Chapter 2

MOTION

2-1. Motion is change of position. l\lotion and rest are necessarily

relative terms within the limits of our knowledge. A body may be
conceived to be fixed in space, but it is not known that there is one
so fixed. If two bodies, both moving in space, remain in the same
position relative to each other, they are said to be at rest, one rela-
tively to the other; if they do not, either may be said to be in motion
relative to the other.
Motion may thus be either relative, or it may be absolute, provided
that some point is assumed as fixed . Ordinarily, the earth is assumed
to be at rest and motions referred to it are considered as absolute.
2-2. Path. A point moving in space describes a line called its
path, which may be rectilinear or curvilinear. The motion of a body
is determined by the paths of three of its points not on a straight line.
If the motion is in a plane, two points suffice, and, if rectilinear, one
point suffices, to determine the motion.
2-3. Directio n and Sense. If a point is moving along a straight
path the direction of its motion is along the line which constitu tes
its path; motion toward one end of the line being assumed as having
positive direction and indicated by a + sign, the motion toward {he
other end would be negative and indicated by a - sign. Often this
is referred to as the sense of the motion. For example, if a point
moves along a straight line CD from a point A t oward a point B
the direction of the motion is that of the line CD , whereas the sens~
of the.motion is from A toward B, or simply, AB. If a point is mov-
ing along a curved path, the direction at any inst ant is along the
tangent to the curve and may be indicated as positive or negative
or the sense given, as for rectilinear motion. '
2-4. Continuom Motion. When a point continues to move in-
definitely in a given path in the same sellSt', its motion is said to be
19
,0 MOTION
continuom. In this case the path must return on itself, as a ci
. on 1·ts bear1ngs 1
or other closed curve. A whee1 turning . affordsre e
. . an
examp1e of t h1s motion.
2-5. Reciprocating Motion. When a point traverses the S&tn
path and reverses its motion at the ends of such path, the motion ~
said to be reciprocating.
2-6. Oscillation is a term applied to reciprocating circular motion
as that of a pendulum. '
2-7. Intermittent Motion. When the motion of a point is inter-
rupted by periods of rest, its motion is said to be intermittent.
2-8. Revolution and Rotation. A point is said to revolve about
an axis when it describes a circle of which the center is in the axis
and of which the plane is perpendicular to that axis. When all the
points of a body thus move, the body is said to revolve about the axis.
If this axis passes through the body, as in a wheel, the word rotation
is used synonymously with revolution. The word turn is often used
synonymo·usly with revolution and rotation. It frequently occurs
that a body not only rotates about an axis passing through itself, but
also moves in an orbit about another axis.
2-9. An axis of rotation or revolution is a line whose direction
is not changed by the rotation; a fixed axis is one whose position as
well as direction remains unchanged.
2-10. A plane of rotation or revolution is a plane perpendicular
to the axis of rotation or revolution.
2-11. Direction of rotation or revolution is defined by giving
the direction of the axis, and the sense is given by stating whether
the turning is right handed (clockwise) or left handed (counterclock-
wise), when viewed from a specified side of the plane of motion.
2-12. Coplanar Motion. A body, or a series of bodies, may be
said to have coplanar motion when all their component particles a.re
moving in the same plane or in parallel planes.
2-13. Cycle of Motions. When a mechanism is set in motion and
its parts go through a series of movements that are repeated over
and over, the relations between and order of the different diYisions
of the series being the same for each repetition, one of these series
is called a cycle of motions or kinematic cycle. For example, one
revolution of the crank of a gasoline engine causes a series of different
positions of the piston, and this series of positions is repeated over
and aver for each revolution of the crank.
2-14. Period oi motion is the time occvpied in completing one
cycle.
 ANGUL AR ACCEL ERATIO N ti
2-15. Linear speed is the time rate of motion of a point along its
path, or the rate at which a point is approaching or receding from
anothe r point in its path. If the point to which the motion of the
moving point is referred is fixed, the speed is the absolute speed of
the point. If the reference point is itself in motion the speed of the
point in question is relative. Linear speed is expressed in linear units
per unit of time.
2-16. Angular speed is the time rate of turning of a body about
an axis, or the rate at which a line on a revolving body is changing
direction, and is expressed in angular units per unit of time. If a
body is revolving about an axis, any point in the body has only
linear speed; but a line, real or imaginary, joining the point to the
axis of revolution has angular speed; also a line joining any two
points on the body has angular speed.
2-17. Unifor m and Variable Speed. Speed is uniform when
equal spaces are passed over in equal times, ·however small the inter-
vals into which the time is divided. Speed is variable when unequal
spaces are passed over in equal intervals of time.
2-18. Velocity is a word often used synonymously with speed.
This is incorrect, since velocity includes direction and sense as well
as speed. The linear velocity of &. point is not fully defined unless
the direction and sense in which it is moving and the rate at which
it is moving are known. The angula~ velocity of a line would be
defined by stating its angular speed, the direction of the perpendicu-
lar to the plane in which the line is turning, aTld the sense of the
motion.
2-19. Linear aeeel"ration is the time rate of change of linear
velocity. Since velocity involves direction as well as rate of motion,
linear acceleration may involve a change in speed or direction, or
both. Any change in the speed takes place in a direction tangen t to
the path of the point and is called tangential acceleration; a change
in direction takes place normal to the path and is called norma l
acceleration. Acceleration may be either positive or negative. If the
speed is increasing the acceleration is positive; if the speed is de-
creasing the acceleration is negative and is called retardation or
deceleration. If the speed changes by the same amoun t during all
equal time interva ls the acceleration is uniform , but if the speed
changes by different amounts during equal intervals of time the
acceleration is variable.
2-20. Angul ar acceleration is the time rate of change of angular
velocity. As in linear acceleration. a change in either speed or di.rec-
 MOTION
!$

