Practice

<!
DOCTYPE html>
<html class="client-nojs" lang="en" dir="ltr">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8"/>
<title>Wikipedia - Wikipedia</title>
<script>document.documentElement.className="client-js";RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":!
1,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":
["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":
["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","
October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"YEqiI0ieEEyVFfz1ZcOnuwAAANQ","wgCSPN
once":!1,"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":!
1,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Wikipedia","wgTitle":"Wikipedia","wgCurRevisi
onId":1011155312,"wgRevisionId":1011155312,"wgArticleId":5043734,"wgIsArticle":!
0,"wgIsRedirect":!1,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":
["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 errors: missing
periodical","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Pages containing links to
subscription-only content","Articles containing German-language text","CS1 Italian-
language sources (it)","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","Webarchive template
webcite links",
"Articles with short description","Short description is different from
Wikidata","Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism","Wikipedia
indefinitely move-protected pages","Use mdy dates from July 2020","Use American
English from June 2019","All Wikipedia articles written in American
English","Articles with hAudio microformats","Pages including recorded
pronunciations","Articles containing potentially dated statements from March
2020","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles containing
potentially dated statements from January 2021","Wikipedia articles in need of
updating from March 2018","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","Articles
containing potentially dated statements from 2014","Wikipedia articles in need of
updating from December 2020","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from
December 2020","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2017","All
Wikipedia articles needing clarification",
"Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2019","Wikipedia articles in
need of updating from November 2016","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from
July 2019","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019","Wikipedia
articles in need of updating from November 2020","All articles with unsourced
statements","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020","Articles
containing potentially dated statements from April 2020","Articles containing
potentially dated statements from December 2009","Articles containing potentially
dated statements from 2007","Articles containing Latin-language text","Pages using
Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Pages using Sister project links with
default search","Articles with Curlie links","Articles containing Spanish-language
text","Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers","Wikipedia articles with BNF
identifiers","Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers","Wikipedia articles with
ISNI identifiers",
"Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers","Wikipedia articles with NKC
identifiers","Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers","Wikipedia articles with NSK
identifiers","Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers","Wikipedia articles with
SUDOC identifiers","Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers","Wikipedia articles
with WORLDCATID identifiers","Wikipedia articles with multiple
identifiers","Articles containing video clips","Pages using the Graph
extension","Wikipedia","Advertising-free websites","Internet properties established
in 2001","2001 establishments in the United States","Social information
processing","Jimmy
Wales"],"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPag
eName":"Wikipedia","wgRelevantArticleId":5043734,"wgIsProbablyEditable":!
1,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":!1,"wgRestrictionEdit":
["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgMediaViewerOnClick":!
0,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":!0,"wgPopupsReferencePreviews":!1,
"wgPopupsReferencePreviewsBeta":!0,"wgPopupsConflictsWithNavPopupGadget":!
1,"wgPopupsConflictsWithRefTooltipsGadget":!0,"wgVisualEditor":
{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMF
DisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":!0,"nearby":!0,"watchlist":!0,"tagline":!
1},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":!
1,"wgULSCurrentAutonym":"English","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgGraphSpecs":
{"e5b49f6a980179ea45f25a2970c6470ddfeb9d4e":{"legends":[],"scales":[{"clamp":!
0,"type":"time","name":"x","zero":!1,"domainMin":"978307200000","domain":
{"data":"chart","field":"x"},"range":"width","nice":!1},
{"type":"linear","name":"y","domain":{"data":"chart","field":"y"},"zero":!
1,"range":"height","nice":!0},{"domain":
{"data":"chart","field":"series"},"type":"ordinal","name":"color","range":
["#0070c0"]}],"version":2,"marks":[{"type":"line","properties":{"hover":{"stroke":
{"value":"red"}},"update":{"stroke":{"scale":"color","field":"series"
}},"enter":{"y":{"scale":"y","field":"y"},"x":{"scale":"x","field":"x"},"stroke":
{"scale":"color","field":"series"},"strokeWidth":{"value":2.5}}},"from":
{"data":"chart"}}],"height":150,"axes":
[{"type":"x","title":"Year","scale":"x","format":"%Y","properties":{"title":
{"fill":{"value":"#54595d"}},"grid":{"stroke":{"value":"#54595d"}},"ticks":
{"stroke":{"value":"#54595d"}},"axis":{"strokeWidth":{"value":2},"stroke":
{"value":"#54595d"}},"labels":{"align":{"value":"right"},"angle":{"value":-
45},"fill":{"value":"#54595d"}}},"grid":!1},
{"type":"y","title":"Articles","scale":"y","format":"s","properties":{"title":
{"value":"#54595d"}},"labels":{"fill":{"value":"#54595d"}}},"grid":!0}],"data":
[{"format":{"parse":
{"y":"integer","x":"date"},"type":"json"},"name":"chart","values":
[{"y":34,"series":"y","x":"2001-01"},{"y":173,"series":"y","x":
"2001-02"},{"y":603,"series":"y","x":"2001-03"},{"y":1167,"series":"y","x":"2001-
04"},{"y":2394,"series":"y","x":"2001-05"},{"y":2784,"series":"y","x":"2001-06"},
{"y":3605,"series":"y","x":"2001-07"},{"y":5125,"series":"y","x":"2001-08"},
{"y":113729,"series":"y","x":"2003-03"},{"y":119196,
"series":"y","x":"2003-04"},{"y":125851,"series":"y","x":"2003-05"},
{"y":515161,"series":"y","x":"2005-04"},{"y":545404,
{"y":1655885,"series":"y","x":"2007-05"
},{"y":1704021,"series":"y","x":"2007-06"},{"y":1768236,"series":"y","x":"2007-
07"},{"y":1826585,"series":"y","x":"2007-08"},{"y":1871954,"series":"y","x":"2007-
05"},{"y":2773873,
{"y":3540945,"series":"y","x"
:"2011-06"},{"y":3567487,"series":"y","x":"2011-07"},
{"y":4198375,"series":"y","x":"2013-06"},{"y"
:4224297,"series":"y","x":"2013-07"},{"y":4250417,"series":"y","x":"2013-08"},
{"y":4833031,
{"y":5388928,"series":"y","x"
:"2017-07"},{"y":5408677,"series":"y","x":"2017-08"},
{"y":5883472,"series":"y","x":"2019-07"},{"y"
:5903996,"series":"y","x":"2019-08"},{"y":5924372,"series":"y","x":"2019-09"},
{"y":6220160,"series":"y","x":"2020-
12"}]}],"width":190},"af9307f50d9e16c99ada3d827804c72449d32228":{"legends":
[],"scales":[{"clamp":!0,"type":"time","name":"x","zero":!
1,"domainMin":"978325200000","domain":
{"data":"chart","field":"x"},"range":"width","nice":!1},
{"type":"linear","name":"y","domain":{"data":"chart","field":"y"},"zero":
!1,"range":"height","nice":!0},{"domain":
{"data":"chart","field":"series"},"type":"ordinal","name":"color","range":
["#0070c0"]}],"version":2,"marks":[{"type":"line","properties":{"hover":{"stroke":
{"value":"red"}},"update":{"stroke":{"scale":"color","field":"series"}},"enter":
{"y":{"scale":"y","field":"y"},"x":{"scale":"x","field":"x"},"stroke":
{"scale":"color","field":"series"},"strokeWidth":{"value":2.5}}},"from":
{"data":"chart"}}],"height":120,"axes":
[{"type":"x","title":"Year","scale":"x","format":"%y","properties":{"title":
{"value":"#54595d"}},"labels":{"fill":{"value":"#54595d"}}},"grid":!1},
{"type":"y","scale":"y","format":"d","properties":{"title":{"fill":
{"value":"#54595d"}},"grid":{"stroke":{"value":"#54595d"}},"ticks":{"stroke":
{"value":"#54595d"}},"axis":{"strokeWidth":{"value":2},"stroke":
{"value":"#54595d"}},"labels":
{"fill":{"value":"#54595d"}}},"grid":!1}],"data":[{"format":{"parse":
{"y":"integer","x":"date"},"type":"json"},"name":"chart","values":
[{"y":0,"series":"y","x":"2001-1"},{"y":2,"series":"y","x":"2001-2"},
{"y":162,"series":
"y","x":"2003-1"},{"y":139,"series":"y","x":"2003-2"},
{"y":1539,"series":"y","x":"2005-3"},{"y":1900,"series":"y","x":
{"y":7036,"series":"y"
,"x":"2007-7"},{"y":6793,"series":"y","x":"2007-8"},
{"y":5800,"series":"y","x":"2009-9"},{"y":5779,
{"y":5100,"series":"y","x":"2011-12"},{
"y":5136,"series":"y","x":"2012-1"},{"y":4899,"series":"y","x":"2012-2"},
{"y":4607,"series":"y","x":
{"y":4569,"series":"y"
,"x":"2016-6"},{"y":4687,"series":"y","x":"2016-7"},
{"y":4867,"series":"y","x":"2018-8"},{"y":4589,
{"y":4876,"series":"y","x":"2019-7"},{"y":5006,"series":"y","x":"2019-
8"}]}],"width":211}},"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":!
1,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":!
0,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgWikibaseItemId":"Q52"};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCss
Js.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","noscript":"ready","user.styles":"rea
dy","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cit
e.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.thumbnail.styles":"ready","ext.graph.styles":"ready","sk
ins.vector.styles.legacy":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.visu
alEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready",
"ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready","wikibase.client.init
":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-
enhancements","mw.MediaWikiPlayer.loader","mw.PopUpMediaTransform","mw.TMHGalleryHo
ok.js","ext.graph.vega2","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","me
diawiki.toc","skins.vector.legacy.js","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.ch
arinsert","ext.gadget.extra-toolbar-
buttons","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.centralauth.centralauto
login","mmv.head","mmv.bootstrap.autostart","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopA
rticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimedi
aEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.compactlinks","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.
eventlogging.campaigns","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp"];</
script>
<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function()
{mw.loader.implement("user.options@1hzgi",function($,jQuery,require,module){/
*@nomin*/
mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"});
});});</script>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles
%7Cext.graph.styles%7Cext.tmh.thumbnail.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage
%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges
%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.styles.legacy
%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector"/>
<script async="" src="/w/load.php?
lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector"></script>
<meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?
lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector"/>
<meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.36.0-wmf.34"/>
<meta name="referrer" content="origin"/>
<meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-crossorigin"/>
<meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"/>
<meta property="og:image"
content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-
v2.svg/1200px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png"/>
<meta property="og:title" content="Wikipedia"/>
<meta property="og:type" content="website"/>
<link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"/>
<link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 720px)"
href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia"/>
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"/>
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"/>
<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml"
href="/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="Wikipedia (en)"/>
<link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?
action=rsd"/>
<link rel="license" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"/>
<link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia"/>
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"/>
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" />
</head>
<body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-
Wikipedia rootpage-Wikipedia skin-vector action-view skin-vector-legacy"><div
id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div>
<div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div>
<div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main">
<a id="top"></a>
<div id="siteNotice" class="mw-body-content"></div>
<div class="mw-indicators mw-body-content">
<div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected
due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/
20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-
shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-
Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"
/></a></div>
</div>
<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" >Wikipedia</h1>
<div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia</div>
<div id="contentSub"></div>
<div id="contentSub2"></div>
<div id="jump-to-nav"></div>
<a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a>
<a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Jump to search</a>
<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-
ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt
noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Open-source online encyclopedia</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about
Wikipedia. For Wikipedia's home page, see <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Main
Page">Main Page</a>. For the English edition, see <a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia"
title="English Wikipedia">English Wikipedia</a>. For other uses, see <a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Wikipedia
(disambiguation)">Wikipedia (disambiguation)</a>.</div>


<table class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em"><caption class="fn
org">Wikipedia</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a
href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="image" title="An incomplete sphere
made of large, white, jigsaw puzzle pieces. Each puzzle piece contains one glyph
from a different writing system, with each glyph written in black."><img alt="An
incomplete sphere made of large, white, jigsaw puzzle pieces. Each puzzle piece
contains one glyph from a different writing system, with each glyph written in
black." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-
v2.svg/150px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="137"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/
225px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/300px-
Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_wordmark.svg" class="image" title="The Wikipedia
wordmark which displays the name Wikipedia, written in all caps. The W and
the A are the same height and both are taller than the other letters which are
also all the same height."><img alt="The Wikipedia wordmark which displays the name
Wikipedia, written in all caps. The W and the A are the same height and
both are taller than the other letters which are also all the same height."
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Wikipedia_wordmark.svg/
200px-Wikipedia_wordmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="34"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Wikipedia_wordmark.svg/
300px-Wikipedia_wordmark.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Wikipedia_wordmark.svg/400px-
Wikipedia_wordmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="85"
/></a><div>The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_logo" title="Wikipedia logo">logo of
Wikipedia</a>, a globe featuring <a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">glyphs</a>
from various <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing
systems</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><div
class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;font-
size:95%;padding:4px;border:none;"><div style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.6;font-
weight:bold;background:transparent;text-align:left;;background:gainsboro;text-
align:center">Screenshot</div><div class="mw-collapsible-content"
style="background:transparent;text-align:left;;text-align:center">
<a href="/wiki/File:Www.wikipedia.org_screenshot_2018.png" class="image"
title="Main page of the English Wikipedia"><img alt="Main page of the English
Wikipedia"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Www.wikipedia.org_screensh
ot_2018.png/300px-Www.wikipedia.org_screenshot_2018.png" decoding="async"
width="300" height="396" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Www.wikipedia.org_scree
nshot_2018.png/450px-Www.wikipedia.org_screenshot_2018.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Www.wikipedia.org_screenshot_20
18.png/600px-Www.wikipedia.org_screenshot_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="1583" data-
file-height="2091" /></a><div>Screenshot of Wikipedia's portal showing the
different languages sorted by article count</div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th
scope="row"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-
height:1.2em;">Type of site</div></th><td><a href="/wiki/Online_encyclopedia"
title="Online encyclopedia">Online encyclopedia</a></td></tr><tr><th
scope="row">Available in</th><td>319 languages</td></tr><tr><th
scope="row">Country of origin</th><td>United States</td></tr><tr><th
scope="row">Owner</th><td><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia
Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a></td></tr><tr><th
scope="row">Created by</th><td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a
href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Larry_Sanger" title="Larry Sanger">Larry Sanger</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-
1">[1]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">URL</th><td
class="url"><a class="external text"
href="https://www.wikipedia.org/">wikipedia.org</a></td></tr><tr><th
scope="row">Commercial</th><td>No</td></tr><tr><th
scope="row">Registration</th><td>Optional<a
href="#cite_note-2">[note 1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a
href="/wiki/Registered_user" title="Registered user">Users</a></th><td><a
href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#Grand_total" title="List of
Wikipedias">>351,180</a> active users<a
href="#cite_note-3">[note 2]</a> and <a
href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#Grand_total" title="List of
Wikipedias">>94,805,056</a> registered users 1,109 administrators (<a
href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English
Wikipedia">English</a>)</td></tr><tr><th
scope="row">Launched</th><td>January 15, 2001; 20 years ago
(2001-01-15)</td></tr><tr><th
scope="row">Current status</th><td class="category">Active</td></tr><tr><th
scope="row"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-
height:1.2em;">Content license</div></th><td><a
href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">CC
Attribution / Share-Alike</a> 3.0 Most text is also dual-licensed under
<a href="/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="GNU Free Documentation
License">GFDL</a>; media licensing varies</td></tr><tr><th
scope="row">Written in</th><td><a href="/wiki/LAMP_(software_bundle)"
title="LAMP (software bundle)">LAMP</a> platform<a
href="#cite_note-roadchap-4">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a
href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC
(identifier)">OCLC</a> number</th><td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52075003">52075003
</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
Wikipedia (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English"
title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌwɪkɪˈpiːdiə/</a> (<a href="/wiki/File:En-uk-Wikipedia.ogg"
title="About this sound"><img alt="About this sound"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-
Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-
Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-
Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a><a
href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/En-uk-Wikipedia.ogg"
class="internal"
title="En-uk-Wikipedia.ogg">listen</a>) <a
href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling
key">wik-ih-PEE-dee-ə</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English"
title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌwɪki-/</a> (<a
href="/wiki/File:En-us-Wikipedia.ogg" title="About this sound"><img alt="About this
sound" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/
11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-
Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-
Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a><a
href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/En-us-Wikipedia.ogg"
class="internal"
title="En-us-Wikipedia.ogg">listen</a>) <a
href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling
key">wik-ee-</a>) is a free, <a
href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">multilingual</a> <a
href="/wiki/Open_collaboration" title="Open collaboration">open-collaborative</a>
<a href="/wiki/Online_encyclopedia" title="Online encyclopedia">online
encyclopedia</a> created and maintained by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedians" class="mw-
redirect" title="Wikipedians">a community of volunteer contributors</a> using a <a
href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">wiki</a>-based editing system. Wikipedia is the
largest general reference work on the Internet,<a href="#cite_note-Wiki20-5">[3]</a> and one of
the 15 most popular websites as ranked by <a href="/wiki/Alexa_Internet"
title="Alexa Internet">Alexa</a>; in 2021, it was ranked as the 13th most
visited.<a
href="#cite_note-Alexa_siteinfo-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[note 3]</a> The project
carries no <a href="/wiki/Online_advertising" title="Online
advertising">advertisements</a> and is hosted by the <a
href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia
Foundation</a>, an <a href="/wiki/501(c)(3)_organization" title="501(c)(3)
organization">American non-profit organization</a> funded mainly through donations,
80% of which are small donations from individual users.<a href="#cite_note-9">[6]</a>
Wikipedia was launched on January 15, 2001, by <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales"
title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Larry_Sanger" title="Larry
Sanger">Larry Sanger</a>; Sanger coined its name as a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau"
title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of "<a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">wiki</a>"
and "<a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia">encyclopedia</a>".<a href="#cite_note-MiliardWho-
10">[7]</a><a
href="#cite_note-J_Sidener-11">[8]</a> Initially available only in
English, versions in other languages were quickly developed. The <a
href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English Wikipedia</a>,
with 6.3 million articles as of March 2021, is the
largest of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias" title="List of Wikipedias">319
language editions</a>. Combined, Wikipedia's editions comprise more than 56 million articles, and attract more than 17 million
edits and more than 1.7 billion unique visitors
per month.<a
href="#cite_note-small_screen-12">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wikimedia_Stats-
13">[10]</a>

Wikipedia <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Wikipedia" title="Criticism of Wikipedia">has
been criticized</a> for its uneven accuracy and for exhibiting <a
href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Wikipedia#Systemic_bias_in_coverage" title="Criticism of
Wikipedia">systemic bias</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Gender_bias_on_Wikipedia"
title="Gender bias on Wikipedia">gender bias</a>, with the majority of editors
being <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">male</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Econ21-14">[11]</a> In 2006,
<a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine
stated that the open-door policy of allowing anyone to edit had made Wikipedia the
"biggest and perhaps the best encyclopedia in the world", and a testament to the
vision of Jimmy Wales.<a href="#cite_note-
15">[12]</a> The project's reputation improved further in the 2010s,
as it received praise for its unique structure, culture, and absence of commercial
bias.<a href="#cite_note-Wiki20-
5">[3]</a><a
href="#cite_note-Econ21-14">[11]</a> In 2018, <a
href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> and <a href="/wiki/YouTube"
title="YouTube">YouTube</a> announced that they would help users detect <a
href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">fake news</a> by suggesting links to
related Wikipedia articles.<a
href="#cite_note-auto-16">[13]</a><style data-mw-
deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1
ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-
4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-
output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6
ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><div id="toc" class="toc"
role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox"
role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"
/><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2
id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label
class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Nupedia">1.1 Nupedia</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Launch_and_early_growth">1.2 Launch and early
growth</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Milestones">1.3 Milestones</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Openness">2 Openness</a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Restrictions">2.1 Restrictions</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Review_of_changes">2.2 Review of
changes</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Vandalism">2.3 Vandalism</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Edit_warring">2.4 Edit warring</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Policies_and_laws">3 Policies and
laws</a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a
href="#Content_policies_and_guidelines">3.1 Content policies and guidelines</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Governance">4 Governance</a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Administrators">4.1 Administrators</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Dispute_resolution">4.2 Dispute resolution</a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Arbitration_Committee">4.2.1 Arbitration
Committee</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Community">5 Community</a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Studies">5.1 Studies</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Diversity">5.2 Diversity</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Language_editions">6 Language editions</a>
<ul>
href="#English_Wikipedia_editor_numbers">6.1 English Wikipedia editor numbers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Reception">7 Reception</a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Accuracy_of_content">7.1 Accuracy of
content</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Discouragement_in_education">7.2 Discouragement in
education</a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Medical_information">7.2.1 Medical
information</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Quality_of_writing">7.3 Quality of
writing</a></li>
href="#Coverage_of_topics_and_systemic_bias">7.4
Coverage of topics and systemic bias</a>
<ul>
href="#Coverage_of_topics_and_selection_bias">7.4.1
Coverage of topics and selection bias</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Systemic_bias">7.4.2 Systemic bias</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Explicit_content">7.5 Explicit content</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Privacy">7.6 Privacy</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Sexism">7.7 Sexism</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Operation">8 Operation</a>
<ul>
href="#Wikimedia_Foundation_and_Wikimedia_movement_affiliates">8.1 Wikimedia Foundation and
Wikimedia movement affiliates</a></li>
href="#Software_operations_and_support">8.2 Software operations and support</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Automated_editing">8.3 Automated
editing</a></li>
href="#Hardware_operations_and_support">8.4 Hardware operations and support</a></li>
href="#Internal_research_and_operational_development">8.5 Internal research and
operational development</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Internal_news_publications">8.6 Internal news
publications</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#Access_to_content">9 Access to content</a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Content_licensing">9.1 Content
licensing</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Methods_of_access">9.2 Methods of access</a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-42"><a href="#Mobile_access">9.2.1 Mobile access</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#Cultural_impact">10 Cultural impact</a>
<ul>
href="#Trusted_source_to_combat_fake_news">10.1
Trusted source to combat fake news</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Readership">10.2 Readership</a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-46"><a href="#COVID-19_pandemic">10.2.1 COVID-19
pandemic</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="#Cultural_significance">10.3 Cultural
significance</a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-48"><a href="#Awards">10.3.1 Awards</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-49"><a href="#Satire">10.3.2 Satire</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="#Sister_projects_–_Wikimedia">10.4 Sister
projects – Wikimedia</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51"><a href="#Publishing">10.5 Publishing</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52"><a href="#Research_use">10.6 Research use</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-53"><a href="#Related_projects">11 Related projects</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-54"><a href="#See_also">12 See also</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-55"><a href="#Notes">13 Notes</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-56"><a href="#References">14 References</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-57"><a href="#Further_reading">15 Further reading</a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-58"><a href="#Academic_studies">15.1 Academic
studies</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-59"><a href="#Books">15.2 Books</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-60"><a href="#Book_review-related_articles">15.3 Book review-related
articles</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-61"><a href="#Learning_resources">15.4 Learning
resources</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-62"><a href="#Other_media_coverage">15.5 Other media coverage</a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-63"><a href="#General_articles">15.5.1 General
articles</a></li>
href="#Articles_re_Wikipedia_usage_patterns">15.5.2
Articles re Wikipedia usage patterns</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-65"><a href="#External_links">16 External links</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<h2>History</h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a
href="/wiki/History_of_Wikipedia" title="History of Wikipedia">History of
Wikipedia</a></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r978413945/mw-parser-
output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-
direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-
direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-
parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-
output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-
self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-
output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti
.text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-
align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media
all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!
important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-
parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-
output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-
sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-
output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-
output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb
tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div
class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div
class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Jimmy_Wales_September_2015.jpg"
class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Jimmy_Wales_September_2015
.jpg/100px-Jimmy_Wales_September_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="100"
height="142"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Jimmy_Wales_September_2
015.jpg/150px-Jimmy_Wales_September_2015.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Jimmy_Wales_September_2015.jpg/
200px-Jimmy_Wales_September_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2088" data-file-
height="2962" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:118px;max-
width:118px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:L_Sanger.jpg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/L_Sanger.jpg/116px-
L_Sanger.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="143"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/L_Sanger.jpg/174px-
L_Sanger.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/L_Sanger.jpg/232px-L_Sanger.jpg
2x" data-file-width="1209" data-file-height="1490" /></a></div></div></div><div
class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a
href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Larry_Sanger" title="Larry Sanger">Larry
Sanger</a></div></div></div></div>
<h3>Nupedia</h3>
href="/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia">Nupedia</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Nupedia_logo_and_wordmark.png" class="image"><img alt="Logo
reading "Nupedia.com the free encyclopedia" in blue with the large
initial "N""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Nupedia_logo_and_wordmark.
png/220px-Nupedia_logo_and_wordmark.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="51"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Nupedia_logo_and_wordma
rk.png/330px-Nupedia_logo_and_wordmark.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Nupedia_logo_and_wordmark.png/
440px-Nupedia_logo_and_wordmark.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-
height="117" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Nupedia_logo_and_wordmark.png" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Wikipedia originally developed from another encyclopedia
project called Nupedia</div></div></div>
Other collaborative online encyclopedias were attempted before Wikipedia, but
none were as successful.<a
href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a> Wikipedia began as a complementary
project for <a href="/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia">Nupedia</a>, a free online
English-language encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts and
reviewed under a formal process.<a href="#cite_note-KockJungSyn2016-18">[15]</a> It
was founded on March 9, 2000, under the ownership of <a href="/wiki/Bomis"
title="Bomis">Bomis</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Web_portal" title="Web portal">web
portal</a> company. Its main figures were Bomis CEO Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger,
editor-in-chief for Nupedia and later Wikipedia.<a
href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-1">[1]</a><a
href="#cite_note-Meyers-19">[16]</a> Nupedia was initially licensed
under its own Nupedia <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">Open
Content</a> License, but even before Wikipedia was founded, Nupedia switched to the
License">GNU Free Documentation License</a> at the urging of <a
href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-stallman1999-
20">[17]</a> Wales is credited with defining the goal of making a
publicly editable encyclopedia,<a href="#cite_note-SangerMemoir-21">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanger-
22">[19]</a> while Sanger is credited with the strategy of using a <a
href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">wiki</a> to reach that goal.<a href="#cite_note-
WM_foundation_of_WP_1-23">[20]</a> On January 10, 2001, Sanger
proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki as a "feeder" project for
Nupedia.<a
href="#cite_note-nupedia_feeder_from_WP_1-24">[21]</a>

<h3>Launch and early
growth</h3>
The <a href="/wiki/Domain_name" title="Domain name">domains</a>
wikipedia.com and wikipedia.org were registered on January 12,
2001,<a href="#cite_note-
25">[22]</a> and January 13, 2001,<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> respectively, and
Wikipedia was launched on January 15, 2001,<a href="#cite_note-KockJungSyn2016-18">[15]</a> as
a single English-language edition at www.wikipedia.com,<a href="#cite_note-WikipediaHome-
27">[24]</a> and announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list.<a href="#cite_note-SangerMemoir-
21">[18]</a> Wikipedia's policy of "neutral point-of-view"<a href="#cite_note-NPOV-
28">[25]</a> was codified in its first few months. Otherwise, there
were relatively few rules initially and Wikipedia operated independently of
Nupedia.<a href="#cite_note-
SangerMemoir-21">[18]</a> Originally, Bomis intended to make
Wikipedia a business for profit.<a href="#cite_note-Seth-Finkelstein-29">[26]</a>

href="/wiki/File:English_Wikipedia_main_page_20011217.jpg" class="image"><img
alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/English_Wikipedia_main_pag
e_20011217.jpg/220px-English_Wikipedia_main_page_20011217.jpg" decoding="async"
width="220" height="238" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/English_Wikipedia_main_
page_20011217.jpg/330px-English_Wikipedia_main_page_20011217.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/English_Wikipedia_main_page_200
11217.jpg/440px-English_Wikipedia_main_page_20011217.jpg 2x" data-file-width="554"
data-file-height="600" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:English_Wikipedia_main_page_20011217.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>The Wikipedia home page on December 17,
2001</div></div></div>
Wikipedia gained early contributors from Nupedia, <a href="/wiki/Slashdot"
title="Slashdot">Slashdot</a> postings, and web <a href="/wiki/Search_engine"
title="Search engine">search engine</a> indexing. Language editions were also
created, with a total of 161 by the end of 2004.<a href="#cite_note-
WP_early_language_stats_1-30">[27]</a> Nupedia and Wikipedia
coexisted until the former's servers were taken down permanently in 2003, and its
text was incorporated into Wikipedia. The English Wikipedia passed the mark of two
million articles on September 9, 2007, making it the largest encyclopedia ever
assembled, surpassing the <a href="/wiki/Yongle_Encyclopedia" title="Yongle
Encyclopedia">Yongle Encyclopedia</a> made during the <a
href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a>
in 1408, which had held the record for almost 600 years.<a href="#cite_note-EB_encyclopedia-
31">[28]</a>
Citing fears of commercial <a href="/wiki/Advertising"
title="Advertising">advertising</a> and lack of control in <a
href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias" title="List of Wikipedias">Wikipedia</a>, users of
the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Wikipedia" title="Spanish Wikipedia">Spanish
Wikipedia</a> <a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software
development)">forked</a> from Wikipedia to create the <a
href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Libre_Universal_en_Espa%C3%B1ol" title="Enciclopedia Libre
Universal en Español">Enciclopedia Libre</a> in February 2002.<a href="#cite_note-
EL_fears_and_start_1-32">[29]</a> Wales then announced that Wikipedia
would not display advertisements, and changed Wikipedia's domain from
wikipedia.com to wikipedia.org.<a href="#cite_note-Shirky-33">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a>
Though the English Wikipedia reached three million articles in August 2009,
the growth of the edition, in terms of the numbers of new articles and of
contributors, appears to have peaked around early 2007.<a href="#cite_note-
guardian_WP_user_peak_1-35">[32]</a> Around 1,800 articles were added
daily to the encyclopedia in 2006; by 2013 that average was roughly 800.<a href="#cite_note-
WP_growth_modelling_1-36">[33]</a> A team at the <a
href="/wiki/Palo_Alto_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Palo Alto
Research Center">Palo Alto Research Center</a> attributed this slowing of growth to
the project's increasing exclusivity and resistance to change.<a href="#cite_note-
wikisym_slowing_growth_1-37">[34]</a> Others suggest that the growth
is flattening naturally because articles that could be called "<a
href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/low-hanging_fruit" class="extiw"
title="wikt:low-hanging fruit">low-hanging fruit</a>"—topics that clearly merit an
article—have already been created and built up extensively.<a href="#cite_note-
bostonreview_the_end_of_WP_1-38">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-
stanford_WP_lack_of_future_growth_1-40">[37]</a>


<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><div
id="mwe_player_0" class="PopUpMediaTransform" style="width:220px;"
videopayload="<div class="mediaContainer"
style="width:854px"><video id="mwe_player_1"
poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Wikipedia_Edit_201
4.webm/854px--Wikipedia_Edit_2014.webm.jpg" controls=""
preload="none" autoplay=""
style="width:854px;height:480px" class="kskin" data-
durationhint="172.312" data-startoffset="0" data-
mwtitle="Wikipedia_Edit_2014.webm" data-
mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4d/
Wikipedia_Edit_2014.webm/Wikipedia_Edit_2014.webm.480p.vp9.webm"
type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-
title="SD VP9 (480P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 480P" data-
transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-
height="480" data-bandwidth="611648" data-
framerate="24"/><source
Wikipedia_Edit_2014.webm/Wikipedia_Edit_2014.webm.480p.webm"
type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-
title="SD WebM (480P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 480P" data-
transcodekey="480p.webm" data-width="854" data-
title="HD VP9 (720P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 720P" data-
title="HD WebM (720P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 720P" data-
title="Full HD VP9 (1080P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 1080P" data-
title="Full HD WebM (1080P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 1080P" data-
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Wikipedia_Edit_2014.webm&qu
ot; type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-
title="Original WebM file, 1,920 × 1,080 (4.45 Mbps)" data-
shorttitle="WebM source" data-width="1920" data-
title="Lowest bandwidth VP9 (120P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 120P"
data-transcodekey="120p.vp9.webm" data-width="214" data-
title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P"
data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="284" data-
title="Low bandwidth VP9 (180P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 180P"
title="Small VP9 (240P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 240P" data-
title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-
title="VP9 (360P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 360P" data-
title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-
framerate="24"/><track
src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?
action=timedtext&title=File
%3AWikipedia_Edit_2014.webm&lang=ar&trackformat=srt&origin=
%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt"
srclang="ar" label="‫( العربية‬ar) subtitles" data-
dir="rtl"/><track
%3AWikipedia_Edit_2014.webm&lang=bn&trackformat=srt&origin=
srclang="bn" label="বাংলা (bn) subtitles" data-
dir="ltr"/><track
%3AWikipedia_Edit_2014.webm&lang=ca&trackformat=srt&origin=
srclang="ca" label="català (ca) subtitles" data-
dir="ltr"/><track
%3AWikipedia_Edit_2014.webm&lang=cs&trackformat=srt&origin=
srclang="cs" label="čeština (cs) subtitles" data-
dir="ltr"/><track
%3AWikipedia_Edit_2014.webm&lang=de&trackformat=srt&origin=
srclang="de" label="Deutsch (de) subtitles" data-
dir="ltr"/><track
%3AWikipedia_Edit_2014.webm&lang=en&trackformat=srt&origin=
srclang="en" label="English (en) subtitles" data-
dir="ltr"/><track
%3AWikipedia_Edit_2014.webm&lang=eo&trackformat=srt&origin=
srclang="eo" label="Esperanto (eo) subtitles" data-
dir="ltr"/><track
%3AWikipedia_Edit_2014.webm&lang=es&trackformat=srt&origin=
srclang="es" label="español (es) subtitles" data-
dir="ltr"/><track
%3AWikipedia_Edit_2014.webm&lang=fr&trackformat=srt&origin=
%2A"
kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="fr"
label="français (fr) subtitles" data-dir="ltr"/><track
%3AWikipedia_Edit_2014.webm&lang=he&trackformat=srt&origin=
srclang="he" label="‫( עברית‬he) subtitles" data-
dir="rtl"/><track
%3AWikipedia_Edit_2014.webm&lang=it&trackformat=srt&origin=
srclang="it" label="italiano (it) subtitles" data-
dir="ltr"/><track
%3AWikipedia_Edit_2014.webm&lang=ja&trackformat=srt&origin=
srclang="ja" label="日本語 (ja) subtitles" data-
dir="ltr"/><track
%3AWikipedia_Edit_2014.webm&lang=ko&trackformat=srt&origin=
srclang="ko" label="한국어 (ko) subtitles" data-
dir="ltr"/><track
%3AWikipedia_Edit_2014.webm&lang=nl&trackformat=srt&origin=
srclang="nl" label="Nederlands (nl) subtitles" data-
dir="ltr"/><track
%3AWikipedia_Edit_2014.webm&lang=pl&trackformat=srt&origin=
srclang="pl" label="polski (pl) subtitles" data-
dir="ltr"/><track
%3AWikipedia_Edit_2014.webm&lang=pnb&trackformat=srt&origin
=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt"
srclang="pnb" label="‫( پنجابی‬pnb) subtitles" data-
dir="rtl"/><track
%3AWikipedia_Edit_2014.webm&lang=pt&trackformat=srt&origin=
srclang="pt" label="português (pt) subtitles" data-
dir="ltr"/><track
%3AWikipedia_Edit_2014.webm&lang=ro&trackformat=srt&origin=
srclang="ro" label="română (ro) subtitles" data-
dir="ltr"/><track
%3AWikipedia_Edit_2014.webm&lang=ru&trackformat=srt&origin=
srclang="ru" label="русский (ru) subtitles" data-
dir="ltr"/><track
%3AWikipedia_Edit_2014.webm&lang=sv&trackformat=srt&origin=
srclang="sv" label="svenska (sv) subtitles" data-
dir="ltr"/><track
%3AWikipedia_Edit_2014.webm&lang=tr&trackformat=srt&origin=
srclang="tr" label="Türkçe (tr) subtitles" data-
dir="ltr"/><track
%3AWikipedia_Edit_2014.webm&lang=uk&trackformat=srt&origin=
srclang="uk" label="українська (uk) subtitles" data-
dir="ltr"/><track
%3AWikipedia_Edit_2014.webm&lang=zh&trackformat=srt&origin=
srclang="zh" label="中文 (zh) subtitles" data-
dir="ltr"/></video></div>"><img alt="File:Wikipedia Edit
2014.webm" style="width:220px;height:124px"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Wikipedia_Edit_2014.webm/
220px--Wikipedia_Edit_2014.webm.jpg" /><a
href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Wikipedia_Edit_2014.webm"
title="Play media" target="new">Play media</a></div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div
class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_Edit_2014.webm" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>A promotional video of the Wikimedia Foundation that
encourages viewers to edit Wikipedia, mostly reviewing 2014 via Wikipedia
content</div></div></div>
In November 2009, a researcher at the <a href="/wiki/Rey_Juan_Carlos_University"
class="mw-redirect" title="Rey Juan Carlos University">Rey Juan Carlos
University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> found that the
English Wikipedia had lost 49,000 editors during the first three months of 2009; in
comparison, the project lost only 4,900 editors during the same period in 2008.<a
href="#cite_note-guardian_editors_leaving_1-41">[38]</a>The Wall Street Journal cited the array of rules applied to editing and
disputes related to such content among the reasons for this trend.<a href="#cite_note-
WSJ_WP_losing_editors_1-43">[40]</a> Wales disputed these claims in
2009, denying the decline and questioning the methodology of the study.<a
href="#cite_note-telegraph_Wales_WP_not_losing_editors_1-44">[41]</a>
Two years later, in 2011, Wales acknowledged the presence of a slight decline,
noting a decrease from "a little more than 36,000 writers" in June 2010 to 35,800
in June 2011. In the same interview, Wales also claimed the number of editors was
"stable and sustainable".<a
href="#cite_note-wiki-women-45">[42]</a> A 2013 article titled "The
Decline of Wikipedia" in <a href="/wiki/MIT_Technology_Review" title="MIT
Technology Review">MIT Technology Review</a> questioned this claim. The article
revealed that since 2007, Wikipedia had lost a third of its volunteer editors, and
those still there have focused increasingly on minutiae.<a
href="#cite_note-Simonite-2013-46">[43]</a> In July 2012, <a
href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a> reported that
the number of administrators is also in decline.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> In the November
25, 2013, issue of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" title="New York
(magazine)">New York</a> magazine, Katherine Ward stated "Wikipedia, the sixth-
most-used website, is facing an internal crisis".
<h3>Milestones</h3>
href="/wiki/File:European_Wikipedias_article_count_2019_map.svg" class="image"><img
alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/European_Wikipedias_articl
e_count_2019_map.svg/220px-European_Wikipedias_article_count_2019_map.svg.png"
decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/European_Wikipedias_art
icle_count_2019_map.svg/330px-European_Wikipedias_article_count_2019_map.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/European_Wikipedias_article_cou
nt_2019_map.svg/440px-European_Wikipedias_article_count_2019_map.svg.png 2x" data-
file-width="1598" data-file-height="828" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div
class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Wikipedias_article_count_2019_map.svg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Cartogram"
title="Cartogram">Cartogram</a> showing number of articles in each European
language as of January 2019. One square represents 10,000 articles. Languages with
fewer than 10,000 articles are represented by one square. Languages are grouped by
language family and each language family is presented by a separate
color.</div></div></div>
In January 2007, Wikipedia entered for the first time the top-ten <a
href="/wiki/List_of_most_popular_websites" title="List of most popular
websites">list of the most popular websites</a> in the US, according to <a
href="/wiki/Comscore" title="Comscore">comscore</a> Networks. With
42.9 million unique visitors, Wikipedia was ranked at number 9, surpassing
<a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York
Times</a> (No. 10) and <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>
(No. 11). This marked a significant increase over January 2006, when the rank was
33rd, with Wikipedia receiving around 18.3 million unique visitors.<a class="external text"
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Wikipedia&action=edit">[update]</a>, Wikipedia ranked
13th<a href="#cite_note-
Alexa_siteinfo-6">[4]</a> among websites in terms of popularity
according to <a href="/wiki/Alexa_Internet" title="Alexa Internet">Alexa
Internet</a>. In 2014, it received eight billion page views every month.The New York Times reported that Wikipedia has
18 billion <a href="/wiki/Pageview" title="Pageview">page views</a> and nearly
500 million <a href="/wiki/Unique_user#Unique_visitor" title="Unique
user">unique visitors</a> a month, "according to the ratings firm comScore".<a href="#cite_note-small_screen-
12">[9]</a> Loveland and Reagle argue that, in process, Wikipedia
follows a long tradition of historical encyclopedias that accumulated improvements
piecemeal through "<a href="/wiki/Stigmergy" title="Stigmergy">stigmergic</a>
accumulation".<a href="#cite_note-sagepub_WP_and_encyclopedic_production_1-
51">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-
theatlantic_WP_actually_a_reversion_1-52">[49]</a>


