Lea-1Police Organization and Administration With Police Planning
Lea-1Police Organization and Administration With Police Planning
POP SHEETS IN LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION LEA-1 POLICE ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION WITH POLICE PLANNING Law
Enforcement Administration (LEA) The course deals with the study of principles underlying police organization and management with particular
focus on the Constitutional mandate, Republic Acts 6975 and 8551, and previous laws and issuances relating thereto.
It includes the organizational structure and organization of the Philippine National Police, on the national and local levels. Emphasis
is given on direction, supervision, coordination and control of all local police forces as a homogeneous body under a single
command.
It also includes the basic management functions in so far as these are applied to the police organization. Police planning is integrated
into this course, and it is designed to equip the students with knowledge on the development of effective plans, particularly on
strategies and tactics for effective operations.
The emphasis is on the special techniques and procedure applicable to unusual needs like unusual criminal activities, civil
disturbances, special community events, disaster plans, and civil defense.
Introduction: The organization with management and administration is directed towards the achievement of goals and objectives.
Goals are broad statements of general and long-term organizational purposes often used to define the role of the police, for
instance, to prevent crime, maintain order or help solve community problems. Objectives are specific short-term statements
consistent with an organizations goal.
The organization guides members in its operation of the assigned duties. It enhances better administration of the department. Good
organization and administration would eventually mean effective and efficient police work. Organization can also distinguish by their
degree of formality and structure:
1. Formal Organization-is defined as those organizations that are formally established for explicit purpose of achieving certain goals. (Stable
social institutions.)
2. Informal Organization- are those sharing the basic characteristic of all organizations arise through the social interactions of individuals or
through family grouping.
What is Organization?
It is a form of human association for the attainment of goal or objective.
It is the process of identifying and grouping the work to be performed, defining and delegating responsibility and authority establishing
relationships for the propose of enabling people work effectively.
What is Police?
Police is a branch of the criminal justice system that has the specific responsibility of maintaining law and order and combating crime
within the society.
The term police are derived from the word POLITIA, meaning condition of a state, government and
administration, POLITIA organization is from the Greek word POLITEIA which means government, citizenship, or the entire activity of
a POLIS, a city.
POLICE (broadest sense) means the internal organization or regulation of a state, the control and regulation of a community or state
through the exercise of the constitutions power of the government.
POLICE (less broadest sense)it denotes the power of the government which concerns the tranquility, public order, peace, security of
persons and property and the protection of the public health and moral.
In the very restricted sense, the word police refer exclusively to that body of armed men which as an institution is capable of
exercising its duties by armed physical forces in the preservation and detection of crime and the execution of laws.
Police Activities:
1. The prevention of Criminality.
2. Repression of Crime.
3. Apprehending of offenders.
4. Recovery of Property.
5. Regulation of Non-Criminal Conduct.
6. Performance of Related Miscellaneous Service.
The organization of the police force commonly requires the following organizational units:
Functional Units:
1. Bureau - the largest organic functional unit within a large department. It comprises of numbers of divisions:
2. Division - a primary subdivision of a bureau.
3. Section -functional unit within a division that is necessary for specialization.
4. Unit -functional group within a section; or the smallest functional group within an organization.
Territorial Units:
1. Post - a fixed point or location to which an officer is assigned for duty, such as a designated desk or office or an intersection or cross
walk from traffic duty.It is a spot location for general guard duty.
2. Route -a length of streets designated for patrol purposes. It is also called LINE BEAT.
3. Beat - an area assigned for patrol purposes, whether foot or motorized.
4. Sector - an area containing two or more beats, routes, or post.
5. District-a geographical subdivision of a city for patrol purposes, usually with its own station.
6. Area- a section or territorial division of a large city each comprised of designated districts.
Line Organization
The straight line organization, often called the individual, military or departmental types of organization, is the simplest and perhaps
the oldest types; but it is seldom encountered in its channels of authority and responsibility extends in a direct line from top to
bottom within the structures, authority is definite and absolute.
While the line type of organization has many advantages, it also has some inherent weaknesses which, for many organizations, make
its use impractical.
Perhaps its greatest advantages it that, it is utterly simple. It involves a division of the work into units of eight people with a person
in charge who has complete control and who can be hold directly responsible or accountable for result, or lack of them.
Quick decisions can be made in the line organization because of the direct lines authority.
Because of these direct lines, each member in the chain of command knows to whom he is clearly fixed.
