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Analysis and Design of Flat Slabs Using Various Codes: Dr. Pradeep Kumar Ramancharala
Analysis and Design of Flat Slabs Using Various Codes: Dr. Pradeep Kumar Ramancharala
VARIOUS CODES
BY
Devkatte haridas
Kashikar kunal
shelke dipak
Chavan swapnil
1
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled “ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FLAT SLABS USING
VARIOUS CODES” submitted as partial fulfillment for the award of Masters of Technology
in Computer Aided Structural Engineering, IIIT -Hyderabad is a bonafied work done by
M.Anitha, B.Q.Rahman, JJ.VIJAY
First year second semester students during the year 2006-2007.
Supervisor
Mr. Ramancharla Pradeep Kumar
PhD (University of Tokyo)
Assistant Professor
IIIT Hyderabad
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No
Abstract …………………………………………………………………………. 05
Chapter I: Introduction…………………………………………………………... 06
4
ABSTRACT
Flat slabs system of construction is one in which the beams used in t he conventional methods of
constructions are done away with. The slab directly rests on the column and load from the slab is directly
transferred to the columns and then to the foundation. To support heavy loads the thickness of slab near the
support with the column is increased and these are called drops, or columns are generally provided with
enlarged heads called column heads or capitals.
Absence of beam gives a plain ceiling, thus giving better architectural appearance and also less
vulnerability in case of fire than in usual cases where beams are used.
Plain ceiling diffuses light better, easier to construct and requires cheaper form work.
As per local conditions and availability of materials different countries have adopted different me thods for
design of flat slabs and given their guidelines in their respective codes.
The aim of this project is to try and illustrate the methods used for flat slab design using ACI-318, NZ-
3101, and Eurocode2 and IS: 456 design codes.
For carrying out this project a n interior panel of a flat slab with dimensions 6.6 x 5.6 m and super imposed
load 7.75 KN / m 2 was designed using the codes given above.
5
Introduction
Basic definition of flat slab: In general normal frame con struction utilizes columns, slabs &
Beams. However it may be possible to undertake construction with out providing beams, in
Such a case the frame system would consist of slab and column without beams. These types of
Slabs are called flat slab, since their behavior resembles the bending of flat plates.
Drops: To resist the punching shear which is predominant at the contact of slab and column
Support, the drop dimension should not be less than one -third of panel length in that
Direction.
Column heads:
Certain amount of negative moment is transferred from the slab to the column at he support.
To resist this negative moment the area at the support needs to be increased .this is facilitated
by providing column capital/heads
6
Design of flat slabs by IS: 456
The term flat slab means a reinforced concrete slab with or without drops, supported generally without
beams, by columns with or w ithout flared column heads (see Fig. 12). A flat slab may be solid slab or
may have recesses formed on the soffit so that the sof fit comprises a series of ribs in two directions.
The recesses may be formed by removable or permanent filler blocks.
a) Column strip :
Column strip means a design strip having a width of 0.25 I,, but not greater than 0.25 1, on each side
of the column centre-line, where I, is the span in the direction moments are being determined,
measured centre to centre of supports and 1, is the -span transverse to 1,, measured centre to centre of
supports.
b) Middle strip :
Middle strip means a design strip bounded on each of its opposite sides by the column strip.
c) Panel:
Panel means that part of a slab bounde d on-each of its four sides by the centre -line of a
Column or centre-lines of adjacent-spans.
7
1.4 m 1.4 m
C.S C.S
3.8 m 2.8 m
M.S M.S
1.4 m 1.4 m
d) DropsC.S
: C.S
Fig 1:
5.6 m 6.6 m
The drops when provided shall be rectangular in plan, and have a length in each direction not less than
one- third of the panel length in that direction. For exterior panels, the width of drops at right angles to
the non- continuous edge and measured from the centre -line of the columns shall be equal to one -half
the width of drop for interior panels.
