Topology Short Notices
Topology Short Notices
(86) Closed Mapping Def: A map is called a closed map iff the image of
each closed subset of X is closed in Y. ( 87) Projection Mapping Projection mapping is an
example of mapping that is not closed in general. But let us see first "What is projection
map?" Projection Map: Let (X, ) and (Y, ) be two topological spaces. The maps
are called projection maps, where is product topology on X x Y., is first projection and
is second projection. Fact: The projection map may or may not be closed. Justification:
map? Example 1: Let X = {a, b, c, d} with ={ , {b, c}, {a, b, c}, X} and Y = {1, 2, 3} with ={ ,
{1}, {1, 2}, Y}. Consider the following map (continuous) ( [f({b, c})]={2} not open )
defined as f(x) = 2 for all x X. Example 2: Let X = R with usual topology and Y = R with lower limit
topology. Consider the identity map f is not continuous Answers: 1.
Continuous map may or may not be open map. 2. Open map may or may not be continuous map
(89) Openness and Restriction Mapping Recall the restriction mapping and the fact about the
continuity of restriction mapping. Now the question is "Can we prove the same kind of result for
restriction of an open mapping?". Example: Let X = {a, b, c, d} with T x = { , {a}, {a, b}, {a, b,c}, X}
and Y = {1,2,3} with Ty = { ,{1}, {1,2}, Y}. Consider the map defined as f(a) =1, f(b) = 2,
f(c) = 3, F(d) =2 "4> Let A = {b,c,d} C X with relative topology Ta ={ , {b}, {b, c}, A}. Now the
but fA is not an open map. Because {b} is an open subset of A but f Al{b})= {2} Y Remark:
Restriction of an open map may or may not be an open map.(90) Homeomorphism and
Homeomorphic Spaces Homeomorphism: A map is called a homeomorphism
between two topological spaces (X , ) and (Y, ) iff 1. f is bijective(f is one-one and onto)
spaces (X , ) and (Y, ) are called homeomorphic iff there exists a homeomorphism
. We also say such spaces are topologically equivalent spaces. (91)
Examples: Homeomorphism Example 1: Consider X = {a, b, c, d} with ={ , {a, b}, {c, d}, X}
Y = {1, 2, 3, 4} with ={ , {2, 3}, {1, 4}, Y } and the map defined as f(a) = 2, f(b)
as subspace of (R, ) and Y = R with usual topology and the map defined as x Y f(x)
homeomorphism between two topological spaces (X, ) and (Y, ) iff 1. f is bijective. 2. f
is continuous. 3. f is an open map (93) Bicontinuity and Bijection Question: Is there any
relation between bicontinuity and bijection? More specifically. 1- Does bijection imply bicontinuity?
2- Does bicontinuity imply bijection? Example 1: Consider X = {a, b, c, d} with Tx = { , {a}, {c, d}. {,a,
c, d},X} Y = {1,2,3,4} with Ty = { ,{1}, {2},{{1, 2}, Y} and the map defined as f(a) =1, f(b)
. (101) Open Ball Def: Consider X with a metric d. For any x X and
any real number r > 0, the set of all points y X whose distance from x is less than r is called the
open ball of radius r centered at x. i.e. B(x, r)={y X| d(x, y) < r} Example: Recall R with usual metric
d(x, y)= |x — y|. Consider x = 2 and r=1. Let us see what is B (2,1)? Solution B (2,1)={y R|
Recall where f, g C[0, 1].(r=3, B(f, r)) (103) Open Ball as Open Set:
Lemma: Let d be a metric defined on a nonempty set X. For x X and a positive real number r,
consider open ball B(x, r). Then for every point y B(x, r) there exists an open ball B’(y, r’) such that
(y, r') B(x. r). (104) Open Balls Centered at One Point Fact: Let B1(x, r1) and B2(x, r2) be two
open balls centered at x with radius r1and r2 respectively. Then either B1(x, r1) B2(x, r2) or
B2(x.r2) B1(x, r1). (105) Properties of Collection of Open Balls Theorem: Consider X with a
metric d. Let be the collection of all open balls in X. Then satisfies the following
properties. 1. For all x X there exists B(x, r) 2. For all z B1(x, r1)M B2(y, r2). there
exists B(z, r) such that z B(z, r) B1(x, r1) B2(y,r2). (106) Metric Topology For a non
empty set X we defined a metric d. ; With respect to this metric we defined open balls. And
considered "Collection of all open balls in X." This collection satisfies the properties of
"Basis." Metric Topology: Let X be a nonempty set with metric d. The topology on X
generated by the set of all open balls in X with respect to d is called the "Metric Topology."