Functional Organization
The functional organization in its pure form is rarely found in present day organizations, except at or near the top of the very large
organizations.
Unlike the type of structure, those establishment organized on a functional basis violate the prime rule that men perform best when
they have but one superior.
The functional responsibility of each functional manager is limited to the particular activity over which he has control, regardless of
who performs the function.
Coordination of effort in this type of organization becomes difficult since the employees responsible for results may be subject to
functional direction of several persons.
Discipline is difficult to administer because of this multi-headed leadership.
There may be considerable conflict among the functional administrators, resulting in much conclusion among line personnel.
Line of authority and responsibility are fragmented into many functional channels, making each superior responsible to several
superiors depending upon the function he happens to be performing.
The functional organization in its purest form is rarely found in present-day organization except at or near the top level.
Advantages
1. divides responsibility and authority between several specialists;
2. Functional responsibility is limited to the particular activity over which he has control regardless of who performs the functions.
Disadvantages
1. Coordination of effort becomes difficult;
2. Discipline is difficult to administer;
3. Conflict among the functional administrators.
POLICE SERVICE
Fundamental Theories of Police Service
1. The Continental Theory - police are servant of higher authorities and the people have little or no share at all in their duties, nor any
direct connection with them.
2. The Home Rule Theory - policemen are considered as servants of the community who defend for the effectiveness of their function
upon the express wishes of the people.
1. Old Concepts -this old philosophy means throwing more people in jail rather than keeping these out jail. Punishment is the sole
instrument of crime control. The yardstick of efficiency of the police is more on arrests.
2. Modern Concept - police service today has broadened its activities to include certain aspect of social service for the welfare of the
people. Their yardstick of efficiency is the absence of crime.
All police function and activities can be categorized as their line or non-line. Line functions are those tasks that directly facilitate the
accomplishment of organizational goals, whereas non-line functions are those tasks that supplement the line its task performance.
Line activities are further broken into the sub-categories: primary line and secondary line functions, both of which are field service.
1. Line Function
1.1. Primary Line Function
The primary line function is police patrol; that is the patrol activities of a police organization are considered basic and the first
priority.
The patrol division has the initial responsibility for crime prevention and dictation of the apprehension of offenders.
It also assists in the preparation in the facts for presentation in a court of law.
Theoretically, if the patrol force were 100 percent effective in the execution of its assigned tasks, the need for specialized units
(traffic and detective) would be eliminated.
The patrol function is accurately called the backbone of the police service.
1.2. Secondary Function
Historically, police department were established only as police patrols, however as municipalities increased in population, area, and
technology (for example, the invention of the automobile), the burden of this patrols was greatly increased.
The department, were unable to provide additional personnel because of budgetary limitations, were unable to increase the number
of the officers on the patrol beat in proportion to the rising population and rate of crime and was force to enlarge each officers beat.
2. Non-Line Function
Simply put, non-line functions are those services that support the line. Whereas the line provides services directly to the citizens,
non-line activities help the line to accomplish its primary task.
Traditionally non-line or support activities consist of two major categories: staff and auxiliary services.
2.1. Staff Services
These activities that have the responsibility and personal development and department management are staff services.
Personal development includes recruitment, selection, training, and supervision.
Budget, planning and research, inspection, and similar activities fall under the heading of managerial activities.
2.2. Auxiliary Services
All non-line not regarded as staff service are classified as auxiliary services.
Typically, they provide support service of both a technical and non-technical nature to both line and non-line activities.
Polygraph examiner, photographer, fingerprint and crime scene technicians, and the police laboratory are technical auxiliary services
that support the line activities.
The jail and the communication system and non-line (staff) activities.
Some activities are extremely difficult to classify as either the staff or auxiliary.
In many instances they perform a dual service. Police community relation units, although performing secondary line service, may be
designated as an auxiliary or even a staff function
LINE FUNCTION
Primary Secondary Staff Auxiliary
-Patrol
-Criminal Investigation
-Vice Investigation
-Planning and Research
-Inspection
-Police record System
-Identification service
-Traffic Regulation and control
-Crime Prevention
-Personnel Administration
-Training
-Budgeting Control
-Purchasing
-Public Relation
-Property control
-Communication
-Crime Laboratory
-Jail-Supply
-Transportation
-Maintenance
PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION
To understand the organization and operation of public departments certain general basic principles of organization must be
understood.
These principles of organization were generated by the experience of industry, business, and the military services.
