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Môn Tiếng Anh | Khối 11 | Ielts.Reading

Reading Passage 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.
Angkor Wat: History of Ancient Temple
Built between roughly A.D. 1113 and 1150, and encompassing an area of about 500 acres (200
hectares), Angkor Wat is one of the largest religious monuments ever constructed. Its name means
"temple city."
A. Originally built as a Hindu temple dedicated to the god Vishnu, it was converted into a Buddhist
temple in the 14th century, and statues of Buddha were added to its already rich artwork.
Sometime later it was turned into a military fortification. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site
that scientists are struggling to preserve. Its 213-foot-tall (65 meters) central tower is, along with
other four smaller towers, wrapped around by a series of enclosure walls, a layout that recreates
the image of Mount Meru, a legendary place in Hindu mythology that is said to lie beyond the
Himalayas and be the home of the gods.
B. The city where the temple was built, Angkor, is located in modern-day Cambodia and was once
the capital of the Khmer Empire. This city contains hundreds of temples, and the population may
have been over 1 million people. It was easily the largest city in the world until the Industrial
Revolution. Angkor had an urban core that could easily have held 500,000 people and a vast
hinterland that had many more inhabitants, as airborne laser scanning (lidar) research has shown.
Researchers have also identified a "lost" city called Mahendraparvata, which is located about 25
miles (40 kilometers) north of Angkor Wat.  
C. Angkor Wat itself is surrounded by a 650-foot-wide (200 m) moat that encompasses a perimeter
of more than 3 miles (5 km). This moat is 13 feet deep (4 m) and would have helped stabilize the
temple's foundation, preventing groundwater from rising too high or falling too low. Angkor Wat's
main entrance was to the west (a direction associated with Vishnu) across a stone causeway, with
guardian lions marking the way. Recently, archaeologists found the remains of eight towers made
of sandstone and laterite by the western gateway. These towers may be the remains of shrines
that were in use before Angkor Wat was fully constructed. To the east of the temple was a second,
more modest, entrance. 
D. The heart of the temple was the central tower, entered by way of a steep staircase, a statue of
Vishnu at top. This tower "was at once the symbolic center of the nation and the actual center
where secular and sacred power joined forces," writes researcher Eleanor Mannikka in the book

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"Angkor: Celestial Temples of the Khmer Empire" (Abbeville Press, 2002). "From that unparalleled
space, Vishnu and the king ruled over the Khmer people."
E. Hidden paintings have been discovered in the central tower. One chamber in the tower has a
scene showing a traditional Khmer ensemble of musical instruments known as the pinpeat, which
is made up of different gongs, xylophones, wind instruments and other percussion instruments. In
the same chamber, there's also an intricate scene featuring people riding horses between two
structures, which might be temples. These two paintings are among 200 that have been
discovered in Angkor Wat since 2010.  
F. A mile long sand structure containing a variety of spiral designs was recently discovered beside
Angkor Wat by archaeologists using lidar. It would have existed for a brief period during the mid-
to-late 12th century. Archaeologists are not certain what it was used for, and it's possible that the
structure was never completed. The remains of homes and ponds used by workers who lived near
Angkor Wat, and serviced the temple, were also found recently during lidar research.
G. Building Angkor Wat was an enormous undertaking that involved quarrying, careful artistic
work and lots of digging. To create the moat around the temple, 1.5 million cubic meters (53
million cubic feet) of sand and silt were moved, a task that would have required thousands of
people working at one time. To support them, a tough material called laterite was used, which in
turn was encased with softer sandstone that was used for carving the reliefs. These sandstone
blocks were quarried at the Kulen Hills, about 18 miles (30 km) to the north. A series of canals
were used to transport the blocks to Angkor Wat, research shows. 
H. Beneath the central tower was a shaft that leads to a chamber where, in 1934, archaeologists
found "two pieces of crystal and two gold leaves far beneath where the Vishnu statue must have
been," Coe writes, adding that deposits like these "spiritually 'energized' a temple, much as a
battery will provide power to a portable electronic device."
I. Although Angkor Wat is dedicated to Vishnu, the full purpose of the temple is still debated.
Researchers still wonder whether the ashes of Suryavarman II were interred in the monument,
perhaps in the same chamber where the deposits were found. If that were the case, it would give
the temple a funerary meaning.

Questions 1 – 5
Reading Passage 1 has nine sections A – I.
Which section contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A – I, in boxes 1 – 5 of your answer sheet.

1. Evidence of artistic works found in Angkor Wat.

2. A description of challenges during the construction of Angkor Wat.
3. A statement on the role of the central tower.
4. The function of some items found under the central tower
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5. A question on further uses of Angkor Wat.