tion of rotation, or bot~, may be ~volved. For exa?1ple, if a line

is turning in a plane with a varymg angular speed 1t has an
acceleration which may be pos~·t·1ve or ?ega t·1ve; or, 1f gu1ar
· the direction
of the plane of rotation is changing, the hne also has angular acceI
tion. Unless otherwise stated, angular acceleration in this hook~~
be understood to refer to change ~n angular speed. Angular acceJ..
eration is expressed in angular un1~s change ?f speed per unit time
(such as radians, degrees, or revolutions per minute each minute).
2-21. Translation. A body is said to have motion of translation
when all its component particles have the same velocity, as regards
both speed and direction; that is, all points on the body are, for the
instant at least, moving in the same direction with equal speeds.
If all the particles move in straight lines, as in the piston of an engine,
the body has rectilinear translation, and if they move in curved paths,
as in the motion of the parallel rod of a locomotive, the body has
curvilinear translation.
2-22. Turning Bodies. All. motion consists of translation, turn ..
ing about an axis, or a combination of the two. It is customary to
refer to motion of turning ll.S revolving or rotating. These terms are
used more or less interchangeably although sometimes a distinction
is made (see Art. 2-8).
2-23. Angular Speed. A circular cylinder or wheel, supported
on a shaft which in turn is supported in fixed bearings, may be made
fast to the shaft and the two turn as a unit as in Fig. 2-1, or the shaft

Collar-~..,...__

FIG. 2-1. Fro. 2-2.

may be held stationary and the wheel turn on it as in Fig. 2-2. ~e
speed at which the wheel turns is the rate at which any line on it
(radial or otherwise) changes direction. If the wheel makes N coin·
 ANGULAR SPEED t1J

plete turns in 1 minute its angular speed is N revolution per minute

(written N rpm) .
In many computations it is necessary to use as a unit of angular
motion the radian, which is the angle subtended by the arc of a circle
equal in length to its radius. Since the radius is contained in the
circumference 21T times there must be 21r radians in 360°, or 1 radian
is equal to 57.296°.
Hence
1 revolution = 21r radians
If N represents the angular speed in revolutions per unit of time and
w the angular speed in radians per same unit of time then

w = 21rN (1)
Referring to Fig. 2-3, let the body M be rigidly attached to an arm
which is turning around the axis C, the ann and M revolving together.

Fm. 2-3. FIG. 2-4.

Then the lines CA and CB which join any two points A and B to the
axis have angular speed about C, and since the entire body is rigid
and the angle ACB is constant, CA and CB each have the same
angular speed as the arm. Moreover, since, as the body revolves, the
line AB constantly changes direction, it may also be said to have
angular speed, which, in this case, is the same as that of the lines
CA and CB.
If M is not rigidly ·attached to the arm but is rotating relative to
the arm on the axis S which is carried by the arm, as in Fig. 2-4, the
lines CA, CB, and AB will no longer necessarily have the same
angular speed. The angles turned through in a given time by these
 MOTION
1
~ d t ly on the speed at which the arm is turning about
Imes depen no on . . t . b
C but also upon the
speed at which M 1s urning a out the axis S
•
relative to the arm. .
. Speed of Point on a Revolving Body. Consider
2-24. L1near 8
I . F.
a particle A on the circumference of the whee_ in ig. 2-1. For every
revoIu- t·10n of th e wheel , A moves over the c1rcumf
. erence of a circle
of rad.ms R a, so that for N turns A moves a distance of 21rR,Jv linear
units. Let Va = linear speed of A. Then