Hence provide a drop of size 2.2 x 2.2 m i.e. in column strip width.
e) column head :
Where column heads are provided, that portion of a column head which lies with in the largest right
circular cone or pyramid that has a vertex angle of 90”and can be included entirely within the outlines
of the column and the column head, shall be considered for design purposes (see Fig. 2).
8
Fig 2:
The thickness of the flat slab up to spans of 10 m shall be generally controlled by considerations of span
( L ) to effective depth ( d ) ratios given as below:
For slabs with drops, span to effective depth ratios gi ven above shall be applied directly; otherwise the
span to effective depth ratios in accordance with above shall be multiplied by 0.9. For this purpose, the
longer span of the panel shall be considered. The minimum thickness of slab shall be 125 mm.
9
Depth of flat slab:
Considering the flat slab as a continuous slab over a span not exceeding 10 m
L L
= 26 d
d 26
L 6600 L 5600
d =253.8 mm d =215.3 mm
26 26 26 26
10
The design live load shall not exceed three times the design dead load.
wl 7 .7 5
Check: 1 .0 0 6 3 o k
wd 7 .7
The absolute sum of the positive and average and is given by negative bending moments in each
direction shall be taken as:
W ln
M 0
8
M 0 = total moment.
W = design load on an area l 1 l 2
ln = clear span extending from face to face of columns, capitals, brackets or walls, but not less than
0.65 l 1
l 1 = length of span in the direction of M 0 .
l 2 = length of span transverse to l 1 .
Circular supports shall be treated as square supports havi ng the same area.
Equivalent side of the column head having the same area:
2
a d (1.3)2 1.152m
4 4
ln 1 1
Clear span along long span = = 6.6 (1.152) (1.152) 5.448 m 4.29
2 2
(Should not be less than 0.65 l 1 ) ok
ln 1 1
Clear span along long span = = 5.6 (1.152) (1.152) 4.44 m 3.64 m
2 2
(Should not be less than 0.65 l 1 ) ok
11
Total design load along:
W w l2ln W w l2ln
W 1 5 .4 5 5 .6 5 .4 4 8 4 7 1 .3 6 K N W 1 5 .4 5 6 .6 4 .4 4 4 5 2 .7 4 K N
W ln 4 7 1 .3 6 5 .4 4 8 W ln 4 5 2 .7 4 4 .4 4
M 0 M 0
8 8 8 8
M 0 3 2 0 .9 9 K N m M 0 2 5 1 .2 K N m
The negative design moment shall be at the fac e of rectangular supports, circular supports being
treated as square supports having the same 31.4.5.1 Columns built integrally with the slab system
area. Shall be designed to-resist moments arising from loads .
In an interior span, the total design moment M 0 shall be distributed in the following proportions:
Negative design moment 0.65
Positive design moment 0.35
In an end span, the total design moment M 0 shall be distributed in the fol lowing proportions:
0.10
Interior negative design moment: 0.75
11c
0.28
Positive design moment: 0.63 1
1c
12
0.65
Exterior negative design moment:
11c
c Is the ratio of flexural stiffness of the exterior columns to the flexural stiffness of the slab at a
joint taken in the direction moments are being determined and is given by:
Kc
c
Ks
K c =sum of the flexural stiffness of the columns meeting at the joint.
K s =flexural stiffness of the slab, expres sed as moment per unit rotation
It shall be permissible to modify these design moments by up to 10 percent, so lon g as the total
design moment M 0 for the panel in the direction considered is not less than that required by:
W ln
M 0
8
The negative moment section shall be designed to resist the larger of the two interior negative
design moments determined for the spans framing into a common support unless an analysis is
made to distribute the unbalanced moment in accordance with the stiffness of the adjoining parts.
Column strip :
Negative moment at an interior support: At an interior support, the column strip shall be
designed to resist 75 percent of the total negative moment in the panel at that support.
b) Where the exterior support consists of a column or a wall extending for a distance equal to or
greater than three-quarters of the value of l 2 . The length of span transverse t o the direction
moments are being determined, the exterior negative moment shall be considered to be uniformly
distributed across the length l2 .