href="/wiki/File:History_Wikipedia_English_SOPA_2012_Blackout2.jpg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/History_Wikipedia_English_
SOPA_2012_Blackout2.jpg/220px-History_Wikipedia_English_SOPA_2012_Blackout2.jpg"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/History_Wikipedia_Engli
sh_SOPA_2012_Blackout2.jpg/330px-History_Wikipedia_English_SOPA_2012_Blackout2.jpg
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/History_Wikipedia_English_SOPA_
2012_Blackout2.jpg/440px-History_Wikipedia_English_SOPA_2012_Blackout2.jpg 2x"
data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="770" /></a> <div
class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:History_Wikipedia_English_SOPA_2012_Blackout2.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Wikipedia blackout protest against <a
href="/wiki/Stop_Online_Piracy_Act" title="Stop Online Piracy Act">SOPA</a> on
January 18, 2012</div></div></div>
On January 18, 2012, the English Wikipedia participated in a series of
coordinated protests against two proposed laws in the <a
href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States
Congress</a>—the <a href="/wiki/Stop_Online_Piracy_Act" title="Stop Online Piracy
Act">Stop Online Piracy Act</a> (SOPA) and the <a href="/wiki/PROTECT_IP_Act"
title="PROTECT IP Act">PROTECT IP Act</a> (PIPA)—by <a
href="/wiki/Protest_against_SOPA_and_PIPA" class="mw-redirect" title="Protest
against SOPA and PIPA">blacking out its pages for 24 hours</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LA_Times_Jan_19-
53">[50]</a> More than 162 million people viewed the blackout
explanation page that temporarily replaced Wikipedia content.<a href="#cite_note-
BBC_WP_blackout_protest_1-54">[51]</a>On January 20, 2014, Subodh Varma reporting for <a
href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic
Times</a> indicated that not only had Wikipedia's growth stalled, it "had lost
nearly ten percent of its page views last year. There was a decline of about two
billion between December 2012 and December 2013. Its most popular versions are
leading the slide: page-views of the English Wikipedia declined by twelve percent,
those of German version slid by 17 percent and the Japanese version lost nine
percent."<a
href="#cite_note-economictimes.indiatimes.com-56">[53]</a> Varma
added that "While Wikipedia's managers think that this could be due to errors in
counting, other experts feel that Google's <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Graph"
class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge Graph">Knowledge Graphs</a> project launched
last year may be gobbling up Wikipedia users."<a href="#cite_note-
economictimes.indiatimes.com-56">[53]</a> When contacted on this
matter, <a href="/wiki/Clay_Shirky" title="Clay Shirky">Clay Shirky</a>, associate
professor at New York University and fellow at Harvard's <a
href="/wiki/Berkman_Klein_Center_for_Internet_%26_Society" title="Berkman Klein
Center for Internet & Society">Berkman Klein Center for Internet &
Society</a> indicated that he suspected much of the page view decline was due to
Knowledge Graphs, stating, "If you can get your question answered from the search
page, you don't need to click [any further]."<a href="#cite_note-
economictimes.indiatimes.com-56">[53]</a> By the end of December
2016, Wikipedia was ranked fifth in the most popular websites globally.<a href="#cite_note-Alexa-
57">[54]</a>
In January 2013, <a href="/wiki/274301_Wikipedia" title="274301
Wikipedia">274301 Wikipedia</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Asteroid"
title="Asteroid">asteroid</a>, was named after Wikipedia; in October 2014,
Wikipedia was honored with the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Monument"
title="Wikipedia Monument">Wikipedia Monument</a>; and, in July 2015, 106 of
the 7,473 700-page volumes of Wikipedia became available as <a
href="/wiki/Print_Wikipedia" title="Print Wikipedia">Print Wikipedia</a>. In April
2019, an Israeli <a href="/wiki/Lunar_lander" title="Lunar lander">lunar
lander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a>, crash landed
on the surface of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> carrying a copy of
nearly all of the English Wikipedia engraved on thin nickel plates; experts say the
plates likely survived the crash.<a href="#cite_note-WRD-20190805-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-VOX-20190806-
59">[56]</a> In June 2019, scientists reported that all 16 GB of
article text from the English Wikipedia have been encoded into <a
href="/wiki/Synthetic_genomics" title="Synthetic genomics">synthetic DNA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNET-
20190629-60">[57]</a>

<h2>Openness</h2>
<div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:262px"><div
class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:260px;">
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r950958020">@media all and (max-
width:720px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.mw-graph{min-width:auto!
important;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:visible}}.mw-parser-output .mw-
graph-img{width:inherit;height:inherit}</style><div class="mw-graph mw-graph-always
mw-graph-nofallback" style="min-width:190px;min-height:150px" data-graph-
id="e5b49f6a980179ea45f25a2970c6470ddfeb9d4e"></div></div><div
class="thumbcaption">Number of English Wikipedia articles<a href="#cite_note-Wikimedia_Stats-
61">[58]</a></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:262px"><div
class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:260px;">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"
href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r950958020"/><div class="mw-graph mw-graph-always mw-
graph-nofallback" style="min-width:211px;min-height:120px" data-graph-
id="af9307f50d9e16c99ada3d827804c72449d32228"></div></div><div
class="thumbcaption">English Wikipedia editors with >100 edits per month<a
href="#cite_note-stats.wikimedia.org_editor_metric_graph-62">[59]</a></div></div></div>
href="/wiki/File:History_Comparison_Example_(Vector).png" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/History_Comparison_Example
_%28Vector%29.png/220px-History_Comparison_Example_%28Vector%29.png"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/History_Comparison_Exam
ple_%28Vector%29.png/330px-History_Comparison_Example_%28Vector%29.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/History_Comparison_Example_
%28Vector%29.png/440px-History_Comparison_Example_%28Vector%29.png 2x" data-file-
width="1225" data-file-height="768" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div
class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:History_Comparison_Example_(Vector).png"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Differences between versions of an
article are highlighted</div></div></div>
Unlike traditional encyclopedias, Wikipedia follows the <a
href="/wiki/Procrastination" title="Procrastination">procrastination</a>
principle<a href="#cite_note-63">[note
4]</a> regarding the security of its content.<a
href="#cite_note-zittrain-64">[60]</a> It started almost entirely
open—anyone could create articles, and any Wikipedia article could be edited by any
reader, even those who did not have a Wikipedia account. Modifications to all
articles would be published immediately. As a result, any article could contain
inaccuracies such as errors, <a href="/wiki/Ideological_bias_on_Wikipedia"
title="Ideological bias on Wikipedia">ideological biases</a>, and nonsensical or
irrelevant text.

<h3>Restrictions</h3>
Due to the increasing popularity of Wikipedia, some editions, including the
English version, have introduced editing restrictions for certain cases. For
instance, on the English Wikipedia and some other language editions, only
registered users may create a new article.<a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a> On the English
Wikipedia, among others, particularly controversial, sensitive or vandalism-prone
pages have been protected to varying degrees.<a href="#cite_note-
WP_protection_policy_1-66">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a> A frequently
vandalized article can be "semi-protected" or "extended confirmed protected",
meaning that only "autoconfirmed" or "extended confirmed" editors are able to
modify it.<a href="#cite_note-
68">[64]</a> A particularly contentious article may be locked so that
only <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_administrators" title="Wikipedia
administrators">administrators</a> are able to make changes.<a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a> A 2021 article in
the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Journalism_Review" title="Columbia Journalism
Review">Columbia Journalism Review</a> identified Wikipedia's page protection
policies as "perhaps the most important" means at Wikipedia's disposal to "regulate
its market of ideas".<a href="#cite_note-
70">[66]</a>
In certain cases, all editors are allowed to submit modifications, but
review is required for some editors, depending on certain conditions. For example,
the <a href="/wiki/German_Wikipedia" title="German Wikipedia">German Wikipedia</a>
maintains "stable versions" of articles,<a href="#cite_note-
WP_some_sites_stable_versions_1-71">[67]</a> which have passed
certain reviews. Following protracted trials and community discussion, the English
Wikipedia introduced the "pending changes" system in December 2012.<a
href="#cite_note-BInsider_pending_changes_intro_1-72">[68]</a> Under
this system, new and unregistered users' edits to certain controversial or
vandalism-prone articles are reviewed by established users before they are
published.<a href="#cite_note-
73">[69]</a>

<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_editing_interface.png" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Wikipedia_editing_interfac
e.png/220px-Wikipedia_editing_interface.png" decoding="async" width="220"
height="105" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Wikipedia_editing_inter
face.png/330px-Wikipedia_editing_interface.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Wikipedia_editing_interface.png
/440px-Wikipedia_editing_interface.png 2x" data-file-width="1912" data-file-
href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_editing_interface.png" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>The editing interface of Wikipedia</div></div></div>
<h3>Review of changes</h3>
Although changes are not systematically reviewed, the software that powers
Wikipedia provides tools allowing anyone to review changes made by others. The
"History" page of each article links to each revision.<a href="#cite_note-74">[note 5]</a><a href="#cite_note-
Torsten_Kleinz-75">[70]</a> On most articles, anyone can undo others'
changes by clicking a link on the article's history page. Anyone can view the <a
href="/wiki/Help:Recent_changes" title="Help:Recent changes">latest changes</a> to
articles, and anyone may maintain a <a href="/wiki/Wiki#Controlling_changes"
title="Wiki">"watchlist"</a> of articles that interest them so they can be notified
of any changes. "New pages patrol" is a process whereby newly created articles are
checked for obvious problems.<a
href="#cite_note-76">[71]</a>
In 2003, economics Ph.D. student Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low <a
href="/wiki/Transaction_cost" title="Transaction cost">transaction costs</a> of
participating in a <a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">wiki</a> create a catalyst for
collaborative development, and that features such as allowing easy access to past
versions of a page favor "creative construction" over "creative destruction".<a
href="#cite_note-FMonday_collaborative_effort_1-77">[72]</a>

<h3>Vandalism</h3>
href="/wiki/Vandalism_on_Wikipedia" title="Vandalism on Wikipedia">Vandalism on
Wikipedia</a></div>
Any change or edit that manipulates content in a way that purposefully
compromises the integrity of Wikipedia is considered vandalism. The most common and
obvious types of vandalism include additions of obscenities and crude humor.
Vandalism can also include advertising and other types of spam.<a href="#cite_note-
upenn_link_spamming_1-78">[73]</a> Sometimes editors commit vandalism
by removing content or entirely blanking a given page. Less common types of
vandalism, such as the deliberate addition of plausible but false information to an
article can be more difficult to detect. Vandals can introduce irrelevant
formatting, modify page semantics such as the page's title or categorization,
manipulate the underlying code of an article, or use images disruptively.<a
href="#cite_note-WP_vandalism_manipulation_1-79">[74]</a>

href="/wiki/File:John_Seigenthaler_Sr._speaking.jpg" class="image"><img alt="White-
haired elderly gentleman in suit and tie speaks at a podium."
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/John_Seigenthaler_Sr._spea
king.jpg/220px-John_Seigenthaler_Sr._speaking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/John_Seigenthaler_Sr._s
peaking.jpg/330px-John_Seigenthaler_Sr._speaking.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/John_Seigenthaler_Sr._speaking.
jpg/440px-John_Seigenthaler_Sr._speaking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-
href="/wiki/File:John_Seigenthaler_Sr._speaking.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>American journalist <a href="/wiki/John_Seigenthaler"
title="John Seigenthaler">John Seigenthaler</a> (1927–2014), subject of the <a
href="/wiki/Seigenthaler_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Seigenthaler
incident">Seigenthaler incident</a>.</div></div></div>
Obvious vandalism is generally easy to remove from Wikipedia articles; the
median time to detect and fix vandalism is a few minutes.<a href="#cite_note-MIT_IBM_study-
80">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-CreatingDestroyingAndRestoringValue-
81">[76]</a> However, some vandalism takes much longer to repair.<a href="#cite_note-Seigenthaler-
82">[77]</a>
In the <a href="/wiki/Seigenthaler_biography_incident" class="mw-redirect"
title="Seigenthaler biography incident">Seigenthaler biography incident</a>, an
anonymous editor introduced false information into the biography of American
political figure <a href="/wiki/John_Seigenthaler" title="John Seigenthaler">John
Seigenthaler</a> in May 2005. Seigenthaler was falsely presented as a suspect in
the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John
F. Kennedy">assassination of John F. Kennedy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Seigenthaler-82">[77]</a>
The article remained uncorrected for four months.<a href="#cite_note-Seigenthaler-82">[77]</a>
Seigenthaler, the founding editorial director of <a href="/wiki/USA_Today"
title="USA Today">USA Today</a> and founder of the <a
href="/wiki/Freedom_Forum" title="Freedom Forum">Freedom Forum</a> <a
href="/wiki/First_Amendment_Center" title="First Amendment Center">First Amendment
Center</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt
University">Vanderbilt University</a>, called Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales and
asked whether he had any way of knowing who contributed the misinformation. Wales
replied that he did not, although the perpetrator was eventually traced.<a href="#cite_note-
book_The_World_is_Flat_1-83">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[79]</a> After the
incident, Seigenthaler described Wikipedia as "a flawed and irresponsible research
tool".<a href="#cite_note-
Seigenthaler-82">[77]</a> This incident led to policy changes at
Wikipedia, specifically targeted at tightening up the verifiability of biographical
articles of living people.<a
In 2010, Daniel Tosh encouraged viewers of his show, <a
href="/wiki/Tosh.0" title="Tosh.0">Tosh.0</a>, to visit the show's Wikipedia
article and edit it at will. On a later episode, he commented on the edits to the
article, most of them offensive, which had been made by the audience and had
prompted the article to be locked from editing.<a href="#cite_note-tosh_CC_WP_funny_1-
86">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-tosh_CC_WP_funny_2-87">[82]</a>

<h3>Edit warring</h3>
Wikipedians often have disputes regarding content, which may result in
repeatedly making opposite changes to an article, known as "edit warring".<a
href="#cite_note-88">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-
NBC_WP_editorial_warzone_12-89">[84]</a> The process is widely seen
as a resource-consuming scenario where no useful knowledge is added.<a href="#cite_note-91">[86]</a> conflict basedgender roles</a>,<a
href="#cite_note-93">[88]</a> which contributes to the <a
href="/wiki/Gender_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Gender bias on Wikipedia">gender bias
on Wikipedia</a>.

<h2>Policies and laws</h2>


<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><div
style="display:inline;" class="plainlinks selfreference noprint">"Wikipedia policy"
redirects here</div></div>
<table class="infobox" style="width:22em;width: 220px; float: right; clear: right;
margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-
size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size:115%">External video</th></tr><tr><td
colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a
href="/wiki/File:Jimbo_at_Fosdem_cropped.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Jimbo at
Fosdem cropped.jpg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jimbo_at_Fosdem_cropped.jp
g/210px-Jimbo_at_Fosdem_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="244"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jimbo_at_Fosdem_cropped
.jpg/315px-Jimbo_at_Fosdem_cropped.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jimbo_at_Fosdem_cropped.jpg/
420px-Jimbo_at_Fosdem_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-
height="1786" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-
align: left"><img alt="video icon"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/
16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.sv
g/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-
Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/wikipedia-
jimmy-wales-morley-safer-60-minutes/">Wikimania</a>, <a href="/wiki/60_Minutes"
title="60 Minutes">60 Minutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>, 20
minutes, April 5, 2015, co-founder Jimmy Wales at <a href="/wiki/Fosdem" class="mw-
redirect" title="Fosdem">Fosdem</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
Content in Wikipedia is subject to the laws (in particular, <a
href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> laws) of the United States
and of the US state of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>,
where the majority of Wikipedia's servers are located. Beyond legal matters, the
editorial principles of Wikipedia are embodied in the <a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars" title="Wikipedia:Five pillars">"five
pillars"</a> and in numerous policies and guidelines intended to appropriately
shape content. Even these rules are stored in wiki form, and Wikipedia editors
write and revise the website's policies and guidelines.<a href="#cite_note-
pcworld_who's_behind_WP-94">[89]</a> Editors can <a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Enforcement" class="mw-redirect"
title="Wikipedia:Enforcement">enforce these rules</a> by deleting or modifying non-
compliant material. Originally, rules on the non-English editions of Wikipedia were
based on a translation of the rules for the English Wikipedia. They have since
diverged to some extent.<a href="#cite_note-WP_some_sites_stable_versions_1-
71">[67]</a>

<h3>Content policies
and guidelines</h3>
According to the rules on the English Wikipedia, each entry in Wikipedia must be
about a topic that is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/encyclopedic"
class="extiw" title="wikt:encyclopedic">encyclopedic</a> and is not a dictionary
entry or dictionary-style.[90]</a> A topic should also
meet <a href="/wiki/Notability_in_the_English_Wikipedia" title="Notability in the
English Wikipedia">Wikipedia's standards of "notability"</a>,<a href="#cite_note-
WP_notability_guide_1-96">[91]</a> which generally means that the
topic must have been covered in mainstream media or major academic journal sources
that are independent of the article's subject. Further, Wikipedia intends to convey
only knowledge that is already established and recognized.<a href="#cite_note-NOR-97">[92]</a> It must not
present original research. A claim that is likely to be challenged requires a
reference to a reliable source. Among Wikipedia editors, this is often phrased as
"verifiability, not truth" to express the idea that the readers, not the
encyclopedia, are ultimately responsible for checking the truthfulness of the
articles and making their own interpretations.<a href="#cite_note-
WP_Verifiability_policy_1-98">[93]</a> This can at times lead to the
removal of information that, though valid, is not properly sourced.<a
href="#cite_note-IHT_WP_valid_info_wrong_removable_1-99">[94]</a>
Finally, Wikipedia must not take sides.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-100">[95]</a>
All opinions and viewpoints, if attributable to external sources, must enjoy an
appropriate share of coverage within an article. This is known as a "neutral point
of view" (NPOV).

<h2>Governance</h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Administration"
title="Wikipedia:Administration">Wikipedia:Administration</a></div>
Wikipedia's initial <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">anarchy</a>
integrated <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> and
hierarchical elements over time.<a
href="#cite_note-101">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[97]</a> An article is not
considered to be owned by its creator or any other editor, nor by the subject of
the article.<a href="#cite_note-
103">[98]</a>

<h3>Administrators</h3>
Editors in good standing in the community can run for one of many levels of
volunteer stewardship: this begins with "<a href="/wiki/Administrators_(Wikipedia)"
class="mw-redirect" title="Administrators (Wikipedia)">administrator</a>",[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-David_Mehegan-105">[100]</a>
privileged users who can delete pages, prevent articles from being changed in case
of vandalism or editorial disputes (setting protective measures on articles), and
try to prevent certain people from editing. Despite the name, administrators are
not supposed to enjoy any special privilege in decision-making; instead, their
powers are mostly limited to making edits that have project-wide effects and thus
are disallowed to ordinary editors, and to implement restrictions intended to
prevent certain persons from making disruptive edits (such as vandalism).Fewer editors become administrators than in years past, in part because the
process of vetting potential Wikipedia administrators has become more rigorous.Bureaucrats name new administrators solely upon the recommendations from the
community.

<h3>Dispute
resolution</h3>
Over time, Wikipedia has developed a semi-formal dispute resolution process to
assist in such circumstances. To determine community consensus, editors can raise
issues at appropriate community forums,<a
href="#cite_note-109">[note 6]</a> or seek outside input through
third opinion requests or by initiating a more general community discussion known
as a "request for comment".

<h4>Arbitration
Committee</h4>
href="/wiki/Arbitration_Committee" title="Arbitration Committee">Arbitration
Committee</a></div>
The Arbitration Committee presides over the ultimate dispute resolution process.
Although disputes usually arise from a disagreement between two opposing views on
how an article should read, the Arbitration Committee explicitly refuses to
directly rule on the specific view that should be adopted. Statistical analyses
suggest that the committee ignores the content of disputes and rather focuses on
the way disputes are conducted,<a href="#cite_note-emory_disputes_handled_1-
110">[104]</a> functioning not so much to resolve disputes and make
peace between conflicting editors, but to weed out problematic editors while
allowing potentially productive editors back in to participate. Therefore, the
committee does not dictate the content of articles, although it sometimes condemns
content changes when it deems the new content violates Wikipedia policies (for
example, if the new content is considered biased). Its remedies include cautions
and probations (used in 63% of cases) and banning editors from articles (43%),
subject matters (23%), or Wikipedia (16%). Complete bans from Wikipedia are
generally limited to instances of impersonation and <a href="/wiki/Anti-
social_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-social behavior">anti-social
behavior</a>. When conduct is not impersonation or anti-social, but rather anti-
consensus or in violation of editing policies, remedies tend to be limited to
warnings.<a href="#cite_note-
111">[105]</a>

<h2>Community</h2>
href="/wiki/Wikipedia_community" title="Wikipedia community">Wikipedia
community</a></div>
poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Wikimania_-
_the_Wikimentary.webm/627px--Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm.jpg"
controls="" preload="none" autoplay=""
mwtitle="Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm" data-
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Wikimania_-
_the_Wikimentary.webm/Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm.120p.vp9.webm"
framerate="29.97"/><source
_the_Wikimentary.webm/Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm.160p.webm"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Wikimania_-
_the_Wikimentary.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8,
vorbis"" data-title="Original WebM file, 627 × 478 (869
kbps)" data-shorttitle="WebM source" data-width="627"
data-height="478" data-bandwidth="869182" data-
framerate="29.97"/></video></div>"><img
alt="File:Wikimania - the Wikimentary.webm" style="width:220px;height:168px"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Wikimania_-
_the_Wikimentary.webm/220px--Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm.jpg" /><a
href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Wikimania_-
_the_Wikimentary.webm" title="Play media" target="new">Play media</a></div> <div
class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikimania_-
_the_Wikimentary.webm" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Video of <a
href="/wiki/Wikimania#2005" title="Wikimania">Wikimania 2005</a>—an annual
conference for users of Wikipedia and other projects operated by the <a
Foundation</a>, was held in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect"
title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a>, Germany, August
4–8.</div></div></div>
Each article and each user of Wikipedia has an associated "talk" page. These
form the primary communication channel for editors to discuss, coordinate and
debate.<a href="#cite_note-
112">[106]</a>

poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Editing_Hoxne_Hoar
d_at_the_British_Museum.ogv/716px--
Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv.jpg" controls=""
preload="none" autoplay=""
mwtitle="Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv" data-
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/
Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv/
Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv.480p.vp9.webm"
title="SD VP9 (480P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 480P" data-
Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv.480p.webm"
title="SD WebM (480P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 480P" data-
title="HD VP9 (720P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 720P" data-
title="HD WebM (720P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 720P" data-
title="Full HD VP9 (1080P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 1080P" data-
title="Full HD WebM (1080P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 1080P" data-
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_
British_Museum.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora,
vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file, 1,610 × 1,080 (5.37
Mbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="1610"
data-height="1080" data-bandwidth="5374719" data-
framerate="25"/></video></div>"><img alt="File:Editing
Hoxne Hoard at the British Museum.ogv" style="width:220px;height:148px"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the
_British_Museum.ogv/220px--Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv.jpg" /><a
href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_Brit
ish_Museum.ogv" title="Play media" target="new">Play media</a></div> <div
href="/wiki/File:Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Wikipedians and <a href="/wiki/British_Museum"
title="British Museum">British Museum</a> curators collaborate on the article <a
href="/wiki/Hoxne_Hoard" title="Hoxne Hoard">Hoxne Hoard</a> in June
Wikipedia's community has been described as <a href="/wiki/Cult"
title="Cult">cultlike</a>,<a
href="#cite_note-113">[107]</a> although not always with entirely
negative connotations.<a href="#cite_note-
114">[108]</a> The project's preference for cohesiveness, even if it
requires compromise that includes disregard of <a href="/wiki/Credential"
title="Credential">credentials</a>, has been referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Anti-
elitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-elitism">anti-elitism</a>".Wikipedians sometimes award one another "virtual barnstars" for good work.
These personalized tokens of appreciation reveal a wide range of valued work
extending far beyond simple editing to include social support, administrative
actions, and types of articulation work.<a
Wikipedia does not require that its editors and contributors provide
identification.<a
href="#cite_note-user_identification-117">[111]</a> As Wikipedia
grew, "Who writes Wikipedia?" became one of the questions frequently asked on the
project.<a href="#cite_note-
118">[112]</a> Jimmy Wales once argued that only "a
community ... a dedicated group of a few hundred volunteers" makes the bulk of
contributions to Wikipedia and that the project is therefore "much like any
traditional organization".<a
href="#cite_note-blodget-119">[113]</a> In 2008, a Slate
magazine article reported that: "According to researchers in Palo Alto, one percent
of Wikipedia users are responsible for about half of the site's edits."[114]</a> This method of evaluating
contributions was later disputed by <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron
Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a>, who noted that several articles he sampled had large
portions of their content (measured by number of characters) contributed by users
with low edit counts.<a href="#cite_note-
121">[115]</a>

The English Wikipedia has <a href="/wiki/Special:Statistics"
title="Special:Statistics">6,269,532</a> articles, <a
href="/wiki/Special:ActiveUsers" title="Special:ActiveUsers">41,131,720</a>
registered editors, and <a href="/wiki/Special:ActiveUsers"
title="Special:ActiveUsers">143,953</a> active editors. An editor is considered
active if they have made one or more edits in the past 30 days.
Editors who fail to comply with Wikipedia cultural rituals, such as signing
talk page comments, may implicitly signal that they are Wikipedia outsiders,
increasing the odds that Wikipedia insiders may target or discount their
contributions. Becoming a Wikipedia insider involves non-trivial costs: the
contributor is expected to learn Wikipedia-specific technological codes, submit to
a sometimes convoluted dispute resolution process, and learn a "baffling culture
rich with in-jokes and insider references".<a href="#cite_note-
labor_squeeze_on_WP_1-122">[116]</a> Editors who do not log in are in
some sense second-class citizens on Wikipedia,<a href="#cite_note-
labor_squeeze_on_WP_1-122">[116]</a> as "participants are accredited
by members of the wiki community, who have a vested interest in preserving the
quality of the work product, on the basis of their ongoing participation",<a href="#cite_note-
legal_edu_and_WP_1-123">[117]</a> but the contribution histories of
anonymous unregistered editors recognized only by their <a href="/wiki/IP_address"
title="IP address">IP addresses</a> cannot be attributed to a particular editor
with certainty.

<h3>Studies</h3>
A 2007 study by researchers from <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College"
title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a> found that "anonymous and
infrequent contributors to Wikipedia [...] are as reliable a source of knowledge as
those contributors who register with the site".<a href="#cite_note-
sciam_good_samaritans_1-124">[118]</a> Jimmy Wales stated in 2009
that "[I]t turns out over 50% of all the edits are done by just .7% of the
users ... 524 people ... And in fact, the most active 2%, which is 1400
people, have done 73.4% of all the edits."<a href="#cite_note-blodget-119">[113]</a> However,
<a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business
Insider</a> editor and journalist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Blodget" title="Henry
Blodget">Henry Blodget</a> showed in 2009 that in a random sample of articles, most
content in Wikipedia (measured by the amount of contributed text that survives to
the latest sampled edit) is created by "outsiders", while most editing and
formatting is done by "insiders".<a href="#cite_note-blodget-119">[113]</a>
A 2008 study found that Wikipedians were less agreeable, open, and
conscientious than others,<a href="#cite_note-liebertonline_view_on_WP_users_1-
125">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-newscientist_view_on_WP_users_1-
126">[120]</a> although a later commentary pointed out serious flaws,
including that the data showed higher openness and that the differences with the
control group and the samples were small.<a href="#cite_note-127">[121]</a> According to a
2009 study, there is "evidence of growing resistance from the Wikipedia community
to new content".<a href="#cite_note-newscientist_WP_boom_to_bust_1-
128">[122]</a>

<h3>Diversity</h3>
Several studies have shown that most of the Wikipedia contributors are male.
Notably, the results of a Wikimedia Foundation survey in 2008 showed that only 13
percent of Wikipedia editors were female.<a href="#cite_note-129">[123]</a> Because of this,
universities throughout the United States tried to encourage females to become
Wikipedia contributors. Similarly, many of these universities, including <a
href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown</a>, gave college
credit to students who create or edit an article relating to women in science or
technology.<a href="#cite_note-
130">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lih" title="Andrew Lih">Andrew
Lih</a>, a professor and scientist, wrote in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times"
title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> that the reason he thought
the number of male contributors outnumbered the number of females so greatly was
because identifying as a woman may expose oneself to "ugly, intimidating
behavior".<a href="#cite_note-
131">[125]</a> Data has shown that <a href="/wiki/Africa"
title="Africa">Africans</a> are underrepresented among Wikipedia editors.<a href="#cite_note-memeb-
132">[126]</a>

<h2>Language editions</h2>
href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias" title="List of Wikipedias">List of
Wikipedias</a></div>
<div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"
style="width:202px">
<div style="background-
color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;
border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black">
<div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-
height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:84.432792550202px 53.5826794979px 0
0; border-top-color:#00FFFF"></div>
<div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-
width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#00FFFF"></div><div style="border:solid
transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px;
border-width:77.450306019873px 63.257016191312px 0 0;
border-top-color:#483D8B"></div>
width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#483D8B"></div><div style="border:solid
border-top-color:#FFA500"></div>
width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FFA500"></div><div style="border:solid
border-top-color:#167432"></div>
width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#167432"></div><div style="border:solid
border-top-color:#FF82AA"></div>
width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FF82AA"></div><div style="border:solid
border-top-color:#A60D14"></div>
width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#A60D14"></div><div style="border:solid
border-top-color:#9A459A"></div>
width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#9A459A"></div><div style="border:solid
border-top-color:#333333"></div>
width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#333333"></div><div style="border:solid
transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-
width:0 991.36510217696px 100px 0; border-right-color:#33CC99"></div>
<div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-
style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px
0;border-color:#33CC99"></div><div style="border:solid
width:0 336.30070498072px 100px 0; border-right-color:#CC79A7"></div>
0;border-color:#CC79A7"></div><div style="border:solid
width:0 193.24964492842px 100px 0; border-right-color:#D55E00"></div>
0;border-color:#D55E00"></div><div style="border:solid
width:0 127.26004669635px 100px 0; border-right-color:#0072B2"></div>
0;border-color:#0072B2"></div><div style="border:solid
width:0 79.600600118136px 100px 0; border-right-color:#F0E442"></div>
0;border-color:#F0E442"></div><div style="border:solid
width:0 44.021887101067px 100px 0; border-right-color:#009E73"></div>
0;border-color:#009E73"></div><div style="border:solid
width:0 13.271799284985px 100px 0; border-right-color:#56B4E9"></div>
0;border-color:#56B4E9"></div><div style="border:solid
transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px;
top:2.8368267085326px; border-width:0 0 97.163173291467px 23.649899702372px;
border-bottom-color:#E69F00"></div><div style="border:solid
transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px;
top:35.294403843056px; border-width:0 0 64.705596156944px 76.244251101145px;
border-bottom-color:#666666"></div>
</div>
<div class="thumbcaption">
Distribution of the 56,005,838 articles in different language editions (as of
March 11, 2021)<a
href="#cite_note-meta.wikimedia-133">[127]</a>