Va= 21rRaN (2)

From equation 1, w = 2-rN, or N = w/21r. By substituting this value

of N in equation 2,
Va= wRa (3)

Consider another point B at distance Rb from the axis. Let Vb repre-

sent its ~peed. Then

or
(4)
The linear speed of a point on the circumference of a revolving wheel
is often referred to as the periphery speed or surface speed.
Take another case, that of two
wheels fast to the same shaft, as
shown in Fig. 2-5. The weight Pis
supposed to be hung from a very
thin steel band which is wound on
the outside of wheel A and the
weight W from another steel band
wound on the outside of wheel B.
Suppose that the shaft starts to turn
in the direction shown by the arrow.
Then the band which supports P
Fro. 2-6. will unwind at a speed equal to the
. periphery speed of A, and the weight
P w1~I d~scend at that speed. At the same time, the other band will
be w1ndmg onto the :'heel B and the weight w will be rising at a
speed equal to the periphery speed of B. If N represents the number
of t_urns per unit of time of the shaft, R. the radius of A, and ,R the
1
radius of B, then V, = 2,,.R,.N and V RN
• = 2... • , or
 t6
UNIF ORM LY VAR YI NG MOT ION
(5)
Vp/V w = Ra/ Rb
the same
which is the same equation found when both poin ts were on
wheel.
r-
2-25. MoJion Classified. Since the moti on of a body is dete
nt par-
mined by the motion of not more than t hree of its compone
g the
ticles, not lying in a strai ght line, it is essen tial before beginnin
the
analysis of the motion of rigid bodies that the laws governing
it is
motion of a particle be fully understood. For this purpose
t acco rd-
convenient to classify motion as applied to a parti cle or poin
has:
ing to the kind of acceleration which the mov ing parti cle
1. Acceleration zero.
2. Acceleration constant.
3. Acceleration variable.
(a) According to some simple law 'YI,ich .may be
expressed in terms of
s, v, or t.
simil ar means.
(b) In a mann er which can be expressed only by a graph or
yzin g
A brief consideration will now be given to the methods of anal
Later
each of these cases for a particle having rectilinea r motion.
mod i-
on it will appear that the same general principles , with proper
and to
fications, will appl y to a particle moving in a curved path
the angular motion of a line.
c-
2-26. Uniform Motion. When the acceleration is zero the velo
strai ght
ity is constant and the moving particle cont inues to move in a
velo city
line over equal distances in equal intervals of time. The
in linea r
(or speed) therefore is equal to the length of the path s,
erse the
units, divided by the time t, in time units, required to trav
path, or
V = s/t (6)
- r unit s
where Vis expressed'in linear units per unit of time. The linea
t be the
of V and s mus t be the same and t he time unit of l' mus
same as t.
ion
2-27. Uniformly Varying Motion. In this case the accelerat
in equa l
is cons tant; that is,. tqe speed changes by equa l amo unts
actio n of
intervals of time, like that of a body falling unde r the
gravity.
d units
Let A repre sent the acce leration, that is, the num ber of spee
the speed
added per unit of time ( a minus sign mus t precede A if
is At, and
is decreasing). Then, durin g a time t the change ip speed
 MOTION
t6 . . f that time interv al the speed is Vo, then at th.
if at the beginning O • At Therefore
end of time t the speed will be Vo + .
V = Vo+ At (7)
From this it follows that the average· speed is

Vo+ Vo+ At or Vo+ ~At

2 2
and since the distance moved is the average speed multiplied by the
time
s = [Vo+ ½At]t = l'0t + ½At2 (8)
From equations 7 and 8,

V = Vlro 2 + 2As (9)

2-28. Variable Acceleration. The acceleration of a moving par-
ticle may vary as some function of distance moved, velocity, or time.
When this condition exists, definite equati ons may be writte n express-
ing the relations between A, s, V, and t.
Three cases will be considered: (1) A = a function of t; (2) A =
a function of V; and (3) A = a function of s.
Since the acceleration is the time rate of change of velocity, if this
rate of change in a time ~t is consta nt then A = i:1 V / i:1t, and as ~t
is decreased indefinitely this approaches as a limit dV/dt. Hence
A = dV /dt at any instant.
Therefore at the end of time t
t
V = { A dt (10)
J,o
Similarly
ds t
V =- or s = { Vdt (11)
dt J,o
Again, from V = ds/dt,

dt = d8
V
.·• t ds
V\
=f (12)
From the two equations V = ds/dt and A = dV/dt we have
V/A = ds/dV or V dV =Ads {13)
and