Positive moment for each span : For each span, the column strip shall be designed to r esist 60
percent of the total positive moment in the panel.
13
b) Each middle strip shall be proportione d to resist the sum of the moments assigned to its two half
middle strips. cl The middle strip adjacent and parallel to an edge supported by a wall shall be
proportioned, to resist twice the moment assigned to half the middle strip corresponding to the fir st
row of interior columns.
Stiffness calculation:
clear height of the column = height of floor –depth of drop – thickness of slab –thickness of head.
stiffness coefficient
4 E 50 2 4 E 520 10
3
4 EI 4 EI 4 EI
4
Kc 2 2
L BOTTOM L TOP L L 12 327.5
L2 W
0 .8 4 8 & L
1 .0 0
L1 W D
c ,m in 0 .7
c c ,m in
Hence correction for pattern of loading in the direction of longer span is not required.
14
Shorter span
2 (50) 4
Kc 3975.8
12 262
560 28.53
Kc 1421.4
12 760
3975.8
c 2.79
1421.4
L2 WL
1 .1 7 & 1 .0 0
L1 WD
c , m in 0 .7 5
c c , m in o k
Hence the correction for pattern loading in the direction of short span is not required.
15
Distrubution of bending moment across the panel width
It is an exterior panel.
Longer span
column strip
0 .6 5 3 2 0 .9 9
-ve B.M at exterior support = 0 .6 5 M 1 .0 1 .0 1 2 1 .3 4 K N m
0
1 1 1
1
c 1 .3 9
+ve span BM = 0 .6 3 0 .2 8 M 0 0 .6 0 0 .6 3
0 .2 8
3 2 0 .9 9 0 .6 0 9 0 K N m
1
1 1
1
c 1 .3 9
Middle strip
-ve BM at exterior support = 0 .6 5 M 0 0 .0 0 .0 K N m
1 1
c
+ve span BM = 0 .6 3 0 .2 8 M 0 0 .4 0 0 .6 3
0 .2 8
3 2 0 .9 9 0 .4 0 5 9 .9 6 K N m
1
1 1
1
c 1 .3 9
16
Short span
column strip
-ve moment at exterior support = 0 .6 5 M 1 .0
0 .6 5 2 5 1 .2
1 .0 1 2 0 .1 9 K N m
0
1 1 1
1
c 2 .7 9
0.28
+ve moment 0.63 251.2 0.60 63.88 KNm
1
1
2.79
-ve moment at exterior support =
0 .1 0 0 .1 0
0 .7 5 M 0 0 .7 5 0 .7 5 2 5 1 .2 0 .7 5 1 2 7 .4 3 K N m
1
1 1
1
c 2 .7 9
Middle strip
-ve moment at exterior support = 0 .6 5 M 0
0 .0 0 .0 K N m
1 1
c
0 .2 8 0 .2 8
+ve mid-span moment = 0 .6 3 M 0 0 .4 0 0 .6 3 2 5 1 .2 0 .4 0 4 2 .5 9 K N m
1
1 1
1
c 2 .7 9
Thickness of the slab, from consideration of maximum positive moment any where in the slab.
Maximum +ve BM occurs in the column strip (long span) = 90.91 KNm
17
M 0 0.138 f ckbd 2 (b 2800 mm)
136.36 10 6
d= (M-20 grade concrete)
0.138 20 2800
d=132.83 mm 140 mm
12
Overall thickness of slab = 140 15 161 mm 170 mm
2
12
Depth (along longitudinal direction) = 170 15 150 mm
2
Depth (along longitudinal direction) = 150 12 138 mm
Thickness of drop from consideration of maximum –ve moment any where in the panel.
12
Over all thickness of flat slab: D 260 15 281 mm
2
2340 mm
1300 mm
d/2
d/2
d/2
300
mm d/2
6.6 m
18
l) Shear in Flat Slab
The critical section for shear shall be at a distance d/2 from the periphery of the
column/capital/ drop panel, perpendicular to the plane of the slab where d is the effective
depth of the section (Fig. 2). The shape in plan is geometrically similar to the support
immediately below the slab.
