Abdüsselam Altunkaynak, PHD Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, I.T.U
Abdüsselam Altunkaynak, PHD Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, I.T.U
Abdüsselam Altunkaynak, PHD Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, I.T.U
Detention Dams,
Diversion Dams,
Hydropower Dams
Classification of Dams
Feasibility Study
Planning Study
FEASIBILITY STUDY
2. Diversion
River flow must be diverted from the site before the construction
see the figure below for two possible ways to divert water:
Reservoir
Construction of Dams
3. Foundation Treatment
seepage
Construction of Dams
“Inspection galleries”:
Permit access to the interior of concrete dams and
are needed for seepage determination, grouting operations and etc.
For Earth-fill dams
For high dams, horizontal berms are constructed to enhance slope stability
Embankment dams represent only 25% of the dams over 200 m in height.
For Rock-fill dams
Core and filter zones are similarly constructed as the earth dam
are economic
Advantage of RCC
Overturning,
B) HYDROSTATIC FORCES:
Water in the reservoir + tailwater causes Horizontal Hh1, Hh2
and Vertical Fh1v, Fh2v
Where
Fu is the uplift force per unit width
Where,
• Fs is the lateral earth force per unit width,
• γs is the submerged specific weight of soil,
• hs is the depth of sediment accumulation relative to reservoir bottom
elevation,
• θ is the angle of repose.
This force acts at hs /3 above the reservoir bottom.
FORCES ON GRAVITY DAMS
25 30 60 95
50 58 90 150
75 75 115 160
Where,
k is the earthquake coefficient: Ratio of earthquake acceleration to
gravitational acceleration.
This force must be assumed to act both horizontally, Fdh and vertically, Fdv
at the center of gravity of the dam.
FORCES ON GRAVITY DAMS
Where
• Fw is the force per unit width of dam
• C is a constant given by
Where
• ρ is the density of water,
• Q is the outflow rate over the spillway crest,
• ΔV is the change in velocity between sections 1 and 2 (v2-v1).
I) WAVE FORCES:
are considered when a long fetch exists
Usual loading:
B and Temperature Stresses at normal conditions
+C+A+E+D
Unusual loading:
B and Temperature Stresses at min. at full upstream level
+C+A+D
Severe loading:
Forces in usual loading + earthquake forces
STABILITY CRITERIA
Where,
f is coefficient of friction between any two planes,
∑V is the vectorial summation of vertical forces
∑H is the vectorial summation of horizontal forces acting on the
dam.
STABILITY CRITERIA
Material Sound rock, clean and Rock, some Gravel and Sand Shale
irregular surface jointing coarse sand
Where
• σ is the vertical normal base pressure
• M is the net moment about the centerline of the base (M=∑V.e)
as indicated in Figure
STABILITY CRITERIA
̅x is the moment arm of the net vertical force with respect to the toe, c=B/2
long the axis of the dam and into the rock abutments.
Arch dams constitute less than 5 % of dams worldwide, But they account
Structural Design:
Load distribution on the dam body (based on theories of
elasticity and shells) and beyond scope of this course
Hydraulic Design:
Determination of thickness at any elevation
Effect of uplift force → ignored
Stresses due to ice and temperature changes - important
Arch action - near the crest of dam
Cantilever action - near the bottom of dam
DESIGN OF THE ARCH DAMS
y
Hh
p=γ h
r
θ/2 θ/2
R
B R
Free body diagram for arch dam analysis
Total horizontal force (Hh): h: height of arch lib from the reservoir surface
r: radius of arch
θa: central angle
DESIGN OF THE ARCH DAMS
L : arch length
1) This is the reason why the constant-angle dams require less concrete than
the constant-center dams
2) Formwork is more difficult
3) In practice; 100o < θa < 140o for the constant-angle dams
Buttress Dams
A buttress dam consists of a sloping slab which transmits the water thrust to a
series of buttress at right angles to the axis of the slab
Buttress Dams
Analyze the stability of the given gravity dam (Figure 1) for the following conditions: Friction
coefficient between concrete-foundation is 0.70. Allowable shear stress at the foundation level is
2200 kN/m2, allowable compressive and shear stresses in concrete are 2700 kN/m2, and 2400
kN/m2, respectively. Allowable compressive stress in foundation material is 2700 kN/m2. Take
specific weights of concrete and water as 24 kN/m3, and 10 kN/m3, respectively.
Solution 1
The value of the forces, total vertical and total horizontal forces, and moments:
2. Sliding (F.SS): The dam must be safe against sliding over any horizontal
plane.
F.SS should be
greater than 1.5 for usual loadings,
greater than 1.0 for unusual or severe loadings.
Solution 1, cont’d
4. Stress ( max/min):
The contact stress between the foundation and the dam must be greater than
zero, and all points or the dam will be unsafe against overturning. Maximum base
pressure (max) should be less than the allowable compressive stress, and minimum
base pressure (min) should be greater than zero.
Problem 2
Analyze the stability of given gravity dam for the following conditions:
The temperature changes with 5 oC/h in every 50 cm at the ice thickness at the reservoir surface. Friction coefficients between
concretes, and concrete-foundation are 0.75 and 0.65, respectively. Allowable shear stress at the foundation level is 2000
kN7m2, allowable compressive and shear stress in concrete are 2500 kN/m2, and 2200 kN/m2, respectively. Allowable
compressive stress in foundation material is 2500 kN/m2. Relief drainage may reduce the uplift force by 50%. The earthquake
coefficient is 0.1. Take specific weights of concrete and water as 25 kN/m3, and 10 kN/m3, respectively.
Solution 2
Left abutment
altunkaynak.net
Solution 2, cont’d
1) Overturning (F.S0):
The dam must be safe against overturning for all loading conditions. F.S0 should be
greater than 2.0 for usual loading and
greater than 1.5 for unusual or severe loading.
2) Sliding (F.Ss):
The dam must be safe against sliding over any horizontal plane. F.SS should be
greater than 1.5 for usual loading and
greater than 1.0 for unusual or severe loading.
Solution 2, cont’d
4) Stress ( max/min):
The contact stress between the foundation and the dam must be greater than zero and all points
or the dam will be unsafe against overturning.
Maximum base pressure ( max) should be less than the allowable compressive stress and
Minimum base pressure ( min) should be greater than zero.
Solution 2, cont’d
1) Overturning (F.S0):
The dam must be safe against overturning for all loading conditions. F.S0 should be
greater than 2.0 for usual loading and
greater than 1.5 for unusual or severe loading.
2) Sliding (F.Ss):
The dam must be safe against sliding over any horizontal plane. F.SS should be
greater than 1.5 for usual loading and
than 1.0 for unusual or severe loading.
Solution 2, cont’d
4) Stress ( max/min):
The contact stress between the foundation and the dam must be greater than zero and all points
or the dam will be unsafe against overturning.
Maximum base pressure ( max) should be less than the allowable
Compressive stress and Minimum base pressure ( min) should be greater than zero.
Problem 3
Determine the total volume of an arch dam 120 m high to span a 300 m
wide U-shaped valley. The crest width is 6 m. Take = 10 kN/m3, = 120o,
all = 6200 kN/m2. Ignore the variation of span width and a in the vertical
direction. Consider vertical upstream face.
Solution 3
Solution 3, cont’d
Problem 4
Determine the optimum central angle of an arch dam giving the minimum
volume of rib.
SOLUTION 4
The optimum central angle for a minimum volume of arch rib can be
determined by differentiating the equation written below with respect to and
equating to zero.
Answer: a = 133o.34’
TEŞEKKÜRLER