Questions 6 – 9
Do the following statements agree with the information in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 6 – 9 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
6. At first, the Angkor Wat was not built as a place to worship Buddha.
7. The temples of Angkor Wat were believed to be the place where the gods lived.
8. The city Angkor was the largest in the world during the Industrial Revolution.
9. 500,000 people lived in the centre of Angkor during the Khmer Empire

Questions 10 – 13
Complete the following sentences.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 10 – 13 on your answer sheet.

10. Besides stabilizing the temple’s foundation, the moat also helped to control the level of
______________
11. The eight towers next to the western gateway are thought to have been used as ___________
before Angkor Wat was completed.
12. In order to help the workers to make the moat, __________ was used.
13. Scientists still doubt whether the Suryavarman II’s ____________ were buried in the temple.

Vocabulary
Match the words with the right definitions.

Encompass (v) A group of things or people acting or taken together as a whole.

Military fortification An area surround by fences or walls
(noun)
Enclosure (noun) To include different types of things
Hinterland A raised path across a wet area
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Moat (noun) Considered to be holy and deserve respect
Causeway (noun) Having a lot of small parts that are arranged in a complicated way
Secular (adj) To cover or surround something or someone completely
Sacred (adj) A long, deep hole filled with water that surrounds a castle in order
to defense it from an attack.
Ensemble (noun) Related to funeral
Intricate (adj) A building designed for the defense of territories in warfare
Spiral (adj) The land behind the coast or the banks of a river, or a country that
is far away from cities
Undertake (v) Not having any connection with religion
Encase (v) A shape made up of curves, each one above or wider than the one
before
Inter (v) To bury a dead body, ashes,…
Funerary (adj) To do something that will be difficult and takes a long time

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Reading Passage 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2.
Taoism and Confucianism — Ancient Philosophies
"Those who know do not say; those who say do not know." -Lao-tzu
"The superior men are sparing in their words and profuse in their deeds." -Confucius

The 6th century B.C.E. was an amazing time of philosophical growth for ancient China. It was
during that time that the two most influential spiritual leaders native to China, Confucius and Lao-
tzu, are thought to have lived and taught. The philosophies that they practiced, Taoism and
Confucianism, existed simultaneously in dynastic China, attracting countless numbers of followers
over the past 2,500 years. The fascination of both the Eastern and Western worlds with these two
legendary figures and the philosophies that they created remains strong.
The Old Master
Lao-tzu, translated as either "Old Master" or "Old Boy," is believed to be the author of Taoism.
Very little is known of his life; he may not even have existed. According to myth, at his birth
around 604 B.C.E., Lao-tzu came from the womb as an old man, white-haired and full of wisdom.
He eventually took a position as head librarian of the Imperial Archives. Saddened by society's lack
of goodness, Lao-tzu decided to leave his home in Luoyang to live out the rest of his life in quiet
and solitude somewhere beyond the Great Wall of China, possibly near Tibet. As he passed
through the city gates for the final time, the gatekeeper asked Lao-tzu to write down his parting
thoughts. The "Old Master" agreed, and three days later returned with a small book. Lao-tzu then
left civilization, never to return. His writings were titled the Tao Te Ching, and became the most
important text of Taoism.
According to Taoism, the entire universe and everything in it flows with a mysterious, unknowable
force called the Tao. Translated literally as "The Way," the Tao has many different meanings. It is
the name that describes ultimate reality. The Tao also explains the powers that drive the universe
and the wonder of human nature. Taoists believe that everything is one despite all appearances.
Opinions of good and evil or true and false only happen when people forget that they are all one
in the Tao. Therefore, it is the aim of Taoists not to forget, and if forgotten to remember that
oneness. However, Lao-tzu reminds believers that the Tao is difficult to grasp: "the Tao that can be
spoken is not the true Tao."
Over time a Taoist religion evolved, becoming somewhat different from the philosophy of Taoism
just described. While religious Taoism held some of the same beliefs, it also called for worship of
many gods and ancestors, a practice that began during the Shang dynasty. Other religious
practices included the cultivation of bodily energy called "chi," the creation of a system of morals,
and use of alchemy in attempts to attain immortality. The folk religion of Taoism became popular
after its adoption by China as the state religion in 440 C.E., and continues to be practiced even to
the present-day.
Confucius and the Analects
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The other driving philosophy of dynastic China was created by a politician, musician, and
philosopher named Confucius. Born in 551 B.C.E., Confucius wandered throughout China, first as a
government employee, and later as a political advisor to the rulers of the Chou dynasty. In later
life, Confucius left politics to teach a small group of students. After his death in 479 B.C.E., the
ethics and moral teachings of Confucius were written down by his students to become the Lun-yü,
or Analects. Many of his clever sayings are still followed today. "It is as hard to be poor without
complaining as to be rich without becoming arrogant."
Learning to be human was the goal of Confucianism. According to Confucius, each person should
act with virtue in all social matters; family, community, state, and kingdom, to ensure order and
unity. Man's virtue in all its forms is called "Jen." "Jen" is all encompassing and unable to be
defined, in some respects similar to the Tao. Confucian ceremonies contained many rituals based
in the Five Classics, especially the I Ching, or Book of Changes. Procedures for birth, marriage, and
death were rigid and specific. For example, according to Confucian funeral tradition, a willow
branch is always carried behind the body of the deceased symbolizing the soul of that person.
However, by far the most influential aspect of Confucianism remains the Analects: "Not to teach a
man who can be taught, is to waste a man; to teach a man who cannot be taught, is a waste of
words. The wise will lose neither men nor words." It was sayings such as this one that made
Confucianism the social philosophy of China from the Han dynasty in 202 B.C.E. until the end of
dynastic rule in 1911.
Rival Philosophies
Taoism and Confucianism have lived together in China for well over 2,000 years. Confucianism
deals with social matters, while Taoism concerns itself with the search for meaning. They share
common beliefs about man, society, and the universe, although these notions were around long
before either philosophy. Both began as philosophies, each later taking on religious overtones.
Legend states that Confucius and Lao-tzu did in fact meet to discuss the Imperial Archives. Lao-tzu
was unimpressed by the beautiful robes worn by Confucius, and did not agree with looking back
on the past. "Put away your polite airs and your vain display of fine robes. The wise man does not
display his treasures to those he does not know. And he cannot learn justice from the Ancients."
Regardless of the disagreements between Lao-tzu and Confucius, both Taoism and Confucianism
have served as guides. They have led China through the peaks and valleys of its vast history, the
longest continuing story on the planet.
Questions 14–18
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answer in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
14. What job did Lao-tzu used to work as?
15. What did Lao-tzu note down before leaving the city?
16. What did Confucius decide to separate himself from in order to devote more to teaching?

