrom the Sixth Regional
Mosetene inkai, Cavineiia (Tacanan) kWa-, Meeting,ChicagoLinguisticSociety(1970): 57-69.
and Amahuaca (Panoan) ka- on the other Also see Eric P. Hamp, "On Mayan-Araucanian
hand. ComparativePhonology,"IJAL37(1971):156-59.
14 See Maria Catrileo, "El Mapuche como
11See Key, Groupingof SouthAmericanIndian primera y segunda lengua" (manuscript, 1975);
Languages; M. R. Key and Christos Clairis, Max Sergio Echeverria Weasson, "Descripci6n
"FuegianandCentralSouthAmericanLanguage fonologica del Mapuche actual," Boletin de
Relationships," Proceedingsof the 42d Interna- Filologia 16 (1964): 13-59; M. S. Echeverria
tional Congressof Americanists,Paris, September Weasson and Heles Contreras, "Araucanian
1976 (in press);EugeneEmil Loos, ThePhonology Phonemics," IJAL 31 (1965): 132-35; A. Salas,
ofCapanahuaandIts GrammaticalBasis(Norman: "Los fonemas del mapuOuju: lengua de los
University of Oklahoma, Summer Institute of mapuEeo araucanos de Chile Central" (manu-
Linguistics, 1969); Esther Matteson et al., script, 1974);JorgeA. Suarez,"The Phonemesof
ComparativeStudies in AmerindianLanguages an AraucanianDialect," IJAL25 (1959): 177-81,
(The Hague: Mouton, 1972), pp. 163-66; and and "Review of Descripci6n fonoldgica del
Alva L. Wheeler,"Proto-Chibchan,"in Compara- Mapuche,"IJAL 31 (1965): 284-86; and Golbert
tive Studies in AmerindianLanguages,pp. 96-97. (n. 4 above).
284 INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF AMERICANLINGUISTICS VOL.44

orders, and it is significant that Valdivia, nasals occur in clusters as both the first and
in 1606, recognized the unusual order of the second member of the cluster, with
dental sounds in addition to the alveolar certain structural restrictions which I have
order. It is also noteworthy for its number not yet completely identified. Alveolar r
of nasals. In fact, one early scholar observed and the laterals also occur in clusters. The
that in order to speak Mapuche correctly, high central vowel i acts as a transition
it was necessary to have a cold!l5 For vowel at times, and in fast speech con-
comparative purposes Mapuche phonemes sonant clusters may appear to occur when
could be arrangedas shown in table 1. The this vowel occurs between two consonants.
TABLE 1 It sounds similar to French petit [pti].
Comparison of cognates with the Tacanan
p t k and Panoan families shows reduction of
f 0 t clusters, for example, Mapuche trorli
m n n n i thin and Proto-Tacanan *osori.16
r
1 1 A
w Y y
3. Several investigators have noted the
i i u fluctuation between Mapuche phonemes.
e a o It has been referred to as "sonidos sus-
tituibles," "alternancia," "alternations,"
occurrence of the dental phonemes , n, and "sonidos que se sustituyen."17 Some
and 1 is limited-so much so that it is of the fluctuation is between allophones.
difficult to identify any structural distri- Some of it is a paralinguistic phenomenon,
bution, though patterns may emerge with that is, emotional connotations are implied
a more careful recording of these dental with the substitution of a paralinguistic [s]
articulations, which have sometimes been for the dental fricative 0. I have cited the
recorded as alveolar. The alveopalatal following examples in an article on
consonants ii and A,velar g, and semivowel fluctuation: 18 t, wenle - wente on top
y also have limitations which are difficult of; t c, fita - fica husband; 1 11,
to distinguish between rare occurrence and kolog ~ kolloq mask; rolife ~ iollife
structural distribution. Semivowel w does drunk; m ~ g, mollin - gollin drunk;
not occur before back vowels. All of the Molue - 1Noluce (proper noun); n - n,
other consonants occur freely in initial mawip ~ mawin rain. The vowels also
position before all vowels. In medial posi- show instances of fluctuation: i i-,
tion alveolar t does not occur often. Stops pofi pofii potato; e - i, kore ~ kori
and tr and c never occur in final position. soup; u - i, mupi ~ mipifeather; leufu ~
Fricatives f and 0 occur rarely in final leufi river; u - o, cau - cao father;
position. Nasals occur finally in verb 16 See
suffixes, producing many instances of final Key, Grouping of South American Indian
Languages for furtherdiscussion of the Mapuche
nasals, though final nasals are rare in other
phonological system.
morphemes. Among nasals there are some 17 See Erize, p. 13; Salas, "Los fonemas del
structural limitations, for example, velar mapuOurju";Suarez, "Phonemes of an Arauca-
nasals never occur following front vowels. nian Dialect," p. 180; and Felix Jos6 de Augusta,
Diccionario Araucano-Espaiol y Espaiol-Arau-
Mapuche has medial consonant clusters. cano
(1915; reprint ed., Padre Las Casas: "San
Fricatives f and 0 occur preceding k. All
Francisco," 1966), p. xvi.