The critical section for she ar for the slab will be at a distance d/2 from the face of drop.
Vu 729.78 10 3
Nominal shear stress = v 0.55 N/mm 2
bd 9340 140
shear strength of concrete = c 0.25 fck =0.25 20=1.11 N/mm 2
812.27 10 3
v 0.683 N/mm 2
4890 260
Nominal shear stress : c 0.25 fck 1.11 N/mm 2
v c [safe in shear]
19
n) Reinforcement details
Longer span
-ve exterior reinforcement:
M u 0.87 f y Ast [d 0.42 xu ]
1.5 121.34 10 6 0.87 415 Ast[150 0.42 0.48 150]
Ast 4209 mm 2
4209
Use 12 mm bars = 38 No.s
113
1.4 1000
c/c spacing is = 36 mm c/c
38
+ve steel:-
1.5 90 10 6 43239.3 Ast
Ast 3122 mm 2
3122
Use 12 mm bars = 28 No. s
113
3.8 1000
c / c spacing = 135 mm c/c
28
Column strip:
20
Design of flat slabs as per NZS: 3101
DEFINITIONS:
A flat slab is reinforced concrete slab directly supporting on column (without any
support of beams).
Column strips is a design strip with a width on each side of a column centre line
equal to 0.25L1 or 0.25L2,whichever is less.
DESIGN METHOD:
Successive span lengths, centre -to-centre of supports, in each direction shall not
differ by more than 1/3 of the longer spans.
Columns may be offsets a maximum of 10% of the span (in direction o offset)
from either axis between centre lines of successive columns.
All loads shall be due to gravity only and uniformly distributed over entire
panels. the live loads shall not exceeds 2 times the dead load.
DESIGN PROCEDURE:
First analysis the column strips & middle strips using 0.25L1/0.25l2.
21
Estimate the depth of flat slabs from clauses 14.2.5 & 3.3.2.2.(b)
Assume fy=300MPA.
The absolute sum for the span shall be determined in a strip bounded laterally by
the center line of the panel on each side of centre of the supports.
The absolute sum of positive and average negative moments in each direction at
the ultimate limit state shall be not less than:
Mo=WuL2Ln²/8;
In an interior spans
Negative moments—0.65
Positive moments---0.35
In end spans
Exterior edge Slab with Slabs without beams between Exterior edge
unrestrained beams interior supports fully restrained
between all
supports Without edge With edge
beams beams
22
SHEAR STRENGTH
v´<=¢Vn.
The nominal shear stress Vn shall not exceed 0.2fc,1.1 √fc or 9MPA.
600mm.
Vn=Vn/bod
Vc=0.17(1+2βc)√fc
Design the interior panel of flat slabs 6.6 x 5.6 m in size for a super imposed l oad of
7.75 KN/m^2.provide two way reinforcement.
23
Design steps:-
5.6-(1.4+1.4)=2.8m 6.6-(1.4+1.4)=3.8m
Drop dimensions :
Shall not be less than L/3=6.6/3 Shall not be less than L/3=5.6/3
2.2M 1.86M
24
Lets adopt fy=300Mpa
d=6600/40=165mm
load calculations:-
nominal density of concrete (ρ=2400kg/m^3): -clauses 3.3.2.3
12.79KN/M^2
C he c k W l /W d<2
7.75/5.04=1.53<2 O.K
Mo=Wu l2Ln^2/8
Longer span
Mo=389.99KN-M
Shorter span
Mo=330KN-M
25
Distribution of bending moments across the panel width: -
Interior span
-ve moment=0.65
+ve moment=0.35
Column strip
+0.63 245.3kN-m
Middle strip
Column strip
26
Middle strip
(α L2/L1)=0 75 75 75
(α L2/L1)>0 90 75 45
Positive moments
(α L2/L1)=0 75 75 75
(α L2/L1)>0 90 75 45
Longer span:-
Column strip:-
-ve BM at exterior span=292.14KN-M
+ve BM at mid span =147.37KN -M
-ve BM at inerior span =189.8KN -M
Middle strip:-
27
Shorter span:-
Column strip:-
-ve BM at exterior span=231.14KN -M
+ve BM at mid span =102.97KN-M
-ve BM at inerior span =64KN -M
Middle strip:-
v´<=¢Vn.
