Chapter 1

Historical Development of Policing

LESSON 1

Objective: At the end of the topic the student shall be able to define the origin of the word
police and understand the definition of terms.

Developments during the middle ages to the modern period

The term "Police" was derived from the Roman word Politia, Which means condition of a
state, government, and administration. Politia originated from the Greek word "Politeia" which
means government, citizenship, or the entire activity of a "polis", a city. The French changed the
word tom"Police" and used it to those authorized people who actually enforce the law. The
American borrowed the word from the French and used it to describe a law enforcement
officer.

Police

- refers to a duly constituted body of people empowered by the state to enforce the law,
protect people's property and neutralized social disorder.

Term associated with Police

 Cop
 Copper
 Patrol is a French word "patrouiller" means to go through the puddles which means to
go over an area and clean up the mess or social disorder.
Historical Background of Police
Ancient Babylon (200 B. C.)
 earliest record of organized police
 report on a clay tablet notifying the superior of a Babylonian officer that he had
proceeded to a man's house as ordered and arrested the person, took his fingerprint
and controlled his liberty and properties.
Ancient Egypt (27 B.C-14 A.D.)
 "Medjay" was the early Egyptian organized police officers not members of military.
 Composed of civilian but headed by military
Ancient Rome (27 B.C - 14 A.D.)
 Augustus, the first emperor to form the "Vigiles"
 "Vigiles" means a purposeful or watchful staying awake; keep peace and fight fires.
 armed with staves or a thin wood or metal which its edged is being shaped sharply.
Middle Ages (5th Century - 1350 A. D.)
  "Frankpledge" ( peace pledge) is a mutual protection system joint suretyship.
 under the system, the community was divided into thithings or group of 10 men, each
member was responsible for the conduct for the other members of his group.
 all men over 12 years of age were joined
 leader known as the Chief-pledge or thithingman
Concept of Brother's keepers
-if any of the members violates the law, all members are responsible for his arrest and
bring the person to authorities.
England in United Kingdom or U.K
 England wad divided into "shires or countries"
 Each shire was headed by a "Reeve" appointed by the king and reports directly to him
in the enforcement of law and order.
 Reeve was vested with law and order.
 Reeve was vested with law enforcement powers.
 Reeve was later known as "Sheriff" or the highest rank among law enforcers.
 Special feature of this policing system is dividing each shire or country into hundred
households headed by a Hundredman, later called High Constable.
 then further broken down into thithings (ten families) headed by chief thithingman later
changed to constable.
 Watchman policing system job is to patrol the town as night as a watchman later, they
were employed to call out the time and weather on the hour.
 they introduced the policing system of "Hue and Cry".
 Hue and Cry: when a person commits a crime, or escapes from prison and was detected,
the alarm (horn) will be sounded; others who heard the alarm will cry loud and together
will arrest the person.
 King Richard I issued proclamation entitled "keepers of the peace in 1195.
 calls appointment of knights to keep the king's peace.
 Knights: defenders of territory; guards all entrances, gates, and brigdes and check all
people who enters or leaves the town.
 By virtue of Watch and War Act in England 1285.
 patrol was done in marching watches for the prime purposes of watching the walled
gate of town from sunrise to sunset..
 each district or hundred would be held responsible for unsolved crimes.
 King Charles II employed 100 night watchmen or Bellmen all over London 1663.
 known as a "Charlies" made named after King Charles II.
 most members were old and decrepit; coward, dishonest, and looking for extra source
of income; sometimes works for criminal as look out or do criminal job themselves.
 as a result, Londoners branded charlies as "shiver and shake"
 due to charlies ineffectiveness, many businessmen hired their own watchmen known as
"Merchant Police"
 established in 16th century to protect and guard merchant and shopkeepers.
What happened in 1748?
 Henry Fielding became the London's chief magistrate
 organized night courts for working people.
 hired six 6 constables of high integrity and placed them under his leadership
 Fielding organized the "Bow Street Runners" or "Thief Takers".
 established the "robin redbreast - Bow Street Horse patrol whose members wore scarlet
or red waistcoat as uniform, and they patrol main roads leading to London.
What happened in 1829?
 the birth of "Modern Police" or new police happened.
 Sir Robert Peel became home secretary (equivalent to DILG Sec.) of England.
  known as Father of Modern Policing System.
 he introduced the first act in the parliament
 By Sept. 1829, first real uniformed Municipal Police Department was born.
 were known as "Peelers".
 they wore blue coat and blue trousers in the winter
 wore white in summer and black top hat.
 coat had single row of bright white buttons down the front and military type of belt
with large brass buckle.
 carry a wooden rattle used to call for help and truncheon for self defense.
France
 during the 16th century, Paris had two (2) organized patrols:
1. Citizen Night Guard
2. Royal Guard
 French police motto: "He watches that they may sleep"
 Responsible for conceiving street signs, house numbers, street lighting, emergency
rescue services, and the system of police ambulance.
 Established children hospital, schools for the poor and finding work for the unemployed.
 By 1771, the position of officer " officer de paix" was formed.
 took its origin from the rank of military.
 Only officer wore uniform
 For non- officer, were given warrant card to distinguish from military
 Warrant card empowers policeman to arrest; loyalty oath and identification card
 Louis Mari Debellyme was appointed prefect of COP of Paris Police in 1828
 Wore tall cocked hats and blue uniforms
 Weapon: canes during daytime and sabers (sword) at night.
United States of America
 Followed the policing system of England
 Northern US used the "watch" or "constable system"
 Southern US used sheriff system
 Boston Masachusetts formed the night watch in 1636.
 New York formed the "ratelwatch" or "ralle watch"
 1844, New York organized the first modern American Police force based on the Peelian
System in England
 Enforcement of laws thru: pose comitatus (power to summon assistance in enforcing
law) used wanted poster and bounty hunters
 By 1920, New York police used automobile patrol and radio communications
 Philadelphia set up system that obliged citizens to serve as a watchmen known as
leadermen because they wore varnished leader heads or hats
 In 1883, Philadelphia put up the first daytime paid police services
 Patrol in pairs at night
 Promotion made from within ranks and not by outside political promotion
Brief History Of The Philippine Policing System
The institution of police in the Philippines formally started during the Spanish period. The
establishment of the police force was not entirely intended for crime prevention nor
peacekeeping. Rather, it was created as an extension of the colonial military establishment.
Ancient Roots
The forerunner of the contemporary police system was the practice of barangay chieftains to
select able-bodied young men to protect their barangay during the night and were not required
to work in the fields during day time. Among the duties of those selected were to protect the
properties of the people in the barangay and protect their cops and livestock from wild animals.
Spanish Period
Carabineros De Seguridad Publica
-organized in 1712 for the purpose of carrying the regualtions of the Department of
state; this was armed and considered as the mounted police; years after, this kind of police
organization discharged the duties of a port, harbor and river police.
Guardrilleros /Cuardillo
-this was a body of rural police organized in each town and established by the Royal Decree
of 18 January 1836; this decree provided 5% of the able-bodied male inhabitants of each
province were to be enlisted in this police organization for three years
Guarda Civil
-this was created by a Royal Decree issued by the Crown on 12 February 1852 to partially
relieve the Spanish Peninsular troops of their work in policing towns; it consisted of a body of
Filipino policemen organized originally in each of the provincial capitals of the central provinces
of luzon under the Alcalde Mayor.
Amreican Period
- the Amreicans established the United States Philippine Commission headed by General
Howard Taft as its first governor-general. On January 9, 1901, the Metropolitan Police Force of
Manila was organized pursuant to Act No. 70 of the Taft Commission. This has become the basis
for the celebration of the anniversary of the Manila's Finest every Januray 9th.
Law Enforcement Agency
-pertains to an organization responsible for enforcing the laws