18 See Key, "La fluctuaci6n de fonemas en la
16 Quoted in Erize (n. 9 above), p. 22. teoria fonol6gica," pp. 140-42.
 NO.4 GENETIC
ARAUCANIAN RELATIONSHIPS 285

kacu ~ kaco grass; kisu ~ kiso alone. with distant relationships. Much of this
Erize has noted other examples, which are can eventually be explained I believe, by
of interest because of the dialect differences the fluctuation which results from borrow-
in Argentina.19 As with the Tacanan ing from sister languages, which apparently
languages (see 1.1 above), many of these occurs in the Tacanan languages. For the
phoneme alternations also occur in the purposes of this article, then, I will present
cognate sets, with the implication that they correspondences which are evidenced from
involve correspondences. a substantial number of illustrations. In
other cases, I will suggest a variety of
4. The following list provides a start possibilities to be dealt with as the com-
toward the reconstruction of a large group parative work is developed. When possible,
of languages which include Tacanan, I give the protoforms of Tacanan and
Panoan, Mosetene, Chon, and Fuegian.20 Panoan which correspond to the Mapuche
This type of presentation is similar to reflex, indicated by the asterisk before the
Suarez's study of Macro-Pano-Tacanan, Tacanan and Panoan illustrations. When
in which he gave evidence of connections this is not possible, I give illustrations
between Panoan, Tacanan, Mosetene, from any of the Tacanan or Panoan
Yuracare, and the Chon languages. For the languages.
present study, I believe it is premature to Stops. Map (Mapuche) p corresponds to
formulate protosounds, because the re- T (Tacanan) p and P (Panoan) p in drink2,
lationship is apparently quite distant. It earth,friend, leaf, mat, narrow,neck, night,
would be like trying to work out proto- small, spend, stairs, stomach, worm, year.
forms for Spanish and Danish. Instead, the Map p corresponds to T b and P p in
Germanic and the Romance languages almost, arm, chief,, chili pepper, day before
should be dealt with first, rather than try- yesterday, find, side, sweep, trash, two,
ing to put single languages together. Other wing.
more closely related languages must be Map t is not found in enough instances
found before protoforms for Mapuche can to be able to suggest a correspondence.
be hypothesized. For now, it is enough to One example shows it to correspond to T d
demonstrate that there are regular corre- and P *c: horn.
spondences. Map t corresponds to T d in spit.
Most of the illustrations are from the Map t corresponds to T t in hip, light,
Tacanan-Panoan languages, but I also poke, sun. Map t corresponds to P d in hip.
refer to other languages.21 The material Map k corresponds to T *k and P *kw
will be presented from the point of view of and *k in arrive, beard, boil2, collarbone,
present-day Mapuche, as given above. My court, damage, eagle, fire, hand, help, knee,
working papers show a great deal of light, liver, nausea2, people2, play, punish,
residue, as can be expected when dealing rib, rooster, sing, sour, spit, spouse-wife,
19
Erize, pp. 13-16. walk, water, wind.
20
See Key, Comparative Tacanan Phonology; Fricatives. Map f usually corresponds to
Shell (n. 7 above); J. A. Suarez, "Moseten and a fricative or semivowel w in T, as in
Pano-Tacanan," Anthropological Linguistics 11, believe, choke, clay, cook, here, now. It
no. 9 (1969): 255-66, and "Macro-Pano-Tacanan,"
IJAL 39 (1973): 137-54; and Key and Clairis (n. corresponds to a stop in T in back, bitter,
11 above). do, hurt, spark. Correspondence in P is
21 For more examples, see the word lists in the more varied, as in the above examples and
works cited in n. 20 above. incline, spouse-husband,suck.
286 INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF AMERICANLINGUISTICS VOL.44

Map 0 corresponds to T *s in darken, ice, loosen, mother2,my, nest, raise, sister-

hunger, mouse, need, ugly. Note that one in-law.
of the reflexes of T *s is [d], the fricative Map ri very often corresponds to T m
voiced counterpart of 0.22 and P m. It occurs in arm, cane, chew,
Map tr corresponds to T t and P t in collarbone, die, head, hunger,invite, owner,
bowed down,joint. Map tr corresponds to pull out.
T t and P fricative in ashes, clay, fire, A Mapuche nasal appears to correspond
squeeze, swell, year. Map tr corresponds to to a sibilant fricative of some kind in
T and P fricative in beard, blanket, cold, Tacanan-Panoan, perhaps T *c. Note
curly, hiccough, hook, obese, sick, sore, examples bowed down, mat, owner, sister-
swell, thin, wet, wrist. in-law, thin.