J =f VdV Ada (14)

 8EMIGRAPHICAL METHODS
whence
2
V =2JAd8 (15)

By the use of these equations, problems involving any of the above

cases may be sglved. In some instances, especially when VO has some
value other than zero, the resulting equations may be awkward to
solve. It might be advisable to resort to a semigraphical solution,
to be explained later.
Equations 6 through 15 have been developed for linear motion.
These same formulas will apply to angular motion if the radian is
used as the unit of displacement. By substituting w for V, () for s,
and a for A, the commonly used equations for angular motion would
result. In the application of these equations, care must be exercised
in the use of the units. The velocity V ( or w) must be in the same
displacement unit as s (or 8) and the same time unit as t. The
acceleration A (or a) must be in the same displacement unit as s
(or 8) and V ( or <,, 'I and the same time unit as t and V ( or w).
2-29. Semigraphical Methods. Often no direct relat ion exists
between acceleration, velocity, distance m_oved, and time that can
conveniently be expressed in the form of equations. The data may
be obtained by observations or computations at certain frequent in-
tervals during the cycle of motion and the relations worked out on
graphs.
The process of working problems of this type consists in approx-
imating, by means of graphs, the necessary differentiat ions or in-
tegrations instead of solving for them directly from equations 10
to 15. Small finite increments ~s, ~ V, and ~t are used instead of
the infinitely small ds, dV, and dt. Then, where differentiation is
required, the ratio of ds/dt or dV /dt is found from measuren1ents
1
on the drawing. Similarly, where, in the use of the equations, inte-
gration is involved, the approximate equivalent is obtained by sum-
mation of the finite increments found from the drawing (this is
expressed by l instead of the integral sign J) . For inst ance, l AV
means the summation of the successive values of ~ V.
The following examples will illustrate the methods ; cases not cov-
ered by these examples may be worked out by similar processes.
Example I. Graphical Differentiation. Let B represent the distance moved
from some initial or reference position by a particle ha,·ing rectilinear motion.
 MOTION
ts
.PS of successive values of t are found by obaerva1_:_
The values of s f or & sen . . __,..
to be shown by the following table. Fmd the velocity ( V) and the aecei....
88
tion (A) for each of these values of t .

t, seconds s, inches t, seconds a, inchea

0.0 0.0 2.5 8.0
0.5 1.0 3.0 10~0
1.0 2.5 3.5 11.6
1.5 4.0 4.0 12.5
2.0 6.0 4.5 13.0
Solution. See Fig. 2-6. Choose some unit of length to represent 1 unit of
time, and a unit of length to represent 1 unit of displacemen t. With theae

13
12
11
l 5 110 2.5
s=
I.. u
5 9
.,,
!.
I
s=
u 3
-.,i
4 .5 8
C:
7
6
2.0

Il
.5 u 1.5
5 i
Ill
5
~
j
~
2 i5 4

1
3
2
1.0
ll
0
J
I

i
1.5 2.0 2.5
Time 1n seconds
3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5° s -
-0.S
Acceleration
-1.0

-1.5

-;,t---A -~_J -2.0

FIO. -2-6-.--L.- .L._J__J -2.5

scales plot a curve with values of t .

of a as ordinates. This will be calle~o;habsc1s.,as _and the correspondin al
At each of the time stations d e space-time curve. I v um
raw a tangent to h
t e space-time curve. With
 SEMIGR.APHICAL METHODS t9
this tan~ent as _the hypotenuse construct a right triangle whose base is parallel
to t~e tune ax1S, and whose length represents 1 time unit or some convenient
frs.cti~n ~r multiple of 1 unit. Then the ratio of the vertical leg to the base
of thlS triangle represents the value of As/At as At is made to approach zero.
I~ other ~ords, As represents what would be the increment of disp~cement in
time At if the instantaneous rate of increase were to remain constant during
the time At. Hence

