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  • Rich Gen Chem

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    Raymond Maristela
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    The document describes several experiments conducted to investigate the properties of matter at a molecular level. In the first activity, students compared the distances and arrangements of molecules in gases, liquids, and solids. They found that solid molecules are closest together, liquid molecules have some space but remain in contact, and gas molecules are farthest apart. The second activity had students use a table to summarize these findings about molecular behavior and properties like density, compressibility, and motion for each phase of matter. In later activities, students explored concepts like surface tension, capillary action, viscosity, vapor pressure, and the relationship between boiling point and molar heat of vaporization by conducting experiments with water, oils, and other liquids.

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    The document describes several experiments conducted to investigate the properties of matter at a molecular level. In the first activity, students compared the distances and arrangements of molecules in gases, liquids, and solids. They found that solid molecules are closest together, liquid molecules have some space but remain in contact, and gas molecules are farthest apart. The second activity had students use a table to summarize these findings about molecular behavior and properties like density, compressibility, and motion for each phase of matter. In later activities, students explored concepts like surface tension, capillary action, viscosity, vapor pressure, and the relationship between boiling point and molar heat of vaporization by conducting experiments with water, oils, and other liquids.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    442 views4 pages

    Rich Gen Chem

    Uploaded by

    Raymond Maristela
    The document describes several experiments conducted to investigate the properties of matter at a molecular level. In the first activity, students compared the distances and arrangements of molecules in gases, liquids, and solids. They found that solid molecules are closest together, liquid molecules have some space but remain in contact, and gas molecules are farthest apart. The second activity had students use a table to summarize these findings about molecular behavior and properties like density, compressibility, and motion for each phase of matter. In later activities, students explored concepts like surface tension, capillary action, viscosity, vapor pressure, and the relationship between boiling point and molar heat of vaporization by conducting experiments with water, oils, and other liquids.

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    of 4

    Activity 1. Compare the properties of gases, liquids, and solids in terms of distances and arrangement of their molecules.

    WRITE YOUR ANSWER ON THE SPACE PROVIDED.

    a. Compare the distances among molecules in the gas, liquid and solid and rank the phases in increasing distance
    between particles.
    The particles in the solid are in close proximity to one another, with very little space between them. The particles in a
    liquid are normally still in contact with one another, although there are some gaps between them. The gas particles are
    separated by large distances. The solid comes first in terms of increasing distance between particles, followed by liquid,
    and then gas contains the most particles with the greatest distance.

    b. Describe the characteristic movement of the particles of gas, liquid and solid.
    Particles move in different ways depending on whether they are solid, liquid, or gas. First, gas particles travel rapidly and
    can spread away from one another. While the particles of a liquid can flow past one another, lastly solid particles cannot
    move out of their locations relative to one another, although they do possess tiny vibrational motions.

    c. How are the molecules of gas, liquid and solid arranged?

    d. Identify the property of matter that corresponds to the molecular behaviour.


    Only a few parameters of gases, such as pressure, density, temperature, internal energy, viscosity, heat conductivity,
    and diffusivity, are important when compared to the number of molecules involved.

    Activity 2. Use the table to present the comparison of the properties of gases, liquids, and solids.

    Properties of Matter Molecular Behavior


    Gas Liquid Solid
    Volume/Shape Indefinite volume and Definite volume and Definite volume and shape
    shape Indefinite shape
    Density Low Moderate High
    Compressibility Small Medium, greater than that Large
    of corresponding solid
    Motion of Molecules Rapid, random straight line Slide past each other Vibrate in place
    motion

    Kinetic Molecular Theory of Liquids and Solids Hands-on Individual activity:


    Materials:
    6pcs of 1 peso coin, small syringe, droppers
    Face mask, safety gloves, goggles, small vials/container
    Suggested liquids to use: Water, ethanol or any alcohol, acetone
    Questions to investigate:
    1. How many drops of can a 1-peso coin hold?
    2. How long will it take for one drop of a liquid to evaporate?

    Safety Precautions:
    The activity should be performed in an airy or well-ventilated room.
    Observe proper handling of the substances that will be using. Avoid contact with the skin and direct inhalation of the
    vapors of the substances. It is best if the students use safety gloves, goggles, and mask.
    Procedure:
    1. Each student should have 6 pieces of 1-peso coin and 3 droppers.
    2. Give each group 3 labeled small vials/container containing each of the liquids.
    3. Using the first 3 coins, have the students drop each liquid on a 1-peso coin and count the number of drops the coin
    can hold. Then on the next 3 coins, put a drop of the liquid and determine how much time it takes one drop to
    evaporate.
    4. Write the results on your scratch paper for comparison with the results

    19 drops – acetone
    36 drops – water
    24 drops – alcohol

    Activity 3. Answer the following questions, write your answer on the space provided.

    a. Which molecules can hold more drops on the coin?


    Water molecules can hold more drops of coin than acetone and alcohol. This is because water has higher surface
    tension, so the surface is stronger and can hold together a larger drop.

    b. Which molecules took longer to evaporate?