Map c corresponds to T c in people,, pig, Liquids.Map r often has no correspond-
robber, small, sneeze, when/where/which, ence in the cognate form in T and P, as in
young adult. Other fricatives in T and P back, both, flour, joint, narrow, pant,
occur in chew, diarrhea,fish, grandfather, stairs, worm. It corresponds with Proto-T
hole, intestine, leg, slowly, wash. *r or *r in close, house. It has r corre-
Nasals. Map nasals very often have no spondences in ax, bitter, dig, jealous,
correspondence in the cognate form in T narrow,spouse-wife, stairs, wind.
and P. In some cases, this is due to the Map I corresponds with Proto-T *r in
reduction of consonant cluster, as in large. It has no correspondencein the other
court, curly, head, hip, jealous, man, sky, sets found to date: die, fly, neck.
thin. Map 1 corresponds to both Proto-T *r
Map m corresponds to both T m and and *r in cane, crawl, large, thin.Very often
P m only in flour. Map m corresponds to it has no correspondence. Note that zero
T m in boil1,both, choose, darken,embrace,. is a reflex in Chama of Proto-T *r and *r.
pillow, pluck, rear. Map m corresponds to Examples occur in arm, below, clean,
P m in earth, horn, right. It corresponds to damage, drink2, fingernail, head, hook,
P n in bone marrow, here, swell, when, incline, invite, knee, left, light, loosen, now,
woman. pant, rooster, song, spark, stream, sweep,
Map n occurs in too few examples to tie, tree2. It has a nasal correspondence n
suggest a pattern of correspondence: dawn, in give, hang, ice, leave, meat, pillow, pluck,
night, owner,people2. snake, when.
Map n corresponds to T n and P n in Map A (11) occurs in similar circum-
accept, arrive, court, right, sit, slowly, stances as the other laterals; no pattern is
straw, strong. Other examples are below, obvious. It occurs in fish, help, hen, hip,
hip, man, sky. hurt, intestine, melt, wet.
Map f probably corresponds to T *n Map y corresponds to *T *y in that. The
and P *n. Proto-T has a reflex fi (in semivowels are difficult to handle, of
Chama) which corresponds to Map fi in course, because of their close relationship
corn, loosen, raise. Map fi has alveopalatal to vowels. (The problems of the vowel
correspondences in Mosetene in darken, phonemes and variations were discussed
friend, mother2, my. Map ii occurs in in 1.1 above.) In most cases, there is a
choose, corn, darken,enemy,friend, hunger, correspondence within three general areas:
front, back, and low central. Roughly,
22
See Key, Comparative Tacanan Phonology, this corresponds to the same three areas
p. 35. dominant in the analyses of Tacanan-
NO. 4 ARAUCANIAN
GENETIC
RELATIONSHIPS 287

Panoan and the Fuegian languages, but *T *e-bai. *P *poyami. Selk ma-r.
details have not yet been worked out.23 arrange (arreglar): Map kimeelin. Mose-
tene eiieye. Selk kmoloyen.
5. The entries from older materials are arrive (llegar): Map akun. Mosetene
given with the original orthographies, kafiiti. Chm yeka-; Tac kwina.
such as for Mosetene and some of the ashes (ceniza): Map trufken. Mosetene
Mapuche material. These will have to be chim. Tac e'timo. *P *ci?i-mapo.
regularized eventually as the details of the ax (hacha): Map rupu. *P *roi.
correspondences are refined. For now, it is back (espalda): Map furi. Mosetene merere.
enough to show that there is corre- Tac bisi. Mar pitsi.
spondence. The word lists contain ex- bad [see ugly].
amples from the languages shown in table bark (ladrar): Map waikin. Mosetene
2. uejqui. Chm kwihe-kwihe-. Selk
TABLE 2 wahke.
beard (barba) Map ketre. Mosetene yeti.
Alacaluf *T *kesa. *P *kwini; Cshb kwesa.
Ala Alacaluf believe (creer): Map feyentuin.Cav ehe'ne-.
Chon Selk hen.
Chon Chon
Ona Ona below, under (abajo): Map naelto. *T
Selk Selknam *-ma-. *P *nama. Selk ams/t'el?.
Te Tehuelche bitter (amargo): Map fire. Cav pore.da-ke.
Mapuche Yam bo?a.
Map Mapuche blanket, poncho (frazada): Map pontro.
Mosetene Mosetene musumu/schum. Ona s6-n.
Mosetene
Tacanan blind (ciego): Map trawma. Ama wata?.
*T Proto-Tacanan Selk w?atjko.
Cav Cavinena boat [see canoe].
Chm Chama boil, (furutnculo):Map moy. Mosetene yofi
Huar Huarayo
(goiter [coto]). Cav e'romo (goiter
Rey Reyesano
Tac Tacana [coto]).
Panoan boil2 (hervir): Map waOkimin.Chm okwa-
*P Proto-Panoan okwa-. *P *kobi-.
Ama Amahuaca bone (hueso): Map foro. Mosetene mon-
Chan Chaninahua
Chc Chacobo yin/moinyin (tooth [diente]). Selk hor
Cp Capanahua (tooth [diente]).
Cshb Cashibo bone marrow(medula): Map matra. Mose-
Mar Marinahua tene sasa. Cav etsapona. *P *napo.