They have no absolute values, but they do provide a check list against which an organization can be structurally and functionally
evaluated.
This notion will become more defined as each principle is considered.
Division of Labor
For a police organization to be effective, work assignments must be designed so that similar tasks, functions, and activities are given
to an individual or group for accomplishment.
Police functions are sub-divided into units that are described as follows:
1. Branch -usually the largest unit within station
Unity of Command
Unity of command requires that an individual be directly accountable to only one superior. No person can effectively serve two
superiors at a given time.
Chain of Command
Primarily this principle provides for the vertical movement of authority up and down established channels in the organizational
hierarchy.
To illustrate this concept, consider a directive originating in the office of the patrol chief intended for the patrol force (downward
movement).
Two levels of authority fall between the patrol chief and the patrol officer inspector.
Because both levels are held responsible for various aspects of patrol supervision, both must be aware of such directives.
If either supervisor is by-passed, that one cannot be held accountable for the lack of knowledge.
Further, performance of supervisory duties is greatly hindered, and potentially serious problem is created.
Objective
All organizational elements must contribute, directly or indirectly, to the accomplishment of the objectives of the enterprise.
Each organizational element should be formed for a definite purpose, and these purposes must be accomplishing the major
objective.
Any police function and organizational elements that is not required in the accomplishment of the overall objectives should be
eliminated.
Coordination
The organizational structure must facilitate the development of close, friendly, and co-operative relations, especially between line
and staff activities.
Effective coordination is dependent almost entirely upon adequate communication among all element of a police organization.
Time
The police service is among the few public services that maintain a twenty-four hour schedule. It is necessary to the department to
assigned officers in sufficient number to meet the demands at any given time.
Watch or Shift
A time division of the day to ensure proper allocation of personnel. Shifts are normally eight consecutive hours, five days, giving an
officer a forty-hour a week.
However, longer working hours and work weeks are common. Further, shifts frequently overlaps to provide additional personnel
during peak period.
Territory
Territorial distribution is necessary to ensure the availability and general suitability of the patrol service throughout a jurisdiction.
Geographical or territorial divisions of the department can beer described as follows:
1. post-a fixed- or stationary-point location (e.g., a specified street intersection, surveillance site, or an assigned desk or office).
2. Route or Lined Beat- a length of street normally assigned to the traffic and patrol officers whether foot or mobile. The rout has the
characteristics of being continuous, in a straight line, or the line sight.
3. Beat - a geographical area, once again assigned to either foot or mobile patrol and traffic officer.
4. Section - two or more beats, routes, posts, or any combination thereof.
Clientele
The distribution of patrol services with respect to the characteristics of the population served must be recognized and dealt with in
contemporary law enforcement. The development of specialized functional units expresses the principle of the organization by
clientele.
a. Patrol Section
1. Preservation of peace and order
2. Suppression of criminal activities
3. Crime prevention
4. Inspection activities
5. Enforcement of traffic laws and regulations
6. Fire prevention and control
b. Investigation section
1. Crime investigation
2. vice control
3. Control of juvenile delinquency
4. Custody of prisoners
The Sumerians
The earliest record of ancient peoples need to standardize rules and methods of enforcement to control human behavior dates to
approximately 2300 B.C., when the Sumerian rulers Lipithstar and Eshumma set standards on what constituted an offense against
society.
The Babylonians
The Code of King Hammurabi (2100 B.C.) –during the time of Babylonian King Hammurabi, he established rules for his kingdom that
designated not only offenses but punishment as well. The principle of the code was that the strong shall not injure the week.
Hammurabi originated the legal principle of LEX Talionis- the eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth doctrine.
Ancient Egypt
The early Egyptians established laws and court and a rudimentary rule of law. The first account of a developing court system
originated in Egypt in approximately 1500 B.C. the court system was presided by judges who were appointed by the pharaoh. They
later organized marine patrols and customhouses to protect commerce.
Ancient Greece
The Greeks had an impressive of law enforcement called the Ephori. Each year at Sparta, a body of Ephors was elected and given
almost unlimited powers as investigator, judge, jury and executioner. These five men also presided over the senate and assembly,
assuring that their rules and decrees were followed. From the Greek philosopher PLATO, who lived from 427 to347 B.C., was the
idea that punishment should serve the purpose rather than simple retaliation.