<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-
output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-
output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-
height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-
color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div
class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English
Wikipedia">English</a> (11.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"
href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"> <a
href="/wiki/Cebuano_Wikipedia" title="Cebuano Wikipedia">Cebuano</a>
(10%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"> <a
href="/wiki/Swedish_Wikipedia" title="Swedish Wikipedia">Swedish</a>
(5.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
style="background-color:#009E73; color:black;"> <a
href="/wiki/German_Wikipedia" title="German Wikipedia">German</a> (4.5%)</div><link
rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div
class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/French_Wikipedia" title="French
Wikipedia">French</a> (4.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"
href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"> <a
href="/wiki/Dutch_Wikipedia" title="Dutch Wikipedia">Dutch</a> (3.7%)</div><link
class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Wikipedia" title="Russian
Wikipedia">Russian</a> (3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
style="background-color:#CC79A7; color:black;"> <a
href="/wiki/Italian_Wikipedia" title="Italian Wikipedia">Italian</a>
style="background-color:#33CC99; color:black;"> <a
href="/wiki/Spanish_Wikipedia" title="Spanish Wikipedia">Spanish</a>
style="background-color:#333333; color:white;"> <a
href="/wiki/Polish_Wikipedia" title="Polish Wikipedia">Polish</a> (2.6%)</div><link
class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Waray_Wikipedia" title="Waray
Wikipedia">Waray</a> (2.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
style="background-color:#A60D14; color:white;"> <a
href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Wikipedia" title="Vietnamese Wikipedia">Vietnamese</a>
style="background-color:#FF82AA; color:black;"> <a
href="/wiki/Japanese_Wikipedia" title="Japanese Wikipedia">Japanese</a>
style="background-color:#167432; color:white;"> <a
href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_Wikipedia" title="Egyptian Arabic Wikipedia">Egyptian
Arabic</a> (2.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black;"> <a
href="/wiki/Chinese_Wikipedia" title="Chinese Wikipedia">Chinese</a>
style="background-color:#483D8B; color:white;"> <a
href="/wiki/Arabic_Wikipedia" title="Arabic Wikipedia">Arabic</a> (2%)</div><link
class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Wikipedia"
title="Ukrainian Wikipedia">Ukrainian</a> (1.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-
inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"> Other (34%)</div>
</div>
</div></div>
href="/wiki/File:Most_popular_edition_of_Wikipedia_by_country.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Most_popular_edition_of_Wi
kipedia_by_country.svg/220px-Most_popular_edition_of_Wikipedia_by_country.svg.png"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Most_popular_edition_of
_Wikipedia_by_country.svg/330px-
Most_popular_edition_of_Wikipedia_by_country.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Most_popular_edition_of_Wikiped
ia_by_country.svg/440px-Most_popular_edition_of_Wikipedia_by_country.svg.png 2x"
href="/wiki/File:Most_popular_edition_of_Wikipedia_by_country.svg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Most popular edition of Wikipedia by country in January
2021.</div></div></div>
href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_page_views_by_language_over_time.png" class="image"><img
alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Wikipedia_page_views_by_la
nguage_over_time.png/220px-Wikipedia_page_views_by_language_over_time.png"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Wikipedia_page_views_by
_language_over_time.png/330px-Wikipedia_page_views_by_language_over_time.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Wikipedia_page_views_by_languag
e_over_time.png/440px-Wikipedia_page_views_by_language_over_time.png 2x" data-file-
class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_page_views_by_language_over_time.png"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Most viewed editions of Wikipedia over
time.</div></div></div>
href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_editors_by_language_over_time.png" class="image"><img
alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Wikipedia_editors_by_langu
age_over_time.png/220px-Wikipedia_editors_by_language_over_time.png"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Wikipedia_editors_by_la
nguage_over_time.png/330px-Wikipedia_editors_by_language_over_time.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Wikipedia_editors_by_language_o
ver_time.png/440px-Wikipedia_editors_by_language_over_time.png 2x" data-file-
class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_editors_by_language_over_time.png"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Most edited editions of Wikipedia over
There are currently 319 language editions of Wikipedia (also called language
versions, or simply Wikipedias). As of March 2021, the six largest, in
order of article count, are the <a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English
Wikipedia">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_Wikipedia" title="Cebuano
Wikipedia">Cebuano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Wikipedia" title="Swedish
Wikipedia">Swedish</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Wikipedia" title="German
Wikipedia">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Wikipedia" title="French
Wikipedia">French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Wikipedia" title="Dutch
Wikipedia">Dutch</a> Wikipedias.<a href="#cite_note-WP_list_of_WPs_by_article_1-
134">[128]</a> The second and third-largest Wikipedias owe their
position to the article-creating <a href="/wiki/Internet_bot" title="Internet
bot">bot</a> <a href="/wiki/Lsjbot" title="Lsjbot">Lsjbot</a>, which as of 2013 had
created about half the articles on the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Wikipedia"
title="Swedish Wikipedia">Swedish Wikipedia</a>, and most of the articles in the <a
href="/wiki/Cebuano_Wikipedia" title="Cebuano Wikipedia">Cebuano</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Waray_Wikipedia" title="Waray Wikipedia">Waray Wikipedias</a>. The
latter are both languages of the Philippines.
In addition to the top six, twelve other Wikipedias have more than a million
articles each (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Wikipedia" title="Russian
Wikipedia">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wikipedia" title="Italian
Wikipedia">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Wikipedia" title="Spanish
Wikipedia">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_Wikipedia" title="Polish
Wikipedia">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waray_Wikipedia" title="Waray
Wikipedia">Waray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Wikipedia" title="Vietnamese
Wikipedia">Vietnamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Wikipedia" title="Japanese
Wikipedia">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_Wikipedia" title="Egyptian
Arabic Wikipedia">Egyptian Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Wikipedia"
title="Chinese Wikipedia">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_Wikipedia"
title="Arabic Wikipedia">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Wikipedia"
title="Ukrainian Wikipedia">Ukrainian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Wikipedia"
title="Portuguese Wikipedia">Portuguese</a>), seven more have over 500,000 articles
(<a href="/wiki/Persian_Wikipedia" title="Persian Wikipedia">Persian</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Catalan_Wikipedia" title="Catalan Wikipedia">Catalan</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Serbian_Wikipedia" title="Serbian Wikipedia">Serbian</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Indonesian_Wikipedia" title="Indonesian Wikipedia">Indonesian</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Norwegian_Wikipedia" title="Norwegian Wikipedia">Norwegian</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Korean_Wikipedia" title="Korean Wikipedia">Korean</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Finnish_Wikipedia" title="Finnish Wikipedia">Finnish</a>), 44 more have
over 100,000, and 82 more have over 10,000.[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-WP_list_of_WPs_1-
136">[130]</a> The largest, the English Wikipedia, has over 6.2
million articles. As of January 2021<a class="external text"
title=Wikipedia&action=edit">[update]</a>, the English Wikipedia
receives 48% of Wikipedia's cumulative traffic, with the remaining split among the
other languages. The top 10 editions represent approximately 85% of the total
traffic.<a href="#cite_note-
137">[131]</a>

<table width="300px">
<caption>Logarithmic graph of the 20 largest language editions of Wikipedia
 
(as of 11 March 2021)<a href="#cite_note-
138">[132]</a> 
(millions of articles)
</caption>
<tbody><tr style="text-align:center;border-style:solid; border-color:black; border-
width=1px;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-right:solid black 1px;">0.1
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-right:solid black 1px;">0.3
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-right:solid black 1px;">1
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-right:solid black 1px;">3
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="12.5%" style="border-right:solid black 1px;">
</td>
</td>
</td>
</td>
</td>
</td>
</td>
<td width="12.5%" style="border-right:solid black 1px;"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="8">
<table style="text-align:left;">
<tbody><tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200);

width:599.71412891275px; height:20px; padding-left:1em; text-align:center;"><a
href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English</a> 6,269,532
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200); width:584.67146890463px;

height:20px; padding-left:1em; text-align:center;"><a
href="/wiki/Cebuano_Wikipedia" title="Cebuano Wikipedia">Cebuano</a> 5,585,897
</div>
</td></tr>

href="/wiki/Swedish_Wikipedia" title="Swedish Wikipedia">Swedish</a> 3,327,275
</div>
</td></tr>

height:20px; padding-left:1em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/German_Wikipedia"
title="German Wikipedia">German</a> 2,547,788 </div>
</td></tr>

height:20px; padding-left:1em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/French_Wikipedia"
title="French Wikipedia">French</a> 2,307,735 </div>
</td></tr>

height:20px; padding-left:1em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Wikipedia"
title="Dutch Wikipedia">Dutch</a> 2,048,024 </div>
</td></tr>
href="/wiki/Russian_Wikipedia" title="Russian Wikipedia">Russian</a> 1,705,766
</div>
</td></tr>

href="/wiki/Italian_Wikipedia" title="Italian Wikipedia">Italian</a> 1,679,350
</div>
</td></tr>

href="/wiki/Spanish_Wikipedia" title="Spanish Wikipedia">Spanish</a> 1,666,545
</div>
</td></tr>

height:20px; padding-left:1em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Wikipedia"
title="Polish Wikipedia">Polish</a> 1,462,256 </div>
</td></tr>

height:20px; padding-left:1em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Waray_Wikipedia"
title="Waray Wikipedia">Waray</a> 1,264,907 </div>
</td></tr>

href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Wikipedia" title="Vietnamese Wikipedia">Vietnamese</a>
1,262,283 </div>
</td></tr>

href="/wiki/Japanese_Wikipedia" title="Japanese Wikipedia">Japanese</a> 1,257,679
</div>
</td></tr>

href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_Wikipedia" title="Egyptian Arabic Wikipedia">Egyptian
Arabic</a> 1,211,845 </div>
</td></tr>

href="/wiki/Chinese_Wikipedia" title="Chinese Wikipedia">Chinese</a> 1,182,623
</div>
</td></tr>

height:20px; padding-left:1em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Wikipedia"
title="Arabic Wikipedia">Arabic</a> 1,106,338 </div>
</td></tr>

href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Wikipedia" title="Ukrainian Wikipedia">Ukrainian</a>
1,078,677 </div>
</td></tr>

href="/wiki/Portuguese_Wikipedia" title="Portuguese Wikipedia">Portuguese</a>
1,059,713 </div>
</td></tr>

href="/wiki/Persian_Wikipedia" title="Persian Wikipedia">Persian</a> 772,806 </div>
</td></tr>

href="/wiki/Catalan_Wikipedia" title="Catalan Wikipedia">Catalan</a> 673,477 </div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
The unit for the numbers in bars is articles.

href="/wiki/File:TurkishWikipedia_block_pageviews_february-may2017.png"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/TurkishWikipedia_block_pag
eviews_february-may2017.png/220px-TurkishWikipedia_block_pageviews_february-
may2017.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/TurkishWikipedia_block_
pageviews_february-may2017.png/330px-TurkishWikipedia_block_pageviews_february-
may2017.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/TurkishWikipedia_block_pageview
s_february-may2017.png/440px-TurkishWikipedia_block_pageviews_february-may2017.png
2x" data-file-width="1218" data-file-height="669" /></a> <div
href="/wiki/File:TurkishWikipedia_block_pageviews_february-may2017.png"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A graph for pageviews of <a
href="/wiki/Turkish_Wikipedia" title="Turkish Wikipedia">Turkish Wikipedia</a>
shows a large drop of roughly 80% immediately after the <a
href="/wiki/Block_of_Wikipedia_in_Turkey" title="Block of Wikipedia in
Turkey">block of Wikipedia in Turkey</a> was imposed in 2017.</div></div></div>
Since Wikipedia is based on the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide
Web">Web</a> and therefore worldwide, contributors to the same language edition may
use different dialects or may come from different countries (as is the case for the
<a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English edition</a>).
These differences may lead to some conflicts over <a
href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences" title="American and
British English spelling differences">spelling differences</a> (e.g. colour
versus <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a>)<a href="#cite_note-WP_spelling_MOS_1-
139">[133]</a> or points of view.<a href="#cite_note-
WP_countering_bias_1-140">[134]</a>
Though the various language editions are held to global policies such as
"neutral point of view", they diverge on some points of policy and practice, most
notably on whether images that are not <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free
content">licensed freely</a> may be used under a claim of <a href="/wiki/Fair_use"
title="Fair use">fair use</a>.[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-
WP_meta_WP_images_1-142">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-IBM_visual_WP_1-
143">[137]</a>
Jimmy Wales has described Wikipedia as "an effort to create and distribute a
free encyclopedia of the highest possible quality to every single person on the
planet in their own language".<a href="#cite_note-
WP_Wales_free_multi-lingual_encyclopedia-144">[138]</a> Though each
language edition functions more or less independently, some efforts are made to
supervise them all. They are coordinated in part by Meta-Wiki, the Wikimedia
Foundation's wiki devoted to maintaining all its projects (Wikipedia and
others).<a
href="#cite_note-WP_metawiki_maintenance_1-145">[139]</a> For
instance, Meta-Wiki provides important statistics on all language editions of
Wikipedia,<a
href="#cite_note-WP_meta_stats_1-146">[140]</a> and it maintains a
list of articles every Wikipedia should have.<a href="#cite_note-
WP_meta_articles_on_all_sites_1-147">[141]</a> The list concerns
basic content by subject: biography, history, geography, society, culture, science,
technology, and mathematics. It is not rare for articles strongly related to a
particular language not to have counterparts in another edition. For example,
articles about small towns in the United States might be available only in English,
even when they meet the notability criteria of other language Wikipedia projects.

<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:502px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:User_-_demography.svg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/User_-_demography.svg/
500px-User_-_demography.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="300"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/User_-_demography.svg/
750px-User_-_demography.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/User_-_demography.svg/1000px-
User_-_demography.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="420" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:User_-
_demography.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Estimation of
contributions shares from different regions in the world to different Wikipedia
editions<a
href="#cite_note-PLoS_One_2012-148">[142]</a></div></div></div>
Translated articles represent only a small portion of articles in most editions,
in part because those editions do not allow fully automated translation of
articles.<a
href="#cite_note-WP_auto-translations_rules_1-149">[143]</a> Articles
available in more than one language may offer "<a href="/wiki/Interwiki_links"
title="Interwiki links">interwiki links</a>", which link to the counterpart
articles in other editions.
A study published by <a href="/wiki/PLOS_One" title="PLOS One">PLOS
One</a> in 2012 also estimated the share of contributions to different editions
of Wikipedia from different regions of the world. It reported that the proportion
of the edits made from <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North
America</a> was 51% for the <a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English
Wikipedia">English Wikipedia</a>, and 25% for the <a
href="/wiki/Simple_English_Wikipedia" title="Simple English Wikipedia">simple
English Wikipedia</a>.<a
href="#cite_note-PLoS_One_2012-148">[142]</a>

<h3>English
Wikipedia editor numbers</h3>
href="/wiki/File:Editors_English_Wikipedia_History.png" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Editors_English_Wikipedia_
History.png/220px-Editors_English_Wikipedia_History.png" decoding="async"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Editors_English_Wikiped
ia_History.png/330px-Editors_English_Wikipedia_History.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Editors_English_Wikipedia_Histo
ry.png/440px-Editors_English_Wikipedia_History.png 2x" data-file-width="1420" data-
file-height="922" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Editors_English_Wikipedia_History.png" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Number of editors on the English Wikipedia over
On March 1, 2014, <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The
Economist</a>, in an article titled "The Future of Wikipedia", cited a trend
analysis concerning data published by the Wikimedia Foundation stating that "[t]he
number of editors for the English-language version has fallen by a third in seven
years."<a href="#cite_note-
economist1-150">[144]</a> The attrition rate for active editors in
English Wikipedia was cited by The Economist as substantially in contrast to
statistics for Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia). The
Economist reported that the number of contributors with an average of five or
more edits per month was relatively constant since 2008 for Wikipedia in other
languages at approximately 42,000 editors within narrow seasonal variances of about
2,000 editors up or down. The number of active editors in English Wikipedia, by
sharp comparison, was cited as peaking in 2007 at approximately 50,000 and dropping
to 30,000 by the start of 2014.
Should this attrition have continued unabated at the quoted trend rate of
approximately 20,000 editors lost within seven years, by 2021 there would be only
10,000 active editors on English Wikipedia.<a href="#cite_note-economist1-150">[144]</a> In
contrast, the trend analysis published in The Economist presents Wikipedia
in other languages (non-English Wikipedia) as successful in retaining their active
editors on a renewable and sustained basis, with their numbers remaining relatively
constant at approximately 42,000.<a href="#cite_note-economist1-150">[144]</a> No
comment was made concerning which of the differentiated edit policy standards from
Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia) would provide a possible
alternative to English Wikipedia for effectively ameliorating substantial editor
attrition rates on the English-language Wikipedia.
<h2>Reception</h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a
href="/wiki/Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia" title="Academic studies about
Wikipedia">Academic studies about Wikipedia</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Wikipedia" title="Criticism of Wikipedia">Criticism of
Wikipedia</a></div>
<table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update"
role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><img
alt="Ambox current red Asia Australia.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Aus
tralia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async"
width="42" height="34"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_
Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australi
a.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-
file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-
span">This section needs to be updated.
Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available
information. (March
2018)</div></td></tr></tbody></table>
Various Wikipedians have <a
href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Wikipedia#Excessive_regulation" title="Criticism of
Wikipedia">criticized Wikipedia's large and growing regulation</a>, which includes
more than fifty policies and nearly 150,000 words as of 2014<a class="external text"
title=Wikipedia&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bureaucracy-
152">[146]</a><a
Critics have stated that Wikipedia exhibits <a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias"
title="Systemic bias">systemic bias</a>. In 2010, columnist and journalist <a
href="/wiki/Edwin_Black" title="Edwin Black">Edwin Black</a> described Wikipedia as
being a mixture of "truth, half-truth, and some falsehoods".<a href="#cite_note-EdwinBlack-
154">[148]</a> Articles in <a
href="/wiki/The_Chronicle_of_Higher_Education" title="The Chronicle of Higher
Education">The Chronicle of Higher Education</a> and <a
href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Academic_Librarianship" title="The Journal of Academic
Librarianship">The Journal of Academic Librarianship</a> have criticized
Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Undue" class="mw-redirect"
title="Wikipedia:Undue">Undue Weight</a> policy, concluding that the fact that
Wikipedia explicitly is not designed to provide correct information about a
subject, but rather focus on all the major viewpoints on the subject, give less
attention to minor ones, and creates omissions that can lead to false beliefs based
on incomplete information.<a
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156">[150]</a>Journalists <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Kamm" title="Oliver Kamm">Oliver Kamm</a>
and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Black" title="Edwin Black">Edwin Black</a> alleged (in
2010 and 2011 respectively) that articles are dominated by the loudest and most
persistent voices, usually by a group with an "ax to grind" on the topic.<a href="#cite_note-EdwinBlack-
154">[148]</a><a
href="#cite_note-okw-158">[152]</a> A 2008 article in <a
href="/wiki/Education_Next" class="mw-redirect" title="Education Next">Education
Next</a> Journal concluded that as a resource about controversial topics,
Wikipedia is subject to manipulation and <a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)"
title="Spin (propaganda)">spin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Petrilli-159">[153]</a>
In 2006, the Wikipedia Watch criticism website listed dozens of
examples of <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">plagiarism</a> in the
English Wikipedia.<a
href="#cite_note-wwplagiarism-160">[154]</a>

<h3>Accuracy of
content</h3>
href="/wiki/Reliability_of_Wikipedia" title="Reliability of Wikipedia">Reliability
of Wikipedia</a></div>
size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size:115%">External audio</th></tr><tr><td
colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align: left"><img alt="audio icon"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/16px-
Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/
24px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/32px-
Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/radio/ideas/the-
great-book-of-knowledge-part-1-1.2497560">The Great Book of Knowledge, Part 1</a>,
Ideas with <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kennedy_(host)" title="Paul Kennedy (host)">Paul
Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian
Broadcasting Corporation">CBC</a>, January 15, 2014</td></tr></tbody></table>
Articles for traditional encyclopedias such as <a href="/wiki/Encyclop
%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia
Britannica</a> are carefully and deliberately written by experts, lending such
encyclopedias a reputation for accuracy.<a
href="#cite_note-161">[155]</a> However, a peer review in 2005 of
forty-two scientific entries on both Wikipedia and Encyclopædia Britannica
by the science journal Nature found few differences in accuracy, and
concluded that "the average science entry in Wikipedia contained around four
inaccuracies; Britannica, about three."<a href="#cite_note-GilesJ2005Internet-
162">[156]</a> Joseph Reagle suggested that while the study reflects
"a topical strength of Wikipedia contributors" in science articles, "Wikipedia may
not have fared so well using a random sampling of articles or on humanities
subjects."<a
href="#cite_note-Reagle,_pp._165–166-163">[157]</a> Others raised
similar critiques.<a
href="#cite_note-Orlowski2005-164">[158]</a> The findings by
Nature were disputed by Encyclopædia Britannica,<a href="#cite_note-
corporate.britannica.com-165">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-
nature.com_britannica_response_1-166">[160]</a> and in response,
Nature gave a rebuttal of the points raised by Britannica.<a href="#cite_note-nature.com-
167">[161]</a> In addition to the point-for-point disagreement
between these two parties, others have examined the sample size and selection
method used in the Nature effort, and suggested a "flawed study design" (in
Nature's manual
selection of articles, in part or in whole, for comparison), absence of statistical
analysis (e.g., of reported <a href="/wiki/Confidence_interval" title="Confidence
interval">confidence intervals</a>), and a lack of study "statistical power" (i.e.,
owing to small <a href="/wiki/Sample_size_determination" title="Sample size
determination">sample size</a>, 42 or 4 ×
101 articles compared, vs >105 and >106 set
sizes for Britannica and the English Wikipedia, respectively).As a consequence of the open structure, Wikipedia "makes no guarantee of
validity" of its content, since no one is ultimately responsible for any claims
appearing in it.[163]</a> Concerns have
been raised by PC World in 2009 regarding the lack of <a
href="/wiki/Accountability" title="Accountability">accountability</a> that results
from users' anonymity,<a
href="#cite_note-WikipediaWatch-170">[164]</a> the insertion of false
information,<a
href="#cite_note-pcworld_WP_blunders_1-171">[165]</a> <a
href="/wiki/Vandalism_on_Wikipedia" title="Vandalism on Wikipedia">vandalism</a>,
and similar problems.
Economist <a href="/wiki/Tyler_Cowen" title="Tyler Cowen">Tyler Cowen</a>
wrote: "If I had to guess whether Wikipedia or the median refereed journal article
on economics was more likely to be true after a not so long think I would opt for
Wikipedia." He comments that some traditional sources of non-fiction suffer from
systemic biases and novel results, in his opinion, are over-reported in journal
articles and relevant information is omitted from news reports. However, he also
cautions that errors are frequently found on Internet sites and that academics and
experts must be vigilant in correcting them.<a
href="#cite_note-tnr_experts_vigilant_in_correcting_WP_1-172">[166]</a>
Critics argue that Wikipedia's open nature and a lack of proper sources for
most of the information makes it unreliable.<a href="#cite_note-
TNY_reliability_issues_1-173">[167]</a> Some commentators suggest
that Wikipedia may be reliable, but that the reliability of any given article is
not clear.<a
href="#cite_note-AcademiaAndWikipedia-174">[168]</a> Editors of
traditional <a href="/wiki/Reference_work" title="Reference work">reference
works</a> such as the Encyclopædia Britannica have questioned the project's
<a href="/wiki/Utility" title="Utility">utility</a> and status as an
encyclopedia.<a
href="#cite_note-McHenry_2004-175">[169]</a> Wikipedia co-founder <a
href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a> has claimed that
Wikipedia has largely avoided the problem of "fake news" because the Wikipedia
community regularly debates the quality of sources in articles.<a href="#cite_note-176">[170]</a>

size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size:115%">External video</th></tr><tr><td
colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align: left"><img alt="video icon"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/
16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.sv
g/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-
Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.de/inside-wikipedia-
attack-of-the-pr-industry/av-17745881">Inside Wikipedia – Attack of the PR
Industry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche
Welle</a>, 7:13 mins<a
href="#cite_note-dw-177">[171]</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
Wikipedia's open structure inherently makes it an easy target for <a
href="/wiki/Internet_troll" title="Internet troll">Internet trolls</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Spamming" title="Spamming">spammers</a>, and various forms of paid
advocacy seen as counterproductive to the maintenance of a neutral and verifiable
online encyclopedia.<a
href="#cite_note-Torsten_Kleinz-75">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-
citizendium_WP_trolling_issues_1-178">[172]</a>
In response to <a href="/wiki/Conflict-of-interest_editing_on_Wikipedia"
title="Conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia">paid advocacy editing</a> and
undisclosed editing issues, Wikipedia was reported in an article in The Wall
Street Journal, to have strengthened its rules and laws against undisclosed
editing.<a href="#cite_note-
ReferenceA-179">[173]</a> The article stated that: "Beginning Monday
[from the date of the article, June 16, 2014], changes in Wikipedia's terms of use
will require anyone paid to edit articles to disclose that arrangement. <a
href="/wiki/Katherine_Maher" title="Katherine Maher">Katherine Maher</a>, the
nonprofit Wikimedia Foundation's chief communications officer, said the changes
address a sentiment among volunteer editors that, 'we're not an advertising
service; we're an encyclopedia.'"<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-
179">[173]</a>[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-
cnet_politicians_and_WP_1-181">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-
msnbc_MS_cash_for_WP_edits_1-182">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-
Seeing_Corporate_Fingerprints-183">[177]</a> These issues, among
others, had been parodied since the first decade of Wikipedia, notably by <a
href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Stephen Colbert</a> on <a
href="/wiki/The_Colbert_Report" title="The Colbert Report">The Colbert
Report</a>.<a
href="#cite_note-wikiality-184">[178]</a>
A Harvard law textbook, Legal Research in a Nutshell (2011), cites
Wikipedia as a "general source" that "can be a real boon" in "coming up to speed in
the law governing a situation" and, "while not authoritative, can provide basic
facts as well as leads to more in-depth resources".<a href="#cite_note-Nutshell_in-
depth_resources-185">[179]</a>

<h3>Discouragement in
education</h3>
span">This section needs to be updated.
Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available
information. (December
Most university <a href="/wiki/Lecturer" title="Lecturer">lecturers</a>
discourage students from citing any encyclopedia in <a href="/wiki/Academia"
class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">academic work</a>, preferring <a
href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">primary sources</a>;<a href="#cite_note-
WideWorldOfWikipedia-186">[180]</a> some specifically prohibit
Wikipedia citations.<a href="#cite_note-insidehighered_against_WP_1-
187">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-insidehighered_wiki_no_cite-
188">[182]</a> Wales stresses that encyclopedias of any type are not
usually appropriate to use as citable sources, and should not be relied upon as
authoritative.<a
href="#cite_note-AWorkInProgress-189">[183]</a> Wales once (2006 or
earlier) said he receives about ten <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">emails</a>
weekly from students saying they got failing grades on papers because they cited
Wikipedia; he told the students they got what they deserved. "For God's sake,
you're in college; don't cite the encyclopedia," he said.<a href="#cite_note-
Jimmy_Wales_don't_cite_WP_1-190">[184]</a>
In February 2007, an article in <a href="/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson"
title="The Harvard Crimson">The Harvard Crimson</a> newspaper reported that a
few of the professors at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard
University">Harvard University</a> were including Wikipedia articles in their <a
href="/wiki/Syllabus" title="Syllabus">syllabi</a>, although without realizing the
articles might change.[185]</a> In June 2007,
former president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association"
title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a> <a
href="/wiki/Michael_Gorman_(librarian)" title="Michael Gorman (librarian)">Michael
Gorman</a> condemned Wikipedia, along with <a href="/wiki/Google"
title="Google">Google</a>,<a
href="#cite_note-stothart-192">[186]</a> stating that academics who
endorse the use of Wikipedia are "the intellectual equivalent of a dietitian who
recommends a steady diet of Big Macs with everything".
In contrast, academic writing[<a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] in Wikipedia has
evolved in recent years and has been found to increase student interest, personal
connection to the product, creativity in material processing, and international
collaboration in the learning process.<a

<h4>Medical
information</h4>
href="/wiki/Health_information_on_Wikipedia" title="Health information on
Wikipedia">Health information on Wikipedia</a></div>
On March 5, 2014, Julie Beck writing for The Atlantic magazine in an
article titled "Doctors' #1 Source for Healthcare Information: Wikipedia", stated
that "Fifty percent of physicians look up conditions on the (Wikipedia) site, and
some are editing articles themselves to improve the quality of available
information."<a
href="#cite_note-Julie_Beck_2014-194">[188]</a> Beck continued to
detail in this article new programs of <a href="/wiki/Amin_Azzam" title="Amin
Azzam">Amin Azzam</a> at the University of San Francisco to offer medical school
courses to medical students for learning to edit and improve <a
href="/wiki/Health_information_on_Wikipedia" title="Health information on
Wikipedia">Wikipedia articles on health-related issues</a>, as well as internal
quality control programs within Wikipedia organized by <a
href="/wiki/James_Heilman" title="James Heilman">James Heilman</a> to improve a
group of 200 health-related articles of central medical importance up to
Wikipedia's highest standard of articles using its Featured Article and Good
Article peer-review evaluation process.<a href="#cite_note-Julie_Beck_2014-194">[188]</a>
In a May 7, 2014, follow-up article in The Atlantic titled "Can Wikipedia
Ever Be a Definitive Medical Text?", Julie Beck quotes WikiProject Medicine's James
Heilman as stating: "Just because a reference is peer-reviewed doesn't mean it's a
high-quality reference."<a href="#cite_note-theatlantic.com-195">[189]</a>
Beck added that: "Wikipedia has its own peer review process before articles can be
classified as 'good' or 'featured'. Heilman, who has participated in that process
before, says 'less than one percent' of Wikipedia's medical articles have
passed."<a
href="#cite_note-theatlantic.com-195">[189]</a>

<h3>Quality of
writing</h3>
In 2008, researchers at <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University"
title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a> found that the
quality of a Wikipedia article would suffer rather than gain from adding more
writers when the article lacked appropriate explicit or implicit coordination.[190]</a> For instance, when contributors
rewrite small portions of an entry rather than making full-length revisions, high-
and low-quality content may be intermingled within an entry. <a
href="/wiki/Roy_Rosenzweig" title="Roy Rosenzweig">Roy Rosenzweig</a>, a history
professor, stated that American National Biography Online outperformed
Wikipedia in terms of its "clear and engaging prose", which, he said, was an
important aspect of good historical writing.<a href="#cite_note-Rosenzweig-197">[191]</a>
Contrasting Wikipedia's treatment of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham
Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> to that of <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War"
title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> historian <a
href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">James McPherson</a> in
American National Biography Online, he said that both were essentially
accurate and covered the major episodes in Lincoln's life, but praised "McPherson's
richer contextualization [...] his artful use of quotations to capture Lincoln's
voice [...] and [...] his ability to convey a profound message in a handful of
words." By contrast, he gives an example of Wikipedia's prose that he finds "both
verbose and dull". Rosenzweig also criticized the "waffling—encouraged by the NPOV
policy—[which] means that it is hard to discern any overall interpretive stance in
Wikipedia history". While generally praising the article on <a
href="/wiki/William_Clarke_Quantrill" class="mw-redirect" title="William Clarke
Quantrill">William Clarke Quantrill</a>, he quoted its conclusion as an example of
such "waffling", which then stated: "Some historians [...] remember him as an
opportunistic, bloodthirsty outlaw, while others continue to view him as a daring
soldier and local folk hero."<a href="#cite_note-Rosenzweig-197">[191]</a>
Other critics have made similar charges that, even if Wikipedia articles are
factually accurate, they are often written in a poor, almost unreadable style.
Frequent Wikipedia critic Andrew Orlowski commented, "Even when a Wikipedia entry
is 100 percent factually correct, and those facts have been carefully chosen, it
all too often reads as if it has been translated from one language to another then
into a third, passing an illiterate translator at each stage."<a
href="#cite_note-theregister_Wales_WP_founder_on_quality_1-198">[192]</
a> A study of Wikipedia articles on <a href="/wiki/Cancer"
title="Cancer">cancer</a> was conducted in 2010 by Yaacov Lawrence of the Kimmel
Cancer Center at <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_University" title="Thomas
Jefferson University">Thomas Jefferson University</a>. The study was limited to
those articles that could be found in the Physician Data Query and excluded
those written at the "start" class or "stub" class level. Lawrence found the
articles accurate but not very readable, and thought that "Wikipedia's lack of
readability (to non-college readers) may reflect its varied origins and haphazard
editing".<a
href="#cite_note-upi_accuracy_1-199">[193]</a> The Economist
argued that better-written articles tend to be more reliable: "inelegant or ranting
prose usually reflects muddled thoughts and incomplete information".<a
href="#cite_note-economist_incomplete_info-200">[194]</a>

<h3>Coverage of
topics and systemic bias</h3>
href="/wiki/Notability_in_the_English_Wikipedia" title="Notability in the English
Wikipedia">Notability in the English Wikipedia</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Wikipedia#Systemic_bias_in_coverage" title="Criticism of
Wikipedia">Criticism of Wikipedia § Systemic bias in coverage</a></div>
span">Parts of this article (those related to <a
href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Statistics/Wikipedia" class="extiw"
title="d:Wikidata:Statistics/Wikipedia">d:Wikidata:Statistics/Wikipedia</a>) need
to be updated. Please update this article to
reflect recent events or newly available information. (March
Wikipedia seeks to create a summary of all human knowledge in the form of an
online encyclopedia, with each topic covered encyclopedically in one article. Since
it has <a href="/wiki/Byte#Multiple-byte_units" title="Byte">terabytes</a> of disk
space, it can have far more topics than can be covered by any printed
encyclopedia.<a href="#cite_note-WP_advantages_over_trad_media_1-
201">[195]</a> The exact degree and manner of coverage on Wikipedia
is under constant review by its editors, and disagreements are not uncommon (see <a
href="/wiki/Deletionism_and_inclusionism_in_Wikipedia" title="Deletionism and
inclusionism in Wikipedia">deletionism and inclusionism</a>).<a href="#cite_note-
Economist_disagreements_not_uncommon-202">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-
telegraph_WP_torn_apart_1-203">[197]</a> Wikipedia contains materials
that some people may find objectionable, offensive, or pornographic. The "Wikipedia
is not censored" policy has sometimes proved controversial: in 2008, Wikipedia
rejected an online petition against the inclusion of <a
href="/wiki/Online_petition_on_Wikipedia_Muhammad_article" class="mw-redirect"
title="Online petition on Wikipedia Muhammad article">images of Muhammad</a> in the
<a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English edition</a> of
its <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> article, citing this
policy. The presence of politically, religiously, and pornographically sensitive
materials in Wikipedia has led to the <a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_Wikipedia"
title="Censorship of Wikipedia">censorship of Wikipedia</a> by national authorities
in China<a href="#cite_note-
Taylor-204">[198]</a> and Pakistan,<a href="#cite_note-
washington_post_state_censorship_1-205">[199]</a> amongst other
countries.

href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_content_by_subject.png" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Wikipedia_content_by_subje
ct.png/500px-Wikipedia_content_by_subject.png" decoding="async" width="500"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Wikipedia_content_by_subject.
png 1.5x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="382" /></a> <div
href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_content_by_subject.png" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Pie chart of Wikipedia content by subject as of January
2008<a href="#cite_note-
Kittur2009-206">[200]</a></div></div></div>
A 2008 study conducted by researchers at Carnegie Mellon University and Palo
Alto Research Center gave a distribution of topics as well as growth (from July
2006 to January 2008) in each field:<a href="#cite_note-Kittur2009-206">[200]</a>

<ul><li>Culture and the arts: 30% (210%)</li>
<li>Biographies and persons: 15% (97%)</li>
<li>Geography and places: 14% (52%)</li>
<li>Society and social sciences: 12% (83%)</li>
<li>History and events: 11% (143%)</li>
<li>Natural and physical sciences: 9% (213%)</li>
<li>Technology and the applied sciences: 4% (−6%)</li>
<li>Religions and belief systems: 2% (38%)</li>
<li>Health: 2% (42%)</li>
<li>Mathematics and logic: 1% (146%)</li>
<li>Thought and philosophy: 1% (160%)</li></ul>
These numbers refer only to the number of articles: it is possible for one topic
to contain a large number of short articles and another to contain a small number
of large ones. Through its "Wikipedia Loves Libraries" program, Wikipedia has
partnered with major public libraries such as the <a
href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="New York Public
Library for the Performing Arts">New York Public Library for the Performing
Arts</a> to expand its coverage of underrepresented subjects and articles.<a
href="#cite_note-NYT_subjects_and_articles-207">[201]</a>
A 2011 study conducted by researchers at the <a
href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of
Minnesota</a> indicated that male and female editors focus on different coverage
topics. There was a greater concentration of females in the "People and Arts"
category, while males focus more on "Geography and Science".
<h4>Coverage
of topics and selection bias</h4>
Research conducted by Mark Graham of the <a
href="/wiki/Oxford_Internet_Institute" title="Oxford Internet Institute">Oxford
Internet Institute</a> in 2009 indicated that the geographic distribution of
article topics is highly uneven. Africa is the most underrepresented.[203]</a> Across 30 language editions of
Wikipedia, historical articles and sections are generally Eurocentric and focused
on recent events.<a href="#cite_note-
210">[204]</a>
An editorial in <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The
Guardian</a> in 2014 claimed that more effort went into providing references
for <a href="/wiki/List_of_pornographic_performers_by_decade" title="List of
pornographic performers by decade">a list of female porn actors</a> than a <a
href="/wiki/List_of_women_writers" title="List of women writers">list of women
writers</a>.<a
href="#cite_note-GuardianAugust2014-211">[205]</a> Data has also
shown that Africa-related material often faces omission; a knowledge gap that a
July 2018 Wikimedia conference in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape
Town</a> sought to address.<a
href="#cite_note-memeb-132">[126]</a>

<h4>Systemic bias</h4>
When multiple editors contribute to one topic or set of topics, <a
href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">systemic bias</a> may arise, due
to the demographic backgrounds of the editors. In 2011, Wales claimed that the
unevenness of coverage is a reflection of the demography of the editors, citing for
example "biographies of famous women through history and issues surrounding early
childcare".<a
href="#cite_note-wiki-women-45">[42]</a> The October 22, 2013, essay
by Tom Simonite in MIT's Technology Review titled "The Decline of Wikipedia"
discussed the effect of systemic bias and <a
href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Wikipedia#Excessive_regulation" title="Criticism of
Wikipedia">policy creep</a> on the <a
href="#English_Wikipedia_editor_decline">downward trend in the number of
editors</a>.<a
href="#cite_note-Simonite-2013-46">[43]</a>
Systemic bias on Wikipedia may follow that of culture generally,[<a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">vague</a>] for
example favoring certain nationalities, ethnicities or majority religions.<a href="#cite_note-Quilter-
212">[206]</a> It may more specifically follow the biases of <a
href="/wiki/Internet_culture" title="Internet culture">Internet culture</a>,
inclining to be young, male, English-speaking, educated, technologically aware, and
wealthy enough to spare time for editing. Biases, intrinsically, may include an
overemphasis on topics such as pop culture, technology, and current events.<a href="#cite_note-Quilter-
212">[206]</a>
<a href="/wiki/Taha_Yasseri" title="Taha Yasseri">Taha Yasseri</a> of the <a
href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of
Oxford</a>, in 2013, studied the statistical trends of systemic bias at Wikipedia
introduced by editing conflicts and their resolution.<a href="#cite_note-
autogenerated3-214">[208]</a> His research examined the <a
href="/wiki/Counterproductive_work_behavior" title="Counterproductive work
behavior">counterproductive work behavior</a> of edit warring. Yasseri contended
that simple reverts or "undo" operations were not the most significant measure of
counterproductive behavior at Wikipedia and relied instead on the <a
href="/w/index.php?title=Statistical_measurement&action=edit&redlink=1"
class="new" title="Statistical measurement (page does not exist)">statistical
measurement</a> of detecting "reverting/reverted pairs" or "mutually reverting edit
pairs". Such a "mutually reverting edit pair" is defined where one editor reverts
the edit of another editor who then, in sequence, returns to revert the first
editor in the "mutually reverting edit pairs". The results were tabulated for
several language versions of Wikipedia. The English Wikipedia's three largest
conflict rates belonged to the articles <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush"
title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism"
title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad"
title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>.Oxford</a> study were for the
articles covering <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a>, and <a
href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11
conspiracy theories</a>.Researchers from <a href="/wiki/Washington_University" class="mw-redirect"
title="Washington University">Washington University</a> developed a statistical
model to measure systematic bias in the behavior of Wikipedia's users regarding
controversial topics. The authors focused on behavioral changes of the
encyclopedia's administrators after assuming the post, writing that systematic bias
occurred after the fact.<a

