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Cell and Molecular Biology
Cell and Molecular Biology
Cytoskeleton
The features of eukaryotic cells are as
follows: • The cytoskeleton is present inside the
Eukaryotic cells have the nucleus enclosed cytoplasm, which consists of
within the nuclear membrane. microfilaments, microtubules, and fibres
The cell has mitochondria. to provide perfect shape to the cell,
Flagella and cilia are the locomotory organs anchor the organelles, and stimulate the
in a eukaryotic cell. cell movement.
A cell wall is the outermost layer of the
Endoplasmic Reticulum
eukaryotic cells.
The cells divide by a process called mitosis. • It is a network of small, tubular
The eukaryotic cells contain a cytoskeletal structures that divides the cell surface
structure. into two parts: luminal and extraluminal.
The nucleus contains a single, linear DNA, Endoplasmic Reticulum is of two types:
which carries all the genetic information. • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum contains
ribosomes.
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Nucleus Plastids
• These are double-membraned structures
• The nucleoplasm enclosed within the
and are found only in plant cells. These
nucleus contains DNA and proteins.
are of three types:
• The nuclear envelop consists of two
• Chloroplast that contains chlorophyll
layers- the outer membrane and the
and is involved in photosynthesis.
inner membrane. Both the membranes
• Chromoplast that contains a pigment
are permeable to ions, molecules, and
called carotene that provides the plants
RNA material.
yellow, red, or orange colours.
Ribosome production also takes place
• Leucoplasts that are colourless and store
inside the nucleus.
oil, fats, carbohydrates, or proteins.
Golgi Apparatus
Examples of Eukaryotic Cells
• It is made up of flat disc-shaped
structures called cisternae. • Eukaryotic cells are exclusively found in
• It is absent in red blood cells of humans plants, animals, fungi, protozoa, and
and sieve cells of plants. other complex organisms. The examples
• They are arranged parallel and of eukaryotic cells are
concentrically near the nucleus.
• It is an important site for the formation
of glycoproteins and glycolipids.
Plant Cells
Ribosomes
• The cell wall is made up of cellulose,
These are the main site for protein
which provides support to the plant. It
synthesis and are composed of proteins
has a large vacuole which maintains the
and ribonucleic acids.
turgor pressure. The plant cell contains
Mitochondria chloroplast, which aids in the process of
photosynthesis.
• These are also known as “powerhouse
of cells” because they produce energy. Fungal Cells
• It consists of an outer membrane and an
• The cell wall is made of chitin. Some
inner membrane. The inner membrane is
fungi have holes known as septa which
divided into folds called cristae.
allow the organelles and cytoplasm to
• They help in the regulation of cell
pass through them.
metabolism.
Animal Cells
Lysosomes
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• These do not have cell walls. Instead, 4. The histone proteins, the important
they have a cell membrane. That is why constituents of eukaryotic
animals have varied shapes. They have chromosomes, are lacking in them.
the ability to perform phagocytosis and 5. The cell wall is made up of
pinocytosis. carbohydrates and amino acids.
6. The plasma membrane acts as the
Protozoa
mitochondrial membrane carrying
• Protozoans are unicellular organisms. respiratory enzymes.
Some protozoa have cilia for 7. They divide asexually by binary fission.
locomotion. A thin layer called pellicle The sexual mode of reproduction
provides supports to the cell. involves conjugation.
Prokaryotic cell:
What are the structural features of
prokaryotic cells?
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When did the first eukaryotic cell evolve? Endosymbiotic theory: - Prokaryotes existed
first. Eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes that
• The first eukaryotic cells evolved about 2
begin to live within one another.
billion years ago. This is explained by the
endosymbiotic theory that explains the Proof: Mitochondria & Chloroplasts have their
origin of eukaryotic cells by the own DNA, so they existed independently as
prokaryotic organisms. Mitochondria bacteria at one time; this is how eukaryotes
and chloroplasts are believed to have evolved from prokaryote ancestors
evolved from symbiotic bacteria.
Mitochondria and chloroplast originated as
bacterial cells that came to live inside larger
cells
Cell Evolution
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this domain, such that it is next to Kingdom Fungi (yeast, mold, etc.), Kingdom
impossible to determine how many species Plantae (flowering plants, ferns, etc.) and
of bacteria exist on the planet. Kingdom Animalia (insects, vertebrates,
etc.).
• ARCHAEA
- Archaea are prokaryotic cells which are - Not all Eukaryotes have a cell wall, and even
typically characterized by membranes that if they do they don’t contain
are branched hydrocarbon chains attached peptidoglycan as bacteria do. While cells
to glycerol by ether linkages. The presence are organized into tissues in case of
of this ether containing linkages in Archaea kingdom Plantae as well as kingdom
adds to their ability of withstanding extreme Animalia, the presence of cell walls is only
temperature and highly acidic conditions. restricted to the members of kingdom
Plantae.
Examples of Archaea
Topic 2:
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
BIOMOLECULES
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Some combinations, like T-A-A, T-A-G, and T- Mutations are permanent changes in the DNA
G-A, also indicate the end of a protein sequence. Changes in the DNA code can
sequence. This tells the cell not to add more negatively impact how the body produces
amino acids to the protein. proteins.
Proteins contain different combinations of If the protein doesn’t work properly, diseases
amino acids. When placed together in the can develop. Some diseases that occur due to
correct order, each protein has a unique mutations in a single gene include cystic
structure and function within your body. fibrosis and sickle cell anemia.
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