RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

RIZA
Cities of LMandaluyong
TECHNO LO
and GICAL UNIVERSITY
Pasig
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

LESSON 3:
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS

Student Name
Section
Schedule
Program
College
Professor
Module Duration

GE07 – Science, Technology, and Society

1ST SEMESTER I 2021 - 2022
0
 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

Intellectual
Revolutions

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Identify the intellectual revolutions that shaped society’s perception of science
and technology across time;
2. Discuss how intellectual revolutions changed the way modern science was
understood and
Approached; and
3. Explain the importance of other intellectual revolutions that also took place in
other parts of the world, such as Meso America, Asia, Middle East, and Africa.

Topic Presentation

INTRODUCTION/OVERVIEW
This module analyses the intellectual revolutions that changed the way people
perceive the influence of science and technology on society in general. It gives
emphasis on three of the most important intellectual revolutions in history: Copernican,
Darwinian, and Freudian. Moreover, the module focuses also on the intellectual
revolutions that took place in many parts of the world, such as North America, Asia,
Middle East, and Asia. By discussing these intellectual revolutions in the framework of
science, technology, and society, the students are drawn to understand its relevance
to the development of modern science. This section also engages student in a critical
analysis of the current intellectual and scientific revolutions, which they may find
themselves to be part of.

Contents
Content 1 Three of the most important intellectual revolutions in history
Copernican Revolution
The Copernican Revolution discusses the
th
16 - century paradigm shift named after the Polish
mathematician and astronomer, Nicolaus
Copernicus. Nicolas Copernicus developed the
heliocentric model of the universe, meaning sun-
centered. At that time, the Earth was believed to be
the center of the universe based on geocentric

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model of Ptolemy, Ptolemaic model. The idea that the Sun is the center of the universe
instead of the Earth agitated many of the scientists.
In the years that follows, similar to the Ptolemaic model, the Heliocentric model
had been found to have shortcomings also. Nonetheless, regardless with the problems
of the model, many scientists, specially Galileo Galilei, supported and accepted the
model. The Copernican Revolution ultimately caught on among other astronomers who
further polished the model and finally paved way for the birth of a new science, modern
astronomy. In the next century that follows, Sir Isaac Newton recognized the model
and this made a turning point in the study of cosmology and astronomy.

COPERNICAN
REVOLUTION.pptx

Chapters 5-7 of Thomas S. Kuhn’s The Copernican Revolution and accomplish the
Metacognitive Reading Report.

https://www.theochem.ru.nl/~pwormer/Knowino/knowino.org/wiki/Copernican_revoluti
on_(book).html
https://www.google.com/search?q=copernican+revolution&source=lnms&tbm=isch&s
a

Darwinian Revolution
The English naturalist, geologist, and
biologist, Charles Darwin is recognized for
inspiring another important intellectual
revolution in the mid-19th century. His literary
paper regarding science of evolution, On the
Origin of Species, which was published in
1859 had stirred a revolution that brought
society to a new phase of intellectual
innovation .
The Darwinian Revolution profited
from the earlier intellectual revolutions specially during the 16th and 17th century, such
that it was directed with the assurance brought about the human’s capacity to
rationalize and explain various phenomena. Darwin collected evidences pointing to
what is know as natural selection, an evolutionary process by which organisms,
including humans, inherit, develop and adapt traits that favored survival and
reproduction.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JjLOvrx0_o4
https://www.google.com/search?q=+Darwinian+Revolution&tbm=isch

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Freudian Revolution
The Austrian neurologist, Sigmund Freud,
is recognized for stirring a 20th-century intellectual
revolution named after him the Freudian
Revolution. Psychoanalysis as a school of thought
in psychology is the main focus of this revolution.
Freud's revolutionary theory of psychoanalysis is
considered a "great" idea in personality. It is a
scientific method of understanding inner and
unconscious conflicts embedded within one’s
personality, spring from free associations, dreams,
and fantasies of individuals.
Freud suggested that humans are intrinsically pleasure-seeking individuals.
These beliefs brought the argument of whether psychoanalysis fit into the scientific
study of the mind and the brain. Amidst controversy, Freud’s psychoanalysis is
generally recognized for dominating psychotherapeutic practice in the early 20th
century.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lT4wQ02sALE
https://www.google.com/search?q=freudian+Revolution&tbm

Content 2 How intellectual revolutions transformed the views of society about

modern science

• Influence of intellectual revolutions on science and technology

• Understanding how society is transformed by intellectual revolutions

Scientific Revolution
The scientific revolution refers to the
16th and 17th centuries paradigm shift in the
scientific thoughts. It refers to successions
of occurrences that shows evidences on the
emergence of modern science during the
early modern period. The period manifested
how the developments of chemistry,
physics, and astronomy transformed the
views of humanity on nature.
This intellectual revolution is associated with the contributions made by the
following scientists in the field of astronomy, such as Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler,
Rene Descartes, Robert Boyle, Sir Isaac Newton and many others, which in reality
created modern science. A method was discovered for the progressive acquisition of
knowledge, the famous empirical method of science. Ultimately, this revolution ended
with the idea presented by Albert Einstein on his general relativity.

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https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-worldhistory/chapter/the-scientific-
revolution/

Content 3 Other intellectual revolutions that advance modern science and

scientific ideas

• Intellectual Revolutions in Meso America

• Intellectual Revolutions in Asia
• Intellectual Revolutions in Middle East
• Intellectual Revolutions in Africa

Intellectual Revolutions in Other Parts of the World

Aside from the first three intellectual
revolutions and scientific revolutions just
discussed, other intellectual revolutions
occurred across history in in various parts of
the world, such as Meso America, Asia,
Middle East and Africa. These intellectual
revolutions that took place in the four
geographical locations made their own
contribution in the advancement of modern
science and scientific thoughts.