<h3>Explicit content</h3>
href="/wiki/Internet_Watch_Foundation_and_Wikipedia" title="Internet Watch
Foundation and Wikipedia">Internet Watch Foundation and Wikipedia</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Reporting_of_child_pornography_images_on_Wikimedia_Commons"
title="Reporting of child pornography images on Wikimedia Commons">Reporting of
child pornography images on Wikimedia Commons</a></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><div
style="display:inline;" class="plainlinks selfreference noprint">"Wikipedia
censorship" redirects here. For the government censorship of Wikipedia, see <a
href="/wiki/Censorship_of_Wikipedia" title="Censorship of Wikipedia">Censorship of
Wikipedia</a>. For Wikipedia's policy concerning censorship, see <a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_is_not_censored" class="mw-redirect"
title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not censored">Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not
censored</a></div></div>
Wikipedia has been criticized for allowing information about graphic content.
Articles depicting what some critics have called objectionable content (such as <a
href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadaver"
title="Cadaver">cadaver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">human
penis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">vulva</a>, and <a
href="/wiki/Nudity" title="Nudity">nudity</a>) contain graphic pictures and
detailed information easily available to anyone with access to the internet,
including children.
The site also includes <a href="/wiki/Sexual_content" title="Sexual
content">sexual content</a> such as images and videos of <a
href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">masturbation</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">ejaculation</a>, illustrations of <a
href="/wiki/Zoophilia" title="Zoophilia">zoophilia</a>, and photos from <a
href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">hardcore
pornographic</a> films in its articles. It also has non-sexual <a
href="/wiki/Child_nudity" class="mw-redirect" title="Child nudity">photographs of
nude children</a>.
The Wikipedia article about <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Killer" title="Virgin
Killer">Virgin Killer</a>—a 1976 album from the <a
href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">German</a> <a
href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a> <a href="/wiki/Rock_band"
class="mw-redirect" title="Rock band">band</a> <a href="/wiki/Scorpions_(band)"
title="Scorpions (band)">Scorpions</a>—features a picture of the album's original
cover, which depicts a naked <a
href="/wiki/Preadolescence#Prepubescence,_puberty,_and_age_range"
title="Preadolescence">prepubescent</a> girl. The original release cover caused
controversy and was replaced in some countries. In December 2008, access to the
Wikipedia article Virgin Killer was blocked for four days by most <a
href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet
service providers</a> in the United Kingdom after the <a
href="/wiki/Internet_Watch_Foundation" title="Internet Watch Foundation">Internet
Watch Foundation</a> (IWF) decided the album cover was a potentially illegal
indecent image and added the article's URL to a "blacklist" it supplies to British
internet service providers.[211]</a>
In April 2010, Sanger wrote a letter to the Federal Bureau of Investigation,
outlining his concerns that two categories of images on <a
href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a>
contained child pornography, and were in violation of <a
href="/wiki/United_States_obscenity_law" title="United States obscenity law">US
federal obscenity law</a>.<a
Inquirer_child_abuse_allegations_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
Inquirer_child_abuse_allegations-219">[213]</a> Sanger later
clarified that the images, which were related to <a href="/wiki/Pedophilia"
title="Pedophilia">pedophilia</a> and one about <a href="/wiki/Lolicon"
title="Lolicon">lolicon</a>, were not of real children, but said that they
constituted "obscene visual representations of the sexual abuse of children", under
the <a href="/wiki/Child_pornography_laws_in_the_United_States#Section_1466A"
title="Child pornography laws in the United States">PROTECT Act of 2003</a>.<a href="#cite_note-
The_Register-April-220">[214]</a> That law bans photographic child
pornography and cartoon images and drawings of children that are <a
href="/wiki/Obscenity#United_States_obscenity_law" title="Obscenity">obscene under
American law</a>.<a
href="#cite_note-The_Register-April-220">[214]</a> Sanger also
expressed concerns about access to the images on Wikipedia in schools.<a
href="#cite_note-TET_child_porn_accusations-221">[215]</a> <a
Foundation</a> spokesman Jay Walsh strongly rejected Sanger's accusation,<a href="#cite_note-AFP-
222">[216]</a> saying that Wikipedia did not have "material we would
deem to be illegal. If we did, we would remove it."<a href="#cite_note-AFP-222">[216]</a> Following
the complaint by Sanger, Wales deleted sexual images without consulting the
community. After some editors who volunteer to maintain the site argued that the
decision to delete had been made hastily, Wales voluntarily gave up some of the
powers he had held up to that time as part of his co-founder status. He wrote in a
message to the Wikimedia Foundation mailing-list that this action was "in the
interest of encouraging this discussion to be about real philosophical/content
issues, rather than be about me and how quickly I acted".<a href="#cite_note-
BBC_News_Wales_cedes_rights-223">[217]</a> Critics, including <a
href="/wiki/Wikipediocracy" title="Wikipediocracy">Wikipediocracy</a>, noticed that
many of the pornographic images deleted from Wikipedia since 2010 have
reappeared.<a href="#cite_note-
XBIZ-224">[218]</a>

<h3>Privacy</h3>
One <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a> concern in the case of
Wikipedia is the right of a private citizen to remain a "private citizen" rather
than a "<a href="/wiki/Public_figure" title="Public figure">public figure</a>" in
the eyes of the law.<a href="#cite_note-
href="#cite_note-226">[note 7]</a> It is a battle between the right
to be anonymous in <a href="/wiki/Cyberspace" title="Cyberspace">cyberspace</a> and
the right to be anonymous in <a href="/wiki/Real_life" title="Real life">real
life</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Meatspace" class="mw-redirect"
title="Meatspace">meatspace</a>"). A particular problem occurs in the case of a
relatively unimportant individual and for whom there exists a Wikipedia page
against her or his wishes.
In January 2006, a German court ordered the <a href="/wiki/German_Wikipedia"
title="German Wikipedia">German Wikipedia</a> shut down within Germany because it
stated the full name of <a href="/wiki/Tron_(hacker)" title="Tron (hacker)">Boris
Floricic</a>, aka "Tron", a deceased hacker. On February 9, 2006, the injunction
against Wikimedia Deutschland was overturned, with the court rejecting the notion
that Tron's <a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">right to
privacy</a> or that of his parents was being violated.<a href="#cite_note-
heise_Tron_public_issue_1-227">[220]</a>
Wikipedia has a "Volunteer Response
Team" that uses the <a href="/wiki/OTRS" title="OTRS">OTRS</a> system to
handle queries without having to reveal the identities of the involved parties.
This is used, for example, in confirming the permission for using individual images
and other media in the project.<a

<h3>Sexism</h3>
href="/wiki/Gender_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Gender bias on Wikipedia">Gender bias
on Wikipedia</a></div>
Wikipedia has been described as harboring a battleground culture of <a
href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harassment"
title="Harassment">harassment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Paling-229">[222]</a>[223]</a> The perceived toxic attitudes and
tolerance of violent and abusive language are also reasons put forth for the gender
gap in Wikipedia editors.<a
href="#cite_note-CSM-misogyny-231">[224]</a> In 2014, a female editor
who requested a separate space on Wikipedia to discuss improving civility had her
proposal referred to by a male editor using the words "the easiest way to avoid
being called a <a href="/wiki/Cunt" title="Cunt">cunt</a> is not to act like
one".<a href="#cite_note-Paling-
229">[222]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edit-a-thon" title="Edit-a-thon">Edit-
a-thons</a> have been held to encourage female editors and increase the coverage of
women's topics.<a href="#cite_note-
232">[225]</a>

<h2>Operation</h2>
<h3>Wikimedia Foundation
and Wikimedia movement affiliates</h3>
Foundation</a></div>
href="/wiki/File:Katherine_Maher.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Katherine Maher in
2016. She is seen with light skin, blonde hair, and blue eyes. She is seen wearing
a black shirt."
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Katherine_Maher.jpg/220px-
Katherine_Maher.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Katherine_Maher.jpg/
330px-Katherine_Maher.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Katherine_Maher.jpg/440px-
Katherine_Maher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5430" data-file-height="3620" /></a> <div
class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Katherine_Maher.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Maher"
title="Katherine Maher">Katherine Maher</a> became the third executive director of
Wikimedia in 2016, succeeding <a href="/wiki/Lila_Tretikov" title="Lila
Tretikov">Lila Tretikov</a>, who had taken over from <a href="/wiki/Sue_Gardner"
title="Sue Gardner">Sue Gardner</a> in 2014.</div></div></div>
Wikipedia is hosted and funded by the <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation"
title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a>, a non-profit organization
which also operates Wikipedia-related projects such as <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary"
title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks"
title="Wikibooks">Wikibooks</a>. The foundation relies on public contributions and
grants to fund its mission.[226]</a> The foundation's
2013 IRS Form 990 shows revenue of $39.7 million and expenses of almost
$29 million, with assets of $37.2 million and liabilities of about
$2.3 million.<a href="#cite_note-
234">[227]</a>
In May 2014, Wikimedia Foundation named <a href="/wiki/Lila_Tretikov"
title="Lila Tretikov">Lila Tretikov</a> as its second executive director, taking
over for Sue Gardner.<a href="#cite_note-
235">[228]</a> The Wall Street Journal reported on May 1,
2014, that Tretikov's information technology background from her years at
University of California offers Wikipedia an opportunity to develop in more
concentrated directions guided by her often repeated position statement that,
"Information, like air, wants to be free."[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-
237">[230]</a> The same Wall Street Journal article reported
these directions of development according to an interview with spokesman Jay Walsh
of Wikimedia, who "said Tretikov would address that issue (<a href="/wiki/Conflict-
of-interest_editing_on_Wikipedia" title="Conflict-of-interest editing on
Wikipedia">paid advocacy</a>) as a priority. 'We are really pushing toward more
transparency ... We are reinforcing that paid
advocacy is not welcome.' Initiatives to involve greater diversity of contributors,
better mobile support of Wikipedia, new geo-location tools to find local content
more easily, and more tools for users in the second and third world are also
priorities," Walsh said.<a href="#cite_note-Jeff_Elder_2014-236">[229]</a>
Following the departure of Tretikov from Wikipedia due to issues concerning
the use of the "superprotection" feature which some language versions of Wikipedia
have adopted, Katherine Maher became the third executive director of the Wikimedia
Foundation in June 2016.<a
href="#cite_note-238">[231]</a> Maher has stated that one of her
priorities would be the issue of editor harassment endemic to Wikipedia as
identified by the Wikipedia board in December. Maher stated regarding the
harassment issue that: "It establishes a sense within the community that this is a
priority ... (and that correction requires that)
it has to be more than words."<a
Wikipedia is also supported by many organizations and groups that are
affiliated with the Wikimedia Foundation but independently-run, called <a
href="/wiki/Wikimedia_movement_affiliates" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikimedia
movement affiliates">Wikimedia movement affiliates</a>. These include <a
href="/wiki/List_of_Wikimedia_chapters" title="List of Wikimedia
chapters">Wikimedia chapters</a> (which are national or sub-national organizations,
such as Wikimedia Deutschland and Wikimédia France), thematic organizations (such
as Amical Wikimedia for the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan
language">Catalan language</a> community), and user groups. These affiliates
participate in the promotion, development, and funding of Wikipedia.

<h3>Software
operations and support</h3>
href="/wiki/MediaWiki" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a></div>
The operation of Wikipedia depends on <a href="/wiki/MediaWiki"
title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a>, a custom-made, <a href="/wiki/Free_software"
title="Free software">free</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software"
title="Open-source software">open source</a> <a href="/wiki/Wiki_software"
title="Wiki software">wiki software</a> platform written in <a href="/wiki/PHP"
title="PHP">PHP</a> and built upon the <a href="/wiki/MySQL"
title="MySQL">MySQL</a> database system.<a href="#cite_note-
nedworks_database_system-240">[233]</a> The software incorporates
programming features such as a <a href="/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)"
title="Macro (computer science)">macro language</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Variable_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable
(programming)">variables</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Transclusion"
title="Transclusion">transclusion</a> system for <a
href="/wiki/Web_template_system" title="Web template system">templates</a>, and <a
href="/wiki/URL_redirection" title="URL redirection">URL redirection</a>. MediaWiki
is licensed under the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General
Public License">GNU General Public License</a> (GPL) and it is used by all
Wikimedia projects, as well as many other wiki projects. Originally, Wikipedia ran
on <a href="/wiki/UseModWiki" title="UseModWiki">UseModWiki</a> written in <a
href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> by Clifford Adams (Phase I), which
initially required <a href="/wiki/CamelCase" class="mw-redirect"
title="CamelCase">CamelCase</a> for article hyperlinks; the present double bracket
style was incorporated later. Starting in January 2002 (Phase II), Wikipedia began
running on a <a href="/wiki/PhpWiki" title="PhpWiki">PHP wiki</a> engine with a
MySQL database; this software was custom-made for Wikipedia by <a
href="/wiki/Magnus_Manske" title="Magnus Manske">Magnus Manske</a>. The Phase II
software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the <a
href="/wiki/Exponential_growth" title="Exponential growth">exponentially
increasing</a> demand. In July 2002 (Phase III), Wikipedia shifted to the third-
generation software, MediaWiki, originally written by <a
href="/wiki/Lee_Daniel_Crocker" title="Lee Daniel Crocker">Lee Daniel Crocker</a>.
Several MediaWiki extensions are installed<a href="#cite_note-
WP_extensions_installed-241">[234]</a> to extend the functionality of
the MediaWiki software.
In April 2005, a <a href="/wiki/Lucene" class="mw-redirect"
title="Lucene">Lucene</a> extension<a
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243">[236]</a> was added to
MediaWiki's built-in search and Wikipedia switched from <a href="/wiki/MySQL"
title="MySQL">MySQL</a> to Lucene for searching. The site currently uses Lucene
Search 2.1,<a href="#cite_note-
244">[237]</a>[<a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"
title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs
update</a>] which is written in <a
href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming
language)">Java</a> and based on Lucene library 2.3.In July 2013, after extensive beta testing, a WYSIWYG (What You See Is What
You Get) extension, <a href="/wiki/VisualEditor"
title="VisualEditor">VisualEditor</a>, was opened to public use.<a href="#cite_note-thenextwebve-
href="#cite_note-247">[240]</a>[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-softpedia-best-
249">[242]</a> It was met with much rejection and criticism, and was
described as "slow and buggy".<a href="#cite_note-Orlowski,_Andrew-250">[243]</a>
The feature was changed from opt-out to opt-in afterward.

<h3>Automated editing</h3>
href="/wiki/Wikipedia_bots" title="Wikipedia bots">Wikipedia bots</a></div>
Computer programs called <a href="/wiki/Internet_bot" title="Internet
bot">bots</a> have often been used to perform simple and repetitive tasks, such as
correcting common misspellings and stylistic issues, or to start articles such as
geography entries in a standard format from statistical data.<a href="#cite_note-meetbots-
href="#cite_note-253">[246]</a> One controversial contributor, <a
href="/wiki/Sverker_Johansson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sverker
Johansson">Sverker Johansson</a> [<a
href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverker_Johansson" class="extiw"
title="sv:Sverker Johansson">sv</a>], creating articles with his <a
href="/wiki/Lsjbot" title="Lsjbot">bot</a> was reported to create up to 10,000
articles on the Swedish Wikipedia on certain days.<a href="#cite_note-254">[247]</a> Additionally,
there are bots designed to automatically notify editors when they make common
editing errors (such as unmatched quotes or unmatched parentheses).[248]</a> Edits falsely identified by bots as
the work of a banned editor can be restored by other editors. An anti-vandal bot is
programmed to detect and revert vandalism quickly.<a href="#cite_note-meetbots-252">[245]</a> Bots
are able to indicate edits from particular accounts or IP address ranges, as
occurred at the time of the shooting down of the <a
href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">MH17
jet</a> incident in July 2014 when it was reported edits were made via IPs
controlled by the Russian government.<a
href="#cite_note-256">[249]</a> Bots on Wikipedia must be approved
before activation.<a href="#cite_note-
257">[250]</a>
According to <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lih" title="Andrew Lih">Andrew Lih</a>,
the current expansion of Wikipedia to millions of articles would be difficult to
envision without the use of such bots.<a

<h3>Hardware
operations and support</h3>
href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation#Hardware" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia
Foundation § Hardware</a></div>
Wikipedia receives between 25,000 and 60,000-page requests per second, depending
on the time of the day.<a href="#cite_note-WP_tools_requests_per_day-
259">[252]</a>[<a
title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs
update</a>] As of 2019<a class="external text"
title=Wikipedia&action=edit">[update]</a>, page requests are
first passed to a front-end layer of <a href="/wiki/Varnish_(software)"
title="Varnish (software)">Varnish</a> caching servers.needs update</a>] Further statistics, based
on a publicly available 3-month Wikipedia access trace, are available.<a href="#cite_note-
globule_access_trace-261">[254]</a> Requests that cannot be served
from the Varnish cache are sent to load-balancing servers running the <a
href="/wiki/Linux_Virtual_Server" title="Linux Virtual Server">Linux Virtual
Server</a> software, which in turn pass them to one of the Apache web servers for
page rendering from the database. The web servers deliver pages as requested,
performing page rendering for all the language editions of Wikipedia. To increase
speed further, rendered pages are cached in a distributed memory cache until
invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page
accesses.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"
title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]

href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_webrequest_flow_2020.png" class="image"><img
alt="Diagram showing flow of data between Wikipedia's servers."
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wikipedia_webrequest_flow_
2020.png/220px-Wikipedia_webrequest_flow_2020.png" decoding="async" width="220"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wikipedia_webrequest_fl
ow_2020.png/330px-Wikipedia_webrequest_flow_2020.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wikipedia_webrequest_flow_2020.
png/440px-Wikipedia_webrequest_flow_2020.png 2x" data-file-width="1932" data-file-
href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_webrequest_flow_2020.png" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Overview of system architecture as of April 2020<a
class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Wikipedia&action=edit">[update]</a></div></div></div>
Wikipedia currently runs on dedicated <a href="/wiki/Computer_cluster"
title="Computer cluster">clusters</a> of <a href="/wiki/Linux"
title="Linux">Linux</a> servers (mainly <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_(operating_system)"
class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu (operating system)">Ubuntu</a>).<a
href="#cite_note-CW_WP_simplifies_infrastructure-262">[255]</a><a
href="#cite_note-ars_tech_Ubuntu_server_infra-263">[256]</a>needs
update</a>] As of December 2009<a class="external text"
title=Wikipedia&action=edit">[update]</a>, there were 300 in
Florida and 44 in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-servers-
264">[257]</a> By January 22, 2013, Wikipedia had migrated its
primary data center to an <a href="/wiki/Equinix" title="Equinix">Equinix</a>
facility in <a href="/wiki/Ashburn,_Virginia" title="Ashburn, Virginia">Ashburn,
Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-
href="#cite_note-266">[259]</a> in 2017, Wikipedia had installed a
caching cluster in an Equinix facility in <a href="/wiki/Singapore"
title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, the first of its kind in Asia.
<h3>Internal research and
operational development</h3>
Following growing amounts of incoming donations exceeding seven digits in 2013
as recently reported,<a
href="#cite_note-Simonite-2013-46">[43]</a> the Foundation has
reached a threshold of assets which qualify its consideration under the principles
of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_organization" title="Industrial
organization">industrial organization</a> economics to indicate the need for the
re-investment of donations into the internal research and development of the
Foundation.<a
href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-268">[261]</a> Two of the recent
projects of such internal research and development have been the creation of a
Visual Editor and a largely under-utilized "Thank" tab which were developed to
ameliorate issues of editor attrition, which have met with limited success.<a href="#cite_note-Simonite-
2013-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Orlowski,_Andrew-250">[243]</a>
The estimates for reinvestment by industrial organizations into internal research
and development was studied by Adam Jaffe, who recorded that the range of 4% to 25%
annually was to be recommended, with high-end technology requiring the higher level
of support for internal reinvestment.<a href="#cite_note-Patents,_Citations_pp_89-153-
269">[262]</a> At the 2013 level of contributions for Wikimedia
presently documented as 45 million dollars, the computed budget level
recommended by Jaffe and Caballero for reinvestment into internal research and
development is between 1.8 million and 11.3 million dollars annually.<a
href="#cite_note-Patents,_Citations_pp_89-153-269">[262]</a> In 2016,
the level of contributions were reported by Bloomberg News as being at
$77 million annually, updating the Jaffe estimates for the higher level of
support to between $3.08 million and $19.2 million annually.<a
href="#cite_note-Patents,_Citations_pp_89-153-269">[262]</a>

<h3>Internal news
publications</h3>
Community-produced news publications include the <a
href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English Wikipedia</a>'s
The Signpost, founded in 2005 by Michael Snow, an attorney, Wikipedia
administrator, and former chair of the <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation"
title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a> board of trustees.[263]</a> It covers news and events from the
site, as well as major events from other <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_project"
class="mw-redirect" title="Wikimedia project">Wikimedia projects</a>, such as <a
href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a>.
Similar publications are the German-language Kurier, and the Portuguese-
language Correio da Wikipédia. Other past and present community news
publications on English Wikipedia include the Wikiworld webcomic, the
Wikipedia Weekly podcast, and newsletters of specific WikiProjects like The
Bugle from WikiProject Military History and the monthly newsletter from The
Guild of Copy Editors. There are also several publications from the <a
Foundation</a> and multilingual publications such as Wikimedia Diff and This
Month in Education.

<h2>Access to content</h2>
<h3>Content licensing</h3>
When the project was started in 2001, all text in Wikipedia was covered by the
License">GNU Free Documentation License</a> (GFDL), a <a href="/wiki/Copyleft"
title="Copyleft">copyleft</a> license permitting the redistribution, creation of
derivative works, and commercial use of content while authors retain copyright of
their work.<a href="#cite_note-WP_copyright_and_commerciality_1-
271">[264]</a> The GFDL was created for software manuals that come
with <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> programs
licensed under the GPL. This made it a poor choice for a general reference work:
for example, the GFDL requires the reprints of materials from Wikipedia to come
with a full copy of the GFDL text. In December 2002, the <a
href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative
Commons license</a> was released: it was specifically designed for creative works
in general, not just for software manuals. The license gained popularity among
bloggers and others distributing creative works on the Web. The Wikipedia project
sought the switch to the Creative Commons.<a href="#cite_note-WPF_switch_to_CC-272">[265]</a>
Because the two licenses, GFDL and Creative Commons, were incompatible, in November
2008, following the request of the project, the <a
href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free
Software Foundation</a> (FSF) released a new version of the GFDL designed
specifically to allow Wikipedia to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Licensing_update"
title="Wikipedia:Licensing update">relicense its content to CC BY-SA</a> by August
1, 2009. (A new version of the GFDL automatically covers Wikipedia contents.) In
April 2009, Wikipedia and its sister projects held a community-wide referendum
which decided the switch in June 2009.<a href="#cite_note-voteresult-273">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-
MW_licensing_QA-274">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-
MW_licensing_timeline_1-275">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-
WP_blog_license_migration-276">[269]</a>
The handling of media files (e.g. image files) varies across language
editions. Some language editions, such as the English Wikipedia, include non-free
image files under <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> doctrine,
while the others have opted not to, in part because of the lack of fair use
doctrines in their home countries (e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Japan"
title="Copyright law of Japan">Japanese copyright law</a>). Media files covered by
<a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> licenses (e.g.
<a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a>' CC
BY-SA) are shared across language editions via <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons"
title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> repository, a project operated by
the Wikimedia Foundation. Wikipedia's accommodation of varying international
copyright laws regarding images has led some to observe that its photographic
coverage of topics lags behind the quality of the encyclopedic text.<a href="#cite_note-
NYT_photos_on_WP-277">[270]</a>
The Wikimedia Foundation is not a licensor of content, but merely a hosting
service for the contributors (and licensors) of the Wikipedia. This position has
been successfully defended in court.<a href="#cite_note-
reuters_French_defamation_case-278">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-
ars_tech_WP_dumb_suing_case-279">[272]</a>

<h3>Methods of access</h3>
Because Wikipedia content is distributed under an open license, anyone can reuse
or re-distribute it at no charge. The content of Wikipedia has been published in
many forms, both online and offline, outside the Wikipedia website.

<ul><li>Websites: Thousands of "<a href="/wiki/Mirror_site" title="Mirror
site">mirror sites</a>" exist that republish content from Wikipedia: two prominent
ones, that also include content from other reference sources, are <a
href="/wiki/Reference.com" title="Reference.com">Reference.com</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Answers.com" title="Answers.com">Answers.com</a>. Another example is <a
href="/wiki/Wapedia" title="Wapedia">Wapedia</a>, which began to display Wikipedia
content in a mobile-device-friendly format before Wikipedia itself did.</li>
<li>Mobile apps: A variety of mobile apps provide access to Wikipedia on <a
href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">hand-held devices</a>, including
both <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating
system)">Android</a> and <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> devices (see <a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia_App" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia App">Wikipedia
apps</a>). (see also <a href="#Mobile_access">Mobile access</a>.)</li>
<li>Search engines: Some web <a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search
engine">search engines</a> make special use of Wikipedia content when displaying
search results: examples include <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Bing" title="Microsoft
Bing">Microsoft Bing</a> (via technology gained from <a
href="/wiki/Powerset_(company)" title="Powerset (company)">Powerset</a>)<a
href="#cite_note-bing_WP_research_and_referencing-280">[273]</a> and
<a href="/wiki/DuckDuckGo" title="DuckDuckGo">DuckDuckGo</a>.</li>
<li>Compact discs, DVDs: Collections of Wikipedia articles have been
published on <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">optical discs</a>.
An English version, 2006 <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_CD_Selection" class="mw-redirect"
title="Wikipedia CD Selection">Wikipedia CD Selection</a>, contained about 2,000
articles.<a
href="#cite_note-wikipediaondvd_authorized_1-281">[274]</a><a
href="#cite_note-wikipediaondvd_commercially_available_1-282">[275]</a> The Polish-language version contains nearly 240,000 articles.<a href="#cite_note-
WM_polish_WP_on_dvd-283">[276]</a> There are German- and Spanish-
language versions as well.[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-
python.org_CDPedia_Argentina_1-285">[278]</a> Also, "Wikipedia for
Schools", the Wikipedia series of CDs / DVDs produced by Wikipedians and <a
href="/wiki/SOS_Children%27s_Villages_UK" title="SOS Children's Villages
UK">SOS Children</a>, is a free, hand-checked, non-commercial selection from
Wikipedia targeted around the <a href="/wiki/National_Curriculum_(UK)" class="mw-
redirect" title="National Curriculum (UK)">UK National Curriculum</a> and intended
to be useful for much of the English-speaking world.<a href="#cite_note-WP_CD_selection_1-
286">[279]</a> The project is available online; an equivalent print
encyclopedia would require roughly 20 volumes.</li>
<li>Printed books: There are efforts to put a select subset of Wikipedia's
articles into printed book form.[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-
WP_schools_selection_1-288">[281]</a> Since 2009, tens of thousands
of <a href="/wiki/Print_on_demand" title="Print on demand">print-on-demand</a>
books that reproduced English, German, Russian and French Wikipedia articles have
been produced by the American company <a href="/wiki/Books_LLC" title="Books
LLC">Books LLC</a> and by three <a href="/wiki/Mauritius"
title="Mauritius">Mauritian</a> subsidiaries of the German publisher <a
href="/wiki/VDM_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="VDM Publishing">VDM</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FAZ-
289">[282]</a></li>
<li>Semantic Web: The website <a href="/wiki/DBpedia"
title="DBpedia">DBpedia</a>, begun in 2007, extracts data from the infoboxes and
category declarations of the English-language Wikipedia. Wikimedia has created the
<a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a> project with a similar
objective of storing the basic facts from each page of Wikipedia and the other WMF
wikis and make it available in a queriable <a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web"
title="Semantic Web">semantic</a> format, <a
href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description
Framework">RDF</a>. This is still under development. As of February 2014, it has
15,000,000 items and 1,000 properties for describing them.</li></ul>
Obtaining the full contents of Wikipedia for reuse presents challenges, since
direct cloning via a <a href="/wiki/Web_crawler" title="Web crawler">web
crawler</a> is discouraged.[283]</a> Wikipedia
publishes <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Database_download" title="Wikipedia:Database
download">"dumps"</a> of its contents, but these are text-only; as of 2007<a
class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Wikipedia&action=edit">[update]</a> there was no dump
available of Wikipedia's images.[284]</a>
Several languages of Wikipedia also maintain a reference desk, where
volunteers answer questions from the general public. According to a study by Pnina
Shachaf in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Documentation" title="Journal of
Documentation">Journal of Documentation</a>, the quality of the Wikipedia
reference desk is comparable to a standard library <a href="/wiki/Reference_desk"
title="Reference desk">reference desk</a>, with an accuracy of 55 percent.<a href="#cite_note-
slis_WP_reference_desk_1-292">[285]</a>

<h4>Mobile access</h4>
href="/wiki/Help:Mobile_access" title="Help:Mobile access">Help:Mobile
access</a></div>
href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_on_Mobile_screenshot_2019.png" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Wikipedia_on_Mobile_screen
shot_2019.png/220px-Wikipedia_on_Mobile_screenshot_2019.png" decoding="async"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Wikipedia_on_Mobile_scr
eenshot_2019.png/330px-Wikipedia_on_Mobile_screenshot_2019.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Wikipedia_on_Mobile_screenshot_
2019.png/440px-Wikipedia_on_Mobile_screenshot_2019.png 2x" data-file-width="1080"
href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_on_Mobile_screenshot_2019.png" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>The mobile version of the English Wikipedia's main page,
from August 3, 2019</div></div></div>
Wikipedia's original medium was for users to read and edit content using any
standard <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> through a
fixed <a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Internet
connection</a>. Although Wikipedia content has been accessible through the <a
href="/wiki/Mobile_web" title="Mobile web">mobile web</a> since July 2013, The
New York Times on February 9, 2014, quoted Erik Möller, deputy director of the
Wikimedia Foundation, stating that the transition of internet traffic from desktops
to mobile devices was significant and a cause for concern and worry.[9]</a> The article in The New York Times reported the
comparison statistics for mobile edits stating that, "Only 20 percent of the
readership of the English-language Wikipedia comes via mobile devices, a figure
substantially lower than the percentage of mobile traffic for other media sites,
many of which approach 50 percent. And the shift to mobile editing has lagged even
more."<a href="#cite_note-
small_screen-12">[9]</a> The New York Times reports that
Möller has assigned "a team of 10 software developers focused on mobile", out of a
total of approximately 200 employees working at the Wikimedia Foundation. One
principal concern cited by The New York Times for the "worry" is for
Wikipedia to effectively address attrition issues with the number of editors which
the online encyclopedia attracts to edit and maintain its content in a mobile
access environment.<a
href="#cite_note-small_screen-12">[9]</a>
<a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek" title="Bloomberg
Businessweek">Bloomberg Businessweek</a> reported in July 2014 that Google's
Android mobile apps have dominated the largest share of global smartphone shipments
for 2013 with 78.6% of market share over their next closest competitor in iOS with
15.2% of the market.<a href="#cite_note-
293">[286]</a> At the time of the Tretikov appointment and her posted
web interview with <a href="/wiki/Sue_Gardner" title="Sue Gardner">Sue Gardner</a>
in May 2014, Wikimedia representatives made a technical announcement concerning the
number of mobile access systems in the market seeking access to Wikipedia. Directly
after the posted web interview, the representatives stated that Wikimedia would be
applying an all-inclusive approach to accommodate as many mobile access systems as
possible in its efforts for expanding general mobile access, including BlackBerry
and the Windows Phone system, making market share a secondary issue.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-
237">[230]</a> The latest version of the Android app for Wikipedia
was released on July 23, 2014, to generally positive reviews, scoring over four of
a possible five in a poll of approximately 200,000 users downloading from
Google.<a href="#cite_note-
294">[287]</a> The latest version for iOS was released on April 3,
2013, to similar reviews.<a
Access to Wikipedia from mobile phones was possible as early as 2004,
through the <a href="/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocol" title="Wireless
Application Protocol">Wireless Application Protocol</a> (WAP), via the <a
href="/wiki/Wapedia" title="Wapedia">Wapedia</a> service. In June 2007 Wikipedia
launched en.mobile.wikipedia.org, an official website for wireless devices. In 2009
a newer mobile service was officially released,<a href="#cite_note-WM_mobile_added_1-
296">[289]</a> located at en.m.wikipedia.org, which caters to more
advanced mobile devices such as the <a href="/wiki/IPhone"
title="IPhone">iPhone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)"
title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>-based devices or <a
href="/wiki/WebOS" title="WebOS">WebOS</a>-based devices. Several other methods of
mobile access to Wikipedia have emerged. Many devices and applications optimize or
enhance the display of Wikipedia content for mobile devices, while some also
incorporate additional features such as use of Wikipedia <a href="/wiki/Metadata"
title="Metadata">metadata</a>, such as <a
href="/wiki/Geographic_data_and_information" title="Geographic data and
information">geoinformation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-androgeoid.com_LPOI_WP_1-
297">[290]</a>[291]</a>
<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Zero" title="Wikipedia Zero">Wikipedia Zero</a> was
an initiative of the Wikimedia Foundation to expand the reach of the encyclopedia
to the developing countries.<a
href="#cite_note-299">[292]</a> It was discontinued in February
2018.<a href="#cite_note-
300">[293]</a>
<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lih" title="Andrew Lih">Andrew Lih</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Andrew_Brown_(writer)" title="Andrew Brown (writer)">Andrew Brown</a>
both maintain editing Wikipedia with <a href="/wiki/Smartphone"
title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> is difficult and this discourages new potential
contributors. The number of Wikipedia editors has been declining after several
years and Tom Simonite of <a href="/wiki/MIT_Technology_Review" title="MIT
Technology Review">MIT Technology Review</a> claims the bureaucratic structure
and rules are a factor in this. Simonite alleges some <a href="/wiki/Wikipedian"
class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedian">Wikipedians</a> use the labyrinthine rules
and guidelines to dominate others and those editors have a vested interest in
keeping the <a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">status quo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Simonite-
2013-46">[43]</a> Lih alleges there is a serious disagreement among
existing contributors on how to resolve this. Lih fears for Wikipedia's long-term
future while Brown fears problems with Wikipedia will remain and rival
encyclopedias will not replace it.<a

<h2>Cultural impact</h2>
<h3>Trusted
source to combat fake news</h3>
In 2017–18, after a barrage of false news reports, both Facebook and YouTube
announced they would rely on Wikipedia to help their users evaluate reports and
reject false news. <a href="/wiki/Noam_Cohen" title="Noam Cohen">Noam Cohen</a>,
writing in The Washington Post states, "YouTube's reliance on Wikipedia to
set the record straight builds on the thinking of another fact-challenged platform,
the Facebook social network, which announced last year that Wikipedia would help
its users root out 'fake news'."<a
href="#cite_note-auto-16">[13]</a> As of November 2020, Alexa records
the daily pageviews per visitor as 3.03 and the average daily time on site as 3:46
minutes.<a
href="#cite_note-Alexa_siteinfo-6">[4]</a>

<h3>Readership</h3>
In February 2014, The New York Times reported that Wikipedia was ranked
fifth globally among all websites, stating "With 18 billion page views and nearly
500 million unique visitors a month [...] Wikipedia trails just Yahoo, Facebook,
Microsoft and Google, the largest with 1.2 billion unique visitors."[9]</a> However, its ranking dropped to 13th globally by June
2020 due mostly to a rise in popularity of Chinese websites for online
shopping.<a href="#cite_note-
303">[296]</a>
In addition to <a href="/wiki/Logistic_function" title="Logistic
function">logistic growth</a> in the number of its articles,<a href="#cite_note-modelling-
304">[297]</a> Wikipedia has steadily gained status as a general
reference website since its inception in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-comscore-305">[298]</a> About
50 percent of search engine traffic to Wikipedia comes from Google,<a href="#cite_note-
hitwisegoogle-306">[299]</a> a good portion of which is related to
academic research.<a
href="#cite_note-hitwiseAcademic-307">[300]</a> The number of readers
of Wikipedia worldwide reached 365 million at the end of 2009.<a href="#cite_note-365M-
308">[301]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew
Research Center">Pew</a> Internet and American Life project found that one third of
US Internet users consulted Wikipedia.<a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia_users-309">[302]</a>
In 2011 Business Insider gave Wikipedia a valuation of $4 billion if it
ran advertisements.<a href="#cite_note-
310">[303]</a>
According to "Wikipedia Readership Survey 2011", the average age of
Wikipedia readers is 36, with a rough parity between genders. Almost half of
Wikipedia readers visit the site more than five times a month, and a similar number
of readers specifically look for Wikipedia in search engine results. About 47
percent of Wikipedia readers do not realize that Wikipedia is a non-profit
organization.<a href="#cite_note-
311">[304]</a>