Ancient Rome
The Romans had a high development system of administering justice. The 12Tabulae (12 tables) were the first written laws of the
Roman Empire. It deals with legal procedures, property ownership, building codes, marriage customs and punishment for crimes. At
the reign of Emperor Augustus, he created the Praetorian Guard, which consisted of about 7000 men\soldiers to protect the palace
and the City of Rome, together with the Urban Cohorts to patrol the city. He created the so called Vigiles who were assigned as
firefighters and eventually given law enforcement responsibilities. As the first civilian police force the Vigiles sometimes kept the
peace very ruthlessly, hence the word vigilantes. Another important event was the time of JustinianI, ruler of the Eastern Roman
Empire (527 to 265 A.D.) who collected all Roman laws and put it into his Justinian Code-they became known the Corpus Juris
Civilis which means Body of Law.
The Early Policing System
The policing system is divided into different systems namely:
2. Hue and Cry - a system of apprehending a criminal whereby a complaint goes to the middle of the street and shouts to call all males to
assemble. The victim reports his complaint to the assembly and gives the whereabouts of the perpetrator. All male residents would then
proceed to locate and apprehend the culprit. When apprehended, trial is conducted giving the culprit a chance to depend himself.
3. The Royal Jude -a person who conducts criminal investigation and gives punishment. Punishment usually fits the crime committed.
4. Trial by Ordeal- a system of determining guilt and innocence in the ancient times which was based on painful test of skills. It is usually
accompanied by harsh punishment. For instance, suspects were required to place their hands in boiling oil or water. When not hurt, it indicated
guilt and the suspect placed under punishment.
1. Shire-Rieve System- England at the time of William Norman, divided England into 55military districts known as the Shire-Rieve. Shire was
the district, Rieve was the ruler who makes laws, pass judgment and impose punishment. He was assisted by a constable (forerunner of the
word constabulary).
2. The Traveling Judge- one responsible in passing judgment which was taken from the Shire-Rieve in view of some abuses by the Rieves.
4. The Magna-Carta- laws were enacted upon the demand of the Knights of the Round Table and forced the king to sign the same. Examples of
the principles of law include the following:
a. no free men shall be taken or imprisoned, disposed or outlawed except by legal judgment of his peers
b. no person should be tried from murder unless there is proof the body of the victim
c. Beginning of the national and local government as well as legislation.
Pacification Campaigns
To fight rampant lawlessness, the Philippine Constabulary divided the entire country into constabulary districts. Banditry was
rampant in Southern Luzon. Records referred to the bandits as tulisanes. The style of fighting of the early American Constables and
the bandits was “man-to-man, on foot, and generally by arms and bolos.”
The American foot soldiers had a hard time repelling the tulisanesin their fight in the mountains as their enemies were familiar with
the terrain. Malaria and cholera were the diseases that the afflicted the American troops whenever they conducted foot patrol in
the hinterlands.
Reorganization
On January 1, 1944, the Military Police Command was dissolved by virtue of Executive Order No. 94 issued by President Manuel A.
Roxas. The Command’s 12,000 officers and men were absorbed by the newly reorganized Philippine Constabulary. The revitalized PC
was in charge of the country’s peace and order “except those which were purely military in nature.”
Brig. Gen. Mariano Castañeda became chief of the PC and instituted reforms. On June 21, 1948, President Elpidio Quirino offered
general amnesty to the Huks. Taruc, who had been elected a member of Congress representing Pampanga, returned to Manila. But
Taruc had no plans to surrender. He only went to Manila to collect his back salaries and used the money for his comrades’
operations in Central Luzon.
President Ramon Magsaysay was credited for crippling the Huk movement by mobilizing the Philippine Constabulary. Magsaysay
used the “friendly touch “for winning over the Huks, building roads for them and giving them lands.
The Rise of the Communist Party of the Philippines
The Philippine Constabulary’s attempt to maintain peace and order did not end with the decimation of the Huks.
On December 26, 1968, Jose Maria Sison, a Political Science student at the University of the Philippines, founded the Communist
Party of the Philippines.
The communist ideology spread through a small discussion group called Kabataan Makabayan organized by Sison and his colleagues
in the middle sixties. Sison then rose to become the leader of the CPP and organized the military wing of the CPP, the New People’s
Army.
But the communists suffered a crushing blow on January 9,1969 in the hands of the Constabulary who killed the most number of
communist leaders in one encounter in Orani, Bataan.
On August 8, 1975, Marcos issued Presidential Decree No.765 establishing the Integrated National Police with the Philippine
Constabulary as the nucleus and all police officers as components.