SC Shipibo-Conibo both (ambos): Map mir. Tac buse-mabe
Yam Yaminahua
(pair [par]). *P *rabita (two [dos]).
above (arriba): Map weno. Chm ei'a-ho.
bowed down, squat (agachado): Map
accept (aceptar): Map pin. Cav inatsa-. potrolin. Tac todi [from *c]. Cshb
metu-ti.
agent: Map -boe. Cav -pohi; Chm -poxi.
almost (casi): Map epe. Chm bisawanee. brother-in-law(cuiado): Map fillka. Mose-
arm (brazo): Map lipaij; puilpa (Schuller). tene vi.
buck [horse] (corcovear): Map pochriun.
23
See ibid., and Key and Clairis(n. 11 above). Mosetene puechei.
288 INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF AMERICANLINGUISTICS VOL. 44

cane (cania):Map koijilwe. Mosetene giuiii. cut (cortar): Map katr-un.Mosetene pakaii.
Cay mori; Tac moi/boe. *P *'awi. Te *P *?a?ti..
sewerwen. damage (dailoso): Map we0a-lkafe. Chi
canoe (canoa): Map wampo. Mosetene napaka.
kuaba. Rey kuamba - kuampa; Tac darken (oscurecer): Map Oumifi (Erize);
kwaba. tumiii (Pampa). Mosetene tojmaye. Tac
chest (pecho): Map zevo (Schuller). Mose- deme-deme.
tene efe. Chi e-se(?)o; Tac e-cedo. dawn (amanecer): Map wYni. Mosetene
chew (mascar): Map Caijafin. Mosetene naijoi/ mayei. Cay weka'ka-. Ama wari
kacham. Selk cahmke. kai.
chief, (cacique): Map apo. Chi ebi6tii. day before yesterday (anteayer): Map epie.
Ama ha.y6wa.; Mar ndiepu. Cav tibene.
chief2 (cacique): Map logko (also head diarrhea(diarrea): Map kaici!.Chi sesee-;
[cabeza]). Tac ekwai. Selk k6nkenen. Tac dene. Ama 'iso. Selk p'eas'nje.
chilipepper (aji): Map trapi. Mosetene taa. die (morir): Map laij. Tac mano-i-ceno.
*T *bico. *P *mawa-; Ama na?a. Ala xa'nana.
choke, drown (ahogar): Map Yrfin. *T Selk j'an; Te xa'm-.
*widi-. dig (escarbar): Map rhjan. Mosetene fran-
choose (escoger): Map iiimitun. *T *mepe-. daqui. Cay po'ro-; Tac bere.
clay (barro): Map fotra. Mosetene buchai. do, make (hacer): Map feminn.Mosetene
Tac rutu. Cshb 'ua. Ala tsafis. hentac/hemtaqui. Chi poa-.
clean (limpiar): Map lipYmin.Cay po'pi-. dog (perro): Map trewa. Mosetene acho.
close (cerrar): Map rakimn. *T *teri. Te Tac o'i. Cshb ?oCiti.
qas-ter. drink1 (beber): Map chiche (Schuller)
cold (frio): Map witre. Mosetene jetis. Chi (fermented drink [chicha]). Mosetene
kea?-we?. *P *ma0i. cheebafi. *T *i'i-; Rey ei'i; Tac eidi. *P
collarbone (clavicula): Map IlaiUka-foro. *S'Y?a-.Ala tse'fas. Ona ce-ten; Selk sjn.
Cay yara'ka-ka; Chi ema'axa. Ama drink2 (fermented drink) (chicha): Map
poko san-I pYxakai(shoulder [hombro]). pil-ku. Cay to'pari; Huar ep6i. Ama
cook (cocinar): Map afimin. *T *Sina-; tok6..
Chi hifia-. eagle (d'guila):Map kokorifi. Tac tekinai.
corn (maiz, espiga): Map wa; focaii Selk k6a'rj.
(espiga de maiz). Mosetene vech (espiga earring (arete): Map cawai. Mosetene
de maiz). Chi kwiiia (mazorca). choofives. Chm s'axaba(?)ewanaxi;Tac
court(cancha): Map gueli-uanka (Schuller). saporo.
Tac taraka. Ama konto. (cerco); SC ne- earth, land (tierra): Map iapu. Chm
raka (patio). wasapa (clay [barro]). *P *iai/*iawi;
cover (cubrir): Map ekullin. Mosetene *P *iapoka (clay [barro]).Ala papi.
komoji. Chi dokoka-. Selk -k6o- embrace (abrazar): Map iavul. Tac
/k'oxe. iaiami. Selk &ince.
crawl (gatear): Map winolin. *T *rero-; enemy (enemigo): Map kaiiie. Tac mahai.
Cay reme-; Tac rero. Ama mnso-. Ama hama-w6?.
crazy (loco): Map touku (Schuller). Mose- enter (entrar): Map konun.Chi dopikikwi
tene toot. Selk tol a?qe. dobikikwi; Tac nobi. Selk honiken.
curly (crespo): Map trintri. Cav Sidi-Sidi; extinguish (apagar): Map CoVUlmin. Chi
Tac Eika-&ika.Cshb C'uri-curia. &'yo-. *P *noka-.