<h4>COVID-19 pandemic</h4>
href="/wiki/Wikipedia%27s_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" class="mw-redirect"
title="Wikipedia's response to the COVID-19 pandemic">Wikipedia's response to
the COVID-19 pandemic</a></div>
During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19
pandemic</a>, Wikipedia's coverage of the pandemic received international media
attention, and brought an increase in Wikipedia readership overall.
<h3>Cultural
significance</h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Wikipedia in webcomics"
redirects here. For the list of Wikipedia's appearances in webcomics, see <a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_in_webcomics" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia in
webcomics">Wikipedia:Wikipedia in webcomics</a>.</div>
href="/wiki/Wikipedia_in_culture" title="Wikipedia in culture">Wikipedia in
culture</a></div>
href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_Monument_in_S%C5%82ubice_-_detail.JPG"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Wikipedia_Monument_in_S
%C5%82ubice_-_detail.JPG/220px-Wikipedia_Monument_in_S%C5%82ubice_-_detail.JPG"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Wikipedia_Monument_in_S
%C5%82ubice_-_detail.JPG/330px-Wikipedia_Monument_in_S%C5%82ubice_-_detail.JPG
1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Wikipedia_Monument_in_S
%C5%82ubice_-_detail.JPG/440px-Wikipedia_Monument_in_S%C5%82ubice_-_detail.JPG 2x"
href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_Monument_in_S%C5%82ubice_-_detail.JPG" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Monument" title="Wikipedia
Monument">Wikipedia Monument</a> in <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82ubice"
title="Słubice">Słubice</a>, Poland (2014, by <a href="/wiki/Mihran_Hakobyan"
title="Mihran Hakobyan">Mihran Hakobyan</a>)</div></div></div>
Wikipedia's content has also been used in academic studies, books, conferences,
and court cases.<a
href="#cite_note-Wikipedia_in_media-313">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bourgeois-
314">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-ssrn.com_Wikipedian_Justice_1-
315">[308]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada"
title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a>'s website refers to
Wikipedia's article on <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex
marriage">same-sex marriage</a> in the "related links" section of its "further
reading" list for the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Marriage_Act" title="Civil Marriage
Act">Civil Marriage Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-parl.gc.ca_same-sex_marriage-
316">[309]</a> The encyclopedia's assertions are increasingly used as
a source by organizations such as the US federal courts and the <a
href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual
Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a><a href="#cite_note-
WP_court_source-317">[310]</a>—though mainly for supporting
information rather than information decisive to a case.<a href="#cite_note-
Courts_turn_to_Wikipedia-318">[311]</a> Content appearing on
Wikipedia has also been cited as a source and referenced in some <a
href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence
Community">US intelligence agency</a> reports.<a href="#cite_note-US_Intelligence-
319">[312]</a> In December 2008, the scientific journal <a
href="/wiki/RNA_Biology" title="RNA Biology">RNA Biology</a> launched a new
section for descriptions of families of RNA molecules and requires authors who
contribute to the section to also submit a draft article on the <a
href="/wiki/Rfam" title="Rfam">RNA family</a> for publication in Wikipedia.<a href="#cite_note-Declan-
320">[313]</a>
Wikipedia has also been used as a source in journalism,<a href="#cite_note-
ajr.org_WP_in_the_newsroom-321">[314]</a><a
href="#cite_note-twsY23-322">[315]</a> often without attribution, and
several reporters have been dismissed for <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism_from_Wikipedia"
title="Plagiarism from Wikipedia">plagiarizing from Wikipedia</a>.<a
href="#cite_note-shizuoka_plagiarized_WP_1-323">[316]</a><a
href="#cite_note-WA_Express-News_staffer_resigns-324">[317]</a><a
href="#cite_note-starbulletin.com_Inquiry_prompts_dismissal-325">[318]</
a>
In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time
magazine</a> recognized Wikipedia's participation (along with <a
href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reddit"
title="Reddit">Reddit</a>, <a href="/wiki/MySpace" class="mw-redirect"
title="MySpace">MySpace</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Facebook"
title="Facebook">Facebook</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Time2006-326">[319]</a> in the
rapid growth of online collaboration and interaction by millions of people
worldwide.
In July 2007, Wikipedia was the focus of a 30-minute documentary on <a
href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[320]</a> which argued
that, with increased usage and awareness, the number of references to Wikipedia in
popular culture is such that the word is one of a select group of 21st-century
nouns that are so familiar (<a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, <a href="/wiki/YouTube"
title="YouTube">YouTube</a>) that they no longer need explanation.
On September 28, 2007, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a>
politician <a href="/wiki/Franco_Grillini" title="Franco Grillini">Franco
Grillini</a> raised a parliamentary question with the minister of cultural
resources and activities about the necessity of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_panorama"
title="Freedom of panorama">freedom of panorama</a>. He said that the lack of such
freedom forced Wikipedia, "the seventh most consulted website", to forbid all
images of modern Italian buildings and art, and claimed this was hugely damaging to
tourist revenues.<a href="#cite_note-
328">[321]</a>

poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Wikipedia
%2C_an_introduction_-_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm/854px--Wikipedia%2C_an_introduction_-
_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none"
autoplay="" style="width:854px;height:480px"
class="kskin" data-durationhint="547.897" data-
startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Wikipedia,_an_introduction_-
_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm" data-
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Wikipedia
%2C_an_introduction_-_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm/Wikipedia%2C_an_introduction_-
_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm;
codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="SD VP9 (480P)"
data-shorttitle="VP9 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm"
data-width="854" data-height="480" data-
bandwidth="738656" data-framerate="25"/><source
_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm.480p.webm" type="video/webm;
codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="SD WebM (480P)"
data-shorttitle="WebM 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.webm" data-
width="854" data-height="480" data-
codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="HD VP9 (720P)"
codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="HD WebM (720P)"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Wikipedia
%2C_an_introduction_-_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm" type="video/webm;
codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Original WebM file,
1,920 × 1,080 (2.22 Mbps)" data-shorttitle="WebM source" data-
codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Full HD WebM
(1080P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 1080P" data-
codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="Full HD VP9
(1080P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 1080P" data-
codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="Lowest bandwidth VP9
codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM
codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="Low bandwidth VP9
codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="Small VP9 (240P)"
codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM
codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="VP9 (360P)" data-
shorttitle="VP9 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-
width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="475064"
data-framerate="25"/><source
codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="WebM (360P)"
width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="568240"
data-framerate="25"/></video></div>"><img
alt="File:Wikipedia, an introduction - Erasmus Prize 2015.webm"
style="width:220px;height:124px"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Wikipedia
%2C_an_introduction_-_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm/220px-seek%3D36-Wikipedia
%2C_an_introduction_-_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm.jpg" /><a
href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Wikipedia%2C_an_introduction_-
_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm" title="Play media" target="new">Play media</a></div> <div
href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia,_an_introduction_-_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Wikipedia, an introduction – <a
href="/wiki/Erasmus_Prize" title="Erasmus Prize">Erasmus Prize</a>
href="/wiki/File:Quadriga-verleihung-rr-02.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Quadriga-verleihung-rr-
02.jpg/220px-Quadriga-verleihung-rr-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Quadriga-verleihung-rr-
02.jpg/330px-Quadriga-verleihung-rr-02.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Quadriga-verleihung-rr-02.jpg/
440px-Quadriga-verleihung-rr-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2623" data-file-
href="/wiki/File:Quadriga-verleihung-rr-02.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy
Wales</a> accepts the 2008 <a href="/wiki/Quadriga_(award)" title="Quadriga
(award)">Quadriga</a> A Mission of Enlightenment award on behalf of
Wikipedia</div></div></div>
On September 16, 2007, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The
Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> reported that Wikipedia had become a
focal point in the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election"
title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 US election campaign</a>,
saying: "Type a candidate's name into Google, and among the first results is a
Wikipedia page, making those entries arguably as important as any ad in defining a
candidate. Already, the presidential entries are being edited, dissected and
debated countless times each day."<a href="#cite_note-WP.com_WP_election_usage-
329">[322]</a> An October 2007 <a href="/wiki/Reuters"
title="Reuters">Reuters</a> article, titled "Wikipedia page the latest status
symbol", reported the recent phenomenon of how having a Wikipedia article
vindicates one's notability.<a
Active participation also has an impact. Law students have been assigned to
write Wikipedia articles as an exercise in clear and succinct writing for an
uninitiated audience.<a href="#cite_note-LER_students_write_for_WP_1-
331">[324]</a>
A working group led by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Stone_(professor)" title="Peter
Stone (professor)">Peter Stone</a> (formed as a part of the <a
href="/wiki/Stanford" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford">Stanford</a>-based
project <a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_Year_Study_on_Artificial_Intelligence"
class="mw-redirect" title="One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence">One
Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence</a>) in its report called Wikipedia
"the best-known example of crowdsourcing ... that
far exceeds traditionally-compiled information sources, such as encyclopedias and
dictionaries, in scale and depth."<a
In a 2017 opinion piece for <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired
(magazine)">Wired</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hossein_Derakhshan" title="Hossein
Derakhshan">Hossein Derakhshan</a> describes Wikipedia as "one of the last
remaining pillars of the <a href="/wiki/Openness" title="Openness">open</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Decentralization#Centralization_and_redecentralization_of_the_Internet"
title="Decentralization">decentralized web</a>" and contrasted its existence as a
text-based source of knowledge with <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social
media">social media</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social
networking service">social networking services</a>, the latter having "since
colonized the web for television's values". For Derakhshan, Wikipedia's goal as an
encyclopedia represents the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of
Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> tradition of <a href="/wiki/Rationality"
title="Rationality">rationality</a> triumphing over emotions, a trend which he
considers "endangered" due to the "gradual shift from a <a href="/wiki/Typography"
title="Typography">typographic</a> culture to a photographic one, which in turn
mean[s] a shift from rationality to emotions, exposition to entertainment". Rather
than "<a href="/wiki/Sapere_aude"
title="Sapere aude">sapere aude</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Literal_translation"
title="Literal translation">lit.</a> ''dare to know''), social networks have
led to a culture of "[d]are not to care to know". This is while Wikipedia faces "a
more concerning problem" than funding, namely "a flattening growth rate in the
number of contributors to the website". Consequently, the challenge for Wikipedia
and those who use it is to "save Wikipedia and its promise of a free and open
collection of all human knowledge amid the conquest of new and old television—how
to collect and preserve knowledge when nobody cares to know."
<h4>Awards</h4>
href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_team_visiting_to_Parliament_of_Oviedo_Spain_2015.JPG"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Wikipedia_team_visiting_to
_Parliament_of_Oviedo_Spain_2015.JPG/220px-
Wikipedia_team_visiting_to_Parliament_of_Oviedo_Spain_2015.JPG" decoding="async"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Wikipedia_team_visiting
_to_Parliament_of_Oviedo_Spain_2015.JPG/330px-
Wikipedia_team_visiting_to_Parliament_of_Oviedo_Spain_2015.JPG 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Wikipedia_team_visiting_to_Parl
iament_of_Oviedo_Spain_2015.JPG/440px-
Wikipedia_team_visiting_to_Parliament_of_Oviedo_Spain_2015.JPG 2x" data-file-
class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_team_visiting_to_Parliament_of_Oviedo_Spain_2015.JPG"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Wikipedia team visiting the Parliament
of Asturias</div></div></div>
href="/wiki/File:Spanish_Wikipedians_meetup.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Spanish_Wikipedians_meetup
.jpg/220px-Spanish_Wikipedians_meetup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Spanish_Wikipedians_mee
tup.jpg/330px-Spanish_Wikipedians_meetup.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Spanish_Wikipedians_meetup.jpg/
440px-Spanish_Wikipedians_meetup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-
href="/wiki/File:Spanish_Wikipedians_meetup.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Wikipedians meeting after the 2015 Asturias awards
ceremony</div></div></div>
Wikipedia won two major awards in May 2004.<a href="#cite_note-WP_awards_for_WP_1-
334">[327]</a> The first was a Golden Nica for Digital Communities of
the annual <a href="/wiki/Prix_Ars_Electronica" title="Prix Ars Electronica">Prix
Ars Electronica</a> contest; this came with a €10,000 (£6,588; $12,700) grant and
an invitation to present at the PAE Cyberarts Festival in <a href="/wiki/Austria"
title="Austria">Austria</a> later that year. The second was a Judges' <a
href="/wiki/Webby_Award" title="Webby Award">Webby Award</a> for the "community"
category.<a
href="#cite_note-webbyawards_WP_awards_1-335">[328]</a> Wikipedia was
also nominated for a "Best Practices" Webby award.
In 2007, readers of brandchannel.com voted Wikipedia as the fourth-highest
brand ranking, receiving 15 percent of the votes in answer to the question "Which
brand had the most impact on our lives in 2006?"<a href="#cite_note-
brandchannel.com_awards_1-336">[329]</a>
In September 2008, Wikipedia received <a href="/wiki/Quadriga_(award)"
title="Quadriga (award)">Quadriga</a> A Mission of Enlightenment award of
Werkstatt Deutschland along with <a href="/wiki/Boris_Tadi%C4%87" title="Boris
Tadić">Boris Tadić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eckart_H%C3%B6fling" title="Eckart
Höfling">Eckart Höfling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gabriel" title="Peter
Gabriel">Peter Gabriel</a>. The award was presented to Wales by <a
href="/wiki/David_Weinberger" title="David Weinberger">David Weinberger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-
loomarea.com_WP_award_1-337">[330]</a>
In 2015, Wikipedia was awarded both the annual <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Prize"
title="Erasmus Prize">Erasmus Prize</a>, which recognizes exceptional contributions
to culture, society or social sciences,<a href="#cite_note-EP2015-338">[331]</a> and the
<a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> <a
href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess of
Asturias Award">Princess of Asturias Award</a> on International Cooperation.[332]</a> Speaking at the Asturian Parliament
in Oviedo, the city that hosts the awards ceremony, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales"
title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a> praised the work of the <a
href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian language</a>
Wikipedia users.<a href="#cite_note-
340">[333]</a> The night of the ceremony, members of the Wikimedia
Foundation held a meeting with Wikipedians from all parts of Spain, including the
local <a href="/wiki/Asturian_Wikipedia" title="Asturian Wikipedia">Asturian
community</a>.

<h4>Satire</h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a
href="/wiki/Category:Parodies_of_Wikipedia" title="Category:Parodies of
Wikipedia">Category:Parodies of Wikipedia</a></div>
Many parodies target Wikipedia's openness and susceptibility to inserted
inaccuracies, with characters vandalizing or modifying the online encyclopedia
project's articles.
Comedian <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Stephen
Colbert</a> has parodied or referenced Wikipedia on numerous episodes of his show
<a href="/wiki/The_Colbert_Report" title="The Colbert Report">The Colbert
Report</a> and coined the related term <a href="/wiki/Wikiality" class="mw-
redirect" title="Wikiality">wikiality</a>, meaning "together we can create a
reality that we all agree on—the reality we just agreed on".<a href="#cite_note-wikiality-
184">[178]</a> Another example can be found in "Wikipedia Celebrates
750 Years of American Independence", a July 2006 front-page article in <a
href="/wiki/The_Onion" title="The Onion">The Onion</a>,<a href="#cite_note-
onion_WP_750_years_1-341">[334]</a> as well as the 2010 The
Onion article "'L.A. Law' Wikipedia Page Viewed 874 Times Today".In an episode of the television comedy <a
href="/wiki/The_Office_(American_TV_series)" title="The Office (American TV
series)">The Office U.S.</a>, which aired in April 2007, an incompetent
office manager (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Scott_(The_Office)" title="Michael Scott
(The Office)">Michael Scott</a>) is shown relying on a hypothetical Wikipedia
article for information on <a href="/wiki/Negotiation"
title="Negotiation">negotiation</a> tactics to assist him in negotiating lesser pay
for an employee.<a href="#cite_note-
343">[336]</a> Viewers of the show tried to add the episode's mention
of the page as a section of the actual Wikipedia article on negotiation, but this
effort was prevented by other users on the article's talk page."<a href="/wiki/My_Number_One_Doctor" class="mw-redirect" title="My Number
One Doctor">My Number One Doctor</a>", a 2007 episode of the television show <a
href="/wiki/Scrubs_(TV_series)" title="Scrubs (TV series)">Scrubs</a>, played
on the perception that Wikipedia is an unreliable reference tool with a scene in
which <a href="/wiki/Perry_Cox" title="Perry Cox">Perry Cox</a> reacts to a patient
who says that a Wikipedia article indicates that the <a href="/wiki/Raw_food_diet"
class="mw-redirect" title="Raw food diet">raw food diet</a> reverses the effects of
<a href="/wiki/Bone_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone cancer">bone cancer</a>
by retorting that the same editor who wrote that article also wrote the <a
href="/wiki/List_of_Battlestar_Galactica_(2004_TV_series)_episodes" title="List of
Battlestar Galactica (2004 TV series) episodes">Battlestar Galactica episode
guide</a>.<a
href="#cite_note-Bakken_one_doctor_1-345">[338]</a>
In 2008, the comedic website <a href="/wiki/CollegeHumor"
title="CollegeHumor">CollegeHumor</a> produced a video sketch named "Professor
Wikipedia", in which the fictitious Professor Wikipedia instructs a class with a
medley of unverifiable and occasionally absurd statements.<a href="#cite_note-
collegehumor.com_WP_funny_1-346">[339]</a>
The <a href="/wiki/Dilbert" title="Dilbert">Dilbert</a> comic strip
from May 8, 2009, features a character supporting an improbable claim by saying
"Give me ten minutes and then check Wikipedia."<a href="#cite_note-dilbert_WP_funny_1-
347">[340]</a>
In July 2009, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio
4</a> broadcast a comedy series called <a href="/wiki/Bigipedia"
title="Bigipedia">Bigipedia</a>, which was set on a website which was a parody
of Wikipedia. Some of the sketches were directly inspired by Wikipedia and its
articles.<a
href="#cite_note-comedy.org.uk_WP_funny_1-348">[341]</a>
On August 23, 2013, the <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New
Yorker">New Yorker</a> website published a cartoon with this caption: "Dammit,
<a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Manning" title="Chelsea Manning">Manning</a>, have you
considered the pronoun war that this is going to start on your Wikipedia page?"[342]</a> The cartoon referred to Chelsea
Elizabeth Manning (born Bradley Edward Manning), an American activist, politician,
and former United States Army soldier and a <a href="/wiki/Trans_woman"
title="Trans woman">trans woman</a>.
In December 2015, <a href="/wiki/John_Julius_Norwich" title="John Julius
Norwich">John Julius Norwich</a> stated, in a letter published in <a
href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> newspaper, that as a
historian he resorted to Wikipedia "at least a dozen times a day", and had never
yet caught it out. He described it as "a work of reference as useful as any in
existence", with so wide a range that it is almost impossible to find a person,
place, or thing that it has left uncovered and that he could never have written his
last two books without it.<a

<h3>Sister
projects – Wikimedia</h3>
href="/wiki/Wikimedia_project" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikimedia
project">Wikimedia project</a></div>
Wikipedia has also spawned several sister projects, which are also wikis run by
the <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia
Foundation</a>. These other <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_projects" class="mw-redirect"
title="Wikimedia projects">Wikimedia projects</a> include <a
href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, a dictionary project
launched in December 2002,<a href="#cite_note-WM_dictionary_1-352">[345]</a>
<a href="/wiki/Wikiquote" title="Wikiquote">Wikiquote</a>, a collection of
quotations created a week after Wikimedia launched, <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks"
title="Wikibooks">Wikibooks</a>, a collection of collaboratively written free
textbooks and annotated texts, <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia
Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a>, a site devoted to free-knowledge multimedia, <a
href="/wiki/Wikinews" title="Wikinews">Wikinews</a>, for citizen journalism, and <a
href="/wiki/Wikiversity" title="Wikiversity">Wikiversity</a>, a project for the
creation of free learning materials and the provision of online learning
activities.<a
href="#cite_note-OurProjects-353">[346]</a> Another sister project of
Wikipedia, <a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>, is a
catalogue of species. In 2012 <a href="/wiki/Wikivoyage"
title="Wikivoyage">Wikivoyage</a>, an editable travel guide, and <a
href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>, an editable knowledge base,
launched.

<h3>Publishing</h3>
href="/wiki/File:WikiMedia_DC_2013_Annual_Meeting_08.JPG" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/WikiMedia_DC_2013_Annual_M
eeting_08.JPG/220px-WikiMedia_DC_2013_Annual_Meeting_08.JPG" decoding="async"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/WikiMedia_DC_2013_Annua
l_Meeting_08.JPG/330px-WikiMedia_DC_2013_Annual_Meeting_08.JPG 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/WikiMedia_DC_2013_Annual_Meetin
g_08.JPG/440px-WikiMedia_DC_2013_Annual_Meeting_08.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4836"
href="/wiki/File:WikiMedia_DC_2013_Annual_Meeting_08.JPG" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>A group of Wikimedians of the <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="http://wikimediadc.org/wiki/Home">Wikimedia DC
chapter</a> at the 2013 DC Wikimedia annual meeting standing in front of the
Encyclopædia Britannica (back left) at the US National
Archives</div></div></div>
The most obvious economic effect of Wikipedia has been the death of commercial
encyclopedias, especially the printed versions, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop
%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia
Britannica</a>, which were unable to compete with a product that is essentially
free.<a href="#cite_note-
FT_impact_on_traditional_media_356-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
FT_impact_on_traditional_media-356">[349]</a> <a
href="/wiki/Nicholas_G._Carr" title="Nicholas G. Carr">Nicholas Carr</a> wrote a
2005 essay, "The amorality of <a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a>",
that criticized websites with <a href="/wiki/User-generated_content" title="User-
generated content">user-generated content</a>, like Wikipedia, for possibly leading
to professional (and, in his view, superior) content producers' going out of
business, because "free trumps quality all the time". Carr wrote: "Implicit in the
ecstatic visions of Web 2.0 is the hegemony of the amateur. I for one can't imagine
anything more frightening."<a href="#cite_note-
RType_WP_traditional_media_impact_1-357">[350]</a> Others dispute the
notion that Wikipedia, or similar efforts, will entirely displace traditional
publications. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Anderson_(writer)" title="Chris
Anderson (writer)">Chris Anderson</a>, the editor-in-chief of <a
href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired Magazine</a>,
wrote in <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature
(journal)">Nature</a> that the "<a href="/wiki/Wisdom_of_the_crowd"
title="Wisdom of the crowd">wisdom of crowds</a>" approach of Wikipedia will not
displace top <a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific
journal">scientific journals</a>, with their rigorous <a href="/wiki/Peer_review"
title="Peer review">peer review</a> process.<a href="#cite_note-
nature.com_crowds_wisdom-358">[351]</a>
There is also an ongoing debate about the influence of Wikipedia on the
biography publishing business. "The worry is that, if you can get all that
information from Wikipedia, what's left for biography?" said <a
href="/wiki/Kathryn_Hughes" title="Kathryn Hughes">Kathryn Hughes</a>, professor of
life writing at the University of East Anglia and author of The Short Life and
Long Times of Mrs Beeton and George Eliot: the Last Victorian.
<h3>Research use</h3>
Wikipedia has been widely used as a <a href="/wiki/Text_corpus" title="Text
corpus">corpus</a> for linguistic research in <a
href="/wiki/Computational_linguistics" title="Computational
linguistics">computational linguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval"
title="Information retrieval">information retrieval</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language
processing">natural language processing</a>. In particular, it commonly serves as a
target knowledge base for the <a href="/wiki/Entity_linking" title="Entity
linking">entity linking</a> problem, which is then called "wikification",<a href="#cite_note-wikify-
360">[353]</a> and to the related problem of <a href="/wiki/Word-
sense_disambiguation" title="Word-sense disambiguation">word-sense
disambiguation</a>.[354]</a> Methods
similar to wikification can in turn be used to find "missing" links in
Wikipedia.<a href="#cite_note-discovering_missing_WP_links_1-
362">[355]</a>
In 2015, French researchers José Lages of the <a
href="/wiki/University_of_Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="University of Franche-
Comté">University of Franche-Comté</a> in <a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on"
title="Besançon">Besançon</a> and Dima Shepelyansky of <a
href="/wiki/Paul_Sabatier_University" title="Paul Sabatier University">Paul
Sabatier University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>
published a global university ranking based on Wikipedia scholarly citations.<a href="#cite_note-mitmining-
363">[356]</a>[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-
wikipediarankingtimesworldunifranche-365">[358]</a> They used <a
href="/wiki/PageRank" title="PageRank">PageRank</a> "followed by the number of
appearances in the 24 different language editions of Wikipedia (descending order)
and the century in which they were founded (ascending order)".<a href="#cite_note-
wikipediarankingtimesworldunifranche-365">[358]</a>
A 2017 <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"
title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> study suggests that words
used on Wikipedia articles end up in scientific publications.Studies related to Wikipedia have been using <a
href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial
intelligence</a> to support various operations. One of the most important areas—
automatic detection of vandalism<a
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-369">[362]</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Data_quality" title="Data quality">data quality</a> assessment in
Wikipedia.<a href="#cite_note-
370">[363]</a>

<h2>Related projects</h2>
Several interactive multimedia encyclopedias incorporating entries written by
the public existed long before Wikipedia was founded. The first of these was the
1986 <a href="/wiki/BBC_Domesday_Project" title="BBC Domesday Project">BBC Domesday
Project</a>, which included text (entered on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Micro" title="BBC
Micro">BBC Micro</a> computers) and photographs from more than a million
contributors in the UK, and covered the geography, art, and culture of the UK. This
was the first interactive multimedia encyclopedia (and was also the first major
multimedia document connected through internal links), with the majority of
articles being accessible through an interactive map of the UK. The user interface
and part of the content of the Domesday Project were emulated on a website until
2008.<a
href="#cite_note-Domesday_Project-371">[364]</a>
Several free-content, collaborative encyclopedias were created around the
same period as Wikipedia (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Everything2"
title="Everything2">Everything2</a>),<a
href="#cite_note-372">[365]</a> with many later being merged into the
project (e.g. <a href="/wiki/GNE_(encyclopedia)" title="GNE
(encyclopedia)">GNE</a>).<a
href="#cite_note-gnu.org-373">[366]</a> One of the most successful
early online encyclopedias incorporating entries by the public was <a
href="/wiki/H2g2" title="H2g2">h2g2</a>, which was created by <a
href="/wiki/Douglas_Adams" title="Douglas Adams">Douglas Adams</a> in 1999. The
h2g2 encyclopedia is relatively lighthearted, focusing on articles which are both
witty and informative.
Subsequent collaborative <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_base" title="Knowledge
base">knowledge</a> websites have drawn inspiration from Wikipedia. Some, such as
<a href="/wiki/Susning.nu" title="Susning.nu">Susning.nu</a>, <a
Universal en Español">Enciclopedia Libre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hudong" class="mw-
redirect" title="Hudong">Hudong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baidu_Baike" title="Baidu
Baike">Baidu Baike</a> likewise employ no formal review process, although some like
<a href="/wiki/Conservapedia" title="Conservapedia">Conservapedia</a> are not as
open. Others use more traditional <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer
review">peer review</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life"
title="Encyclopedia of Life">Encyclopedia of Life</a> and the online wiki
encyclopedias <a href="/wiki/Scholarpedia"
title="Scholarpedia">Scholarpedia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citizendium"
title="Citizendium">Citizendium</a>. The latter was started by Sanger in an attempt
to create a reliable alternative to Wikipedia.<a href="#cite_note-Orlowski18-374">[367]</a><a href="#cite_note-JayLyman-
375">[368]</a>