    Water took much longer to evaporate than acetone and alcohol. Water evaporates slowly than others because its
    molecules are attracted to one another by hydrogen bonding.

    c. Are the molecules that can hold the lesser number of drops the same as the molecules that took less time to
    evaporate? Explain your answer.
    Yes, Acetone is the molecules that can hold lesser number of drops, also it is the molecules that took less time to
    evaporate. Because acetone does not engage in hydrogen bonding, its intermolecular forces are less, therefore it
    evaporates fast.

    Activity 1. Performance Task #1 (Attach pictures of your individual activity)

    Materials needed:
    Water, cooking oil, conditioner or lotion, liquid detergent, acetone.

    Test tubes, as many as liquids to test

    Droppers, Hard cardboard, tape, Marking pen for labeling

    Procedure:
    1. Place three to five drops of each liquid sample in separate and labeled small test tubes.

    2. Tape the tubes upright on a piece of hard cardboard. When the tubes are secure, lay the cardboard and tubes in
    horizontal position. Observe and time the flow of the contents of the tubes until the liquid in the tube reaches the edge
    of the opening of the tube.

    3. Start timing by tilting the cardboard about 4 to 5 inches from the surface to allow the liquid to flow.

    Answer the following question:


    a. Which one flowed fastest? The one flowed fastest is water.
    b. Which one took the longest time? The liquid took longest time to flowed is lotion.
    c. What factors that may influence the ease of flow of the contents? The factor that may influence in the ease flow of
    the liquids is the viscosity of it. Water has the lowest viscosity and lotion has the highest viscosity.
    Activity 2. Performance Task #2 (Attach pictures of your individual activity)

    1. Fill a small glass jar all the way to the top with water.
    2. What do you think would happen if you were to add twenty-five centavo coins to it?
    The water will slightly rise above the glass’s rim and it will move slowly.

    3. Try adding coins one at a time. What happens to the water in the cup?
    If you add coins one at a time, the water will slowly rise and the water begins to form a bulge after dropping coins and if
    you continue to drop a lot of coins it will possibly spill if the glass reaches the maximum volume of it.

    4. How many coins can you add without causing the water to overflow?
    The coins that I add without causing water to overflow are 68 coins.

    Activity 3

    1. Take some water with a straw and put a few drops on plastic sheet.
    (a) What is the shape of the drop? The shapes of the water drop are circle or spherical shape.
    (b) Move a drop around with your straw. Does the drop change? No. the drop of water will not change.
    2. Move one of the drops close to another one with your straw. What happens when two drops meet? When you bring
    two drops of water near each other and allow them to touch, they combine immediately and become one drop. It
    concludes that water molecules are made of atoms.
    3. Put a small amount of one of the solids (salt, pepper, sugar, face powder) on one of the drops. Does the shape
    change? Solids dissolve in water such as salt, sugar, face powder because they are attracted to each other but pepper
    doesn’t attract to water because it is hydrophobic. The shape of the water slightly changes to its shape and some of the
    solids doesn’t.
    4. Try this again with the other solids.

    Activity 4

    1. Put some water in your cup.


    2. Sprinkle black pepper all over the surface. What does the pepper do? Because water is not attracted to the black
    pepper, the pepper floats above the water surface.
    3. Add a drop of dish soap to the water. What does the pepper do?
    When you add soap, the surface tension is broken, and the water molecules spread away from the soap, bringing the
    pepper with them.

    Activity 5. At 50° C the vapor pressure of ethanol is 0.30 atm, acetic acid is 0.08 atm, water is 0.12 atm, and acetone is
    0.84 atm.

    A. Arrange these substances in order of increasing rates of evaporation.


    The arrange order of the substance in increasing rates of evaporation is acetic acid, water, ethanol, acetone.
    B. Arrange these substances in order of increasing boiling point temperature.
    The arrange order of the substance in increasing boiling point temperature is acetone, ethanol, water, acetic acid.
    C. Arrange these substances in order of increasing intermolecular forces.
    The arrange order of the substance in increasing intermolecular forces is acetone, ethanol, water, acetic acid.

    Activity 5. Make a summary of what you have learned on the following topic:

    1. Surface tension - Surface tension is a feature of a liquid's surface that permits it to resist an external force owing to
    the molecules' cohesive nature."

    2.Capillary action - When liquids, such as water, pass through a solid, such as a hollow tube or spongy substance, the
    process is known as capillary action. Cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension all play a role in this. Capillary activity is
    required for plants to transport water and nutrients up their stalks or trunks.

    3.Viscosity - The resistance of a fluid (liquid or gas) to a change in shape or movement of adjacent sections relative to
    one another is called viscosity. The term "viscosity" refers to the resistance to flow.

    4.Vapor pressure of a liquid - The tendency of a substance to transition into the gaseous or vapour state is measured by
    vapour pressure, which rises with temperature. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the vapour
    pressure at its surface equals the pressure exerted by its surroundings.
    5. Molar Heat of Vaporization and Boiling Point - The heat absorbed by one mole of a substance during its conversion
    from a liquid to a gas is referred to as the molar heat of vaporization. Heat is released when a gas turns into a liquid.

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