As/ At = ds/dt = V at that instant

In the figure the construction is shown at the point on the curve corresponding
to 3.5 sec. In dividing As by ·At, care must be taken to express As in displace-
ment units as indicated by the scale of the graph and tt.t in time u~its. For
example, if the vertical leg of the triangle should measure ¾ in. and the scale
of ordinates is such that 1 in. represents 4-in. displacement then tt.s = ¾ X 4
or 3 in. The values of V = tt.s/ At for each of the given values of t having
been obtained, they may be plotted as ordinates against the same time units,
either at the same scale as in the previous graph or at any other scale if more
convenient. A similar process of "differentiating" the velocity-time curve may
then be followed to obtain the acceleration. The only approximation in the
above method is that involved in the accuracy of the drafting. The velocity-
time and acceleration-time curves are shown in the figure .
Example 2. Graphical Integration. Given values of A for a series of known
values of t as shown in the following table. Assume the particle to start from rest
(Vo = 0) and to move in a straight line. Find V and s.

A, inches A, inches
per second per second
t, seconds per second t, seconds per second
0.0 3 ('0 2.5 0.00
0.5 2.50 3 .0 - 0.25
1.0 1.50 3.5 -0.63
1.5 0.75 4.0 -2.00
2.0 0.25 4.5 - 3.50

Solution. See Fig. 2-7. Plot a curve with t values for abscissas and correspond-
ing A values as ordinates, choosing convenie~t scales. Obtain the aver~e value of
A during each of the intervals by consti:uctmg a rectangle whose_area 1s equal as
nearly 88 may be estimated to the area mcluded under that portion of the curve.
This is shown by the dotted line across the Oto 0.5 interval. Now, since average
A • AV I At, then AV - average A .At; that is, the a.rn_ount of ~el_ocity added dur-
. ach time interval is equal to the average acceleration mult1pbed by the length
:gt:e interval. Record these values 88 s_hown.in col~s 2 and 3 of ~he table ac-
companying the plot in Fig. 2-7, and obtam their su~abon 88 shown m the fourth
1 Thus the values of V at the ond of each mterval are found. Plot a V-C
= ~ m these values, and get the values of • in a similar way, as shown in the
fifth, sixth, and seventh columns.
 MOTION

'0

12 63
0

111
Q)
10
.8.
G)
1/1

.s;
0
C
·-C 8 ,,
·-...
~ 6
E
G)
·=z, Il
~ 4
0.
~l
G)
>
,,
C
1/1
leration
0 2
I
3.5 4.0 4.5
I
0
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
0 l
•
Ill
Time in seconds .c
u
.5
C
-1 ~
Time Average
~l tJ.t ~"i £\t :8
interval
A1 tJ.t =Vat end Average ½.at =sat end l!
A=A1 of interval V=Vi of interval I
0.0-0.5
0.5-1.0
2.80
2.05
1.400
1.025
1.400
2.425
0.72 0.36 0.36 -2f
1.98 0.99 1.35
1.0-1.5 1.10 0.550 2.975 2.78 1.39 2.74
1.5-2.0 0.50 0.250 3.225 3.14 1.57 4.31
2.0-2.5 0.14 0.070 3.295 3.30 1.65 -3
2.5-3.0 5.96
-0.14 -0.070 3.225 3.30 1.65
3.0-3.5 7.61
-0.44 -0.220 3.005 3.14 1.57
3.5-4.0 9.18
-1.30 -0.650 2.355 2.70
4.0-4.5 l.35 10.53
-2.80 -1.400 0.955 1.74 -4
0.87 11.40
Fm. 2-7.

Example 3. Given the values of A for a series of known values of 8 as shown

in the' following table. Find V and t. Let VO = 5 ips.

A, inches
per second
a, inches per second
0 6
2 8
4 9
6 7
8 4
10 2.5
S~lution. Bee Fig. 2-8. The process is somewhat similar to that Wied ill
Example 2, with the modifications made necessary by the fact that the data
show the relation between A and s instead of A and t. The figure shows &he
curves, and the table that accompanies it records the steps involved in the
solution.
 HARMONIC MO TION at

1.5 "O
C
0
12 8~
"O
C
...
0
0
!
Cl)

VI 1.0
...
VI
Cl)
Q.
'O
C
0
VI
Cl)
...
Q,)
0
Cl)
.c Q.
VI 0
C:
.s VI
Cl)
.c
C
6 4g
Q,)
E
i= 0.5
-
>.
·u
0
C
C
~ 0
:.:;
co
3 2~
Cl>
u
u
<

0 0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Displacement in inches

Space Average
AAs
VVc,2 +2~AAs Average At= tu
~ At=t
at end of
~AAs =Vat end V
interval A V interval
of interval
0- 2 7.05 14.10 14.10 7.29 6.15 0.325 0.325
2- 4 8.55 17.10 31.20 9.35 8.37 0.239 0.564
4- 6 8.25 16.50 47.70 10.97 10.23 0.195 0.759
6-8 5.38 10.76 58.46 11.91 11.52 0.174 0.933
8-10 3.16 6.32 64.78 12.43 12.15 0.164 1.097

FIG. 2-8.