<h2>See also</h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a
href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia" title="Category:Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></div>
output .portal{border:solid #aaa 1px;padding:0}.mw-parser-
output .portal.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-
output .portal.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-
output .portal>ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-
width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-
style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li{display:table-
row}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-
cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-
output .portal>ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em
0.3em;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"
class="noprint portal plainlist tright">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg"
class="image"><img alt="icon"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneigh
borhood.svg/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async"
width="28" height="28" class="noviewer"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linne
ighborhood.svg/42px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborho
od.svg/56px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407"
data-file-height="407" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet"
title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></li>
<li><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/31px-
Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="noviewer"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/46px-
Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/61px-
Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94"
/><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect"
title="Portal:Wikipedia">Wikipedia portal</a></li></ul></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r998391716">.mw-parser-output .div-
col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-
size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-
output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col
ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-
break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"
style="column-width: 20em;">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratization_of_knowledge" title="Democratization of
knowledge">Democratization of knowledge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Interpedia" title="Interpedia">Interpedia</a>, an early proposal
for a collaborative <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>
encyclopedia</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_online_encyclopedias" title="List of online
encyclopedias">List of online encyclopedias</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedia_controversies" title="List of Wikipedia
controversies">List of Wikipedia controversies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Network_effect" title="Network effect">Network effect</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Wikipedia" title="Outline of Wikipedia">Outline of
Wikipedia</a> – guide to the subject of Wikipedia presented
as a <a href="/wiki/Tree_structure" title="Tree structure">tree structured</a> list
of its subtopics; for an outline of the contents of Wikipedia, see <a
href="/wiki/Portal:Contents/Outlines" class="mw-redirect"
title="Portal:Contents/Outlines">Portal:Contents/Outlines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/QRpedia"
title="QRpedia">QRpedia</a> – multilingual, mobile interface to
Wikipedia</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Review" title="Wikipedia Review">Wikipedia
Review</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Recursion" title="Recursion">Recursion</a></li></ul>
</div>
<h2>Notes</h2>
output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-
parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-
type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-
output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-
columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-
parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-
column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-
parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-
output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-
lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-
roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-2"><a
href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Registration is
required for certain tasks, such as editing protected pages, creating pages on the
English Wikipedia, and uploading files.
</li>
href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> To be considered
<a href="/wiki/Special:ActiveUsers" title="Special:ActiveUsers">active</a>, a user
must make at least one edit or other action in a given month.
</li>
href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> According to <a
href="/wiki/SimilarWeb" title="SimilarWeb">SimilarWeb</a>, Wikipedia is the 8th
most visited website.<a href="#cite_note-
7">[5]</a>
</li>
href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> The
procrastination principle dictates that you should wait for problems to arise
before solving them.
</li>
href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Revisions with
libelous content, criminal threats, or copyright infringements <a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Suppression" class="mw-redirect"
title="Wikipedia:Suppression">may be removed completely</a>.
</li>
<li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-
109">^</a> See for example the <a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons/Noticeboard"
title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons/Noticeboard">Biographies of Living
Persons Noticeboard</a> or <a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view/Noticeboard" title="Wikipedia:Neutral
point of view/Noticeboard">Neutral Point of View Noticeboard</a>, created to
address content falling under their respective areas.
</li>
226">^</a> See <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101130081035/http://texaspress.com/index.php/
publications/law-media/731-law-a-the-media-in-texas--libel-cases">"Libel"</a> by
David McHam for the legal distinction.
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2>References</h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r1011085734"/><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-1">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_1-0">a</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r999302996">.mw-
parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation
q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-
output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-
gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-
limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-
output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-
registration
a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-
parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-
subscription
wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-
parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-
parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration
span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon
wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-
parser-output code.cs1-
code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output
.cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-
error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-
maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-
format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-
wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-
output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-
selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFSidener2004" class="citation
news cs1">Sidener, Jonathan (December 6, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011150228/http://signonsandiego.com/
uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html">"Everyone's Encyclopedia"</a>. <a
href="/wiki/U-T_San_Diego" class="mw-redirect" title="U-T San Diego">U-T San
Diego</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html">the
original</a> on October 11, 2007. Retrieved
October 15, 2006.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U-
T+San+Diego&rft.atitle=Everyone%27s+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2004-12-
06&rft.aulast=Sidener&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.signonsandiego.com%2Funiontrib
%2F20041206%2Fnews_mz1b6encyclo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988">
</li>
<li id="cite_note-roadchap-4"><a href="#cite_ref-
roadchap_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-
deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite
id="CITEREFChapman,_Roger2011" class="citation web cs1">Chapman, Roger (September
6, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130922015103/http://rogchap.com/2011/09/06/top-
40-website-programming-languages/">"Top 40 Website Programming Languages"</a>.
rogchap.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://rogchap.com/2011/09/06/top-40-website-programming-languages/">the
original</a> on September 22, 2013. Retrieved
September 6, 2011.</cite><span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rogchap.com&rft.atitle=Top+40+W
ebsite+Programming+Languages&rft.date=2011-09-06&rft.au=Chapman
%2C+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frogchap.com%2F2011%2F09%2F06%2Ftop-40-website-
programming-languages%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
class="Z3988">
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Wiki20-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-
Wiki20_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiki20_5-
1">b</a> <link
rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite
class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-
reputation-has-never-been-higher">"Wikipedia is 20, and its reputation has never
been higher"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The
Economist</a>. January 9, 2021. Retrieved
February 25, 2021.</cite><span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Wikipe
dia+is+20%2C+and+its+reputation+has+never+been+higher&rft.date=2021-01-
09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Finternational
%2F2021%2F01%2F09%2Fwikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-
higher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Alexa_siteinfo-6">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-Alexa_siteinfo_6-0">a</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Alexa_siteinfo_6-1">b</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Alexa_siteinfo_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow"
href="https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org">"Wikipedia.org Traffic,
Demographics and Competitors"</a>. www.alexa.com. Retrieved October 1,
2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.alexa.com&rft.atitle=Wikipe
dia.org+Traffic%2C+Demographics+and+Competitors&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.alexa.com%2Fsiteinfo%2Fwikipedia.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988">
</li>
href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-
href="https://www.similarweb.com/website/wikipedia.org/">"Wikipedia.org Traffic,
Ranking & Marketing Analytics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SimilarWeb"
title="SimilarWeb">SimilarWeb</a>. Retrieved
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wikipedia.org+Traffic%2C+Ranking+
%26+Marketing+Analytics&rft.pub=SimilarWeb&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.similarweb.com%2Fwebsite%2Fwikipedia.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
id="CITEREFMcGregor2020" class="citation news cs1">McGregor, Jena (March 17, 2020).
<a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/03/17/wikimedias-approach-
coronavirus-staffers-can-work-20-hours-week-get-paid-full-time/">"Wikimedia's
approach to coronavirus: Staffers can work 20 hours a week, get paid for full
time"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The
Washington Post</a>. Retrieved February 25, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=
Wikimedia%E2%80%99s+approach+to+coronavirus%3A+Staffers+can+work+20+hours+a+week
%2C+get+paid+for+full+time&rft.date=2020-03-
17&rft.aulast=McGregor&rft.aufirst=Jena&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fbusiness%2F2020%2F03%2F17%2Fwikimedias-approach-
coronavirus-staffers-can-work-20-hours-week-get-paid-full-time%2F&rfr_id=info
%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988">
</li>
<li id="cite_note-MiliardWho-10"><a
href="#cite_ref-MiliardWho_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMiliard2008" class="citation news
cs1">Miliard, Mike (March 1, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.cityweekly.net/utah/article-5129-feature-wikipediots-who-are-
these-devoted-even-obsessive-contributors-to-wikipedia.html">"Wikipediots: Who Are
These Devoted, Even Obsessive Contributors to Wikipedia?"</a>. <a
href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City_Weekly" title="Salt Lake City Weekly">Salt Lake City
Weekly</a>. Retrieved December 18, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salt+Lake+City+Weekly&rft.atitl
e=Wikipediots%3A+Who+Are+These+Devoted%2C+Even+Obsessive+Contributors+to+Wikipedia
%3F&rft.date=2008-03-
01&rft.aulast=Miliard&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.cityweekly.net%2Futah%2Farticle-5129-feature-wikipediots-who-are-these-
devoted-even-obsessive-contributors-to-wikipedia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-J_Sidener-11"><a
href="#cite_ref-J_Sidener_11-0">^</a> <link
id="CITEREFSidener2006" class="citation news cs1">Sidener, Jonathan (October 9,
2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161111074945/http://legacy.sandiegouniontribune
.com/news/tech/personaltech/20061009-9999-mz1b9wikiped.html">"Wikipedia family feud
rooted in San Diego"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_San_Diego_Union-Tribune" title="The
San Diego Union-Tribune">The San Diego Union-Tribune</a>. Archived from <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/tech/personaltech/20061009-9999-
mz1b9wikiped.html">the original</a> on November 11, 2016. Retrieved May 5, 2009.</cite><span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+San+Diego+Union-
Tribune&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+family+feud+rooted+in+San+Diego&rft.date=2006-
10-09&rft.aulast=Sidener&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Flegacy.utsandiego.com%2Fnews%2Ftech%2Fpersonaltech%2F20061009-9999-
mz1b9wikiped.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-small_screen-12">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-small_screen_12-0">a</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-small_screen_12-1">b</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-small_screen_12-2">c</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-small_screen_12-3">d</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-small_screen_12-4">e</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-small_screen_12-5">f</a> <cite id="CITEREFCohen2014" class="citation news
cs1">Cohen, Noam (February 9, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/10/technology/wikipedia-vs-the-small-
screen.html?_r=0">"Wikipedia vs. the Small Screen"</a>. The New York
Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt
%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=W
ikipedia+vs.+the+Small+Screen&rft.date=2014-02-
09&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F02%2F10%2Ftechnology%2Fwikipedia-vs-the-small-
screen.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Wikimedia_Stats-13"><a
href="#cite_ref-Wikimedia_Stats_13-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external
text" href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/all-wikipedia-projects">"Wikistats –
Statistics For Wikimedia Projects"</a>. stats.wikimedia.org. Wikimedia
Foundation. Retrieved November 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stats.wikimedia.org&rft.atitle=
Wikistats+%E2%80%93+Statistics+For+Wikimedia+Projects&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fstats.wikimedia.org%2F%23%2Fall-wikipedia-projects&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Econ21-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-
Econ21_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Econ21_14-
href="https://www.economist.com/leaders/2021/01/09/happy-birthday-wikipedia">"Happy
Birthday, Wikipedia"</a>. January 9, 2021 – via The Economist.</cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Happy+Birthday
%2C+Wikipedia&rft.date=2021-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com
%2Fleaders%2F2021%2F01%2F09%2Fhappy-birthday-wikipedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
id="CITEREFAnderson2006" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Chris (May 8,
href="http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975813_197584
4_1976488,00.html">"Jimmy Wales – The 2006 Time 100"</a>. <a
href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. Retrieved November 11,
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Jimmy+Wales+
%E2%80%93+The+2006+Time+100&rft.date=2006-05-
08&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fspecials%2Fpackages%2Farticle
%2F0%2C28804%2C1975813_1975844_1976488%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-auto-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-
auto_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_16-
id="CITEREFCohen2018" class="citation news cs1">Cohen, Noam (April 7, 2018). <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614045810/https://www.washingtonpost.com/
outlook/conspiracy-videos-fake-news-enter-wikipedia-the-good-cop-of-the-internet/
2018/04/06/ad1f018a-3835-11e8-8fd2-49fe3c675a89_story.html">"Conspiracy videos?
Fake news? Enter Wikipedia, the 'good cop' of the Internet"</a>. <a
href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington
Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/conspiracy-
videos-fake-news-enter-wikipedia-the-good-cop-of-the-internet/2018/04/06/ad1f018a-
3835-11e8-8fd2-49fe3c675a89_story.html">the original</a> on June 14,
2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev
%3Amtx
Conspiracy+videos%3F+Fake+news%3F+Enter+Wikipedia%2C+the+%27good+cop
%27+of+the+Internet&rft.date=2018-04-
%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Foutlook%2Fconspiracy-videos-fake-news-enter-wikipedia-
the-good-cop-of-the-internet%2F2018%2F04%2F06%2Fad1f018a-3835-11e8-8fd2-
49fe3c675a89_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
href="http://www.niemanlab.org/2011/10/the-contribution-conundrum-why-did-
wikipedia-succeed-while-other-encyclopedias-failed/">"The contribution conundrum:
Why did Wikipedia succeed while other encyclopedias failed?"</a>. Nieman
Lab. Retrieved June
5, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info
%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nieman+Lab&rft.atitle=The+contr
ibution+conundrum%3A+Why+did+Wikipedia+succeed+while+other+encyclopedias+failed
%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.niemanlab.org%2F2011%2F10%2Fthe-contribution-
conundrum-why-did-wikipedia-succeed-while-other-encyclopedias-failed
%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-KockJungSyn2016-18">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-KockJungSyn2016_18-0">a</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-KockJungSyn2016_18-1">b</a> Kock, N., Jung, Y., & Syn, T. (2016). <a rel="nofollow"
href="http://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaborat
ion/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf">Wikipedia and e-Collaboration
Research: Opportunities and Challenges.</a> (PDF) <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160927001627/http://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/
pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/
Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf">Archived</a> September 27, 2016,
at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>
International Journal of e-Collaboration (IJeC), 12(2), 1–8.
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Meyers-19"><a href="#cite_ref-
Meyers_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-
id="CITEREFMeyers2001" class="citation news cs1">Meyers, Peter (September 20,
href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/20/technology/fact-driven-collegial-this-
site-wants-you.html?n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes+Topics%2FSubjects%2FC
%2FComputer+Software">"Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You"</a>. The New
York Times. Retrieved November 22, 2007. <q>'I can start an article that
will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come along and add three
paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph,' said Larry Sanger of Las Vegas, who
founded Wikipedia with Mr. Wales.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=F
act-Driven%3F+Collegial%3F+This+Site+Wants+You&rft.date=2001-09-
20&rft.aulast=Meyers&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F09%2F20%2Ftechnology%2Ffact-driven-collegial-this-site-
wants-you.html%3Fn%3DTop%252FReference%252FTimes%2BTopics%252FSubjects%252FC
%252FComputer%2BSoftware&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-stallman1999-20"><a
href="#cite_ref-stallman1999_20-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFStallman2007" class="citation web
cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Stallman, Richard
M.</a> (June 20, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html">"The Free Encyclopedia
Project"</a>. Free Software Foundation.
Retrieved January 4, 2008.</cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Free+Encyclopedia+Project&rft.
pub=Free+Software+Foundation&rft.date=2007-06-
20&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Fencyclopedia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-SangerMemoir-21">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-SangerMemoir_21-0">a</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-SangerMemoir_21-1">b</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-SangerMemoir_21-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFSanger2005" class="citation news
cs1">Sanger, Larry (April 18, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://features.slashdot.org/features/05/04/18/164213.shtml">"The Early
History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir"</a>. Slashdot. Retrieved December 26,
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slashdot&rft.atitle=The+Early+H
istory+of+Nupedia+and+Wikipedia%3A+A+Memoir&rft.date=2005-04-
18&rft.aulast=Sanger&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Ffeatures.slashdot.org%2Ffeatures%2F05%2F04%2F18%2F164213.shtml&rfr_id=info
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Sanger-22"><a href="#cite_ref-
Sanger_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-
id="CITEREFSanger2001" class="citation news cs1">Sanger, Larry (January 17, 2001).
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010506042824/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/
nupedia-l/2001-January/000684.html">"Wikipedia Is Up!"</a>. Archived from <a
href="http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000684.html">the
original</a> on May 6, 2001. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+Is+Up
%21&rft.date=2001-01-
%2Fwww.nupedia.com%2Fpipermail%2Fnupedia-l%2F2001-January
%2F000684.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WM_foundation_of_WP_1-23"><a
href="#cite_ref-WM_foundation_of_WP_1_23-0">^</a> "Wikipedia-l: LinkBacks?"</a>.
Retrieved February 20, 2007.</cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wikipedia-l%3A+LinkBacks
%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flists.wikimedia.org%2Fpipermail%2Fwikipedia-l%2F2001-
October%2F000671.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-nupedia_feeder_from_WP_1-24"><a
href="#cite_ref-nupedia_feeder_from_WP_1_24-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSanger2001" class="citation news
cs1">Sanger, Larry (January 10, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030414014355/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/
nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html">"Let's Make a Wiki"</a>. Internet Archive.
Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html">the
original</a> on April 14, 2003. Retrieved 
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927193149/http://www.networksolutions.com/
whois/results.jsp?domain=wikipedia.com">"WHOIS domain registration information
results for wikipedia.com from Network Solutions"</a>. September 27, 2007. Archived
from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.networksolutions.com/whois/results.jsp?domain=wikipedia.com">the
August 31, 2018.</cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WHOIS+domain+registration+information+
results+for+wikipedia.com+from+Network+Solutions&rft.date=2007-09-
27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.networksolutions.com%2Fwhois%2Fresults.jsp%3Fdomain
%3Dwikipedia.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194913/http://www.networksolutions.com/
whois/results.jsp?domain=wikipedia.org">"WHOIS domain registration information
results for wikipedia.org from Network Solutions"</a>. September 27, 2007. Archived
href="http://www.networksolutions.com/whois/results.jsp?domain=wikipedia.org">the
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WHOIS+domain+registration+information+
results+for+wikipedia.org+from+Network+Solutions&rft.date=2007-09-
27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.networksolutions.com%2Fwhois%2Fresults.jsp%3Fdomain
%3Dwikipedia.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WikipediaHome-27"><a
href="#cite_ref-WikipediaHome_27-0">^</a> "Wikipe
dia: HomePage"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.wikipedia.com/">the original</a> on March 31, 2001. Retrieved March 31,
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wikipedia
%3A+HomePage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikipedia.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NPOV-28"><a href="#cite_ref-
NPOV_28-0">^</a> "<a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of
view">Wikipedia:Neutral point of view</a>, Wikipedia (January 21, 2007).
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Seth-Finkelstein-29"><a
href="#cite_ref-Seth-Finkelstein_29-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFinkelstein,_Seth2008"
class="citation news cs1">Finkelstein, Seth (September 25, 2008). <a rel="nofollow"
href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/sep/25/wikipedia.internet">"Read
me first: Wikipedia isn't about human potential, whatever Wales says"</a>. <a
href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>.
London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt
%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Read+me
+first%3A+Wikipedia+isn%27t+about+human+potential
%2C+whatever+Wales+says&rft.date=2008-09-25&rft.au=Finkelstein
%2C+Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2008%2Fsep
%2F25%2Fwikipedia.internet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WP_early_language_stats_1-30"><a href="#cite_ref-WP_early_language_stats_1_30-0">^</a>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
text"
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Multilingual_statistics">"Multilingua
l statistics"</a>. Wikipedia. March 30, 2005. Retrieved December 26,
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wikipedia&rft.atitle=Multilingu
al+statistics&rft.date=2005-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%2Fwiki%2FWikipedia%3AMultilingual_statistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-EB_encyclopedia-31"><a
href="#cite_ref-EB_encyclopedia_31-0">^</a> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia
cs1">"Encyclopedias and Dictionaries". Encyclopædia Britannica. 18
(15th ed.). 2007. pp. 257–286.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Encyclopedias+and+Dictionaries&rf
t.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=257-
286&rft.edition=15th&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
<li id="cite_note-EL_fears_and_start_1-32"><a
href="#cite_ref-EL_fears_and_start_1_32-0">^</a> "[long]
Enciclopedia Libre: msg#00008"</a>. Osdir. Archived from <a rel="nofollow"
href="http://osdir.com/ml/science.linguistics.wikipedia.international/2003-03/
msg00008.html">the original</a> on October 6, 2008<span class="reference-
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Osdir&rft.atitle=%5Blong
%5D+Enciclopedia+Libre%3A+msg%2300008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fosdir.com%2Fml
%2Fscience.linguistics.wikipedia.international%2F2003-
03%2Fmsg00008.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Shirky-33"><a href="#cite_ref-
Shirky_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-
id="CITEREFShirky2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clay_Shirky"
title="Clay Shirky">Shirky, Clay</a> (February 28, 2008). <a rel="nofollow"
href="https://archive.org/details/herecomeseverybo0000shir/page/273">Here Comes
Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations</a>. The Penguin Press
via Amazon Online Reader. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://archive.org/details/herecomeseverybo0000shir/page/273">273</a>. <a
href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN
(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-153-0"
title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-153-0"><bdi>978-1-59420-153-0</bdi></a><span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Here+Comes+Everybody
%3A+The+Power+of+Organizing+Without+Organizations&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=The
+Penguin+Press+via+Amazon+Online+Reader&rft.date=2008-02-28&rft.isbn=978-1-
59420-153-0&rft.aulast=Shirky&rft.aufirst=Clay&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fherecomeseverybo0000shir%2Fpage%2F273&rfr_id=info
</li>
id="CITEREFVibber2002" class="citation web cs1">Vibber, Brion (August 16, 2002). <a
class="external text" href="https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-
August/003982.html">"Brion VIBBER at pobox.com"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia"
class="mw-redirect" title="Wikimedia">Wikimedia</a>. <a rel="nofollow"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140620071550/https://lists.wikimedia.org/
pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-August/003982.html">Archived</a> from the original on
June 20, 2014. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wikimedia&rft.atitle=Brion+VIBB
ER+at+pobox.com&rft.date=2002-08-
16&rft.aulast=Vibber&rft.aufirst=Brion&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Flists.wikimedia.org%2Fpipermail%2Fwikipedia-l%2F2002-August
</li>
<li id="cite_note-guardian_WP_user_peak_1-35"><a
href="#cite_ref-guardian_WP_user_peak_1_35-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJohnson2009" class="citation news
cs1">Johnson, Bobbie (August 12, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/aug/12/wikipedia-deletionist-
inclusionist">"Wikipedia approaches its limits"</a>. The Guardian.
London. Retrieved March
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Wikiped
ia+approaches+its+limits&rft.date=2009-08-
12&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Bobbie&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2009%2Faug%2F12%2Fwikipedia-deletionist-
inclusionist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WP_growth_modelling_1-36"><a
href="#cite_ref-WP_growth_modelling_1_36-0">^</a> <a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia_extended_growth"
title="Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia extended growth">Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia
extended growth</a>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-wikisym_slowing_growth_1-37"><a
href="#cite_ref-wikisym_slowing_growth_1_37-0">^</a> <cite class="citation conference cs1"><a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511110022/http://www.wikisym.org/ws2009/
procfiles/p108-suh.pdf">The Singularity is Not Near: Slowing Growth of
Wikipedia</a> (PDF). The International
Symposium on Wikis. Orlando, Florida. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="http://www.wikisym.org/ws2009/procfiles/p108-
suh.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 11,
%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+Singularity+is+Not+Near
%3A+Slowing+Growth+of+Wikipedia&rft.place=Orlando
%2C+Florida&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikisym.org
%2Fws2009%2Fprocfiles%2Fp108-suh.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
<li id="cite_note-bostonreview_the_end_of_WP_1-38"><a href="#cite_ref-bostonreview_the_end_of_WP_1_38-0">^</a>
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMorozov2009" class="citation
magazine cs1">Morozov, Evgeny (November–December 2009). <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="https://bostonreview.net/books-ideas/edit-page-
wikipedia-evgeny-morozov">"Edit This Page; Is it the end of Wikipedia"</a>.
Boston Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191211050926/http://bostonreview.net/books-
ideas/edit-page-wikipedia-evgeny-morozov">Archived</a> from the original on
December 11, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Review&rft.atitle=Edit+T
his+Page%3B+Is+it+the+end+of+Wikipedia&rft.date=2009-11%2F2009-
12&rft.aulast=Morozov&rft.aufirst=Evgeny&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fbostonreview.net%2Fbooks-ideas%2Fedit-page-wikipedia-evgeny-
morozov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
id="CITEREFCohen2009" class="citation news cs1">Cohen, Noam (March 28, 2009). <a
href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/weekinreview/29cohen.html">"Wikipedia&#160
;– Exploring Fact City"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved April 19,
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
ikipedia+%E2%80%93+Exploring+Fact+City&rft.date=2009-03-
%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F03%2F29%2Fweekinreview%2F29cohen.html&rfr_id=info
</li>
<li id="cite_note-stanford_WP_lack_of_future_growth_1-40"><a
href="#cite_ref-stanford_WP_lack_of_future_growth_1_40-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGibbonsVetranoBiancani2012"
class="citation journal cs1">Gibbons, Austin; Vetrano, David; Biancani, Susan
(2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://snap.stanford.edu/class/cs341-2012/reports/09-
GibbonsVetranoBiancaniCS341.pdf">"Wikipedia: Nowhere to grow"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140718091331/http://snap.stanford.edu/class/
cs341-2012/reports/09-GibbonsVetranoBiancaniCS341.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 18, 2014.</cite><span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wikipedia
%3A+Nowhere+to+grow&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Gibbons&rft.aufirst=Austin
&rft.au=Vetrano%2C+David&rft.au=Biancani%2C+Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fsnap.stanford.edu%2Fclass%2Fcs341-2012%2Freports%2F09-
GibbonsVetranoBiancaniCS341.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"> Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a
href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1
errors">help</a>) <a
href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img
alt="open access"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_tran
sparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_t
ransparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transpare
nt.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640"
data-file-height="1000" /></a>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-guardian_editors_leaving_1-41"><a href="#cite_ref-guardian_editors_leaving_1_41-0">^</a>
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFKleeman2009" class="citation news
cs1">Kleeman, Jenny (November 26, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/nov/26/wikipedia-losing-
disgruntled-editors">"Wikipedia falling victim to a war of words"</a>. The
Guardian. London. Retrieved March 31, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
ia+falling+victim+to+a+war+of+words&rft.date=2009-11-
26&rft.aulast=Kleeman&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2009%2Fnov%2F26%2Fwikipedia-losing-
disgruntled-editors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120403172516/http://libresoft.es/publications/
thesis-jfelipe">"Wikipedia: A quantitative analysis"</a>. Libresoft.
href="http://libresoft.es/publications/thesis-jfelipe">the original</a> (PDF) on April 3, 2012.</cite><span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Libresoft&rft.atitle=Wikipedia
%3A+A+quantitative+analysis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibresoft.es%2Fpublications
%2Fthesis-jfelipe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WSJ_WP_losing_editors_1-43"><a
href="#cite_ref-WSJ_WP_losing_editors_1_43-0">^</a> Volunteers Log Off as Wikipedia Ages, The Wall Street
Journal, November 27, 2009.
</li>
<li id="cite_note-telegraph_Wales_WP_not_losing_editors_1-44"><a
href="#cite_ref-telegraph_Wales_WP_not_losing_editors_1_44-0">^</a>
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBarnett2009" class="citation news
cs1">Barnett, Emma (November 26, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/6660646/Wikipedias-Jimmy-
Wales-denies-site-is-losing-thousands-of-volunteer-editors.html">"Wikipedia's Jimmy
Wales denies site is 'losing' thousands of volunteer editors"</a>. The Daily
Telegraph. London. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=
Wikipedia%27s+Jimmy+Wales+denies+site+is+%27losing
%27+thousands+of+volunteer+editors&rft.date=2009-11-
26&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2Fwikipedia%2F6660646%2FWikipedias-Jimmy-Wales-
denies-site-is-losing-thousands-of-volunteer-editors.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-wiki-women-45">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-wiki-women_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-
wiki-women_45-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFRawlinson2011" class="citation
news cs1">Rawlinson, Kevin (August 8, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/
wikipedia-seeks-women-to-balance-its-geeky-editors-2333605.html">"Wikipedia seeks
women to balance its 'geeky' editors"</a>. The Independent. Retrieved April 5,
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Wiki
pedia+seeks+women+to+balance+its+%27geeky%27+editors&rft.date=2011-08-
08&rft.aulast=Rawlinson&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Fgadgets-and-tech%2Fnews%2Fwikipedia-seeks-
women-to-balance-its-geeky-editors-2333605.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Simonite-2013-46">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-Simonite-2013_46-0">a</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Simonite-2013_46-1">b</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Simonite-2013_46-2">c</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Simonite-2013_46-3">d</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Simonite-2013_46-4">e</a> <cite id="CITEREFSimonite2013" class="citation
journal cs1">Simonite, Tom (October 22, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-
wikipedia/">"The Decline of Wikipedia"</a>. <a
href="/wiki/MIT_Technology_Review" title="MIT Technology Review">MIT Technology
Review</a>. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+Technology+Review&rft.atitl
e=The+Decline+of+Wikipedia&rft.date=2013-10-
22&rft.aulast=Simonite&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2F2013%2F10%2F22%2F175674%2Fthe-decline-of-wikipedia
</li>
class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/3-charts-that-show-
how-wikipedia-is-running-out-of-admins/259829">"3 Charts That Show How Wikipedia Is
Running Out of Admins"</a>. The Atlantic. July 16, 2012.</cite><span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=3+Chart
s+That+Show+How+Wikipedia+Is+Running+Out+of+Admins&rft.date=2012-07-
16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Ftechnology%2Farchive
%2F2012%2F07%2F3-charts-that-show-how-wikipedia-is-running-out-of-admins
%2F259829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Ward, Katherine.
New York Magazine, issue of November 25, 2013, p. 18.
</li>
class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.pcworld.com/article/129135/wikipedia_breaks_into_us_top_10_sites.h
tml">"Wikipedia Breaks Into US Top 10 Sites"</a>. PCWorld. February 17,
%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PCWorld&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+Br
eaks+Into+US+Top+10+Sites&rft.date=2007-02-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.pcworld.com%2Farticle
%2F129135%2Fwikipedia_breaks_into_us_top_10_sites.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text"
href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOv
erview.htm">"Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report – Wikipedia Page Views Per
Country"</a>. Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved
March 8, 2015.</cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wikimedia+Traffic+Analysis+Report+
%E2%80%93+Wikipedia+Page+Views+Per+Country&rft.pub=Wikimedia+Foundation&rft
_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstats.wikimedia.org%2Fwikimedia%2Fsquids
%2FSquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-sagepub_WP_and_encyclopedic_production_1-51"><a href="#cite_ref-sagepub_WP_and_encyclopedic_production_1_51-
0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-
style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite
id="CITEREFLovelandReagle2013" class="citation journal cs1">Loveland, Jeff; Reagle,
Joseph (January 15, 2013). "Wikipedia and encyclopedic production". New Media
& Society. 15 (8): 1294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-
redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1461444812470428">10.1177/1461444812470428</a>. <a
href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID
(identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27886998">27886998</a>.</cite><span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Media+
%26+Society&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+and+encyclopedic+production&rft.volume=15&
amp;rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1294&rft.date=2013-01-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi
%2F10.1177%2F1461444812470428&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org
%2FCorpusID%3A27886998%23id-name
%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Loveland&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft.au=Reagle
%2C+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-theatlantic_WP_actually_a_reversion_1-52"><a
href="#cite_ref-theatlantic_WP_actually_a_reversion_1_52-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRosen2013" class="citation web
cs1">Rosen, Rebecca J. (January 30, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/what-if-the-great-
wikipedia-revolution-was-actually-a-reversion/272697">"What If the Great Wikipedia
'Revolution' Was Actually a Reversion? • The Atlantic"</a>. Retrieved February 9,
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+If+the+Great+Wikipedia+
%27Revolution%27+Was+Actually+a+Reversion%3F+
%E2%80%A2+The+Atlantic&rft.date=2013-01-
30&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Ftechnology%2Farchive%2F2013%2F01%2Fwhat-if-the-great-
wikipedia-revolution-was-actually-a-reversion%2F272697&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-LA_Times_Jan_19-53"><a
href="#cite_ref-LA_Times_Jan_19_53-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNetburn2012" class="citation news
cs1">Netburn, Deborah (January 19, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2012/01/wikipedia-sopa-blackout-
congressional-representatives.html">"Wikipedia: SOPA protest led eight million to
look up reps in Congress"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 6,
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Wi
kipedia
%3A+SOPA+protest+led+eight+million+to+look+up+reps+in+Congress&rft.date=2012-
01-19&rft.aulast=Netburn&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Flatimesblogs.latimes.com%2Ftechnology%2F2012%2F01%2Fwikipedia-sopa-blackout-
congressional-representatives.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
<li id="cite_note-BBC_WP_blackout_protest_1-54"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_WP_blackout_protest_1_54-0">^</a>
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-
16590585">"Wikipedia joins blackout protest at US anti-piracy moves"</a>. BBC
News. January 18, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+j
oins+blackout+protest+at+US+anti-piracy+moves&rft.date=2012-01-
18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-
16590585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180622185443/https://wikimediafoundation.org/
wiki/SOPA/Blackoutpage">"SOPA/Blackoutpage"</a>. Wikimedia Foundation. Archived
href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/SOPA/Blackoutpage">the original</a> on
June 22, 2018. Retrieved 
<li id="cite_note-economictimes.indiatimes.com-56">^
<a href="#cite_ref-economictimes.indiatimes.com_56-0">a</
a> <a href="#cite_ref-economictimes.indiatimes.com_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-economictimes.indiatimes.com_56-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-
style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFVarma2014"
class="citation news cs1">Varma, Subodh (January 20, 2014). <a rel="nofollow"
href="http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/29094246.cms">"Google eating
into Wikipedia page views?"</a>. The Economic Times<span class="reference-
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=G
oogle+eating+into+Wikipedia+page+views%3F&rft.date=2014-01-
20&rft.aulast=Varma&rft.aufirst=Subodh&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Farticleshow%2F29094246.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Alexa-57"><a href="#cite_ref-
Alexa_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-
href="http://www.alexa.com/topsites">"Alexa Top 500 Global Sites"</a>. <a
href="/wiki/Alexa_Internet" title="Alexa Internet">Alexa Internet</a><span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alexa+Internet&rft.atitle=Alexa
+Top+500+Global+Sites&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alexa.com
%2Ftopsites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WRD-20190805-58"><a
href="#cite_ref-WRD-20190805_58-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFOberhaus2019" class="citation
news cs1">Oberhaus, Daniel (August 5, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/a-crashed-israeli-lunar-lander-spilled-
tardigrades-on-the-moon/">"A Crashed Israeli Lunar Lander Spilled Tardigrades On
The Moon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired
(magazine)">Wired</a>. Retrieved August 6, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=A+Crashed+Isra
eli+Lunar+Lander+Spilled+Tardigrades+On+The+Moon&rft.date=2019-08-
05&rft.aulast=Oberhaus&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fstory%2Fa-crashed-israeli-lunar-lander-spilled-tardigrades-on-
the-moon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-VOX-20190806-59"><a
href="#cite_ref-VOX-20190806_59-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFResnick2019" class="citation news
cs1">Resnick, Brian (August 6, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2019/8/6/20756844/tardigrade-moon-
beresheet-arch-mission">"Tardigrades, the toughest animals on Earth, have crash-
landed on the moon – The tardigrade conquest of the solar system has
begun"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a>. Retrieved August 6,
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Tardigrades
%2C+the+toughest+animals+on+Earth%2C+have+crash-landed+on+the+moon+
%E2%80%93+The+tardigrade+conquest+of+the+solar+system+has+begun.&rft.date=2019-
08-06&rft.aulast=Resnick&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fscience-and-health%2F2019%2F8%2F6%2F20756844%2Ftardigrade-moon-
beresheet-arch-mission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-CNET-20190629-60"><a
href="#cite_ref-CNET-20190629_60-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFShankland2019" class="citation
news cs1">Shankland, Stephen (June 29, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="https://www.cnet.com/news/startup-packs-all-16gb-wikipedia-onto-dna-
strands-demonstrate-new-storage-tech/">"Startup packs all 16GB of Wikipedia onto
DNA strands to demonstrate new storage tech – Biological molecules will last a
lot longer than the latest computer storage technology, Catalog believes"</a>.
<a href="/wiki/CNET" title="CNET">CNET</a>. Retrieved August 7,
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=Startup+packs+a
ll+16GB+of+Wikipedia+onto+DNA+strands+to+demonstrate+new+storage+tech+
%E2%80%93+Biological+molecules+will+last+a+lot+longer+than+the+latest+computer+stor
age+technology%2C+Catalog+believes.&rft.date=2019-06-
29&rft.aulast=Shankland&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Fnews%2Fstartup-packs-all-16gb-wikipedia-onto-dna-strands-
demonstrate-new-storage-tech%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Wikimedia_Stats-61"><a
href="#cite_ref-Wikimedia_Stats_61-0">^</a> "Wikistats - Statistics For
Wikimedia Projects"</a>. stats.wikimedia.org. Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved January 9,
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
Wikistats+-+Statistics+For+Wikimedia+Projects&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fstats.wikimedia.org%2F%23%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fcontent%2Fpages-to-date%2Fnormal
%257ctable%257call%257cpage_type~content%257cmonthly&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-stats.wikimedia.org_editor_metric_graph-62"><a
href="#cite_ref-stats.wikimedia.org_editor_metric_graph_62-0">^</a>
text" href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org/contributing/editors/
normal%7Cline%7Call%7Cactivity_level~5..24-edits*25..99-edits*100..-edits
%7Cmonthly">"Wikipedia Statistics (English)"</a>.
stats.wikimedia.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
Wikipedia+Statistics+%28English%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstats.wikimedia.org%2F
%23%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fcontributing%2Feditors%2Fnormal%257Cline%257Call
%257Cactivity_level~5..24-edits%2A25..99-edits%2A100..-edits
%257Cmonthly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-zittrain-64"><a
href="#cite_ref-zittrain_64-0">^</a> <link
id="CITEREFZittrain2008" class="citation book cs1"><a
href="/wiki/Jonathan_Zittrain" title="Jonathan Zittrain">Zittrain, Jonathan</a>
href="https://archive.org/details/futureofinternet00zitt">The Future of the
Internet and How to Stop It – Chapter 6: The Lessons of Wikipedia</a>.
Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect"
title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-
300-12487-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12487-3"><bdi>978-0-300-12487-
3</bdi></a>. Retrieved <span
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+the+Internet+and+How+to+Sto
p+It+
%E2%80%93+Chapter+6%3A+The+Lessons+of+Wikipedia&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&a
mp;rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12487-