 NO. 4 ARAUCANIAN GENETICRELATIONSHIPS 289

fall (caer): Map tranin. Mosetene ochai. hand (mano): Map ku-wL. Mosetene uii.
Chi 'haabic'aki'ani.Cshb nipak&-ti. *T *e-me; Cay emetoko. *P *m?ji/
find (encontrar): Map pen. Mosetene *mikin!; Ama mokS*.
rijbiti. Chi ba-. Ama ranan-. hang (colgar): Map piltrilin. Mosetene
fingernail (ufia): Map wili (Schuller). Chi titzo. Cav Sora. Ama rono.?P/rontan-.
eme-ki'i; Tac eme-tidi. Selk t'am (clavado).
fire (fuego): Map kitral. *T *kati (firewood head (cabeza): Map loiUko.Mosetene oiio.
[lekia]); Chi kwaki; Tac kwati. *P *T *e-iyo-xa. Cshb maskai.Cf. chief2.
*Ci?i; *ka[a]ro (firewood [lefla]). Selk hear (o(r): Cav baka-. *P *kwa?i; Mar
xahwq'n/jaukamk'n. ndikaiki.
fish (pez): Map 'allwa. *P *sani/*wami. heart (coraz6n): Map piwke. *P *ojti.
flour (harina): Map mirke (toasted [harina help (ayudar): Map kelluij. Ama ?akin-.
tostado]). Cay e'miwe (manioc [man- Ala a'l-aq-su. Selk q'os.
dioca]). Ama moto?. hen (gallina): Map acawall. Mosetene
fly (mosca): Map pipi. Mosetene miii. *P ataua/atavua. Chi waipa - wa?ipa;
*bii; Ama wi; Mar fi. Selk te?-l. Rey walipa; Tac waripa. Ala aqa'waqa/
forest (bosque): Map lemu. Mosetene yemaqa'yY-sqa.Selk shakhel.
dereye. here (aqui): Map faofmamo. Mosetene
friend (amigo): Map weni/peiii. Mosetene moye/oya. Cay re'waho. Ama non6?.
penye. *T *e-pere.xi. Selk hop'nen/ Ala xa'noqus. Selk na?/nahjj/ naim.
yoopen. hiccough (hipo): Map witrorin. *T *codo-.
fruit (fruta): Map fin. Chi no(?)i. *P *01ko-.Ala t'alaks. Selk 'S'kerte.
give (dar): Map wilin. *P *?in4; Chan hip (cadera): Map wentelli. Cay e'ti-ma.
biriwi. Ama &inkd.-/Cis6?.
go (ir): Map amun. Mosetene umbafi. *T hole (agujero): Map wecoO. Mosetene to.
*po-ti. Ama wo-. Ama sowi. Ona t6qo.
good (bueno): Map kimey. Mosetene hem. hook, fork (gancho): Map piltruwe. Mose-
Selk -?e'-;Te k'e't'. tene vecsis. *T *cewe.
grandchild(nieto): Map EuCu.*T *yoceka-; horn (cuerno): Map mita. Mosetene dacha.
Cay yotsekwa-ke; Chi osekwa; Tac Chi e'i(?)ana; Tac edaina. *P *m46a;
otsekwa. Mar yadwasinda.Ala 'aqtor.
grandfather (abuelo): Map C'e'e (de la house (casa): Map ruka/nIkal (Erize).
madre). Chc ca?ita; Cshb &iici(grand- Mosetene aka. *T *e-tare; Chi e'ki?.
mother [abuelal). Ama hatIP/tapa.s. Ala at/ata. Selk ka-
grandmother (abuela): Map kuku. Selk wj/kaw.
h6-n/hoon. hunger (hambre): Map ijiiiin/ataOuamlen.
grind, (moler): Map riijimin. Cay e'ri-; Tac edemadno.Ama ko'ma? na'i; Yam
taru (batir). *P *rtni; Yam ntni-ti. wonl-i-?i. Selk qar hajne/karayne.
grind2 (moler): Map tranantrapiwe (trap- hunt (cazar): Map witrutun inim (with
iche, sugarcane mill); trafimalen (crush). onda). Cshb fiuubari-ti.
Mosetene kach. T Cav, Tac tarapi'i; hurt (lastimar): Map allfin. Mosetene
Chi taxa-. *P *Caka-;cano-. arere/are. Tac piro.
growl (gruitir): Map kolkolin. Ala qolq'- ice (hielo): Map traljlifi.Tac biname.
wonaq. imitate (iM'itar):Map inawentun. Mosetene
hammock (hamaca): Map chichue. Tac iiuiiacsi.Tac inimiake. Selk mna/naj'.
cabe. incline (inclinar): Map trifilin. Ama poso-.