2-30. Harmonic Motion. A type of motion in which the accel-

eration varies directly as the displacement is known as simple har-
monic motion. The most common ex-
ample is reciprocation over a straight
pa~h with the sense of the acceleration
always toward the center of the path
and its magnitude directly proportional
to the distance of the moving particle B
C
from that center. The nature of the Fla. 2-9.
motion may be visualized by reference
to Fig. 2-9. Suppose a particle E to be moving with uniform speed
around the circumference of a semicircle of radius R, center C, and
diameter AB. Another particle P moves along the diameter AB at
 MOTION
3! · .
Qvariable speed th at it is 11 times at th e foot of a perpen.
sueh aWtahen E is at A' p is
A
dicular dropped fr_om E t A B. a t A also. If
E moves w it h a linear
.
oeed V, t,he ra di al lm ·n
e CE w1 tur n at an
sp R Call th is co ns
ta nt angular speed •·
angular speed equal to
_
~ e/d f r the motion from A to
Th en w - ,,, ..:.• . time require 0 B. Then
Ve== wR
- p == AC - PC== R
Now, th e displacemen
ts- A - R cos 8. There-
fore
8 = R (l - cos 8) (16)
t ,. - R (l - cos wt). L
Pu tt in g 8 = wt, we ge ~ -
et Vp = ve lo ci ~ « P.
T he n V = ds/dt = wR sin wt = wR sin
8 (17)
Since .,R = V•• :U at io n 17 m ay be w ri tt en V
,. = V • sin B. Apin,
A -- dVp d R . t
=-w s1nw
P - dt dt
Therefore
Ap = w2R cos wt = w2R cos 9 (18)
B ut cos 8 = CPJR. Therefore
Ap = w2CP
Fr om this it appears
(19)
th at th e acceleration
portional to it s distan of th e particle P is
ce from th e ce nt er of P~
it s pa th . W he n P
approaching C it s ve JS
lo ci ty is increasing,
an d when receding fr
om C it s velocity is
decreasing; th at is, P
ha s it s maximum ve
locity when it coinci -
des w it h C and sen>
velocity when at A or
B. It has its mui-
• mum acceleration when
at A or B and l8 IO
acceleration when at
C.
Figure 2-10 shows th
e A-8 graph corre-
sponding to Fig. 2-9
w it h V • = B .; that ia
'Flo-. 2-10. o, = 1 ra di an
pe r un it ti m e. .
2-31. Variable and
In st ea d of causing a m C om ta n t S. . .«
oving piece or pa rt ic le
with va ri ab le motion, to tr av el its entire padl
it is sometimes desira
m aj or portion of it s ble to ha ve it travel
pa th with uniform m the
sh or t interval at th e be otion, ac ce le ra ti ng fo
ginning, un ti l it ha s ac r a
qu ir ed suffieient apee
d
 VARIABLE AND CONSTANT SPEED
to travel the uniform part in the time allowed, and retarding for a
similar interval after the uniform motion is completed, so that it will
have lost all speed when it reaches the end of its path. The accelera-
tion and retardation may be uniform or harmonic, or of any other
character.

Fm. 2-11.

In Fig. 2-11, let it be assumed that a body, represented by a point,

is to start from rest at A and move to A 1 in time T, accelerating
uniformly over the distance M at the beginning, moving with constaut
speed over the distance D, and retarding uniformly over distance }./
at the end, coming to rest at A 1 • Let t be the time required to move
the distance M with constant acceleration A , and V the speed ·at the
end of time t. Then

M = ½At2 or A = 2M / t2
but
V =At= 2M/ t
also
V = D/(T - 2t)
therefore
2M/t = D/(T - 2t)
whence
t = 2MT /(-!M + D) (20)

In Fig. 2-12, let the conditions be the same as in F ig. 2-11, except
that the acceleration and retardation are in accordance with the law

M~-----D----""-M

FIG. 2-12.