V*=(Vn/bo*d)
Vn=1.5*12.79*[5.6*6.6-(2.30)(2.30)]
Vn=607.KN
Vn*= 607.5X10^3/9200*165
Vn*=0.399 N/mm^2
Vc=0.17(1+αd/(2*bo))√fc
Vc=0.17(1+2βc) √fc
Vc=2.51 N/mm^2
Reinforcement:-
Longer span
28
-ve exterior reinforcement
Mu=As*fy(d-0.59*(Ast*Fy/Fc*b))
Ρ=0.0045
P=As/b*d
As=9477.6 mm^2
c/c spacing 17 mm
+ve steel
As=3946 mm^2
Use 12 mm dia bars 34 nos
c/c spacing 111mm
Shorter span
Column strip
Mu=As*fy(d-0.59*(Ast*Fy/Fc*b))
As=6798mm^2
Use 12 mm 60 nos
23 mm c/c spacing
Middle strip
As=2648 mm^2
c/c spacing 121mm
29
EURODODE
Einführung
This Eurocode gives all structural design irrespective of the material of construction.
It establishes principles and requirements for safety, ser viceability and durability of
structures The Eurocode uses a statistical approach to determine realistic values for actions
that occur in combination with each other. Partial fa ctors for actions are given in this
Eurocode, whilst partial factors for materials are prescribed in their relevant Eurocode. It is
again divided into different codes based on the materials. In this
Eurocode2 gives the design of concrete structures.
EUROCODE 2
3. The Eurocode does not provide derived formulae (e.g. for bendi ng,
only the details of the stress block are expressed). This is the traditional European
approach, where the application of a Eurocode expected to be provided in a
textbook or similar publication.
4. Units for stress are mega pascals, MPa (1 MPa = 1 N/m m2).
7. Minimum concrete cover is related to bond strength, durability and fire resistance. In
addition to the minimum cover an allowance for deviations due to variations in execution
(Construction) should be included. Eurocode 2 recommends that, for concrete cast against
formwork, this is taken as 10 mm, unless the construction is subject to a quality assurance
systemic which case it could be reduced to 5 mm or even 0 mm whereon -conforming
members are rejected (e.g. in a precast yard).
8. The punching shear checks are carried at 2 d from the face of the
column and for a rectangular column, the perimeter is rounded at
the corners.
30
Design of flat slabs as per EUROCODE 2
A procedure for carrying out the detailed design of flat slabs is given below.
Based on structural design and their usage the values are given in table
1. The ratio of the variable actions (Qk) to the permanent actions (Gk)
does not exceed 1.25.
2. The magnitude of the variable actions excluding partitions does not
exceed 5 kN/m 2.
31
Procedure for determining flexural reinforcement
Carry out analysis of slab to determine design moments( M)
(Where appropriate use coefficients from the below Table).
32
Check for deflection
Eurocode 2 has two alternative meth ods of designing for deflection; either by limiting
span-to-depth ratio or by assessing the theoretical deflection using the Expressions given in
the Eurocode. In this we have to find using span to depth ratio.
Is basic l/d * F1 * F2 *F3 ≥ Actual l/d if this condition is satisfied it is safe from deflection
otherwise we have to increase As,prov.
33
Punching shear
The design value of the punching shear force, VEd, will usually be the
support reaction at the ultimate limit state .
1. The maximum value of shear at the column face is not limited to 5 MPa, and depends on
the concrete strength used.
2. The control perimeters for rectangular columns in this have rounded corners.
3. Where shear reinforcement is required the procedure is simpler; the point at which no
shear reinforcement is required can be calculated directly and then used to determine the
extent of the area over which shear reinforcement is required.