3&rft.aulast=Zittrain&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffutureofinternet00zitt&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tutorial/Registration" class="mw-redirect"
title="Wikipedia:Tutorial/Registration">Registration notes</a>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WP_protection_policy_1-66"><a
href="#cite_ref-WP_protection_policy_1_66-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy"
title="Wikipedia:Protection policy">Protection Policy</a>
</li>
id="CITEREFHafner2006" class="citation news cs1">Hafner, Katie (June 17, 2006). <a
href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/17/technology/17wiki.html">"Growing Wikipedia
Refines Its 'Anyone Can Edit' Policy"</a>. The New York Times<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=G
rowing+Wikipedia+Refines+Its+%27Anyone+Can+Edit%27+Policy&rft.date=2006-06-
17&rft.aulast=Hafner&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F06%2F17%2Ftechnology%2F17wiki.html&rfr_id=info
</li>
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy" title="Wikipedia:Protection
policy">English Wikipedia's protection policy</a>
</li>
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Full_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Full
protection">English Wikipedia's full protection policy</a>
</li>
id="CITEREFHarrisonBenjakob2021" class="citation web cs1">Harrison, Stephen;
Benjakob, Omer (January 14, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.cjr.org/opinion/wikipedia-is-twenty-its-time-to-start-covering-
it-better.php">"Wikipedia is twenty. It's time to start covering it better"</a>.
<a href="/wiki/Columbia_Journalism_Review" title="Columbia Journalism
Review">Columbia Journalism Review</a>. New York, USA. Retrieved January 15,
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Journalism+Review&rft.
atitle=Wikipedia+is+twenty.+It
%27s+time+to+start+covering+it+better.&rft.date=2021-01-
14&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Benjakob
%2C+Omer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cjr.org%2Fopinion%2Fwikipedia-is-twenty-its-
time-to-start-covering-it-better.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WP_some_sites_stable_versions_1-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WP_some_sites_stable_versions_1_71-
0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-
WP_some_sites_stable_versions_1_71-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFBirken2008" class="citation
mailinglist cs1">Birken, P. (December 14, 2008). <a class="external text"
href="https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikide-l/2008-December/
021594.html">"Bericht Gesichtete Versionen"</a>. Wikide-l (Mailing list) (in
German). Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved <span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bericht+Gesichtete+Versionen&rft.p
ub=Wikimedia+Foundation&rft.date=2008-12-
14&rft.aulast=Birken&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Flists.wikimedia.org%2Fpipermail%2Fwikide-l%2F2008-December
</li>
<li id="cite_note-BInsider_pending_changes_intro_1-72"><a href="#cite_ref-BInsider_pending_changes_intro_1_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"
href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2012"
class="citation news cs1">Henderson, William (December 10, 2012). <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/pending-changes-
safeguard-on-wikipedia-2012-12">"Wikipedia Has Figured Out A New Way To Stop
Vandals In Their Tracks"</a>. Business Insider.</cite><span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Wik
ipedia+Has+Figured+Out+A+New+Way+To+Stop+Vandals+In+Their+Tracks&rft.date=2012-
12-10&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fpending-changes-safeguard-on-wikipedia-2012-
</li>
id="CITEREFFrewin2010" class="citation news cs1">Frewin, Jonathan (June 15, 2010).
href="https://www.bbc.com/news/10312095">"Wikipedia unlocks divisive pages for
editing"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+u
nlocks+divisive+pages+for+editing&rft.date=2010-06-
15&rft.aulast=Frewin&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2F10312095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Torsten_Kleinz-75">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-Torsten_Kleinz_75-0">a</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Torsten_Kleinz_75-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFKleinz2005" class="citation news
cs1">Kleinz, Torsten (February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070925220722/http://w3.linux-magazine.com/
issue/51/Wikipedia_Encyclopedia.pdf">"World of Knowledge"</a> (PDF). Linux Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow"
href="http://w3.linux-magazine.com/issue/51/Wikipedia_Encyclopedia.pdf">the
original</a> (PDF) on September 25, 2007. Retrieved July 13,
2007. <q>The Wikipedia's open structure makes it a target for trolls and
vandals who malevolently add incorrect information to articles, get other people
tied up in endless discussions, and generally do everything to draw attention to
themselves.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linux+Magazine&rft.atitle=World
+of+Knowledge&rft.date=2005-
02&rft.aulast=Kleinz&rft.aufirst=Torsten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.linux-
magazine.com%2Fissue%2F51%2FWikipedia_Encyclopedia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:New_pages_patrol" title="Wikipedia:New pages
patrol">Wikipedia:New pages patrol</a>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FMonday_collaborative_effort_1-77"><a
href="#cite_ref-FMonday_collaborative_effort_1_77-0">^</a> Andrea Ciffolilli, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://firstmonday.org/article/view/1108/1028">"Phantom authority, self-
selective recruitment, and retention of members in virtual communities: The case of
Wikipedia"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161206104747/http://firstmonday.org/article/
view/1108/1028">Archived</a> December 6, 2016, at the <a
href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a
href="/wiki/First_Monday_(journal)" title="First Monday (journal)">First
Monday</a> December 2003.
</li>
<li id="cite_note-upenn_link_spamming_1-78"><a
href="#cite_ref-upenn_link_spamming_1_78-0">^</a> <cite
id="CITEREFWestChangVenkatasubramanianSokolsky2011" class="citation conference
cs1">West, Andrew G.; Chang, Jian; Venkatasubramanian, Krishna; Sokolsky, Oleg;
Lee, Insup (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
article=1508&context=cis_papers">Link Spamming Wikipedia for Profit</a>.
8th Annual Collaboration, Electronic Messaging, Anti-Abuse, and Spam Conference.
pp. 152–161. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi
(identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2030376.2030394">10.1145/2030376.2030394</a>.</
cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Link+Spamming+Wikipedia+for+Profit&
amp;rft.pages=152-161&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi
%2F10.1145%2F2030376.2030394&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Andrew+G.&rft.
au=Chang%2C+Jian&rft.au=Venkatasubramanian%2C+Krishna&rft.au=Sokolsky
%2C+Oleg&rft.au=Lee%2C+Insup&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.upenn.edu%2Fcgi
%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1508%26context%3Dcis_papers&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WP_vandalism_manipulation_1-79"><a href="#cite_ref-WP_vandalism_manipulation_1_79-0">^</a>
<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vandalism"
title="Wikipedia:Vandalism">Vandalism</a>. Wikipedia. Retrieved November 6,
2012.
</li>
<li id="cite_note-MIT_IBM_study-80"><a
href="#cite_ref-MIT_IBM_study_80-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFViégasWattenbergDave2004"
class="citation book cs1">Viégas, Fernanda B.; Wattenberg, Martin; Dave, Kushal
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060125025047/http://alumni.media.mit.edu/
~fviegas/papers/history_flow.pdf">Studying Cooperation and Conflict between
Authors with History Flow Visualizations</a> (PDF). Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human
Factors in Computing Systems (CHI). pp. 575–582. <a
href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi
href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F985921.985953">10.1145/985921.985953</a>. <a
title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58113-702-6"><bdi>978-1-58113-702-6</bdi></a>. <a
href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10351688">10351688</a>. Archived
href="http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~fviegas/papers/history_flow.pdf">the
original</a> (PDF) on January 25, 2006<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studying+Cooperation+and+Conflict+between
+Authors+with+History+Flow+Visualizations&rft.pages=575-
582&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID
%3A10351688%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi
%2F10.1145%2F985921.985953&rft.isbn=978-1-58113-702-6&rft.aulast=Vi
%C3%A9gas&rft.aufirst=Fernanda+B.&rft.au=Wattenberg
%2C+Martin&rft.au=Dave%2C+Kushal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falumni.media.mit.edu
%2F~fviegas%2Fpapers%2Fhistory_flow.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
<li id="cite_note-CreatingDestroyingAndRestoringValue-81"><a
href="#cite_ref-CreatingDestroyingAndRestoringValue_81-0">^</a> Priedhorsky, Reid; Chen, Jilin; Shyong (Tony) K. Lam; Panciera, Katherine;
Terveen, Loren; Riedl, John (November 4, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071025080718/http://www-
users.cs.umn.edu/~reid/papers/group282-priedhorsky.pdf">"Creating, Destroying, and
Restoring Value in Wikipedia"</a> (PDF).
Association for Computing Machinery GROUP '07 Conference Proceedings; GroupLens
Research, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of
Minnesota. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www-users.cs.umn.edu/~reid/papers/group282-priedhorsky.pdf">the
original</a> (PDF) on October 25, 2007. Retrieved October 13,
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Association+for+Computing+Machinery
+GROUP+%2707+Conference+Proceedings%3B+GroupLens+Research
%2C+Department+of+Computer+Science+and+Engineering
%2C+University+of+Minnesota&rft.atitle=Creating%2C+Destroying
%2C+and+Restoring+Value+in+Wikipedia&rft.date=2007-11-
04&rft.aulast=Priedhorsky&rft.aufirst=Reid&rft.au=Chen
%2C+Jilin&rft.au=Shyong+%28Tony%29+K.+Lam&rft.au=Panciera
%2C+Katherine&rft.au=Terveen%2C+Loren&rft.au=Riedl%2C+John&rft_id=http
%3A%2F%2Fwww-users.cs.umn.edu%2F~reid%2Fpapers%2Fgroup282-
priedhorsky.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Seigenthaler-82">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-Seigenthaler_82-0">a</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Seigenthaler_82-1">b</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Seigenthaler_82-2">c</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Seigenthaler_82-3">d</a> <cite id="CITEREFSeigenthaler2005" class="citation
news cs1">Seigenthaler, John (November 29, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2005-11-29-wikipedia-
edit_x.htm">"A False Wikipedia 'biography'"</a>. USA Today<span class="reference-
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=A+False+Wi
kipedia+%27biography%27&rft.date=2005-11-
29&rft.aulast=Seigenthaler&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fopinion%2Feditorials%2F2005-11-29-wikipedia-
edit_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-book_The_World_is_Flat_1-83"><a
href="#cite_ref-book_The_World_is_Flat_1_83-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFriedman2007" class="citation
book cs1">Friedman, Thomas L. (2007). The World is Flat. <a
href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_%26_Giroux" class="mw-redirect" title="Farrar, Straus
& Giroux">Farrar, Straus & Giroux</a>. p. 124. <a
title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-29278-2"><bdi>978-0-374-29278-2</bdi></a>.</
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+is+Flat&rft.pages=124&r
ft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+%26+Giroux&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-374-29278-
2&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
id="CITEREFBuchanan2006" class="citation web cs1">Buchanan, Brian (November 17,
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121221140311/http://archive.firstamendmentcente
r.org/news.aspx?id=17798">"Founder shares cautionary tale of libel in
cyberspace"</a>. archive.firstamendmentcenter.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="http://archive.firstamendmentcenter.org/news.aspx?
id=17798">the original</a> on December 21, 2012.
Retrieved November 17, 2012.</cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Founder+shares+cautionary+tale+of+libe
l+in+cyberspace&rft.pub=archive.firstamendmentcenter.org&rft.date=2006-11-
17&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Farchive.firstamendmentcenter.org%2Fnews.aspx%3Fid%3D17798&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
id="CITEREFHelm2005" class="citation news cs1">Helm, Burt (December 13, 2005). <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120708062333/http://www.businessweek.com/
stories/2005-12-13/wikipedia-a-work-in-progress">"Wikipedia: "A Work in
Progress""</a>. <a href="/wiki/BusinessWeek"
class="mw-redirect" title="BusinessWeek">BusinessWeek</a>. Archived from <a
href="http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2005-12-13/wikipedia-a-work-in-
progress">the original</a> on July 8, 2012.
Retrieved July 26, 2012.</cite><span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BusinessWeek&rft.atitle=Wikiped
ia%3A+%22A+Work+in+Progress%22&rft.date=2005-12-
13&rft.aulast=Helm&rft.aufirst=Burt&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fstories%2F2005-12-13%2Fwikipedia-a-work-in-
progress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-tosh_CC_WP_funny_1-86"><a
href="#cite_ref-tosh_CC_WP_funny_1_86-0">^</a> "Your Wikipedia Entries"</a>. Tosh.0. February 3,
2010. Retrieved September
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tosh.0&rft.atitle=Your+Wikipedi
a+Entries&rft.date=2010-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftosh.comedycentral.com
%2Fblog%2F2010%2F02%2F03%2Fyour-wikipedia-entries&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-tosh_CC_WP_funny_2-87"><a
href="#cite_ref-tosh_CC_WP_funny_2_87-0">^</a> "Wikipedia Updates"</a>. Tosh.0. February 3, 2010. Retrieved September 9,
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tosh.0&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+Upd
ates&rft.date=2010-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftosh.comedycentral.com
%2Fvideo-clips%2Fwikipedia-updates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dispute_Resolution" class="mw-redirect"
title="Wikipedia:Dispute Resolution">Dispute Resolution</a>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NBC_WP_editorial_warzone_12-89"><a href="#cite_ref-NBC_WP_editorial_warzone_12_89-0">^</a>
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFColdewey2012" class="citation
news cs1">Coldewey, Devin (June 21, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://archive.today/20140822010030/http://sys03-public.nbcnews.com/
technology/wikipedia-editorial-warzone-says-study-838793">"Wikipedia is editorial
warzone, says study"</a>. Technology. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC
News">NBC News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://sys03-public.nbcnews.com/technology/wikipedia-editorial-warzone-says-
study-838793">the original</a> on August 22, 2014.</cite><span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+i
s+editorial+warzone%2C+says+study&rft.date=2012-06-
21&rft.aulast=Coldewey&rft.aufirst=Devin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsys03-
public.nbcnews.com%2Ftechnology%2Fwikipedia-editorial-warzone-says-study-
</li>
id="CITEREFKalyanasundaramWeiCarleyHerbsleb2015" class="citation journal
cs1">Kalyanasundaram, Arun; Wei, Wei; Carley, Kathleen M.; Herbsleb, James D.
(December 2015). "An agent-based model of edit wars in Wikipedia: How and when is
consensus reached". 2015 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC). Huntington
Beach, CA, USA: IEEE: 276–287. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect"
title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FWSC.2015.7408171">10.1109/WSC.2015.7408171</a>. <a
(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781467397438"
title="Special:BookSources/9781467397438"><bdi>9781467397438</bdi></a>. <a
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=2015+Winter+Simulation+Conference+
%28WSC%29&rft.atitle=An+agent-based+model+of+edit+wars+in+Wikipedia
%3A+How+and+when+is+consensus+reached&rft.pages=276-287&rft.date=2015-
12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9353425%23id-name
%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi
%2F10.1109%2FWSC.2015.7408171&rft.isbn=9781467397438&rft.aulast=Kalyanasund
aram&rft.aufirst=Arun&rft.au=Wei%2C+Wei&rft.au=Carley
%2C+Kathleen+M.&rft.au=Herbsleb%2C+James+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
id="CITEREFSuhConvertinoChiPirolli2009" class="citation journal cs1">Suh, Bongwon;
Convertino, Gregorio; Chi, Ed H.; Pirolli, Peter (2009). <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?
doid=1641309.1641322">"The singularity is not near: slowing growth of
Wikipedia"</a>. Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open
Collaboration – WikiSym '09. Orlando, Florida: ACM Press: 1. <a
(identifier)">doi</a>:<a
href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1641309.1641322">10.1145/1641309.1641322</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN
title="Special:BookSources/9781605587301"><bdi>9781605587301</bdi></a>.</cite><span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+5th+Internationa
l+Symposium+on+Wikis+and+Open+Collaboration+%E2%80%93+WikiSym+
%2709&rft.atitle=The+singularity+is+not+near
%3A+slowing+growth+of+Wikipedia&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info
%3Adoi
%2F10.1145%2F1641309.1641322&rft.isbn=9781605587301&rft.aulast=Suh&rft.
aufirst=Bongwon&rft.au=Convertino%2C+Gregorio&rft.au=Chi
%2C+Ed+H.&rft.au=Pirolli%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.acm.org
%2Fcitation.cfm%3Fdoid%3D1641309.1641322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
id="CITEREFTorres2016" class="citation news cs1">Torres, Nicole (June 2, 2016). <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hbr.org/2016/06/why-do-so-few-
women-edit-wikipedia">"Why Do So Few Women Edit Wikipedia?"</a>. Harvard
Business Review. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect"
title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0017-8012">0017-8012</a><span class="reference-
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Business+Review&rft.ati
tle=Why+Do+So+Few+Women+Edit+Wikipedia%3F&rft.date=2016-06-
02&rft.issn=0017-
8012&rft.aulast=Torres&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhbr.org
%2F2016%2F06%2Fwhy-do-so-few-women-edit-wikipedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
id="CITEREFBearCollier2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bear, Julia B.; Collier,
Benjamin (March 2016). "Where are the Women in Wikipedia? Understanding the
Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Wikipedia". Sex
Roles. 74 (5–6): 254–265. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-
href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11199-015-0573-y">10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y</a>.
<a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN
(identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0360-0025">0360-0025</a>. <a
href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146452625">146452625</a>.</
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sex+Roles&rft.atitle=Where+are+
the+Women+in+Wikipedia
%3F+Understanding+the+Different+Psychological+Experiences+of+Men+and+Women+in+Wikip
edia&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936&rft.pages=254-
265&rft.date=2016-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org
%2FCorpusID%3A146452625%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0360-0025&rft_id=info
%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11199-015-0573-
y&rft.aulast=Bear&rft.aufirst=Julia+B.&rft.au=Collier
%2C+Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-pcworld_who's_behind_WP-94"><a href="#cite_ref-pcworld_who's_behind_WP_94-0">^</a>
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080209110303/http://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/
index.php/id%3B1866322157%3Bfp%3B2%3Bfpid%3B2">"Who's behind Wikipedia?"</a>. PC
World. February 6, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/index.php/id;1866322157;fp;2;fpid;2">the
original</a> on February 9, 2008. Retrieved
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PC+World&rft.atitle=Who
%27s+behind+Wikipedia%3F&rft.date=2008-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.pcworld.idg.com.au%2Findex.php%2Fid%3B1866322157%3Bfp%3B2%3Bfpid
%3B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WP_content_policy_1-95"><a
href="#cite_ref-WP_content_policy_1_95-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What
Wikipedia is not">What Wikipedia is not</a>. Retrieved April 1, 2010. "Wikipedia is
not a dictionary, usage, or jargon guide."
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WP_notability_guide_1-96"><a
href="#cite_ref-WP_notability_guide_1_96-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability"
title="Wikipedia:Notability">Notability</a>. Retrieved February 13, 2008. "A topic
is presumed to be notable if it has received significant coverage in reliable
secondary sources that are independent of the subject."
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NOR-97"><a href="#cite_ref-
NOR_97-0">^</a> <a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original
research">No original research</a>. February 13, 2008. "Wikipedia does not publish
original thought."
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WP_Verifiability_policy_1-98"><a href="#cite_ref-WP_Verifiability_policy_1_98-0">^</a>
<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"
title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verifiability</a>. February 13, 2008. "Material
challenged or likely to be challenged, and all quotations must be attributed to a
reliable, published source."
</li>
<li id="cite_note-IHT_WP_valid_info_wrong_removable_1-99"><a
href="#cite_ref-IHT_WP_valid_info_wrong_removable_1_99-0">^</a> Cohen, Noam (August 9, 2011). "For inclusive mission, Wikipedia is told that
written word goes only so far". <a href="/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune"
title="International Herald Tribune">International Herald Tribune</a>.
p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt
%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&rf
t.atitle=For+inclusive+mission
%2C+Wikipedia+is+told+that+written+word+goes+only+so+far&rft.pages=18&rft.d
ate=2011-08-09&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Noam&rfr_id=info%3Asid
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"> (subscription required)
</li>
<li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-100"><a
href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_100-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral
point of view">Neutral point of view</a>. February 13, 2008. "All Wikipedia
articles and other encyclopedic content must be written from a neutral point of
view, representing significant views fairly, proportionately and without
bias."
</li>
101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-
inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite
id="CITEREFSanger2005" class="citation web cs1">Sanger, Larry (April 18, 2005). <a
href="http://features.slashdot.org/story/05/04/18/164213/the-early-history-of-
nupedia-and-wikipedia-a-memoir">"The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A
Memoir"</a>. Slashdot. Dice.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slashdot&rft.atitle=The+Early+H
istory+of+Nupedia+and+Wikipedia%3A+A+Memoir&rft.date=2005-04-
%2Ffeatures.slashdot.org%2Fstory%2F05%2F04%2F18%2F164213%2Fthe-early-history-of-
nupedia-and-wikipedia-a-memoir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
id="CITEREFKostakis2010" class="citation journal cs1">Kostakis, Vasilis (March
href="http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2613/2479">"Identifying
and understanding the problems of Wikipedia's peer governance: The case of
inclusionists versus deletionists"</a>. First Monday. 15
(3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev
%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=First+Monday&rft.atitle=Identif
ying+and+understanding+the+problems+of+Wikipedia%27s+peer+governance
%3A+The+case+of+inclusionists+versus+deletionists&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3
&rft.date=2010-
03&rft.aulast=Kostakis&rft.aufirst=Vasilis&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Ffirstmonday.org%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Ffm%2Farticle%2Fview
%2F2613%2F2479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
103">^</a> <a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ownership_of_articles" class="mw-redirect"
title="Wikipedia:Ownership of articles">Ownership of articles</a>
</li>
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators"
title="Wikipedia:Administrators">Wikipedia:Administrators</a>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-David_Mehegan-105"><a
href="#cite_ref-David_Mehegan_105-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMehegan2006" class="citation news
cs1">Mehegan, David (February 13, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.boston.com/business/technology/articles/2006/02/13/
many_contributors_common_cause">"Many contributors, common cause"</a>. Boston
Globe. Retrieved March
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Many+co
ntributors%2C+common+cause&rft.date=2006-02-
13&rft.aulast=Mehegan&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fbusiness%2Ftechnology%2Farticles
%2F2006%2F02%2F13%2Fmany_contributors_common_cause&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web
cs1"><a class="external text"
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators#Administrator_conduct"
>"Wikipedia:Administrators"</a>. October 3, 2018. Retrieved July 12,
%3AAdministrators&rft.date=2018-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%2Fwiki%2FWikipedia%3AAdministrators%23Administrator_conduct&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:RfA_Review/Reflect">"Wikipedia:RfA_Re
view/Reflect"</a>. January 22, 2017. Retrieved
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wikipedia%3ARfA_Review
%2FReflect&rft.date=2017-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki
%2FWikipedia%3ARfA_Review%2FReflect&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2012"
class="citation web cs1">Meyer, Robinson (July 16, 2012). <a rel="nofollow"
href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/3-charts-that-show-
how-wikipedia-is-running-out-of-admins/259829">"3 Charts That Show How Wikipedia Is
Running Out of Admins"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The
Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. Retrieved September 2, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=3+Chart
s+That+Show+How+Wikipedia+Is+Running+Out+of+Admins&rft.date=2012-07-
16&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Robinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Ftechnology%2Farchive%2F2012%2F07%2F3-charts-that-show-how-
wikipedia-is-running-out-of-admins%2F259829&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-emory_disputes_handled_1-110"><a href="#cite_ref-emory_disputes_handled_1_110-0">^</a>
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHoffmanMehra2009" class="citation
journal cs1">Hoffman, David A.; Mehra, Salil K. (2009). "Wikitruth through
Wikiorder". Emory Law Journal. 59 (1): 181. <a
href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN
(identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="//ssrn.com/abstract=1354424">1354424</a>.</cite><span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emory+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Wi
kitruth+through+Wikiorder&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=181&r
ft.date=2009&rft_id=%2F%2Fssrn.com%2Fabstract%3D1354424%23id-name
%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft.au=Mehra
%2C+Salil+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
id="CITEREFHoffmanMehra2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hoffman, David A.; Mehra,
Salil K. (2009). "Wikitruth through Wikiorder". <a
href="/wiki/Emory_Law_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Emory Law Journal">Emory
Law Journal</a>. 59 (1): 151–210. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)"
class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emory+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Wi
kitruth+through+Wikiorder&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=151-
210&rft.date=2009&rft_id=%2F%2Fssrn.com%2Fabstract%3D1354424%23id-name
%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft.au=Mehra
%2C+Salil+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
id="CITEREFViégasWattenbergKrissvan_Ham2007" class="citation web cs1"><a
href="/wiki/Fernanda_B._Vi%C3%A9gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernanda B.
Viégas">Viégas, Fernanda B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Martin_M._Wattenberg" title="Martin
M. Wattenberg">Wattenberg, Martin M.</a>; Kriss, Jesse; van Ham, Frank (January 3,
href="http://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/wikipedia_coordination_final.pdf">"
Talk Before You Type: Coordination in Wikipedia"</a> (PDF). Visual Communication Lab, <a href="/wiki/IBM_Research"
title="IBM Research">IBM Research</a>. Retrieved
June 27, 2008.</cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Talk+Before+You+Type
%3A+Coordination+in+Wikipedia&rft.pub=Visual+Communication+Lab
%2C+IBM+Research&rft.date=2007-01-03&rft.aulast=Vi
%C3%A9gas&rft.aufirst=Fernanda+B.&rft.au=Wattenberg
%2C+Martin+M.&rft.au=Kriss%2C+Jesse&rft.au=van+Ham%2C+Frank&rft_id=http
%3A%2F%2Fwww.research.ibm.com%2Fvisual%2Fpapers
%2Fwikipedia_coordination_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
id="CITEREFArthur2005" class="citation news cs1">Arthur, Charles (December 15,
href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/dec/15/wikipedia.web20">"Log on
and join in, but beware the web cults"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian"
title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London<span class="reference-
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Log+on+
and+join+in%2C+but+beware+the+web+cults&rft.date=2005-12-
15&rft.aulast=Arthur&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2005%2Fdec
%2F15%2Fwikipedia.web20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
id="CITEREFLu_Stout2003" class="citation news cs1">Lu Stout, Kristie (August 4,
href="http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/internet/08/03/wikipedia/index.html">"Wikipedia:
The know-it-all Web site"</a>. CNN. Retrieved
December 26, 2008.</cite><span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wikipedia%3A+The+know-it-
all+Web+site&rft.date=2003-08-
04&rft.aulast=Lu+Stout&rft.aufirst=Kristie&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2003%2FTECH%2Finternet%2F08%2F03%2Fwikipedia
%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
id="CITEREFSanger2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Sanger"
title="Larry Sanger">Sanger, Larry</a> (December 31, 2004). <a rel="nofollow"
href="http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25">"Why Wikipedia Must
Jettison Its Anti-Elitism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kuro5hin"
title="Kuro5hin">Kuro5hin</a>, Op–Ed. <q>There is a certain mindset associated
with unmoderated Usenet groups [...] that infects the collectively-managed
Wikipedia project: if you react strongly to trolling, that reflects poorly on you,
not (necessarily) on the troll. If you [...] demand that something be done about
constant disruption by trollish behavior, the other listmembers will cry
"censorship", attack you, and even come to the defense of the troll. [...] The root
problem: anti-elitism, or lack of respect for expertise. There is a deeper problem
[...] which explains both of the above-elaborated problems. Namely, as a community,
Wikipedia lacks the habit or tradition of respect for expertise. As a community,
far from being elitist, it is anti-elitist (which, in this context, means that
expertise is not accorded any special respect, and snubs and disrespect of
expertise are tolerated). This is one of my failures: a policy that I attempted to
institute in Wikipedia's first year, but for which I did not muster adequate
support, was the policy of respecting and deferring politely to experts. (Those who
were there will, I hope, remember that I tried very hard.)</q></cite><span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kuro5hin%2C+Op
%E2%80%93Ed&rft.atitle=Why+Wikipedia+Must+Jettison+Its+Anti-
Elitism&rft.date=2004-12-
%2Fwww.kuro5hin.org%2Fstory%2F2004%2F12%2F30%2F142458%2F25&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
id="CITEREFKripleanBeschastnikhMcDonald2008" class="citation book cs1">Kriplean TK,
Beschastnikh I, McDonald DW (2008). "Articulations of wikiwork". Articulations
of wikiwork: uncovering valued work in Wikipedia through barnstars. Proceedings
of the ACM. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect"
%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Articulations+of+wikiwork&rft.bti
tle=Articulations+of+wikiwork
%3A+uncovering+valued+work+in+Wikipedia+through+barnstars&rft.pages=47&rft.
pub=Proceedings+of+the+ACM&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7164949%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info
%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1460563.1460573&rft.isbn=978-1-60558-007-
4&rft.aulast=Kriplean&rft.aufirst=Travis+Kriplean&rft.au=Beschastnikh
%2C+Ivan&rft.au=McDonald%2C+David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"> (Subscription required.)
</li>
<li id="cite_note-user_identification-117"><a
href="#cite_ref-user_identification_117-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGoodwin2009" class="citation web
cs1">Goodwin, Jean (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091122202231/http://www.public.iastate.edu/
~goodwin/pubs/goodwinwikipedia.pdf">"The Authority of Wikipedia"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~goodwin/pubs/goodwinwikipedia.pdf">the
original</a> (PDF) on November 22, 2009. <q>Wikipedia's commitment to anonymity/pseudonymity thus imposes a
sort of epistemic agnosticism on its readers</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Authority+of+Wikipedia&rft.dat
e=2009&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.public.iastate.edu%2F~goodwin%2Fpubs%2Fgoodwinwikipedia.pdf&rfr_id=info
</li>
id="CITEREFKittur2007" class="citation book cs1">Kittur, Aniket (2007). "Power of
the Few vs. Wisdom of the Crowd: Wikipedia and the Rise of the Bourgeoisie". CHI
'07: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing
Systems. Viktoria Institute. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-
redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> 10.1.1.212.8218</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Power+of+the+Few+vs.
+Wisdom+of+the+Crowd
%3A+Wikipedia+and+the+Rise+of+the+Bourgeoisie&rft.btitle=CHI+
%2707%3A+Proceedings+of+the+SIGCHI+Conference+on+Human+Factors+in+Computing+Systems
&rft.pub=Viktoria+Institute&rft.date=2007&rft_id=%2F
%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.212.8218%23id-name
%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Kittur&rft.aufirst=Aniket&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-blodget-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-
blodget_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blodget_119-
1">b</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-blodget_119-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFBlodget2009" class="citation news
cs1">Blodget, Henry (January 3, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.businessinsider.com/2009/1/who-the-hell-writes-wikipedia-
anyway">"Who The Hell Writes Wikipedia, Anyway?"</a>. Business
Insider.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Who
+The+Hell+Writes+Wikipedia%2C+Anyway%3F&rft.date=2009-01-
03&rft.aulast=Blodget&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2F2009%2F1%2Fwho-the-hell-writes-wikipedia-
anyway&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
id="CITEREFWilson2008" class="citation news cs1">Wilson, Chris (February 22, 2008).
<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2184487">"The
Wisdom of the Chaperones"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate
(magazine)">Slate</a>. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=The+Wisdom+of+
the+Chaperones&rft.date=2008-02-
22&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fid%2F2184487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
id="CITEREFSwartz2006" class="citation web cs1">Swartz, Aaron (September 4, 2006).
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140803134036/http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/
whowriteswikipedia">"Raw Thought: Who Writes Wikipedia?"</a>. Archived from <a
href="http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/whowriteswikipedia">the original</a> on August
3, 2014. Retrieved February
%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Raw+Thought
%3A+Who+Writes+Wikipedia%3F&rft.date=2006-09-
04&rft.aulast=Swartz&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.aaronsw.com%2Fweblog%2Fwhowriteswikipedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-labor_squeeze_on_WP_1-122">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-labor_squeeze_on_WP_1_122-0">a</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-labor_squeeze_on_WP_1_122-1">b</a>
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFGoldman,_Eric" class="citation
journal cs1">Goldman, Eric. "Wikipedia's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences".
Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law. 8.</cite><span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+on+Telecommunications+and+H
igh+Technology+Law&rft.atitle=Wikipedia
%27s+Labor+Squeeze+and+its+Consequences&rft.volume=8&rft.au=Goldman
%2C+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-legal_edu_and_WP_1-123"><a
href="#cite_ref-legal_edu_and_WP_1_123-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNoveck,_Beth_Simone"
class="citation journal cs1">Noveck, Beth Simone. "Wikipedia and the Future of
Legal Education". Journal of Legal Education. 57.</cite><span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Legal+Education&rft.
atitle=Wikipedia+and+the+Future+of+Legal+Education&rft.volume=57&rft.au=Nov
eck%2C+Beth+Simone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-sciam_good_samaritans_1-124"><a
href="#cite_ref-sciam_good_samaritans_1_124-0">^</a> "Wikipedia "Good Samaritans" Are on the Money"</a>. Scientific
American. October 19, 2007. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=
Wikipedia+%22Good+Samaritans%22+Are+on+the+Money&rft.date=2007-10-
19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciam.com%2Farticle.cfm%3Fid%3Dgood-samaritans-are-
on-the-money&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-liebertonline_view_on_WP_users_1-125"><a
href="#cite_ref-liebertonline_view_on_WP_users_1_125-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAmichai-
HamburgerLamdanMadielHayat2008" class="citation journal cs1">Amichai-Hamburger,
Yair; Lamdan, Naama; Madiel, Rinat; Hayat, Tsahi (2008). "Personality
Characteristics of Wikipedia Members". CyberPsychology & Behavior.
11 (6): 679–681. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect"
href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fcpb.2007.0225">10.1089/cpb.2007.0225</a>. <a
href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID
(identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18954273">18954273</a>.</cite><span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CyberPsychology+
%26+Behavior&rft.atitle=Personality+Characteristics+of+Wikipedia+Members&rf
t.volume=11&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=679-681&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info
%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fcpb.2007.0225&rft_id=info%3Apmid
%2F18954273&rft.aulast=Amichai-Hamburger&rft.aufirst=Yair&rft.au=Lamdan
%2C+Naama&rft.au=Madiel%2C+Rinat&rft.au=Hayat%2C+Tsahi&rfr_id=info
</li>
<li id="cite_note-newscientist_view_on_WP_users_1-126"><a href="#cite_ref-newscientist_view_on_WP_users_1_126-0">^</a></
href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a
href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20126883.900-wikipedians-are-closed-
and-disagreeable.html">"Wikipedians are 'closed' and 'disagreeable'"</a>. New Scientist.
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Wikipe
dians+are+%27closed%27+and+%27disagreeable%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg20126883.900-wikipedians-are-closed-and-
disagreeable.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
class="Z3988"> (Subscription required.)
</li>
cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/unique-everybody-else/201303/the-
misunderstood-personality-profile-wikipedia-members">"The Misunderstood Personality
Profile of Wikipedia Members"</a>. psychologytoday.com. Retrieved June 5,
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=psychologytoday.com&rft.atitle=
The+Misunderstood+Personality+Profile+of+Wikipedia+Members&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.psychologytoday.com%2Fblog%2Funique-everybody-else%2F201303%2Fthe-
misunderstood-personality-profile-wikipedia-members&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-newscientist_WP_boom_to_bust_1-128"><a
href="#cite_ref-newscientist_WP_boom_to_bust_1_128-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGiles2009" class="citation web
cs1">Giles, Jim (August 4, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17554-after-the-boom-is-wikipedia-
heading-for-bust.html">"After the boom, is Wikipedia heading for bust?"</a>. New
Scientist.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=After+
the+boom%2C+is+Wikipedia+heading+for+bust%3F&rft.date=2009-08-
04&rft.aulast=Giles&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn17554-after-the-boom-is-wikipedia-heading-
for-bust.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFCohen"
class="citation news cs1">Cohen, Noam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/31/business/media/31link.html?_r=0">"Define
Gender Gap? Look Up Wikipedia's Contributor List"</a>. The New York
Times. Retrieved October 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=D
efine+Gender+Gap%3F+Look+Up+Wikipedia
%27s+Contributor+List&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft_id=https%3A
%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F01%2F31%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2F31link.html%3F_r
%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news
href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ocad-to-storm-wikipedia-this-fall-
1.1412807">"OCAD to 'Storm Wikipedia' this fall"</a>. CBC News. August 27,
2013. Retrieved August
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=OCAD+to+
%27Storm+Wikipedia%27+this+fall&rft.date=2013-08-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Ftoronto%2Focad-to-storm-wikipedia-this-fall-
1.1412807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
131">^</a> Dimitra Kessenides (December 26,
2017). <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a>
Weekly, "Is Wikipedia 'Woke'". p. 73.
</li>
<li id="cite_note-memeb-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-
memeb_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-memeb_132-
href="https://memeburn.com/2018/06/wikipedia-wikimania-africa-numbers/">"The
startling numbers behind Africa's Wikipedia knowledge gaps"</a>.
memeburn.com. June 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=memeburn.com&rft.atitle=The+sta
rtling+numbers+behind+Africa%27s+Wikipedia+knowledge+gaps&rft.date=2018-06-
21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmemeburn.com%2F2018%2F06%2Fwikipedia-wikimania-africa-
numbers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-meta.wikimedia-133"><a
href="#cite_ref-meta.wikimedia_133-0">^</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#1+_articles"
class="extiw" title="m:List of Wikipedias">List of Wikipedias—Meta</a>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WP_list_of_WPs_by_article_1-134"><a href="#cite_ref-WP_list_of_WPs_by_article_1_134-0">^</a>
text"
href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_
number_of_articles">"Wikipedia:List of Wikipedias"</a>. English Wikipedia
<li id="cite_note-ListOfWikipedias-135"><a
href="#cite_ref-ListOfWikipedias_135-0">^</a> "Statistics"</a>. <a
href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English Wikipedia</a>.
October 4, 2018. Retrieved June 21, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics&rft.pub=English+Wikiped
ia&rft.date=2018-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki
%2FSpecial%3AStatistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WP_list_of_WPs_1-136"><a
href="#cite_ref-WP_list_of_WPs_1_136-0">^</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias" class="extiw"
title="meta:List of Wikipedias">List of Wikipedias</a>
</li>
137">^</a> <a class="external text"
href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipedia_page_views_by_language_over
_time.png">File:Wikipedia page views by language over time.png</a>, on Wikimedia
Commons, based on Wikimedia's official API.
</li>
href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_
number_of_articles">"List of Wikipedias"</a>. Wikimedia Meta-Wiki<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wikimedia+Meta-
Wiki&rft.atitle=List+of+Wikipedias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeta.wikimedia.org
%2Fwiki%2FList_of_Wikipedias
%23All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WP_spelling_MOS_1-139"><a
href="#cite_ref-WP_spelling_MOS_1_139-0">^</a> "Spelling"<
/a>. Manual of Style. Wikipedia. September 26, 2018. Retrieved May 19,
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manual+of+Style&rft.atitle=Spel
ling&rft.date=2018-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki
%2FWikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FSpelling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WP_countering_bias_1-140"><a
href="#cite_ref-WP_countering_bias_1_140-0">^</a> "Countering systemic bias"</a>. July 15, 2018.
Retrieved May 19, 2007.</cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Countering+systemic+bias&rft.date=
2018-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWikipedia
%3AWikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WP_meta_fair_use_1-141"><a
href="#cite_ref-WP_meta_fair_use_1_141-0">^</a> "Fair use"</a>. Meta-
Wiki. Retrieved July
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fair+use&rft.pub=Meta-
Wiki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeta.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFair_use&rfr_id=info
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WP_meta_WP_images_1-142"><a
href="#cite_ref-WP_meta_WP_images_1_142-0">^</a> "Images on
Wikipedia"</a>. Retrieved July 14, 2007.</cite>
<li id="cite_note-IBM_visual_WP_1-143"><a
href="#cite_ref-IBM_visual_WP_1_143-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFViégas2007" class="citation
journal cs1">Viégas, Fernanda B. (January 3, 2007). <a rel="nofollow"
href="http://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/viegas_hicss_visual_wikipedia.pdf">
"The Visual Side of Wikipedia"</a> (PDF). Visual
Communication Lab, IBM Research. Retrieved
October 30, 2007.</cite><span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Visual+Communication+Lab
%2C+IBM+Research&rft.atitle=The+Visual+Side+of+Wikipedia&rft.date=2007-01-
03&rft.aulast=Vi%C3%A9gas&rft.aufirst=Fernanda+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.research.ibm.com%2Fvisual%2Fpapers
%2Fviegas_hicss_visual_wikipedia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WP_Wales_free_multi-lingual_encyclopedia-144"><a href="#cite_ref-WP_Wales_free_multi-lingual_encyclopedia_144-
0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales"
title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a>, <a
href="https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2005-March/020469.html"
class="extiw" title="mailarchive:wikipedia-l/2005-March/020469.html">"Wikipedia is
an encyclopedia"</a>, March 8, 2005, <[email protected]>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WP_metawiki_maintenance_1-145"><a href="#cite_ref-WP_metawiki_maintenance_1_145-0">^</a>
text" href="https://meta.wikimedia.org">"Meta-Wiki"</a>. Wikimedia Foundation
<li id="cite_note-WP_meta_stats_1-146"><a
href="#cite_ref-WP_meta_stats_1_146-0">^</a> "Meta-Wiki Statistics"</a>.
Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved 
<li id="cite_note-WP_meta_articles_on_all_sites_1-147"><a href="#cite_ref-WP_meta_articles_on_all_sites_1_147-0">^</a></
href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_articles_every_Wikipedia_should_have"
>"List of articles every Wikipedia should have"</a>. Wikimedia Foundation<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+articles+every+Wikipedia+shoul
d+have&rft.pub=Wikimedia+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeta.wikimedia.org
%2Fwiki%2FList_of_articles_every_Wikipedia_should_have&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PLoS_One_2012-148">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-PLoS_One_2012_148-0">a</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-PLoS_One_2012_148-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFYasseriSumiKertész2012"
class="citation journal cs1">Yasseri, Taha; Sumi, Robert; <a href="/wiki/J
%C3%A1nos_Kert%C3%A9sz" title="János Kertész">Kertész, János</a> (January 17,
href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3260192">"Circadian Patterns of
Wikipedia Editorial Activity: A Demographic Analysis"</a>. <a
href="/wiki/PLOS_One" title="PLOS One">PLOS One</a>. 7 (1): e30091. <a
href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv
(identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a
href="//arxiv.org/abs/1109.1746">1109.1746</a>. <a
href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode
(identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...730091Y">2012PLoSO...730091Y</
a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi
href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0030091">10.1371/journal.pone.0030091<
/a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC
(identifier)">PMC</a> <a
href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3260192">3260192</a>. <a
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+One&rft.atitle=Circadian+P
atterns+of+Wikipedia+Editorial+Activity
%3A+A+Demographic+Analysis&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e30091&am
p;rft.date=2012-01-17&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles
%2FPMC3260192%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode
%2F2012PLoSO...730091Y&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1109.1746&rft_id=info%3Apmid
%2F22272279&rft_id=info%3Adoi
%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0030091&rft.aulast=Yasseri&rft.aufirst=Taha&r
ft.au=Sumi%2C+Robert&rft.au=Kert%C3%A9sz%2C+J%C3%A1nos&rft_id=%2F