of simple harmonic motion. Draw a quadrant of a circle with radius

M as shown. Let w = the angular speed at which the radius of this
circle moves as the point A accelerates to K; V = velocity when the
point reaches K. Then
 MOTION

"' = ,,,.;2t
v = wM = ,,,-M/2t also V = D/( T - 2t)
rM/2t = D/(T - 2t)
·whence
t = 1rMT/(21rM + 2D) (21)

PROBLEMS
that s . 2t feet where
2-1. A particle moves in a strai ght line in su?h a way
or varia ble acceJera-
t is in seconds. Is its acceleration zero, or has 1t cons tant
tion? Find V when s = 0. h.\ wa.,,: that , = 2t2
2-2. Il a particle moves along ~ strai ght path _in suc
feet, where t is in seconds, what kind of acceleration
has 1t. Fmd the accel-
erati on when t = 5 sec. Find V when t = IO3 sec. 2
2-3. Same as Prob. 2-2, except that s = (2t +
t ) feet.
2 and its initia l ,·elo dty
2-4. Il the acceleration A of a particle is 3 in./sec
to mov e 27 in. Find ·y
l'0 is zero, find the time required for this particle
at the end of this time.
2-5. Let A ~ 1200 ft/min2 and VO = 100 ips. Find
s in inches and r in
inches per second at the end of 10 sec.
tant rate for 3 min,
2-6. A particle start s from rest and accelerates at cons
ity to carry it at uniform
at the end of which time it has acquired enough veloc
first 3 min and l' at tlae
velocity a distance of 10 ft in 2 min. Find A during
end of that time.
in2 cons tant. When
2-7. A particle is moving in a straight line. A = 60 ft/m
passing anoth er fixed particle B it has a velocity of
40 fpm. Wha t will be it.a
velocity when it has moved 2000 ft from B?
a and t when V =
2-8. Let A = (V + 3) feet per minute per minute. Find
12 fpm. V0 = 0.
2-9. Let A = 1/V feet per second per second; VO = 5 fps.
Find V and t when
a= 25 ft.
2-10. Let A = 4s feet per second per second; V0 = 5 fps.
Find y and I at
the end of 4 sec.
+
2-11 . Let A = (2s 3) feet per second per second; y 0
= o. ...,Find A, y 1 and
t when s = 7 ft.
spee d d I tion
2-12 . Referring to· Fig. 2-9, let CE= 4 in. Find the
ns an ~de ra
of P when fJ = 75° if CE has an angular speed of 241r radia
: ~2~ n~ .
2-13 . A particle moves with harmonic motion, over a ID
on pa d m. DI,
5 sec. Find A, V, and t when it •has moved 3 in. from e en .
,. A .1 . •
2-1... part1c e reciprocat es with harmonic motion Over a path 8 m Jong
. h d d, wher e is the d" l • •
.A = -168 me es perF.secon d A
per secon 8
l8J> &cem ent from the
· h
centerthof 1tsd pat : tm . htandlnVdicatewhen the particle is I½ in. from left end
sense of each F" d • .
o1 pa an movmg o ng . m time t requ ired
·
for this l~in . motion and for the entire ~in. motion
2-15 . Let A = t feet per second per second; y 0 ~
2 6 l .
pa. Find t and Y
when a = '¥1 ft. -
 PROBLEMS tJ6
2-16. Let A= -t feet per second per second; V = 800 fps. How long 8
time will be required for the particle to come to ~est, and how far will it
travel in that time?
~-1 ~• A particle moves in a straight line in such a way that its displacement
s, m inches, from a given reference point at successive I-sec intervals from
0 to 6, both inclusive, is 4.1, 4.5, 4.2, 3.0, 1.45, 0.40, o respectively. Plot a dis-
placement-time curve. Scales: Time 1 in. = 1 sec. Displacement 1 in. = 1 in.
From this curve find the velocity for each value of t.
2-18. A particle moves in a straight line. Its velocity ,at successive seconds
from O to 6 inclusive is 0, 0.814, 1.571, 2.220, 2.712, 3.03, r, all in inches per
aecond. Plot a velocity-time curve. Scales: Time 1 in.= 1 sec. Velocity
2 in.= 1 ips. From this curve determine the displacement at the end of each
second.
2-19. A particle moves in a straight line. By means of suitable instruments
the acceleration is measured at a given instant and at the end of each 2-ft
interval of displacement until it has moved 12 ft. The values of A in feet
per minute .per minute are : 6, 4, 3½, 3, !;2, 0, -1. Plot an acceleration-
displacement curve. Scales: Displacement 1 in. = 2 ft. Acceleration 1 in. =
1 ft/min 2 • From this curve find V at the end of each 2-ft interval. Assume
that .VO was 3 fpm when the first measurement of A was made.
2-20. A block is to start from rest and slide along a rectilinear path 12 in.