4. It is assumed that the reinforcement will be in a radial arrangement. However, the
reinforcement can be laid on a grid provided the spacing rules are followed.
Determine the length of the outer perimeter where shear reinforcement not required from:
uout,ef = b VEd/(vRd,c d)
For slabs less than 200 mm thick the following maximum spacing rules apply:
1. for the principal reinforcement
3h but not more than 400 mm
2. for the secondary reinforcement:
3.5h but not more than 450 mm
35
For slabs 200 mm thick or greater reference should be made to
Section 7.3.3 of the Eurocode.
36
Numerical example:
Total depth = 314+15 = 350 mm(Based on the axis distance from code)
D = 350 mm
Load calculations
Moments calculations
= 0.1975 < K
(ok ) safe
No compression reinforcement required
Calculation of Z
Z=d /2[1-3.53K]
= 298
≤ 0.95
OK (safe)
Punching shear calculations
For internal columns take β= 1.15
vEd,max=(1.15*896)/(2000*314)
= 1.64 KN/mm 2
vEd,max ≤ vRd,max
OK (safe)
38
4209
Use 12 mm bars = 38 No.s
113
1.4 1000
c/c spacing is = 36 mm c/c
38
Max spacing = 36 mm
39
Design of flat slabs using ACI -318:
Where a drop panel is used to reduce amount of negative moment reinforcement over the
column of a flat slab, size of drop panel shall be in accordance with the following:
Drop panel shall extend in each direction from centerline of support a di stance not less than
one-sixth the span length measured from center -to center of supports in that direction.
Projection of drop panel below the slab shall be at least one -quarter the slab thickness beyond
the drop.
In computing required slab reinforcem ent, thickness of drop panel below the slab shall not be
assumed greater than one-quarter the distance from edge of drop panel to edge of column or
column capital.
For slabs without interior beams spanning between the supports an d having a ratio of long to
short span not greater than 2, the minimum thickness shall be in accordance with the
provisions of Table below and shall not be less than the following values:
40
Design strips
Column strip is a design strip with a width on each side of a column centerl ine equal to
0.25 l2 or
0.25 l1, whichever is less.
Column head
The upper supporting part of a column is enlarged to form the column head. The diameter or the
column head is made 0.20 to 0.25 of the span length.
Total factored static moment for a span shall be determined in a strip bounded laterally by
centerline of panel on each side of centerline of supports.
Absolute sum of positive and average negative factored moments in each direction shall not be
less than.
w u l 2 l n2
M 0
8
wu =load per unit area acting on the slab panel
ln =Clear span ln shall extend from face to face of columns, capitals, brackets, or walls.
Value of ln
shall not be less than 0.65 l1 . Circular or regular polygon shaped supports shall be
treated as square supports with the same area.
l2 =When the span adjacent and parallel to an edge is being considered, the distance from
edge
to panel centerline shall be substituted for l2 .
41
In an end span, total factored static moment M 0
shall be distributed as follows:
Negative moment sections shall be designed to resist the larger of the two interior negative
factored moments determined for spans framing into a common support unless an a nalysis
is made to
distribute the unbalanced moment in accordance with stiff nesses of adjoining elements.
Edge beams or edges of slab shall be proportioned to resist in torsion their share of exterior
negative factored moments
That portion of negative and positive factored moments not resisted by column strips shall
be
proportionately assigned to corresponding half middle strips.
Each middle strip shall be proportioned to resist the sum of the moments assigned to its two
half middle strips.
A middle strip adjacent to and parallel with an edge supported by a wall shall be
proportioned to resist twice the moment assigned to the half middle strip corresponding to
the first row of interior supports.