Enforcement

-means to compel obedience to a law, regulation or command

Organization

-a group of person working together for common goal or objectives

-a form of human association for the attainment of a goal or objective

-the process of identifying and grouping the work to be performed, defining and delegating
responsibility and authority, establishing relationships for the purpose of enabling people
work effectively.

Police Organization

-a group of trained personnel in the field of public safety administration engaged in the
achievement of goals and objectives that promotes the maintenance of peace and order,
protection of life and property, enforcement of the laws and the prevention of crimes.
Objectives

- refers to the purpose by which the organization was created

-refers to the goals of the organization.

PNP Mission

"To enforce the law, to prevent and control crimes, to maintain peace and order, and to ensure
public safety and internal security with the active support of the community."

Administration

- an organizational process concerned with the implementation of objectives and plans and
internal operating efficiency.

Connotes bureaucratic structure and behavior, relatively routine decision-making and

Police

- a branch of the criminal justice system that has the specific responsibility of maintaining law
and order and combating crime within the society.

Police/Law Enforcement Administration

-the process involved in ensuring strict compliance, proper obedience of laws and related
statues.

-focuses on the policing process or how law enforcement agencies are organized and managed
in order to achieve the goals of law enforcement most effectively, efficiently and productively.

Supervision

- means the act of watching over the word or task of the members of the organization to
ensure that desired results are achieved.

Management

- the process of directing and facilitating the work of people organized in formal groups in order
to achieve objectives.

-judicious or wise use of resources (manpower, material, money,equipment, supplies,time etc.)

Authority
 - the right to command and control the behavior of employees in lower positions within an
organizational hierarchy

- must be viewed in terms of prescribed roles rather than of individuals a particular position
within an organization carries the same regardless of who occupies that position.

Hierarchy

-represents the formal relationship among superiors and subordinates in any given
organization

-serves as the framework for the flow of authority downward, and obedience upward, through
the department.

Management of Administration Function

1. Planning

-the determination in advance of how the objectives of the organization will be attained

-the process of setting performance objectives and identifying the actions needed to
accomplish them

-working out in broad outline the things that needed to be done and the methods for
doing them to accomplish the purpose set for the enterprise.