They were all placed under the supervision of the Ministry of National Defense.
The Creation of the Philippine National Police
The People’s Revolution of 1986 saw the birth of the 1987 Constitution that included a provision on the PNP which was to be
“national in scope and civilian in character.”
In 1991, the Philippine National Police was created with the passage of Republic Act No. 6975, otherwise known as the“Department
of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990.”
The principal authors of the Republic Act 6975 were Senators Ernesto N. Maceda and Aquilino Pimentel, Congressmen Jose S.
Cojuangco Jr. and Rodrigo Gutang.
Upon its signing into law on December 13, 1990, the PNP underwent a transitory period; and on 31 March 1991, President Corazon
Aquino named General Cesar Nazareno as the first Director General of the Philippine National Police.
On January 29, 1991,at Camp Crame, Quezon City, the Philippine Constabulary and the Integrated National Police were retired
officially and the Philippine National Police was born.
Like any new evolving organization, the PNP suffered from birth pains. To address these concerns, Republic Act 8551 or the PNP
Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998 was enacted on February 17, 1998 to amend certain provisions of Republic Act No. 6975.
This move was in response to the growing clamor to transform the PNP “into a more responsive, effective and relevant police
organization.”
Under this Act, the PNP shall be strengthened and evolved into a highly efficient police force that is community and service-oriented
and fully accountable in the performance of its action.
Officer
Training Officers for the Philippine National Police are sourced from the Philippine National Academy as well as through lateral entry,
for specialized disciplines and requirements such as doctors, engineers and other technical positions.
The Philippine National Police Academy is located in Silang, Cavite and is the primary training school for the PNP.
On August 8, 1975, Marcos issued Presidential Decree No.765 establishing the Integrated National Police with the Philippine Constabulary as
the nucleus and all police officers as components.
They were all placed under the supervision of the Ministry of National Defense.
The People’s Revolution of 1986 saw the birth of the 1987 Constitution that included a provision on the PNP which was to be “national in scope
and civilian in character.”
In 1991, the Philippine National Police was created with the passage of Republic Act No. 6975, otherwise known as the “Department of the
Interior and Local Government Act of 1990.”
The principal authors of the Republic Act 6975 were Senators Ernesto N. Maceda and Aquilino Pimentel, Congressmen Jose S. Cojuangco Jr. and
Rodrigo Gutang.
Upon its signing into law on December 13, 1990, the PNP underwent a transitory period; and on 31 March 1991, President Corazon Aquino
named General Cesar Nazareno as the first Director General of the Philippine National Police.
On January 29, 1991,at Camp Crame, Quezon City, the Philippine Constabulary and the Integrated National Police were retired officially and the
Philippine National Police was born.
Like any new evolving organization, the PNP suffered from birth pains. To address these concerns, Republic Act 8551 or the PNP Reform and
Reorganization Act of 1998 was enacted on February 17, 1998 to amend certain provisions of Republic Act No. 6975.
This move was in response to the growing clamor to transform the PNP “into a more responsive, effective and relevant police organization.”
Under this Act, the PNP shall be strengthened and evolved into a highly efficient police force that is community and service-oriented and fully
accountable in the performance of its action.
Officer
Training Officers for the Philippine National Police are sourced from the Philippine National Academy as well as through lateral entry,
for specialized disciplines and requirements such as doctors, engineers and other technical positions.
The Philippine National Police Academy is located in Silang, Cavite and is the primary training school for the PNP.
Republic Act No. 6975 Approved: December 13, 1990 -An Act Establishing the Philippine National Police under a Reorganized Department of
the Interior and Local Government, and for other purposes. PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE (PNP) The Philippine National Police (PNP) has been
established initially consisting of the following:
a. Members of the police force who were integrated into the Integrated National Police (INP)pursuant to PD 765;
b. Officers and enlisted personnel of the Philippine Constabulary (PC) which include:
•Those assigned with the Narcotics Command (NARCOM);
•Those assigned with the Criminal Investigation Service (CIS);
•Those of the technical services of the AFP assigned with the PC.
•Civilian operatives of the CIS.
c. Regular operatives of the abolished NAPOLCOM Inspection, Investigation and Intelligence Branch may also be absorbed by the PNP. In
addition, the PNP shall absorb the Office of the National Action Committee on Anti -Hijacking (NACAH) of the DND, all the functions of the
Philippine AirForce Security Command (PAFSECOM), as well as the police functions of the Coast Guard.