42
Factored moments in column strips:
Column strips shall be proportioned to resist the following portions in percent of exterior
negative
factored moments:
Column strips shall be proportioned to resist the following portions in percent of exterior
negative
factored moments:
wu l2ln2
M0
8
Two-way action where each of the critical sections to be investigated shall be located so that
its perimeter b0 is a minimum but need not approach closer than d / 2 to
4
(a) Vc 2 fc!b0d
c
d
(b) Vc s 2 fc!b0d
b0
(c) V c 4 f c! b 0 d
Numerical example:
ln
Depth of the slab from deflection criteria =
36
(for yield stress f yi 60, 000 psi 415 N/mm 2 )
14.22
The column strip has a width of 2 x 2 7.11 ft 180.59 mm
4
l2 16.76
With 1.17 ; 1 0 ( no beams)
l1 14.22
Bending moment for column strip:
Negative moment for column strip = 75 % of total negative moment in the panel
= 0.75 x 96.24 = 72.18 ft-kips = 97.88 KNm
Positive moment for column strip = 60 % of total positive moment in the panel.
= 0.60 x 51.891 = 31.135 ft -kips = 42.21 KNm
1 350
M0 16.76 2 14.22 174.75 ft-kips=237 KNm
8 1000
16.76
The column strip has a width of 2 8.38 ft = 212.85 mm
4
l2 14.22
With 0.8484
l1 16.76
Negative moment for column strip = 75 % of total negative moment in the pannel
= 0.75 x 154.00 = 115.50 ft -kips = 157.66 KNm
Positive moment for column strip = 60 % of total positive moment in the panel.
= 0.60 x 83.00 = 49.8 ft-kips = 67.977 KNm
45
Bending moment for middle strip along shorter span
46
Check for punching shear:
(a)
4
Vc 2 fc!b0d
c
4
2 32968.64 178650.57 lb
1.17
(b)
d
Vc s 2 fc!b0d
b0
406
232968.64 157010.87 lb
421.72
(c)
Vc 4 f c! b 0 d
4 32968.64= 131874.56 lb
Vc 131874.56 Vu
47
Reinforcement
Depth=6 ft,Width=16.76 ft
0 .1 8 0 8
In 16.76 ft direction, m in 0 .0 0 1 7
6 1 6 .7 6
f Mu Mu Mu
R f y 1 0.588 ! psi or R
fc bd 2
0.90 6 b b 324
2
Mu 72.18 10 3
R 150.933
b 324 14.76 32.4
Mu 31.135 10 3
R 65
b 324 14.76 32.4
48
For negative moment in middle strip:
Mu 24.6 10 3
R 50.311
b 324 14.76 32.4
Mu 20.75 10 3
R 43.40
b 324 14.76 32.4
Mu 115.50 10 3
R 219.77
b 324 16.22 32.4
49
Provide Bar No. 7, at a spacing of 3.5 in, 3 in number
Mu 38.50 10 3
R 73.25
b 324 16.22 32.4
Mu 33.20 10 3
R 63.17
b 324 16.22 32.4
50
Result: - codal comparisons (ACI,NZS,IS)
Grade of concrete(N/mm²) 20 20 30 20
51
Conclusions:
By comparing with different codes we concluded that ACI 318, NZS 3101& euro codes are
most effective in designing of flat slabs.
As per Indian code we are using cube strength but in international standards cylindered
are used which gives higher strength than cube.
Drops are important criteria in increasing the shear strength of the slab.
Enhance resistance to punching failure at the junct ion of concrete slab & column.
In the interior span, the total design moments (Mo) are same for IS, NZS, ACI.
The negative moment’s section shall be designed to resist the larger of the two interior
negative design moments for the span framing into common supports.
According to Indian standard (IS 456) for RCC code has recommended characteristic
strength of concrete as 20, 25, and 30 and above 30 for high strength concrete. For design
purpose strength of concrete is taken as 2/3 of actual strength this is to compensate the
difference between cube strength and actual strength of concrete in structure. After that
we apply factor of safety of 1.5. So in practice Indian standard actually us es 46% of total
concrete characteristic strength. While in International practice is to take 85% of total
strength achieved by test and then apply factor of safety which is same as Indian standard
so in actual they use 57% of total strength.
Pre fabricated sections to be integrated into the design for ease of construction.
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References:-
2. ASI-318
3. NZS:3101
4. Euro code
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