FAVORITE TIME FOR GIVING BIRTH

A. Does it ever seem like you're invited to an awful lot of summer birthday gatherings? For
good reason. In the United States, most births occur between June and early November. Count
back nine months, and you'll see that places most conceptions in the fall and winter. What's
going on? Is the crisp autumn air, or the joy (or anxiety) of the holiday season, triggering more
unprotected sexual intercourse? Or is it something else entirely?
B. It turns out reproduction is seasonal across all living organisms, from plants to insects, to
reptiles, to birds and mammals – including human beings. The ultimate explanation for this
phenomenon is an evolutionary one. Earth's environment is seasonal. Above or below the
equator, the year is structured by the winter, spring, summer, and fall. In equatorial regions,
the wet and dry seasons punctuate the year. Organisms have evolved strategies to reproduce at
the time of year that will maximize their lifetime reproductive success. Humans are no
exception and maintain this evolutionary outcome: birth seasonality. Researchers, including us,
have recently been working to understand more about why births are seasonal because these
patterns can have a big impact on childhood disease outbreaks.
C. The monthly birth rate over time was per 1,000 people. Over the decades, it's not a smooth
line because each year has an internal peak. The annual timing of each state's peak in the
number of births correlates with its latitude. More northern regions see a birth peak in June or
July while more southern areas have more births in October or November. The pattern holds
even as the overall birth rate varies in different states.
D. The first studies demonstrating human birth seasonality date back to the early 1800s. In
some countries, local customs can also explain birth seasonality. For example, in the 1990s,
researchers showed that the traditional July-August wedding season in Catholic communities in
Poland resulted in lots of births in the spring. But wedding season does not drive birth
seasonality everywhere, and there is only a small correlation between weddings and births 9 to
15 months later in most locations. Thus, nuptial beds are not the full story.
E. Research shows that the seasonality of births correlates with changes in local temperature
and day length. And regions with extreme temperatures typically have two peaks in births every
year. For example, data from the early 1900s showed two pronounced birth peaks per year in
West Greenland and Eastern Europe. Rural populations tend to have a more dramatic seasonal
birth pulse than urban populations, probably because country dwellers may be more subject to
environmental conditions, including changes in temperature and day length. Environmental
factors like these could influence human sexual behavior.
F. Additionally, as in other animals, these environmental changes could drive seasonal changes
in fertility. This means that, rather than just an increase in frequency of sexual intercourse,
female and/or male fertility may change throughout the year, as an endogenous biological
phenomenon, making people more likely to conceive at certain times – with the prerequisite of
sexual intercourse, of course. Biologists know that the fertility of non-human mammals is
influenced by day length, which may act like a reproductive calendar. For example, deer use the
shortening days of autumn as a signal for timing reproduction. Females get pregnant in the fall
and carry their pregnancy through winter. The goal is to give birth at a time when plenty of
resources are available for newborns – being born in springtime is evolutionarily beneficial.
Humans may not be so different from other mammals. Day-length has the potential to
influence human fertility and it does seem to explain the patterns of birth seasonality in some
places, but not others. In addition to the length of a day, researchers have shown that social
status and changes in the standard of living also affect birth seasonality. There seems to be no
single driver for birth seasonality in people, with an array of social, environmental and cultural
factors all playing a role.
H. However, people are starting to lose birth seasonality throughout the Northern Hemisphere.
There are two pieces of evidence to support this. First, the strength of the birth pulse – from
June to November in the U.S. – has been decreasing for decades; and second, locations that
had two birth peaks per year now only have one. This loss of birth seasonality may be partially
due to social factors, such as pregnancy planning and the increasing disconnect humans have
with the natural environment and, therefore, the seasons. The root of this change is likely tied
to industrialization and its downstream societal effects, including indoor work, fewer seasonal
jobs, access to family planning, and modern housing and artificial light that obscures the natural
day length that could influence fertility. Whatever the cause of birth seasonality, one thing
remains clear, at least here in the U.S. – right now remains the prime time for conception. 
Questions 27-32
Reading Passage 3 has eight sections, A-H.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.
27.    A wise reaction of living species to increase their life span (life expectation) by giving birth
at favorable times of year.
28.    A denial (deny, refuse, reject, turn down) against the role of traditional events in
determining (decide) the birth time of a region.
29.    An evolutionary strategy of being pregnant to the advantage of the baby animals.
30.    Different extents of seasonal birth effects on residents in and outside the city.
31.    A question if emotion during a certain time of year may lead to more birth given.
32.    Differences in birth season based on different geographical locations.
 
Questions 33-36
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 33-36 in your answer sheet, write
             YES                      If the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
             NO                      If the statement contradicts with the claims of the writer
             NOT GIVEN        If it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
 
33.    Apart from humans, most animals are not likely to know how to choose a good time to
reproduce.
34.    Some animals are noticed to give birth upon a reduction in the length of the day,
especially in fall.
35.    Changes in social status affect birth seasonality to the same degree as changes in living
standard.
36.    Human fertility is also negatively influenced by modern lifestyles and inventions devised
in recent centuries. 
Questions 37-40
Complete the summary below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer

Evolution is seen as the main cause of birth seasonality. Geographically, regions that are far
from the (37) ___________ have four seasons, while equatorial regions have two. Animals
have to choose the optimal season to give birth for higher chances of survival.  Although
some people believe more children are born in spring than other seasons possibly because
the (38) ______ of their parents is traditionally and religiously held in the summer, the (39)
_________ between such an event and later birth is not strong enough to account for this
phenomenon. Additionally, changes in temperature and day length can also be a cause of
birth seasonality to which urban residents are believed to be less susceptible because they
are less affected by such changes than their (40)___________ counterparts. There are other
suggested factors possibly influencing breeding patterns of species but it is sure that we are
losing this evolutionary feature.