long in 8 sec. It is to accelerate uniformly over half its path during the first
4 sec and retard at the same rate during the remaining 4 sec. Determine the
acceleration in inches per second per second and the speed at the end of the
fourth second. Draw half size the path of one point on the block, and show
and dimension the position of the point at the end of each second.
2-21. A point is to start from rest, accelerate uniformly for 1½ in., then
move at a constant speed for 15 in., and retard uniformly for 1½ in., coming
to rest at the end. The time allowed for the entire motion is 18 sec. Find
the time required for acceleration, and the speed when moving at constant speed.
2-22. Same as Prob. 2-21, except that the acceleration and retardation are
to be according to the laws of simple harmonic motion.
2-23. The flywheel of a steam engine is 9 ft in diameter and rotates at 112
rpm. Find (1) the angular speed in radians per second; (2) the linear speed
in feet per minute of a point on the rim; and (3) the linear speed in feet per
minute of a point located on the spoke midway between the center and rim
of the wheel.
2-24. A 2½-ft diameter flywheel of a gas engine has a. pulley 10 in. in diameter
bolted to it (both turning together). The flywheel turns at a speed of 150 rpm.
Find (1) the angular speed of the pulley in revolutions per minute and radians
per second; (2) the angular speed of the flywheel in radians per second; (3) the
linear speed in feet per minute of a point on the surface of the ffywheel; and
(4) the linear $peed in feet per minute of a belt running on the pulley, assuming
no slipping between the belt and pulley surface.
2-25. The economical speed for leather belting is around 4500 fpm. A pu.Jley
of what diameter in inches should be used on a motor nmning at 1760 rpm
to gh-e the required belt speed, if there is no slipping between the belt and
pulley surface?
 MOTION
~ • running at 125 rpm is tumed off and the ~
za. The power of annde~; minO
and 40 sec. Assuming that there ia 00
comes to rest at the e d Uey surface and that the deceleration • lllli•
slipping between the belt an P: in radians per second of the engine pulley
form, find (1) the average = ~ a r distance traveled in revolutiona, radiant
in coming to _rest; (~) the ~ . d (a) the distance in feet traveled by a beJi
and degrees m commg_ to . 'gS.:o rest if the pulley diameter is 3 ft.
running OD ~e pull~y m com::ne has a' normal speed of 450
1-27. A 6-m.xS-m. gas ene- second and radians ·
rpm. Det.ennme
d·, and (2) ibe
. ti" DB ~per per secon
(1) the speed m revo1u o . f d •
·t f th ankpm· in feet per mmute, eet per eecon , and incbee
1
linear veoc1ro ecr nif te' 3 ·
per aecond. If the engine is allowed to stop at aku. ormadi ra m mm and
·
20 aec., dete rmme (3) the deceleration of the cran m r
k . . ans per . aecond per
second; (4) the distance in feet traveled by ~e c~an pm_ m commg to nm;
and (5) the distance in feet traveled by the piston_ m ~omm_g to ~-
1-28. Same 88 Prob. 2-27, except that the engme JS 5 m. x 7 m. and die
normal speed is 500 rpm.
z.z,. The 16-in.-diameter pulley of a gasoline engine is connect.ed by a belt
(which is 8S8Wlled not to slip) to the pulley of a pump. The belt speed ii
4000 fpm. Determine (1) the angular speed of the engine pulley in revolutioaa
per minute and in radians per second; and (2) the diameter in inchea of the
pump pulley if the pump speed is one-half the speed of the engine pulley.
2-30. The speed of a flywheel whose diameter is 8 ft. is increasing from NI&
at the uniform rate of 2 rad/sec2. Determine the number of seconds elalJllld
and the number of radians turned through by the flywheel before a pow cm
the rim has a tangential velocity of 1200 fP,s.
2-31. A chute for delivering shipments of freight is so designed that the bum,
starting from rest, receive a uniform acceleration of 18 ft/sec2 on the first. Natiall,
which is 18 ft long. Then they are retarded by a 6 ft/sec2 uniform deceleratica
on the next section. H the time consumed in shooting both sections is U ae,
de~rmine (1) the velocity, in feet per second, of the boxes at the end of eaell
aect1on; and (2) the length, in feet, of the second section.