290 INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF AMERICANLINGUISTICS VOL. 44

intestine (initestino):Map kYllEe.Mosetene mother, (mamd): Map EuEu (maternal

vojco. Cay e-sere; Chi see. Cf. stomach. grandmother); C'e'e (paternal grand-
invite(invitar): Map maijelin.Ama ?oman-. mother). Ala ts'etsap.
jaw (mandibula): Map traIa-tra9ja. Cay mother2 (mama): Map iiuke. Mosetene
yama-ka; Chi esemo-sa; Tac e;iabi. floflo.
jealous (celoso): Map rimpelin. Chi kia- Moluche [Indians]:Map Mulu'e -r Moluce
?ea; Tac reha. Selk s-nor'. - Nulu'e (gente del oeste).
joint (coyuntura): Map traroimuni-foro. mouse (rato'n):Map Oewi.Chi bawiCo -?
Cay etipo-; Tac etiada-. Ama taska? dawi'o; Huar dawi'o; Rey dite.
(branchof river). mushroom (hongo): Map lutue (Schuller).
kiss (besar): Map truy'in. Mosetene puete. Chi doo.
Cay dyawa. Ala tsaf'tsa-na. Selk cet'e. my (mi): Map iii. Mosetene ieyes. Ama
knee (rodilla): Map luku. Huar ek6io. ?ona'?(mio).
large (grande): Map alilu. Mosetene der. narrow (angosto): Map pi'i-rupai. Mose-
*T *ari-da. tene der. Tac opa?ai-Eidi.Cshb parusa;
leaf(hoja): Map tapil. *P *pl*i. Selk q'e Mar pasini.
learn (aprender): Map kimin. Cay ka- nausea, (asco): Map mnin. Mosetene iffiffi.
ba'bi-tya'ti-. nausea2 (asco): Map ikaipue. Mosetene
leave (dejar): Map elmn.Cshb en-ti. equei/ecoy. Chi kea-kwaha. Ama
left (izquierda):Map wele (wesa evil). Ama komota.s.
pokPiri?. neck (cuello): Map pel. *T *e-piti. Ama
leg (pierna): Map CaaJ.Cay e-'tsa-ka; Tac tos'pi?.Selk othel.
eta. need (necesitar): Map Ouaiyen. Mosetene
light (luz): Map katila (Schuller). Tac emofie. Cay sare; Tac tsa.
kaitera. nest (nido): Map Oaiie. Cay eha; Chi
lion (le6n): Map palji. *T *iba (jaguar). xani; Tac esahi. *P *na?a.
lip (labio): Map mellfiwiYn.Cshb kwibi. night (noche): Map pui. Mosetene yomoy.
liver (higado): Map que. *T *e.taka. *P Cay apo-na- (nightfall); Rey apo-me;
*takwa.Selk qaW?jj. Tac apo-daso (dark).
loosen (aflojar): Map mifialin. Cav ina- nominalizer:Ama -ti?.
haka-; Chi iiiawixio-; Tac tonati. Selk now (ahora): Map f6ula. Tac hiabe. Cshb
?ajmn. bdri.
lymphgland (incordio): Map kodiii (Erize). obese (gordo): Map iotrin. Mosetene
Mosetene quichifi. Tac sanadi. choi/choye. *T *e-ce4fi. *P *Skni.Selk
Madidi River: Cay Nahihi; Tac Madidi. otie.
man (hombre):Map wentru.Mosetene soiii. outside (afuera): Map wekun. *T *eceke
Huar e'ohi. *P *[h]oni. Selk conn/?onn. (doorway).
mat (estera): Map iyiren-pinu. Mosetene owner (duelfo):Map ueUe.*T *-meei.
sepina. Cav hopi; Chi xepi; Tac aipe. pant (jadear): Map chrulir. Cay tseQ?)o-.
*P *pis'ifn/mV]. people, (gente): Map 'e. Mosetene ioint-
meat (carne): Map ilo. Cay e'rami; Chi chi. Chi acewiso.
noe. *P *naii. Ala yepar. Selk jepr. people2(gente): Map kona (servant,soldier).
melt (derretir): Map iliwiinin. Cay u'ri-. Cp n6kY; Cshb 6ni; Mar yora. Te
Te in&. kdna.
mix (mezclar): Map trapuminn.Mosetene pig (puerco): Map kuchi (Schuller). Cav
cafofi. ko'i; Chi kwe6i; Tac ko'i.
