Cellular Communication

How can cells send signals to each other?

Why?
There are many times when communication between cells is advantageous. For multicellular organisms,
communication between nearby or even distant cells is critical for the survival of the species. Even single
celled organisms like bacteria have an evolutionary advantage when they “talk” with each other. Cells
employ a variety of signaling pathways in order to send chemical messages from cell to cell.

Model 1 – Types of Signaling

A B

Juxta crine

Autocrine

el
vess
Paracrine o od
Bl

Endocrine

Cellular Communication 1
 1. Consider the diagrams in Model 1 of four types of cellular communication. Match each of the
shapes below with a label at the right.

Cell

cell Signaling molecule (ligand)

signaling molecule (
ligand )
Receptor

membrane channel
receptor Membrane channel
2. Describe how the shape of the ligand (signaling molecule) and the shape of the receptor are
related.
The
ligand fits into a site on the receptor molecule like a

lock and a
key .

3. Which of the cellular communication methods in Model 1 appear to be for signaling between
cells that are in close proximity?

Types B and C

4. Which of the cellular communication methods in Model 1 appear to be for signaling between
cells in different parts of an organism (long-distance communication)?

Type D .

5. In which of the cellular communication methods would a ligand (signaling molecule) need to
have the longest “life”? Explain your reasoning.
Type D .
As the molecule travels through long distance
,

it has to be stable for a

longer time .

6. Use the four terms below to label the diagrams in Model 1. Word-part definitions are given to
help you determine the meanings of each term.
Autocrine (auto = self ) Paracrine (para = nearby)
Juxtacrine (juxta = beside, next to, touching) Endocrine (endo = within)
7. Cellular communication takes place for a variety of reasons—mating, defense mechanisms,
homeostasis, growth, etc. Discuss the following question with your group and make a prediction:
“Do all ligands for cellular communication have the same chemical structure (shape)?”
Provide specific reasons or examples to support your prediction.
No .
If all ligands had the same chemical structure,

there would be misunderstandings with signals . Hence

,

should have different shapes

ligands .

2 POGIL™ Activities for AP* Biology

 8. Consider each of the following cellular communication examples. Divide the work among group
members. Have each group member determine which type of signaling is being used in their
scenario (autocrine, juxtacrine, paracrine or endocrine), and then present their reasoning to the
group.
a. Quorum sensing is used by bacteria to determine the population density of their species
in a local area. (Many bacterial functions would be ineffective in small numbers—infecting
a host organism with a toxin, for example—and would therefore be a waste of energy and
resources to the bacteria.) Each bacterium produces a ligand. Once the concentration of that
ligand reaches a critical concentration, thus indicating a sufficient population density for the
response to be effective, all bacteria will respond simultaneously.
Paracrine The signal doesn't need to
.

travel very far but only to the

adjacent or
nearby cells .

b. Plants construct channels between cells called plasmodesmata that allow ligands to move
directly from one cell to another throughout the plant structure.

Juxta crine .
The cells are touching
each other and the signal moves

between cells without having to travel

distances
long .

c. Morphogens are produced in embryos from a central source early in development. They dif-
fuse throughout the tissue creating a concentration gradient that provides a spatial reference
for developing cells. Cells far from the morphogen production will develop into one type of
tissue while cells close to the source will develop into a different type of tissue. This allows for
differentiation of cell structure early in embryotic development.
Paracrine .
The
ligands only travel
the length of a small embryo .

Hence the cells are fairly close

, .

d. Cells in the human pancreas release insulin when blood sugar levels are elevated. The insulin
signals cells in the liver to begin absorbing glucose and convert it to glycogen for storage.
Endocrine The insulin moves
throughout the body
.

to all cells even those far

, from the pancreas .

Cellular Communication 3
 9. Consider each of the following cellular communication examples. Divide the work among group
members. Have each group member determine which type of signaling is being used in their
scenario (autocrine, juxtacrine, paracrine or endocrine), and then present their reasoning to the
group.
a. Pheromones released by a female gamete cell (egg) provide a pathway for the male gamete
cell (sperm) to travel, increasing the possibility of fertilization.
human uterus, the
Endocrine .
For example, in the case of the

would need to travel long distance within to the sperm

pheromones a .

b. Some cancer cells release their own growth hormone rather than relying on growth hormones
from the host organism or from other cells. This presents challenges to cancer researchers
looking for ways to slow the growth of cancer cells.
Autocrine .
The signal is released from and received by the same cell .

c. Neurotransmitters are ligands that are released from the axon of one nerve cell to the
dendrite of another nerve cell. This helps to propagate the signal across several cells.
Paracrine .
The signal only travels a

Axon short distance from one cell to a

Synapse
neighboring cell .

Dendrite

d. Cells in the pituitary gland produce thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which is received
by cells in the thyroid. The arrival of TSH in the thyroid triggers production of several hor-
mones, which then travel throughout the body to regulate metabolism.
Endocrine .
The ligands ( hormones) travel throughout the body .

10. If a medical researcher wanted to prevent communication between cells in order to cure a disease
or prevent a malady, how might they achieve that? Propose two or more general methods that
could be used to stop a signal transmission from cell to cell.
1) introduce a
drug that prevents production of the
ligand .

blocks the receptor site of the

2) introduce a molecule that

cell ligand
3) introduce chemical that the
a
changes ligand so that it makes boarding difficult .

11. If a medical researcher wanted to enhance communication between cells in order to cure a disease
or prevent a malady, how might they achieve that? Propose two or more general methods that
could be used to enhance signal transmission from cell to cell.
1) introduce a drug that increases
production the increases
of ligand or

production of the receptor protein on cells .

2) introduce more of the

ligand into the
organism
to increase
its overall concentration (signal )

4 POGIL™ Activities for AP* Biology

Extension Questions
11. The examples of cellular communication used in this activity vary from bacteria to plants to ver-
tebrates. However, the mechanisms of cellular communication are similar among varied species.
Explain how scientists might use cellular communication systems to show evolutionary related-
ness between species.
Scientists could look at the chemical structure of the ligands or the

proteins to see which species have the similar

receptor most

structures in their communication systems .

12. Some hormones such as estrogen and testosterone are lipids and therefore nonpolar. Explain why
a receptor protein would not be needed for this type of ligand to activate a response in a cell.
Since the hormones are nonpolar, they can diffuse through
the cell membrane without a
protein channel .

13. Suggest some stimuli that might cause a cell to release a ligand and begin communication be-
tween cells.
from another cell ( hormones)
1) light levels 5) signal
2) of the cell
age 6)
sensory triggers [ smell , taste, touch )
3) stress level

4) temperature

Cellular Communication 5