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17. What should human behavior be accompanied by in all circumstances, according to
Confucius?
18. By Confucius’s ceremonial belief, what usually appears in a funeral to represent the dead
person's soul?

Questions 19-22
Complete the table below
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer
Write your answer in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet.

Philosophy Belief

Taoism The meaning of the Tao describes how (19) …………………. is like
The universe is driven by certain (20) ………………..
Everything on Earth is a single unit although their (21)
……………… can be different.

Confucianism Teaching can be a (22) …………….. without having the right

learners.

Questions 23-26
Do the following statements agree with the belief of the two philosophers in the passage? In
boxes 23 – 26 – on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees the belief of the philosophers
NO if the statement contradicts with the belief of the philosophers
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the philosophers believe about this

Confucius
23. Human behaviors are often in accordance with their current financial status.
24. Human’s good qualities can be described.

Lao-tzu
25. Human should respect past values.

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26. Education can bring someone wisdom and ensure justice.

Profuse (adj) Produced and given in a large amount, mostly

over the neeeded amount

Simultaneously Happening or being done at exactly the same

time

Womb The organ in the body of female mammal

where the baby develops

Solitude The situation of being alone without other

people

Oneness The state of being joined as one thing

Cultivation The act of growing a particular crops

Virtue A good moral quality in a person

Rigid Not able to be bent or moved

Notion A belief or an idea

Peaks and valleys of time Up and down peroid

1. The first signs of malaria include a teeth-chattering chill along with a pounding headache,
followed by a dangerously high fever, and then profuse sweating.
A. Sparse B. Lavish C. Overgenerosity D. Enough

2. He spends the night alone on the mountainside, and feels an exalted sense of oneness with
nature and the universe.
A. Concord B. Consensus C. Unity D. Hybridized

3. In future all posts in Egypt were to be open to all classes of the inhabitants; the conduct of
affairs was to be committed to the men of talent, virtue, and learning; and in proof of the
statement that the French were sincere Moslems the overthrow of the papal authority in Rome
was alleged.
A. Integrity B. Sanity C. Sin D. Flawlessness

4. It is probable that Leibnitz's notion of time and space, which approaches Kant's theory, led him
to attach but little importance to the successive order of the world.
A. Concept B. Truth C. Stereotype D. Surmise

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Reading Passage 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3

Questions 27-32

Reading passage 3 has six paragraphs, A-G

Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings

i. Efforts finally paid off across the world

ii. The first accidental scientific finding

iii. Conflicts about credits

iv. Difficult childhood in the countryside

v. Happy marriage late in life

vi. A range of achievements that provide huge fame for a person 

vii. Changes and success in career path

viii. A failure of a person in developing his own discovery 

27. Paragraph A

28. Paragraph B

29. Paragraph C

30. Paragraph D

31. Paragraph E

32. Paragraph F

Sir Alexander Fleming

A. Sir Alexander Fleming is a Scottish bacteriologist best known for his discovery of penicillin. Fleming had a
genius for technical ingenuity and original observation. His work on wound infection and lysozyme, an
antibacterial enzyme found in tears and saliva, guaranteed him a place in the history of bacteriology. But it
was his discovery of penicillin in 1928, which started the antibiotic revolution that sealed his lasting
reputation. Fleming was recognized for that achievement in 1945, when he received the Nobel Prize for
Physiology or Medicine, along with Australian pathologist Howard Walter Florey and German-born British
biochemist Ernst Boris Chain, both of whom isolated and purified penicillin.