We also say that a topology on X induced by the metric d. Metric Space: Consider X with a
metric d, this d induces a topology the "metric topology." (X, d) is called a metric space.
(107) Examples: Metric Topology Let us see some examples of metric topologies. In these
examples we will generate the topologies induced by already defined metrics. Example 1:
Recall R with usual metric d(x, y) = |x — y| where x yeR. Her = {B(x, r)|x X r > 0} is the
set of all open intervals. And we know that the topology generated by the set of all open
intervals is usual topology. So the metric topology induced by d(x, y) = |x — y| on R is usual
true. So (X ,T cof) is not metrizable space. Caution: It does not mean that if some topological space is
Hausdorff then that space is metrizable. Example 3: IR with lower limit topology is not metrizable
space. Reason: There are topological spaces called "Second Countable Spaces" and separable metric
spaces are second countable. So if there exists some metric corresponds to (IR , 1)then (IR ,
)should be second countable but it is not true. So (IR. (IR ,
1 )) is not metrizable space. (111) First
1
Countable Spaces Def: A topological space (X, ) is called a "First Countable Space" if for each p
X there exists a countable class B, of open subsets of X containing p such that for every UP
(open set containing p) there exists BP BP,such that p BP UP. Def: A topological space
(X, ) is called a "First Countable Space" if for each p X there exists a countable local base at p.
Remark: Every subspace of a first countable space is first countable. (112) Examples: First
Countable Spaces Example 1: Discrete space is first countable. Remember a local base at a
point p in discrete space, i.e. BP = {{p}} and it is finite Remarks: every finite set with any
topology is first countable. Example 3: R with usual topology is first countable. For any real
number x one may consider the following countable local base at x.
Open Cover: Let (X, ) be topological space. An open cover of a X is a collection of open
open cover of X. Example 2: Let X = R with usual topology and consider the
following collections of subset of R u = {(-n,n)|n N} open cover v= {(n,n+2)|n Z} open cover
W = {(n,n+1)|n Z} not a cover of R Y={[n,.n + 1]|n Z} is a cover Example 3: Let X = R with
usual topology and consider (0.1) R and (0,1) R. The following collections of subset of R. U =
{(1/n,1)\n N*} Is an open cover of (0,1) it is not an open cover of [0,1) V=
{(n,n+2)|n Z} Is an open cover of (0,1) and open cover of [0,1) (119) Open Subcover Sub cover: Let
of points in X such that every nonempty subset of X contains at least one point of the
sequence. Remark: Every second countable space is separable. The converse of this is not true in
general. Counter Example: R with lower limit topology is separable but not second countable.
(123) Subspace Separable Spaces Example 1: Let X be a finite set. Then X with any topology is
separable. Example 2: Consider a set X with indiscrete topology. Then separable Example 3: R with
usual topology is separable. Reason: Since there exists Q in R that is countable and =R. Example 4:
R with discrete topology is not separable. Reason: Since there exists no countable subset in R that is
dense in R.(124) Proposition 1: A discrete space is separable if and only if it is countable Proposition
2: (X,Tcof)is separable.(125) Subspace of Separable Space As we proved that the subspace ofa first
countable space is first countable and the subspace of a second countable space is second
countable. Now what about the subspace of a separable space? i.e. Is subspace of a separable is
separable? Not in general. Example: Consider R 2 with topology generated by
generated is not Hausdorff. : An infinite set with cofinite topology is not Hausdorff
Fc there exist open subsets Us and Ux containing F and x respectively such that .