NO. 4 ARAUCANIAN GENETICRELATIONSHIPS 291

pillow (almohada): Map metril. Cav iyoki- sing (cantar): Map il-katfin. Huar akani.
yoki; Tac ecoa-pawahi/ematina. Ama Ala yeq'tal.
pas-koroso. sister-in-law (cufiada): Map iia0u. Mose-
play (jugar): Map aukantun. Ama moka.-. tene fom. Chm S'ana; Tac daosane
pluck (desplumar): Map lawimin. Chi (from *c). Selk nam-qg.
difie-; Tac ina-motso. Selk ?76lme/?elm. sit (sentar): Map anin. *T *ani-.
poke (stir) the fire (atizar): Map maOon- sky (cielo): Map wenu. Cay ba'repa;
tukun. Chi kos'o-; Tac toro. eba'rokwe (al cielo); Tac boepa. *P
pull out (arrancar): Map 1]eOi'n.Mosetene *naipa; Ama naP'.
choy. Tac motso-. Ama moga-/tzso.I sleep (dormir): Mosetene cochi; cochiyes
tosa-. Selk so/ahce. (bed). *P *?o'Sa-.
punish(castigar): Map kewan. Chi kwea-. slowly (despacio): Map no'i. Chm -sono
Selk ueyakan.
rain (Iluvia):Map mawin - mawin. Mose- small (chico): Map piEi. Mosetene itchan-
tene aiiei. Cay ne(?)i; Chi ena; Tac nai. guit/batsi. Chi kea-Ei(?)a; Huar -sisi;
*P *?oi; Cshb ?ofie. Tac wai-c'idi. *P *pi[s]t[i]a. Selk -t'e-.
raise (levantar): Map witraii-. Mosetene smoke (humo): Map pitrun. Mosetene iza.
cheeme. Cay wesa-/netitsora-; Chi Chi wi'caca.
ania-; Tac tsewa/hemitsoa. Ama woni-. snake (culebra): Map filo. Cay riri-; Chi
rear (criar): Map tremumin. Mosetene peeyo; Huar sa?6na. *P *rono; Chan
metiyes (criada). Cay temo'a; Chi hirodo; Chc hinirono.
tiimee-. Selk inamnen. sneeze (estornudar):Map e&iwIn.Mosetene
reed (junco): Map chrapal. Mosetene tapi. achicqui. Cay ha'i-; Chi ati/a6i-; Tac
Selk ta7jj6w. tidio. Cshb ?afis'anki-fi.
rib (costilla): Map ka0i. Cay epere-'katse. song (canci6n): Map ii. Cay he'ro-. Ala
right (derecha): Map man. Chi eibia'nei; yeq'tal (sing). Selk jewej (sing).
Tac bai eni-. *P *mTkIny. sore (ilaga): Map piteu. Mosetene chiriri.
ripe (maduro): Map afin. Mosetene puisi. Chm 6ihi; Tac c;adi. Ama Cawa*.Selk
Tac epohaha. Ce.
robber(ladr6n):Map chugui-boe (Schuller). sour (agrio): Map kotri. Cay hako.
Mosetene cho-cho-antchi/chio-chio-ant- spark (chispear): Map alofin. Chi tao-
chi. Cav Eiri-'pohi; Chi sii-poxi; Tac poa-.
tsi-pohi (from *C') spend (gastar): Map apumin. Chi oepoa-.
rooster (gallo): Map alka. Cay ta'kore; spit (escupir): Map tofkitun. Cav e-kwedi
Tac kakaraka. (saliva); Chi kwi'o (saliva); Tac kitoa.
say (decir): Map fei-pin. Mosetene yii. Ala Cshb tus'uka-ti.
ye'qwa. Selk je-r. spouse (wife) (esposa): Map kure. Chan
scale (fish) (escama): Map trawa-6allwa. kiro.
Selk -sa-. spouse (husband) (esposo): Map ffta.
shout (gritar): Map wirarin. Mosetene Mosetene uentchi. *P *?awini; Chc
guarasii. Selk wa'jer. binT;Cshb bini.
sick (enfermo):. Map kutran. Mosetene squeeze(apretar): Map kifln. Cay tisi-; Tac
senyeye/quetinye. Cay ad5a-; Tac &iki. tetsi (grind [moler]). Ama cia-; Chc
Yam isini-. Selk kwakjth&. nitsi-. Selk -ce-.
side (lado): Map kiiie-pile. *T *pexe; Tac stairs (escalera): Map pira-pira-we. Cay
bopehe; boawaso. 'poro. Yam pai-ti.
292 INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF AMERICANLINGUISTICS VOL. 44

star (estrella): Map warjI~en. Mosetene tree2 (airbol): Map alyquen (Schuller). *T
onita. Rey bwainavi.Selk telu. *aki; *ka-ti (firewood); Chi akwi.
sternum (esternon): Map riucu-voro. Selk two (dos): Map epu. Mosetene pana. Tac
q'ejt'/ke'ith. ebo-tse. Cshb rabd; Mar rapi.
stomach (esto'mago):Map pftra. Mosetene ugly (feo): Map wesa-aO; weGa (bad).
vojco. Chi see (intestine); Tac etsama Mosetene acbi chiuch. Cav asika-ni;
(intestine). *P *poko; Chc tak'pipLAla Chi keatai; Rey eiasaj; Tac emadati.
qa'tson. Cf. intestine. Yam c'i?a. Ala a'sar.
straw (paja): Map pino. Mosetene tafii (la walk (caminar): Map trekan. Mosetene
espiga de paja). *T *'noca; Chi tana. inkai. *T *aSe-; Cay kwa- (to go). *P
Chan pjSi. *ba?i; Ama wa?i?/ka- (to go). Selk cee-.
stream (corriente, arroyo): Map witeul-ko. wash (lavar): Map ki'Eat'in. Mosetene
Tac ena-baki. Ama pax-k6; Chc pal. chiac-chiac/chicofi. Cay otsa-; Chi
strong (fuerte): Map newen. Mosetene fer. sakwa-. *P *Eoka-; *pa?oa-.Ala aq'was/
Rey eponeti. Cshb iia's'i. tsa'tsawqwas. Selk ?cce?; Te c"apx
suck (chupar): Map ifin. Mar bi'i'i. wasp (avispa): Map piotokifi. Mosetene
sun (sol): Map anti. Mosetene tsuii/icuii. tchiv. *T *birfa.Ama wina; Chc bina.