B. Fleming was the seventh of eight children of a Scottish hill farmer (third of four children from the farmer’s
second wife). His country upbringing in southwestern Scotland sharpened his capacities for observation and
appreciation of the natural world at an early age. He began his elementary schooling at Loudoun Moor and
then moved on to a larger school at Darvel before enrolling in Kilmarnock Academy in 1894. In 1895 he
moved to London to live with his elder brother Thomas (who worked as an oculist) and completed his basic
education at Regent Street Polytechnic. After working as a London shipping clerk, Fleming began his medical
studies at St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School in 1901, funded by a scholarship and a legacy from his uncle.

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There he won the 1908 gold medal as the top medical student at the University of London. At first, he
planned to become a surgeon, but a temporary position in the laboratories of the Inoculation Department at
St. Mary’s Hospital convinced him that his future laid in the new field of bacteriology. There he came under
the influence of bacteriologist and immunologist Sir Almroth Edward Wright, whose ideas of vaccine therapy
seemed to offer a revolutionary direction in medical treatment.

C. In November 1921 Fleming discovered lysozyme, an enzyme presents in body fluids such as saliva and
tears that has a mild antiseptic effect. That was the first of his major discoveries. It came about when he had
a cold and a drop of his nasal mucus fell onto a culture plate of bacteria. Realizing that his mucus might
have an effect on bacterial growth, he mixed the mucus into the culture and a few weeks later he saw signs
of the bacteria having been dissolved. Fleming’s study of lysozyme, which he considered his best work as a
scientist, was a significant contribution to the understanding of how the body fights infection. Unfortunately,
lysozyme had no effect on the most-pathogenic bacteria.

D. On September 3, 1928, shortly after his appointment as professor of bacteriology, Fleming noticed that a
culture plate of Staphylococcus aureus he had been working on had become contaminated by a fungus.
A mold, later identified as Penicillium notatum (now classified as P. chrysogenum), had inhibited the growth
of the bacteria. He at first called the substance “mould juice” and then “penicillin,” after the mold that
produced it. Fleming decided to investigate further, because he thought that he had found an enzyme more
potent than lysozyme. In fact, it was not an enzyme but an antibiotic—one of the first to be discovered. By the
time Fleming had established that, he was interested in penicillin for itself. Very much the lone researcher
with an eye for the unusual, Fleming had the freedom to pursue anything that interested him. Although that
approach was ideal for taking advantage of a chance observation, the therapeutic development of penicillin
required multidisciplinary teamwork. Fleming, working with two young researchers, failed to stabilize and
purify penicillin. However, he did point out that penicillin had clinical potential, both as a topical antiseptic
and as an injectable antibiotic, if it could be isolated and purified.

E. Penicillin eventually came into use during World War II as the result of the work of a team of scientists led
by Howard Florey at the University of Oxford. Though Florey, his coworker Ernst Chain, and Fleming shared
the 1945 Nobel Prize, their relationship was clouded owing to the issue of who should gain the most credit
for penicillin. Fleming’s role was emphasized by the press because of the romance of his chance discovery
and his greater willingness to speak to journalists.

F. In 1953, two years prior to his death, Fleming married Greek microbiologist Amalia Coutsouris-Voureka,
who had been involved in the Greek resistance movement during World War II and had been Fleming’s
colleague since 1946, when she enrolled at St. Mary’s Hospital on a scholarship. For the last decade of his
life, Fleming was feted universally for his discovery of penicillin and acted as a world ambassador for
medicine and science. Initially a shy uncommunicative man and a poor lecturer, he blossomed under the
attention he received, becoming one of the world’s best-known scientists.

Questions 34-36

Reading Passage 3 has seven sections, A-G

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 34-37 on your answer sheet.

33. A brief description of Fleming’s personalities

34. An anti-bacterial enzyme that was of no use when it comes to getting rid of a certain type of bacteria

35. A reference to a senior in a scientific field that had potential ideas for a medical revolution

36. An unsuccessful result despite assistance from other people 

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Questions 37-40

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.

37. Who financially supported financially supported Fleming’s study in a medical school?

38. What was the initial job that Fleming intended to do after his success at university?

39. What skill that is necessary for developing penicillin’s healing property?

40. For how long did Fleming enjoy his marriage before he passed away? 

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