T3 Space: A topological space is said to be " T3 space" iff it is either Regular+T o or
Regular+ T1 or Regular+ T2 Remarks: 1. Property of being regular is a topological property. 2. Every
subspace of a regular space is a regular space. 3. T3 property is a topological property. 4. Every
subspace of a T3 space is a T3 space.(145) Examples: Regular Spacesa Example 1: Discrete space is a
regular space. Example 2: Indiscrete space is a regular space. Example 3: Consider X = {a.b.c} with =
{ , {a}, {b,c},X}. is a regular space. Example 4: R with usual topology is regular. Moreover
this space is also T3 space. Example 5: An infinite set with cofinite topology is not regular. So it is not
T3. Example 6: Recall the K-Topology on real line. Topology k generated by Bk = {(a,b)| a,b R}U
{(a,b)\Kl a,b R} wher K = {1,1/2,1/3.---} R (R, k) is not a regular space.(146) Normal SpaceDef:
A topological space is said to be "normal" iff for every pair of disjoint closed subsets, F 1,F2
X there exist open subsets U F1, and U F2 containing F1 and F2 respectively such that
topology Fact: A set X with cofinite topology is compact (155) Compactness and Open
CollectionThe aim of this topic is to show that compactness of some space depends on the collection
of open subsets of the space. Consider R. now1 (R. ) is not compact.2 (R , ) is compact. 3 (R ,
f:(X , ) (Y , ) be a continuous map. Then f(X) is compact. i.e. Image of compact space under
a continuous map is compact. (159) Compactness and Homeomorphism Corollary I Let be a
compact space and (Y, ) bea Hausdorff space. Then a continuous map f:(X , ) (Y , ) is a
closed map. Corollary II: Let be a compact space and (Y, ) be a Hausdorff space. Then a
Compactness and Homeomorphism Exercise I: Consider (R, ) Show that there exists no
homeomorphism between an open interval of R and a closed interval of R. Exercise II: Prove or
disprove. (0; 1) (161) Finite Union of Compact Spaces: Theorem: Let be a topological
and only if Def III: Let A and B be two subsets of a topological space
. Then A and B are said to be separated sets if and only if there exist open subsets U A and UB
Separated Sets Example 1: Consider (R , ) Then A = (0,1) and B = (4, 9] are separated sets.
Reason: (By Definition I) Since (0,1) (4,9] = and (0,1)' (4,9] = and (0,1) =
Let discuss "Example 1" with "Definition III" of separated sets. There exist U A = (—0.5,2) and UB=
(3.10) two open subsets of R containing A = (0.1) and B = (4, 9] respectively such that
) . Then A = (—1,3] and B = [3,5) are not separated sets. Reason: By "Definition |" both sets
should be disjoint but this is not the case here, i.e. (—1 ,3] [3,5) = {3} Example 3: Consider
(R , ). Then A = (—1.3) and B = [3,5) are not separated sets. Reason: (By Definition 1) Both sets
are disjoint, i.e. (-1,3) [3,5) = But at the same time both sets should not contain each others
limit points. But here (—1,3)' [3,5) = {3} (165) Connected Spaces: Connected Set: A subset
A of a topological space is said to be connected iff there exists no pair of nonempty open
subsets U and V of X such that are nonempty disjoint sets y and
such that D1, D2 both open and implies that either or (166) Examples:
Connected Spaces Example 1: Consider (IR, ). Then A = (0,1) U (3, 5] is J disconnected subset of
R. Reason: Since there exists a pair of nonempty open subsets U=(0,1) and V = (3,6) of R such that
connected.(170) Application: Image of Connected Set Exercise I: Consider (IR, ) and show that
there exists no homeomorphism between (0, 2) and (0, 1] U (3, 4). Exercise II: Prove or disprove
(0, 1) (0, 1]. ( 171) Connected Subsets of Real Line Theorem: A subset A of (R. ) is connected if
and only if A is an interval. (172) Connectedness and Fixed Point Theorem Fixed Point: A point
x X is said to be a fixed point of a map iff f(x) = x. Example: 1. f : R—>R. defined as
2
f(x) = x . Here 0 is a fixed point of f . 1 is also a fixed point of f. 2. g :R—-R. defined as g(x)=x+1 g has
no fixed point. Theorem: Consider R with usual topology and I = [0, 1] be closed interval in R. Then
every continuous map f: l l has at least one fixed point. (173) Union of Connected
Subsets Theorem: Let A and B be two connected subsets of a topological spaces such that
than C=AUB is a connected subset of X Theorem: The union of a collection of
connected subspaces of . that having a point common, is connected..
(174) Connected Component Def: Consider a topological space . Let a X and C be a
Y = {(x, 0)|x [0, 1]}U (181) Path Connected Spaces Path: Let
be a topological space and x, y X. A path from x toy in X is a continuous map
Examples: 1 -(R, ) 2- (R2, ) (182) Facts: Path Connected Spaces: 1 Theorem: Let be a
path connected topological space then is connected. i,e Path connectedness implies
connectedness. (183) Facts: Path Connected Spaces:2 Proposition: Let be a path connected