*T *iCeti. *P *nYitY (day). Te s-e'wen. Selk p6oh'san.
sweep (barrer): Map lepY-ti'n. Cay ha'bo-; water (agua): Map ko. Mosetene ogiii. Cay
e-bo'bo-ki (broom). epokotana- (swamp); Chm &ixoko
sweet (dulce): Map koc'L.Mosetene kava- (swamp). Ama wako?-ma'?;Wariapano
qui. Selk ma-c'. ompasko. Ala 'qtsula. Ona choon/con;
swell (hinchar): Map mochrin. Mosetene Selk c6hwn.
chobbi/chiojbi. Cay totso-; Chm s'exe-; wet, dampen (mojar): Map killteafkilen.
Tac sehe. Ama nowaP-; Mar s6ika. Mosetene saia. Chm s'epa-; kea-coe;
talk (hablar): Map Ouij(in; (Schuller) Tac tsabi-. *P *m!?C'a;Chc Caa'a; Mar
dimgue. Mosetene mik/mimi. *T *mimi-. mbitsanda. Ala 'tsaisna.
tame (manso): Map ijom. *P *?ina.ka. when (cuando): Map iumnil.Mosetene
tear (ldgrima): Map kille. Chi ekoxana; onye/onyechuc. Chi ace-sono. Chc
Tac tuiaan.Selk -k'a?. hinino.
that (ese, aquel): Map iye. Mosetene mo. where (donde): Map C'eo.Cay eho; Chi
Cay yome; Tac hi'o. Cshb uu. aceho.
there(alld): Map ayemeu. Mosetene move/ which (cual): Map tu&'.Mosetene chinea?.
mive. Selk mah/aymohte. Chi ace?.
thin (delgado): Map tro,3li. Mosetene coom/ wind (viento): Map kirYf. Cay tiri'ti-
coin. *T *o's'ori;Chi es'iwiyo.Chc o'o. (storm, thunder); Rey etirida. Mar
Selk ce?wel. tiriki.
tie (amarrar): Map trapelin.Mosetene sap. wing (ala): Map iupi - mipi. Mosetene
*P *nYs~a.Selk at-?e. pava. Cay yaha'para; Tac enabai. Mar
to, toward (a): Map meu. Mosetene -ye. pita.
Tac -be. woman(mujer):Map Oomo.Chi ewa'nasi.
trash (basura): Map poO.Mosetene patsai. Ama sano?; Chc yo'a; Yam s6bdb-ya/
Chm S'abo;Tac bobo. Ama maco*p6ta*. S'iwi-ya.
tree, (dirbol):Map huichru (calden, a kind womb (vientre): Map pue. Ama puwi..
of tree). Ama hii; Chc hiwi. Ona worm(gusano): Map piru. Chi ki'ipi. Selk
winshi. tapellin.
NO. 4 GENETIC
ARAUCANIAN RELATIONSHIPS 293

wrist (muneca): Map troi-kuwi. Cav tsoro. Chan t6oi. Ala tal/t'al/t'al. Ona tor/
Ama motor6s. tol;24 Selk t'oh-l.
year (aio): Map tripantu. Cav -tere-. Ama young adult (joven): Map wece-wentru.Cav
tiwarixfti; Chc sinipa. ewe(?)e'bari;Chm ewacakoxi/e'so?i.*P
yellow (amarillo): Map co0/chos/chod. *sotako.2
24 See Antonio Tonelli, Grammaticae glossario "Premiereapproche du Qawasqar:identification
della lingua degli Ona-Selknamdella Terra del et phonologie," La Linguistique1 (1977); M. R.
Fuoco, Contributi scientifici delle Missioni Key, "PhonemeFluctuationand MinimalPairs,"
Salesiane del Venerabile Don Bosco, vol. 3 in a Festschrift for Andre Martinet (Paris, in
(Turin, 1926). press); M. R. Key and Harold Key, Bolivian
25 In addition to the materials cited above, I Indian Tribes: Classification, Bibliography,and
have used the following items: Andre-Marcel Map of PresentLanguage Distribution(Hunting-
d'Ans, Lexico Yaminahua(Pano), Documento de ton Beach, Calif.: Summer Institute of Lin-
Trabajo no. 1 (San Marcos: Universidad guistics, 1967); Diana R. Christian, Comparative
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