2. Organizing

-involves the determination and allocation of the men and women as well as the resource
of an organization to achieve pre-determined goals or objectives of the organization.

- the process of dividing the work to be done and coordinating results to achieve a desired
purpose.

-establishment of the formal structure of authority through which work subdivisions are
arranged, defined and coordinated for the desired objectives.

3. Directing

Involves the overseeing and supervising of the human resources and the various activities in an
organization to achieve through cooperative efforts the pre-determined goals or objectives of
the organization.
-also called leading, the process of directing and coordinating the work efforts of other people
to help them accomplish important task- task of making decisions and embodying them in
specific and general orders and instructions.

4. Controlling

- involves the checking or evaluation and measurement of work performance and

-the process of monitoring performance, comparing results objectives and taking corrective
actions as necessary.

-also called supervising.

5. Staffing

- the task of providing competent men to do the job and choosing the right men for the right
job it involves good selection and processing of reliable and well-trained personnel.

-filling the organization with the right people in the right position.

6. Reporting

- the making of detailed acount of activities, work progress, investigation and unusual in order
to keep everyone informed or what is going on.

7. Budgeting

- the forecasting in detail of the results of an officially recognized program of operations

Chapter 1

LESSON 2

Objectives: at the end of the topic the student shall be able to understand and identify ..?????

Principles of Efficient Management Division of Work

-work specialization can increase efficiency with the same amount of effort.
Authority and Responsibility

- authority includes the right to command and the power to require obedience

-one cannot have authority without responsibility.

Discipline

- necessary for an organization to function effectively, however, the state of the disciplinary
process depends upon the quality of leaders.

Unity of Command

- subordinates should receive orders from one superior only.

Scalar Chain

- the hierarchy of authority is the order of ranks from the highest to the lowest levels of the
organization.

- shows the vertical hierarchy of the organization which defines an unbroken chain of units
from top to bottom describing explicitly the flow of authority.

Organizational Units the Police Organization

1. Functional Units

a. Bureau - the largest organic functional unit within a large department; comprises of
several divisions.

b. Division - a primary subdivision of a bureau

c. Section - functional unit within division that is necessary for specialitzation

d. Unit - functional group within a section or the smallest functional group within an
organization.

2. Territorial Units

a. Post - a fixed point or location to which an officer is assigned for duty, such as a
designated desk or office or an intersection or cross walk from traffic duty

b. Route - a lenght of streets designated for patrol purposes; also called line beat.
c. Beat - an area assigned for patrol purposes, whether foot or motorized

d. Sector - an area containing two or more beats, routes or posts

e. District - a geographical subdivision of a city for patrol purposes, usually with its own station.

f. Area - a section or territorial division of a large city each comprised of designated districts.

Functions in a Police Organization

1. Primary or Line Function

- functions that carry out the major purooses of the organization, delivering the services and
dealing directly with the public, the backbone of the police department.

Examples: patrolling, traffic duties, crime investigation

2. Staff/Administrative Functions

- functions that are designed to support the line functions and assist in the performance of the
line functions.

Examples: Planning, research, budgeting and legal advice.

3. Auxiliary Functions

- functions involving the logistical operation of the organization.

Examples: training, communication, maintenance, records management, supplies and

Organic Units in a Police Organization

1. Operational Units

- those that perform primary on line functions.

Examples: patrol, traffic, investigation and vice control.

2. Administrative Units

- those that perform the administrative functions.

3. Service Units

- those that perform auxiliary functions.

Examples: communication, record management, and supplies.

Organizational Structure

- the systematic arrangement of the relationship of the members, positions, departments and
functions or work of the organization it is also a comprised of functions,
relationships,responsibilities and authorities of individuals within the organization.

Kinds of Organizationsal Structures

1. Line

- the oldest and simplest kind; also called military defined by its clear chain of command from
the highest to the lowest and vise versa. Depicts the line function of the organization. Orders or
commands must come from the higher level of authority before it can be carried out, involves
few department.

2. Functional

- structure according to functions and speacialized units. Depicts staff functions of the
organization. Responsibilities are divided among authorities who are all acountable to the
authority above.

3. Line and Staff

- a combination of the line and functional kind.

- combines the flow of information from the line structure with the staff departments that
service, advise, and support them.

- generally more formal in nature and has many departments.

Note: The Philippine National Police follows the line and staff kind of organizational
structure.
Organizational Chart

- an illustration in the form of a chart which represents the organizational structure.

- the mechanical means of depicting, by an arrangement of symbols, the relationship that exist
between individuals, group and functional relationships between groups and individuals clearly
defined to ensure accountability and compliance.

Organizational Principles of four Primal Conditions of an Organization

1. Authority

- the supreme source of government for any particular organization

- the right to exercise, to decide and to command by virtue of rank and position.

2. Mutual Cooperation

- an organization exists because it serves a purpose.

3. Doctrine

- provides for the organization's objectives.

- provides the various actions, hence policies, procedures, rules and regulations of the
organization are based on the statement of doctrines.

4. Discipline

- comprising behavioral regulations