Development of
Modern Science in Mesoamerica, Asia, Middle East and Africa.pptx

Discussion / Forum

In the study of the history of science and technology, one of the most important
areas of interest involves the various intellectual revolutions across time. In this
aspect, focus lies in how intellectual revolutions emerged as a result of the interaction
of science, technology, and society. It covers how intellectual revolutions altered the
way modern science was understood and approached.
For this discussion, intellectual revolutions in science and technology refers to
the series of events that led to the development of modern science and the progress
of scientific thinking in various periods of our history. Although there are many
intellectual revolutions, this topic focuses on the three of the most important ones that
changed the perspectives of society on how they view science: Copernican,
Darwinian, and Freudian. Moreover, other intellectual revolutions from other parts of
the world are discussed: Meso America, Middle East, Asia and Africa. In
understanding intellectual revolutions, it is worth noting that these revolutions are
paradigm shifts in the history of science and technology development.
It is common knowledge that at present we are facing global health crisis, the
Covid-19 pandemic. Science and technology innovation has helped society in

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addressing this problem. We can see throughout history how technological

advancements in the modern science evolve from intellectual and scientific
revolutions that shape the society.
To understand intellectual revolutions in the context of science, technology,
and society, the following problems are posed: (a) How does intellectual revolutions
shaped science, technology, and society? (b) Cite instances in the present situation
how these revolutions advance modern science and scientific thinking.

Activities/Assignment

LEARNING TASKS
Activity 1. Group Activity
Instructions. Divide the class into six groups. Two groups will randomly pick one of the
three revolutions discussed in this section. Given sufficient time, the groups should
prepare a five-to seven – minute freestyle group presentation that demonstrates their
understanding of the intellectual revolution they picked. The students will use the rubric
below in preparing for the freestyle presentation.
Rubric for the Freestyle Group Presentation
On the Scientific Revolutions
Criteria Indicators %
1. Knowledge if the a. How well does the group understand 50
scientific revolution the intellectual revolutions and its key
concepts?
b. How well does the presentation
reflect this understanding?
2. Creativity a. How is the group able to inject 30
creativity and innovation in their
presentation?
b. How well does the mode of
presentation entertain and entice the
audience
3. Teamwork a. How well does the group work as a 20
team as evidenced by the distribution
of task and actual participation during
the presentation?

Activity 2. Metacognitive Reading Report (Assignment)

Following the same intellectual revolution assigned to your group during the previous
activity, read Chapters 5-7 of Thomas S. Kuhn’s The Copernican Revolution and
accomplish the Metacognitive Reading Report.
https://www.theochem.ru.nl/~pwormer/Knowino/knowino.org/wiki/Copernican_revoluti
on_(book).html

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1. Difficult Concepts
a. ___________________________________________________________
________________
b. ___________________________________________________________
________________
2. Learning Insights
a. Before reading the article, I thought that
___________________________________________________________
________________
However, after reading the article, I learned that
___________________________________________________________
________________
b. Before reading the article, I thought that
___________________________________________________________
________________
However, after reading the article, I learned that
___________________________________________________________
________________
3. Discussion Questions
a. ___________________________________________________________
________________
b. ___________________________________________________________
________________
Activity 3. Reading Enrichment -Pair Work (Diad)
Individual Activity Instructions: Aside from the three intellectual revolutions
discussed in this section, other intellectual revolutions also took place across history
in many parts of the world, such as in North America, Asia, Middle East, and Africa.
Research on a particular intellectual revolution that took place in any of the four
geographical locations mentioned. Submit a four-slide Powerpoint Presentation and
describe the highlights of your chosen intellectual revolution. Use the following guide
questions for your presentation.

1. What is the intellectual revolution all about? (Answer in 2 lines)

2. Who are the key figures in the revolution? (Answer in 2 lines)

3. How did the revolution advance modern science and scientific thinking at the

time?

(Answer in 4 lines)

SELF-CHECK

Choose the letter of the correct answer.

An intellectual revolution emerges as a result of the interaction of man and society.
A) True
B) False
ANSWER: A

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Intellectual revolutions are necessary in understanding how society is transformed by

science and technology.
A) True
B) False
ANSWER: A

Intellectual revolutions are often met with huge support and general acceptance.
A) True
B) False
ANSWER: B

Intellectual revolutions shape science and technology and often spare society from its
influence.
A) True
B) False
ANSWER: B

The Copernican Revolution introduced the concept of heliocentricism

A) True
B) False
ANSWER: A

According to Copernicus, the Earth is at the center of the solar system.

A) True
B) False
ANSWER: B

The Darwinian Revolution change the way of people understood nature and evolution.
A) True
B) False
ANSWER: A

Charles Darwin received huge support from the church.

A) True
B) False
ANSWER: B

Sigmund Freud introduced scientific approaches to understanding the human

subconscious.
A) True
B) False
ANSWER: A

The Freudian Revolution was, in itself, controversial and met with resistance.
A) True
B) False
ANSWER: A

References

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• Aldea K., Caronan H., Candido M. (2018) Science, Technology, and

Society(OBE Ready). Mnadaluyong City: Books Atbp, Publishing Corp.

• Mansarate, E. and Nieva, A. (2019) Science, Technology, and Society

(Outcome-Based Module)

• McNamara, D., Valverde, V., & Beleno, R. (2018). Science, Technology, and
Society (1st ed., pp. 1-128). Quezon City: C&E Publishing Inc.

Sample Work of Students Last Semester

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