%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3260192&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WP_auto-translations_rules_1-149"><a
href="#cite_ref-WP_auto-translations_rules_1_149-0">^</a> "Wikipedia:
Translation"</a>. English Wikipedia. September 27, 2018. Retrieved February 3,
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=English+Wikipedia&rft.atitle=Wi
kipedia%3A+Translation&rft.date=2018-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWikipedia%3ATranslation&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-economist1-150">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-economist1_150-0">a</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-economist1_150-1">b</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-economist1_150-2">c</a> "The future of
Wikipedia: WikiPeaks?"</a>. The Economist. March 1, 2014<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+fu
ture+of+Wikipedia%3A+WikiPeaks%3F&rft.date=2014-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Finternational%2F21597959-popular-online-encyclopedia-
must-work-out-what-next-wikipeaks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
151">^</a> Andrew Lih. Wikipedia.
Alternative edit policies at Wikipedia in other languages.
</li>
<li id="cite_note-bureaucracy-152"><a
href="#cite_ref-bureaucracy_152-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJemielniak2014" class="citation
magazine cs1">Jemielniak, Dariusz (June 22, 2014). <a rel="nofollow"
href="http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2014/06/
wikipedia_s_bureaucracy_problem_and_how_to_fix_it.html">"The Unbearable Bureaucracy
of Wikipedia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate
(magazine)">Slate</a>. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=The+Unbearable
+Bureaucracy+of+Wikipedia&rft.date=2014-06-
22&rft.aulast=Jemielniak&rft.aufirst=Dariusz&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Ftechnology%2Ffuture_tense
%2F2014%2F06%2Fwikipedia_s_bureaucracy_problem_and_how_to_fix_it.html&rfr_id=in
fo%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988">
</li>
153">^</a> D. Jemielniak, Common
Knowledge, Stanford University Press, 2014.
</li>
<li id="cite_note-EdwinBlack-154">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-EdwinBlack_154-0">a</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-EdwinBlack_154-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Black" title="Edwin Black">Black,
Edwin</a> (April 19, 2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://historynewsnetwork.org/article/125437">Wikipedia – The Dumbing
Down of World Knowledge</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160909210831/http://historynewsnetwork.org/
article/125437">Archived</a> September 9, 2016, at the <a
href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a
href="/wiki/History_News_Network" title="History News Network">History News
Network</a> Retrieved October 21, 2014
</li>
155">^</a> Messer-Kruse, Timothy (February
12, 2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://chronicle.com/article/The-Undue-Weight-of-Truth-on/130704/">The 'Undue
Weight' of Truth on Wikipedia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161218162359/http://chronicle.com/article/The-
Undue-Weight-of-Truth-on/130704/">Archived</a> December 18, 2016, at the <a
href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a
href="/wiki/The_Chronicle_of_Higher_Education" title="The Chronicle of Higher
Education">The Chronicle of Higher Education</a> Retrieved March 27,
2014
</li>
156">^</a> Colón-Aguirre, Monica &
Fleming-May, Rachel A. (October 11, 2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://faculty.washington.edu/jwj/lis521/colon%20wikipedia.pdf">"You Just
Type in What You Are Looking For": Undergraduates' Use of Library Resources vs.
Wikipedia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160419031904/http://faculty.washington.edu/
jwj/lis521/colon%20wikipedia.pdf">Archived</a> April 19, 2016, at the <a
href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (p. 392)
<a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Academic_Librarianship" title="The Journal of
Academic Librarianship">The Journal of Academic Librarianship</a> Retrieved
March 27, 2014
</li>
157">^</a> Bowling Green News (February 27,
2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.bgsu.edu/news/2012/02/wikipedia-experience-sparks-national-
debate.html">Wikipedia experience sparks national debate</a> <a rel="nofollow"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827120800/http://www.bgsu.edu/news/2012/02/
wikipedia-experience-sparks-national-debate.html">Archived</a> August 27, 2016, at
the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a
href="/wiki/Bowling_Green_State_University" title="Bowling Green State
University">Bowling Green State University</a> Retrieved March 27, 2014
</li>
<li id="cite_note-okw-158"><a href="#cite_ref-
okw_158-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110814104256/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/
comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article2267665.ece">Wisdom? "More like
dumbness of the crowds". Oliver Kamm. Times Online (archive version 2011-08-14)</a>
(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://oliverkamm.typepad.com/blog/2007/08/wisdom-more-lik.html">Author's own
copy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160905131644/http://oliverkamm.typepad.com/
blog/2007/08/wisdom-more-lik.html">Archived</a> September 5, 2016, at the <a
href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Petrilli-159"><a
href="#cite_ref-Petrilli_159-0">^</a> J.
Petrilli, Michael (Spring 2008/Vol. 8, No. 2) <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="http://educationnext.org/wikipedia-or-wickedpedia/">Wikipedia or
Wickedpedia?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161121024654/http://educationnext.org/
wikipedia-or-wickedpedia/">Archived</a> November 21, 2016, at the <a
href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Education_Next" class="mw-redirect" title="Education Next">Education
Next</a> Retrieved October 22, 2014
</li>
<li id="cite_note-wwplagiarism-160"><a
href="#cite_ref-wwplagiarism_160-0">^</a> "Plagiarism by Wikipedia editors"</a>. Wikipedia Watch. October 27,
2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.wikipedia-watch.org/psamples.html">the original</a> on November
25, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt
%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plagiarism+by+Wikipedia+editors&rf
t.pub=Wikipedia+Watch&rft.date=2006-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.wikipedia-watch.org%2Fpsamples.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
href="http://archive.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2005/12/69844">"Wikipedia,
Britannica: A Toss-Up"</a>. Wired. Associated Press. December 15, 2005. Retrieved August 8,
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Wikipedia
%2C+Britannica%3A+A+Toss-Up&rft.date=2005-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Farchive.wired.com%2Fculture%2Flifestyle%2Fnews
%2F2005%2F12%2F69844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-GilesJ2005Internet-162"><a
href="#cite_ref-GilesJ2005Internet_162-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGiles2005" class="citation
journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Giles_(reporter)" title="Jim Giles
(reporter)">Giles, Jim</a> (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F438900a">"Internet encyclopedias go head to
head"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature
(journal)">Nature</a>. 438 (7070): 900–901. <a
href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.438..900G">2005Natur.438..900G</
(identifier)">doi</a>:<a
href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F438900a">10.1038/438900a</a>. <a
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Internet+ency
clopedias+go+head+to+head&rft.volume=438&rft.issue=7070&rft.pages=900-
901&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16355180&rft_id=info%3Adoi
%2F10.1038%2F438900a&rft_id=info%3Abibcode
%2F2005Natur.438..900G&rft.aulast=Giles&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=%2F
%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F438900a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"> (subscription required)
Note: The study was cited in several news articles; e.g.:
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4530930.stm">"Wikipedia survives
research test"</a>. BBC News. December 15, 2005.</cite><span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+s
urvives+research+test&rft.date=2005-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Ftechnology%2F4530930.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"></li></ul>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Reagle,_pp._165–166-163"><a
href="#cite_ref-Reagle,_pp._165–166_163-0">^</a> Reagle, pp. 165–166.
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Orlowski2005-164"><a
href="#cite_ref-Orlowski2005_164-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFOrlowski2005" class="citation
news cs1">Orlowski, Andrew (December 16, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text"
href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/12/16/wikipedia_britannica_science_compari
son/">"Wikipedia science 31% more cronky than Britannica's Excellent for Klingon
science, though"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The
Register</a>. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Wikiped
ia+science+31%25+more+cronky+than+Britannica%27s+Excellent+for+Klingon+science
%2C+though&rft.date=2005-12-
16&rft.aulast=Orlowski&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2005%2F12%2F16%2Fwikipedia_britannica_science_comparison
</li>
<li id="cite_note-corporate.britannica.com-165"><a href="#cite_ref-corporate.britannica.com_165-0">^</a>
<a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://corporate.britannica.com/britannica_nature_response.pdf">Fatally
Flawed: Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal
Nature</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160709053629/http://corporate.britannica.com/
britannica_nature_response.pdf">Archived</a> July 9, 2016, at the <a
href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>,
Encyclopædia Britannica, March 2006
</li>
<li id="cite_note-nature.com_britannica_response_1-166"><a
href="#cite_ref-nature.com_britannica_response_1_166-0">^</a> "Encyclopaedia Britannica and Nature: a response"</a> (PDF). Retrieved <span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica+and+Nature
%3A+a+response&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fpress_releases
%2FBritannica_response.pdf%3Fitem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
<li id="cite_note-nature.com-167"><a
href="#cite_ref-nature.com_167-0">^</a> "Nature's responses to Encyclopaedia Britannica"</a>.
Nature. March 30, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/britannica/index.html">the original</a> on
May 15, 2017. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Nature
%27s+responses+to+Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2006-03-30&rft_id=http
%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fbritannica%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
168">^</a> See author acknowledged comments
in response to the citation of the Nature study, at PLoS ONE, 2014,
"Citation of fundamentally flawed Nature quality 'study' ", In response to
T. Yasseri et al. (2012) Dynamics of Conflicts in Wikipedia, Published June 20,
2012, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi
/a>, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160116210930/http://www.plosone.org/
annotation/listThread.action?root=80078">"Dynamics of Conflicts in Wikipedia"</a>.
href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root%3D80078">the
original</a> on January 16, 2016. Retrieved
July 22, 2014.</cite>, accessed July 21, 2014.
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WP_general_disclaimer_1-169"><a
href="#cite_ref-WP_general_disclaimer_1_169-0">^</a> "Wikipedia:Genera
l disclaimer"</a>. English Wikipedia. September 18, 2018<span class="reference-
%3AGeneral+disclaimer&rft.pub=English+Wikipedia&rft.date=2018-09-
18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWikipedia
%3AGeneral_disclaimer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WikipediaWatch-170"><a
href="#cite_ref-WikipediaWatch_170-0">^</a> Public Information Research, Wikipedia Watch
</li>
<li id="cite_note-pcworld_WP_blunders_1-171"><a
href="#cite_ref-pcworld_WP_blunders_1_171-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRaphel2009" class="citation web
cs1">Raphel, JR (August 26, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.pcworld.com/article/170874/the_15_biggest_wikipedia_blunders.html"
>"The 15 Biggest Wikipedia Blunders"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PC_World" title="PC
World">PC World</a>. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PC+World&rft.atitle=The+15+Bigg
est+Wikipedia+Blunders&rft.date=2009-08-
26&rft.aulast=Raphel&rft.aufirst=JR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcworld.com
%2Farticle%2F170874%2Fthe_15_biggest_wikipedia_blunders.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-tnr_experts_vigilant_in_correcting_WP_1-172"><a href="#cite_ref-tnr_experts_vigilant_in_correcting_WP_1_172-
style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFCowen2008"
class="citation web cs1">Cowen, Tyler (March 14, 2008). <a rel="nofollow"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080318103017/http://www.tnr.com/story.html?
id=82eb5d70-13bd-4086-9ec0-cb0e9e8411b3">"Cooked Books"</a>. The New
Republic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.tnr.com/story.html?id=82eb5d70-13bd-4086-9ec0-cb0e9e8411b3">the
original</a> on March 18, 2008. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=Coo
ked+Books&rft.date=2008-03-
14&rft.aulast=Cowen&rft.aufirst=Tyler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tnr.com
%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3D82eb5d70-13bd-4086-9ec0-cb0e9e8411b3&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-TNY_reliability_issues_1-173"><a href="#cite_ref-TNY_reliability_issues_1_173-0">^</a>
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSchiff2006" class="citation news
cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stacy_Schiff" title="Stacy Schiff">Schiff, Stacy</a> (July 31,
2006). "Know It All". <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The
New Yorker</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Know+
It+All&rft.date=2006-07-
31&rft.aulast=Schiff&rft.aufirst=Stacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-AcademiaAndWikipedia-174"><a
href="#cite_ref-AcademiaAndWikipedia_174-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBoyd2005" class="citation web
cs1">Boyd, Danah (January 4, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060316184224/http://many.corante.com/archives/
2005/01/04/academia_and_wikipedia.php">"Academia and Wikipedia"</a>. Many 2
Many: A Group <a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Weblog</a> on Social Software.
Corante. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://many.corante.com/archives/2005/01/04/academia_and_wikipedia.php">the
original</a> on March 16, 2006. Retrieved December 18, 2008. <q>[The author, Danah Boyd,
describes herself as] an expert on social media[,] [...] a doctoral student in the
School of Information at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"
title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>
[,] and a fellow at the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard
University">Harvard University</a> <a href="/wiki/Berkman_Center_for_Internet_
%26_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkman Center for Internet &
Society">Berkman Center for Internet & Society</a> [at <a
href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law
School</a>.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Many+2+Many
%3A+A+Group+Weblog+on+Social+Software&rft.atitle=Academia+and+Wikipedia&rft
.date=2005-01-04&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Danah&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fmany.corante.com%2Farchives
%2F2005%2F01%2F04%2Facademia_and_wikipedia.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-McHenry_2004-175"><a
href="#cite_ref-McHenry_2004_175-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_McHenry" title="Robert McHenry">Robert McHenry</a>, <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060107210301/http://www.techcentralstation.com/
111504A.html">"The Faith-Based Encyclopedia"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060116022451/http://www.techcentralstation.com/
111504A.html">Archived</a> January 16, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine"
title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/TCS_Daily" title="TCS
Daily">Tech Central Station</a>, November 15, 2004.
</li>
href="https://www.npr.org/2018/04/27/606393983/wikipedia-founder-says-internet-
users-are-adrift-in-the-fake-news-era">"Wikipedia Founder Says Internet Users Are
Adrift In The 'Fake News' Era"</a>. NPR.org. <a rel="nofollow"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180625213220/https://www.npr.org/
2018/04/27/606393983/wikipedia-founder-says-internet-users-are-adrift-in-the-fake-
news-era">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2018<span class="reference-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+Fo
under+Says+Internet+Users+Are+Adrift+In+The+%27Fake+News%27+Era&rft_id=https%3A
%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2018%2F04%2F27%2F606393983%2Fwikipedia-founder-says-internet-
users-are-adrift-in-the-fake-news-era&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
<li id="cite_note-dw-177"><a href="#cite_ref-
dw_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-
cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.de/inside-
wikipedia-attack-of-the-pr-industry/av-17745881">"Inside Wikipedia – Attack of
the PR Industry"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche
Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. June 30, 2014.
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inside+Wikipedia+
%E2%80%93+Attack+of+the+PR+Industry&rft.pub=Deutsche+Welle&rft.date=2014-
06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.de%2Finside-wikipedia-attack-of-the-pr-
industry%2Fav-17745881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-citizendium_WP_trolling_issues_1-178"><a
href="#cite_ref-citizendium_WP_trolling_issues_1_178-0">^</a> "Toward a New Compendium of Knowledge (longer version)"</a>.
Citizendium. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.citizendium.org/essay.html">the original</a> on October 11,
2006. Retrieved October
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Citizendium&rft.atitle=Toward+a
+New+Compendium+of+Knowledge+%28longer+version%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.citizendium.org%2Fessay.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-179">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_179-0">a</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_179-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFElder,_Jeff2014" class="citation
news cs1">Elder, Jeff (June 16, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2014/06/16/wikipedia-strengthens-rules-against-
undisclosed-editing/">"Wikipedia Strengthens Rules Against Undisclosed
Editing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street
Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.ati
tle=Wikipedia+Strengthens+Rules+Against+Undisclosed+Editing&rft.date=2014-06-
16&rft.au=Elder%2C+Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wsj.com%2Fdigits
%2F2014%2F06%2F16%2Fwikipedia-strengthens-rules-against-undisclosed-editing
</li>
<li id="cite_note-DeathByWikipedia-180"><a
href="#cite_ref-DeathByWikipedia_180-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAhrens2006" class="citation news
cs1">Ahrens, Frank (July 9, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/08/
AR2006070800135.html">"Death by Wikipedia: The Kenneth Lay Chronicles"</a>. The
Washington Post. Retrieved <span
Death+by+Wikipedia%3A+The+Kenneth+Lay+Chronicles&rft.date=2006-07-
09&rft.aulast=Ahrens&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle
%2F2006%2F07%2F08%2FAR2006070800135.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
<li id="cite_note-cnet_politicians_and_WP_1-181"><a href="#cite_ref-cnet_politicians_and_WP_1_181-0">^</a>
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFKane,_Margaret2006"
class="citation web cs1">Kane, Margaret (January 30, 2006). <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-6032713-
7.html">"Politicians notice Wikipedia"</a>. CNET<span class="reference-
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=Politicians+not
ice+Wikipedia&rft.date=2006-01-30&rft.au=Kane%2C+Margaret&rft_id=http
%3A%2F%2Fnews.cnet.com%2F8301-10784_3-6032713-7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-msnbc_MS_cash_for_WP_edits_1-182"><a
href="#cite_ref-msnbc_MS_cash_for_WP_edits_1_182-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBergstein,_Brian2007"
class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Bergstein" title="Brian
Bergstein">Bergstein, Brian</a> (January 23, 2007). <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/16775981">"Microsoft offers
cash for Wikipedia edit"</a>. NBC News.
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Microsoft+o
ffers+cash+for+Wikipedia+edit&rft.date=2007-01-23&rft.au=Bergstein
%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2F16775981&rfr_id=info
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Seeing_Corporate_Fingerprints-183"><a
href="#cite_ref-Seeing_Corporate_Fingerprints_183-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHafner2007" class="citation news
cs1">Hafner, Katie (August 19, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/19/technology/19wikipedia.html">"Lifting
Corporate Fingerprints From the Editing of Wikipedia"</a>. The New York
Times. p. 1. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=L
ifting+Corporate+Fingerprints+From+the+Editing+of+Wikipedia&rft.pages=1&rft
.date=2007-08-19&rft.aulast=Hafner&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F08%2F19%2Ftechnology%2F19wikipedia.html&rfr_id=info
</li>
<li id="cite_note-wikiality-184">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-wikiality_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-
wikiality_184-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFColbert2006" class="citation news
cs1">Colbert, Stephen (July 30, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.cc.com/video-clips/z1aahs/the-colbert-report-the-word---
wikiality">"Wikiality"</a>. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wikiality&rft.date=2006-07-
30&rft.aulast=Colbert&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.cc.com%2Fvideo-clips%2Fz1aahs%2Fthe-colbert-report-the-word---
wikiality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Nutshell_in-depth_resources-185"><a href="#cite_ref-Nutshell_in-depth_resources_185-0">^</a>
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFCohenOlson,_Kent2010"
class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Morris; Olson, Kent (2010). <a rel="nofollow"
href="https://archive.org/details/legalre_coh_2010_00_0532/page/32">Legal
Research in a Nutshell</a> (10th ed.). St. Paul, Minnesota: Thomson
Reuters. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://archive.org/details/legalre_coh_2010_00_0532/page/32">32–34</a>. <a
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legal+Research+in+a+Nutshell&rft.plac
e=St.+Paul%2C+Minnesota&rft.pages=32-
34&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Thomson+Reuters&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=
978-0-314-26408-4&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft.au=Olson
%2C+Kent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails
%2Flegalre_coh_2010_00_0532%2Fpage%2F32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WideWorldOfWikipedia-186"><a
href="#cite_ref-WideWorldOfWikipedia_186-0">^</a> "Wide World of Wikipedia"</a>. The Emory Wheel. April
21, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.emorywheel.com/detail.php?n=17902">the original</a> on November 7,
2007. Retrieved October
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Emory+Wheel&rft.atitle=Wide
+World+of+Wikipedia&rft.date=2006-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.emorywheel.com%2Fdetail.php%3Fn%3D17902&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-insidehighered_against_WP_1-187"><a href="#cite_ref-insidehighered_against_WP_1_187-0">^</a>
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFWaters2007" class="citation
journal cs1">Waters, N.L. (2007). "Why you can't cite Wikipedia in my class".
Communications of the ACM. 50 (9): 15. <a
href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX
(identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> 10.1.1.380.4996</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"
class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow"
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.a
title=Why+you+can
%27t+cite+Wikipedia+in+my+class&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=15&
amp;rft.date=2007&rft_id=%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi
%3D10.1.1.380.4996%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%3Adoi
%2F10.1145%2F1284621.1284635&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=N.L.&rfr_id=
info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988">
</li>
<li id="cite_note-insidehighered_wiki_no_cite-188"><a href="#cite_ref-insidehighered_wiki_no_cite_188-0">^</a>
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFJaschik2007" class="citation web
cs1">Jaschik, Scott (January 26, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2007/01/26/wiki">"A Stand Against
Wikipedia"</a>. Inside Higher Ed.
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inside+Higher+Ed&rft.atitle=A+S
tand+Against+Wikipedia&rft.date=2007-01-
26&rft.aulast=Jaschik&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.insidehighered.com%2Fnews%2F2007%2F01%2F26%2Fwiki&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-AWorkInProgress-189"><a
href="#cite_ref-AWorkInProgress_189-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHelm2005" class="citation news
cs1">Helm, Burt (December 14, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120421000522/http://www.businessweek.com/
technology/content/dec2005/tc20051214_441708.htm">"Wikipedia: 'A Work in
Progress'"</a>. Bloomberg BusinessWeek.
href="http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/dec2005/tc20051214_441708.htm"
>the original</a> on April 21, 2012. Retrieved
January 29, 2007.</cite><span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+BusinessWeek&rft.atit
le=Wikipedia%3A+%27A+Work+in+Progress%27&rft.date=2005-12-
14&rft.aulast=Helm&rft.aufirst=Burt&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Ftechnology%2Fcontent
%2Fdec2005%2Ftc20051214_441708.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Jimmy_Wales_don't_cite_WP_1-190"><a href="#cite_ref-Jimmy_Wales_don't_cite_WP_1_190-0">^</a> "Jimmy Wales", Biography Resource Center
Online. (Gale, 2006.)
</li>
<li id="cite_note-thecrimson_wiki_debate-191"><a
href="#cite_ref-thecrimson_wiki_debate_191-0">^</a> Child, Maxwell L., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=517305">"Professors Split on Wiki
Debate"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220125910/http://www.thecrimson.com/
article.aspx?ref=517305">Archived</a> December 20, 2008, at the <a
href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The
Harvard Crimson, February 26, 2007.
</li>
<li id="cite_note-stothart-192"><a
href="#cite_ref-stothart_192-0">^</a> Chloe
Stothart. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?
sectioncode=26&storycode=209408">"Web threatens learning ethos"</a> <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121221140310/http://www.timeshighereducation.co
.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=209408">Archived</a> December 21, 2012,
The Times Higher Education Supplement, 2007, 1799 (June 22), p. 2.
</li>
cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quest-
cdecjournal.it/focus.php?id=403">"Wikishtetl: Commemorating Jewish Communities that
Perished in the Holocaust through the Wikipedia Platform :: Quest CDEC
journal"</a>. www.quest-cdecjournal.it.
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.quest-
cdecjournal.it&rft.atitle=Wikishtetl
%3A+Commemorating+Jewish+Communities+that+Perished+in+the+Holocaust+through+the+Wik
ipedia+Platform+%3A%3A+Quest+CDEC+journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quest-
cdecjournal.it%2Ffocus.php%3Fid%3D403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Julie_Beck_2014-194">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-Julie_Beck_2014_194-0">a</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Julie_Beck_2014_194-1">b</a> Julie Beck. "Doctors' #1 Source for Healthcare Information:
Wikipedia". The Atlantic, March 5, 2014.
</li>
<li id="cite_note-theatlantic.com-195">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-theatlantic.com_195-0">a</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-theatlantic.com_195-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFBeck2014" class="citation
magazine cs1">Beck, Julie (May 7, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/05/can-wikipedia-ever-be-a-
definitive-medical-text/361822/">"Can Wikipedia Ever Be a Definitive Medical
Text?"</a>. The Atlantic. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Can+Wik
ipedia+Ever+Be+a+Definitive+Medical+Text%3F&rft.date=2014-05-
07&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fhealth%2Farchive%2F2014%2F05%2Fcan-wikipedia-ever-be-a-
definitive-medical-text%2F361822%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
id="CITEREFKitturKraut2008" class="citation book cs1">Kittur, Aniket; Kraut, Robert
E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?
doi=10.1.1.546.9900&rep=rep1&type=pdf">"Harnessing the wisdom of crowds in
Wikipedia: quality through coordination"</a> (PDF).
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative
work. New York: ACM. pp. 37–46. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)"
class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?
%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Harnessing+the+wisdom+of+crowds+in+Wi
kipedia
%3A+quality+through+coordination&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+2008+ACM+confere
nce+on+Computer+supported+cooperative+work&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=37-
46&rft.pub=ACM&rft.date=2008&rft_id=%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu
%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.546.9900%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https
%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1184433%23id-name
%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1460563.1460572&rft.isbn=978-1-
60558-007-4&rft.aulast=Kittur&rft.aufirst=Aniket&rft.au=Kraut
%2C+Robert+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fdownload
%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.546.9900%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Rosenzweig-197">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-Rosenzweig_197-0">a</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Rosenzweig_197-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFRosenzweig2006" class="citation
journal cs1">Rosenzweig, Roy (June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100425130754/http://chnm.gmu.edu/essays-on-
history-new-media/essays/?essayid=42">"Can History be Open Source? Wikipedia and
the Future of the Past"</a>. The Journal of American History. 93 (1):
117–146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi
href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR
(identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="//www.jstor.org/stable/4486062">4486062</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow"
href="http://chnm.gmu.edu/essays-on-history-new-media/essays/?essayid=42">the
original</a> on April 25, 2010. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+History&amp
;rft.atitle=Can+History+be+Open+Source
%3F+Wikipedia+and+the+Future+of+the+Past&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=1&rft.
pages=117-146&rft.date=2006-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi
%2F10.2307%2F4486062&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4486062%23id-name
%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rosenzweig&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fchnm.gmu.edu%2Fessays-on-history-new-media%2Fessays%2F%3Fessayid
%3D42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988">
(Center for History and New Media.)
</li>
<li id="cite_note-theregister_Wales_WP_founder_on_quality_1-198"><a href="#cite_ref-theregister_Wales_WP_founder_on_quality_1_198-
style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFOrlowski2005"
class="citation web cs1">Orlowski, Andrew (October 18, 2005). <a rel="nofollow"
href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/10/18/wikipedia_quality_problem/
page2.html">"Wikipedia founder admits to serious quality problems"</a>. The
Register. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Wikiped
ia+founder+admits+to+serious+quality+problems&rft.date=2005-10-
18&rft.aulast=Orlowski&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2005%2F10%2F18%2Fwikipedia_quality_problem
%2Fpage2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-upi_accuracy_1-199"><a
href="#cite_ref-upi_accuracy_1_199-0">^</a> "Cancer
information on Wikipedia is accurate, but not very readable, study finds"</a>.
Science Daily. June 2, 2010. Retrieved
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Daily&rft.atitle=Cancer
+information+on+Wikipedia+is+accurate%2C+but+not+very+readable
%2C+study+finds&rft.date=2010-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2010%2F06%2F100601114641.htm&rfr_id=info
</li>
<li id="cite_note-economist_incomplete_info-200"><a href="#cite_ref-economist_incomplete_info_200-0">^</a>
class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/node/8820422?
story_id=8820422">"Fact or fiction? Wikipedia's variety of contributors is not only
a strength"</a>. The Economist. March 10, 2007<span class="reference-
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Fact+o
r+fiction%3F+Wikipedia
%27s+variety+of+contributors+is+not+only+a+strength&rft.date=2007-03-
10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F8820422%3Fstory_id
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WP_advantages_over_trad_media_1-201"><a href="#cite_ref-WP_advantages_over_trad_media_1_201-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PAPER" class="mw-
redirect" title="Wikipedia:PAPER">Wikipedia:PAPER</a>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Economist_disagreements_not_uncommon-202"><a
href="#cite_ref-Economist_disagreements_not_uncommon_202-0">^</a> "The battle for Wikipedia's soul"</a>. The Economist.
March 6, 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN
href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. Retrieved March 7,
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+ba
ttle+for+Wikipedia%27s+soul&rft.date=2008-03-06&rft.issn=0013-
0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fprintedition%2Fdisplaystory.cfm
%3Fstory_id%3D10789354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-telegraph_WP_torn_apart_1-203"><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph_WP_torn_apart_1_203-0">^</a>
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFDouglas2007" class="citation news
cs1">Douglas, Ian (November 10, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/3354752/Wikipedia-an-online-
encyclopedia-torn-apart.html">"Wikipedia: an online encyclopedia torn apart"</a>.
The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved
November 23, 2010.</cite><span
Wikipedia%3A+an+online+encyclopedia+torn+apart&rft.date=2007-11-
10&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2F3354752%2FWikipedia-an-online-encyclopedia-
torn-apart.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Taylor-204"><a href="#cite_ref-
Taylor_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-
id="CITEREFTaylor2008" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, Sophie (April 5, 2008). <a
href="http://in.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idINIndia-32865420080405">"China
allows access to English Wikipedia"</a>. Reuters<span class="reference-
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=China+allows
+access+to+English+Wikipedia&rft.date=2008-04-
05&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fin.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FtechnologyNews%2FidINIndia-
</li>
<li id="cite_note-washington_post_state_censorship_1-205"><a
href="#cite_ref-washington_post_state_censorship_1_205-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBruilliard2010" class="citation
news cs1">Bruilliard, Karin (May 21, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
AR2010052005073.html">"Pakistan blocks YouTube a day after shutdown of Facebook
over Muhammad issue"</a>. The Washington Post<span class="reference-
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
Pakistan+blocks+YouTube+a+day+after+shutdown+of+Facebook+over+Muhammad+issue&rf
t.date=2010-05-21&rft.aulast=Bruilliard&rft.aufirst=Karin&rft_id=https
%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle
%2F2010%2F05%2F20%2FAR2010052005073.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Kittur2009-206">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-Kittur2009_206-0">a</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Kittur2009_206-1">b</a> Kittur, A., Chi, E. H., and Suh, B. 2009. <a rel="nofollow"
href="http://www-users.cs.umn.edu/~echi/papers/2009-CHI2009/p1509.pdf">What's in
Wikipedia? Mapping Topics and Conflict Using Socially Annotated Category
Structure</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160413130503/http://www-users.cs.umn.edu/
~echi/papers/2009-CHI2009/p1509.pdf">Archived</a> April 13, 2016, at the <a
href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> In
Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Human Factors in Computing
Systems (Boston, Massachusetts, April 4–9, 2009). CHI '09. ACM, New York, 1509–
1512.
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NYT_subjects_and_articles-207"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_subjects_and_articles_207-0">^</a>
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFPetrusich2011" class="citation
news cs1">Petrusich, Amanda (October 20, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/21/theater/editing-wikipedia-at-the-
new-york-public-library-for-the-performing-arts.html">"Wikipedia's Deep Dive Into a
Library Collection"</a>. The New York Times<span class="reference-
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
ikipedia%27s+Deep+Dive+Into+a+Library+Collection&rft.date=2011-10-
20&rft.aulast=Petrusich&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F10%2F21%2Ftheater%2Fediting-wikipedia-at-the-new-york-
public-library-for-the-performing-arts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
id="CITEREFLamUduwageDongSen2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lam, Shyong (Tony)
K.; Uduwage, Anuradha; Dong, Zhenhua; Sen, Shilad; Musicant, David R.; Terveen,
Loren; Riedl, John (October 3–5, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://files.grouplens.org/papers/wp-gender-wikisym2011.pdf">"WP: Clubhouse?
An Exploration of Wikipedia's Gender Imbalance"</a> (PDF). WikiSym 2011: 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WikiSym+2011&rft.atitle=WP
%3A+Clubhouse%3F+An+Exploration+of+Wikipedia
%27s+Gender+Imbalance&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2011-10-03%2F2011-10-
05&rft.aulast=Lam&rft.aufirst=Shyong+%28Tony%29+K.&rft.au=Uduwage
%2C+Anuradha&rft.au=Dong%2C+Zhenhua&rft.au=Sen
%2C+Shilad&rft.au=Musicant%2C+David+R.&rft.au=Terveen
%2C+Loren&rft.au=Riedl%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffiles.grouplens.org
%2Fpapers%2Fwp-gender-wikisym2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
209">^</a> Mark Graham, <a rel="nofollow"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161002051150/http://zerogeography.net/post/
144973716228/mapping-the-geographies-of-wikipedia-content">Mapping the Geographies
of Wikipedia Content</a>, Zerogeography.net (November 12, 2009).
</li>
id="CITEREFStrohmaier2017" class="citation book cs1">Strohmaier, Markus (March 6,
2017). "KAT50 Society, Culture". Multilingual historical narratives on
Wikipedia. GESIS Data Archive. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-
href="https://doi.org/10.7802%2F1411">10.7802/1411</a>. <q>Wikipedia narratives
about national histories (i) are skewed towards more recent events (recency bias)
and (ii) are distributed unevenly across the continents with significant focus on
the history of European countries (Eurocentric bias).</q></cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=KAT50+Society
%2C+Culture&rft.btitle=Multilingual+historical+narratives+on+Wikipedia&rft.
pub=GESIS+Data+Archive&rft.date=2017-03-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi
%2F10.7802%2F1411&rft.aulast=Strohmaier&rft.aufirst=Markus&rfr_id=info
</li>
<li id="cite_note-GuardianAugust2014-211"><a
href="#cite_ref-GuardianAugust2014_211-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>
2014 (London) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/aug/07/guardian-view-
wikipedia-evolving-truth">The Guardian view on Wikipedia: evolving truth</a> <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161112212758/https://www.theguardian.com/
commentisfree/2014/aug/07/guardian-view-wikipedia-evolving-truth">Archived</a>
November 12, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback
Machine">Wayback Machine</a>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Quilter-212">^ <a href="#cite_ref-
Quilter_212-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quilter_212-
id="CITEREFQuilter,_Laura2012" class="citation web cs1">Quilter, Laura (October 24,
href="http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
article=1035&context=laura_quilter">"Systemic Bias in Wikipedia: What It Looks
Like, and How to Deal with It"</a>. University of Massachusetts–Amherst<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Systemic+Bias+in+Wikipedia
%3A+What+It+Looks+Like
%2C+and+How+to+Deal+with+It&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts
%E2%80%93Amherst&rft.date=2012-10-24&rft.au=Quilter
%2C+Laura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworks.bepress.com%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi
%3Farticle%3D1035%26context%3Dlaura_quilter&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
213">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/s/517101/edit-wars-
reveal-the-10-most-controversial-topics-on-wikipedia/">Edit Wars Reveal the 10 Most
Controversial Topics on Wikipedia</a>", MIT Technology Review, July 17,
2013.
</li>
<li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-214">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_214-0">a</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_214-1">b</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_214-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFYasseriSpoerriGrahamKertesz2014"
class="citation book cs1">Yasseri, Taha; Spoerri, Anselm; Graham, Mark; Kertesz,
Janos (2014). Fichman, P.; Hara, N. (eds.). The Most Controversial Topics in
Wikipedia: A Multilingual and Geographical Analysis. Scarecrow Press. <a
href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2FSSRN.2269392">10.2139/SSRN.2269392</a>. <a
href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12133330">12133330</a>. <a
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Most+Controversial+Topics+in+Wikipedi
a
%3A+A+Multilingual+and+Geographical+Analysis&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.da
te=2014&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1305.5566&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12133330%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=%2F
%2Fssrn.com%2Fabstract%3D2269392%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi
%2F10.2139%2FSSRN.2269392&rft.aulast=Yasseri&rft.aufirst=Taha&rft.au=Sp
oerri%2C+Anselm&rft.au=Graham%2C+Mark&rft.au=Kertesz
%2C+Janos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
215">^</a> 
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"
href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFDasAllenMalik2013"
class="citation conference cs1">Das, Sanmay; Allen, Lavoie; Malik, Magdon-Ismail
(November 1, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2505566">"Manipulation among the arbiters
of collective intelligence: How Wikipedia administrators mold public opinion"</a>.
CIKM '13 Proceedings of the 22nd ACM international conference on Information
& Knowledge Management. San Francisco, California: ACM. pp. 1097–1106.
<a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi
%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Manipulation+among+the+arbiters+of+
collective+intelligence
%3A+How+Wikipedia+administrators+mold+public+opinion&rft.btitle=CIKM+
%2713+Proceedings+of+the+22nd+ACM+international+conference+on+Information+
%26+Knowledge+Management&rft.place=San+Francisco
%2C+California&rft.pages=1097-1106&rft.pub=ACM&rft.date=2013-11-
01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F2505515.2505566&rft.isbn=978-1-4503-2263-
8&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Sanmay&rft.au=Allen
%2C+Lavoie&rft.au=Malik%2C+Magdon-Ismail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org
%2Fcitation.cfm%3Fid%3D2505566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
id="CITEREFDasAllenMalik2016" class="citation journal cs1">Das, Sanmay; Allen,
Lavoie; Malik, Magdon-Ismail (December 24, 2016). "Manipulation among the arbiters
of collective intelligence: How Wikipedia administrators mold public opinion".
ACM Transactions on the Web. 10 (4): 24. <a
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+Transactions+on+the+Web&rft
.atitle=Manipulation+among+the+arbiters+of+collective+intelligence
%3A+How+Wikipedia+administrators+mold+public+opinion&rft.volume=10&rft.issu
e=4&rft.pages=24&rft.date=2016-12-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi
%2F10.1145%2F3001937&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID
%3A12585047%23id-name
%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Sanmay&rft.au=Allen
%2C+Lavoie&rft.au=Malik%2C+Magdon-Ismail&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Register_ISP_censorship-217"><a
href="#cite_ref-Register_ISP_censorship_217-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMetz2008" class="citation news
cs1">Metz, Cade (December 7, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/12/07/brit_isps_censor_wikipedia">"Brit
ISPs censor Wikipedia over 'child porn' album cover"</a>. <a
href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a>. Retrieved May 10,
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Brit+IS
Ps+censor+Wikipedia+over+%27child+porn%27+album+cover&rft.date=2008-12-
07&rft.aulast=Metz&rft.aufirst=Cade&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk
%2F2008%2F12%2F07%2Fbrit_isps_censor_wikipedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
href="https://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/wikipedia-rejects-child-
porn-accusation-20100428-tsvh">"Wikipedia rejects child porn accusation"</a>.
The Sydney Morning Herald. April 29, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170902180523/http://www.smh.com.au/
technology/technology-news/wikipedia-rejects-child-porn-accusation-20100428-
tsvh">Archived</a> from the original on September 2, 2017. Retrieved May 14,
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.a
title=Wikipedia+rejects+child+porn+accusation&rft.date=2010-04-
29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Ftechnology%2Ftechnology-news
%2Fwikipedia-rejects-child-porn-accusation-20100428-tsvh&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Inquirer_child_abuse_allegations-219"><a
href="#cite_ref-Inquirer_child_abuse_allegations_219-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFarrell2010" class="citation news
cs1">Farrell, Nick (April 29, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1603521/wikipedia-denies-child-
abuse-allegations">"Wikipedia denies child abuse allegations: Co-founder grassed
the outfit to the FBI"</a>. The Inquirer.
Retrieved October 9, 2010.</cite><span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Wikiped
ia+denies+child+abuse+allegations%3A+Co-
founder+grassed+the+outfit+to+the+FBI&rft.date=2010-04-
29&rft.aulast=Farrell&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.theinquirer.net%2Finquirer%2Fnews%2F1603521%2Fwikipedia-denies-child-abuse-
allegations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-The_Register-April-220">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-The_Register-April_220-0">a</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-The_Register-April_220-1">b</a>
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMetz2010" class="citation news
cs1">Metz, Cade (April 9, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/04/09/sanger_reports_wikimedia_to_the_fbi/
">"Wikifounder reports Wikiparent to FBI over 'child porn'"</a>. The Register.
Retrieved April 19, 2010.</cite><span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Wikifou
nder+reports+Wikiparent+to+FBI+over+%27child+porn%27&rft.date=2010-04-
09&rft.aulast=Metz&rft.aufirst=Cade&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2010%2F04%2F09%2Fsanger_reports_wikimedia_to_the_fbi
</li>
<li id="cite_note-TET_child_porn_accusations-221"><a href="#cite_ref-TET_child_porn_accusations_221-0">^</a>
href="http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infotech/internet/Wikipedia-blasts-co-
founders-accusations-of-child-porn-on-website/articleshow/5871943.cms">"Wikipedia
blasts co-founder's accusations of child porn on website"</a>. The Economic
Times. India. April 29, 2010. Retrieved
April 29, 2010.</cite><span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=W
ikipedia+blasts+co-founder
%27s+accusations+of+child+porn+on+website&rft.date=2010-04-29&rft_id=http
%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Finfotech%2Finternet%2FWikipedia-blasts-co-
founders-accusations-of-child-porn-on-website%2Farticleshow
%2F5871943.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-AFP-222">^ <a href="#cite_ref-
AFP_222-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFP_222-
id="CITEREFAgence_France-Presse2010" class="citation news cs1">Agence France-Presse
(April 29, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/wikipedia-rejects-child-
porn-accusation-20100428-tsvh.html">"Wikipedia rejects child porn accusation"</a>.
The Sydney Morning Herald.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.a
title=Wikipedia+rejects+child+porn+accusation&rft.date=2010-04-
29&rft.au=Agence+France-Presse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au
%2Ftechnology%2Ftechnology-news%2Fwikipedia-rejects-child-porn-accusation-20100428-
tsvh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-BBC_News_Wales_cedes_rights-223"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_Wales_cedes_rights_223-0">^</a>
href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/10104946.stm">"Wikimedia pornography
row deepens as Wales cedes rights"</a>. BBC News. May 10, 2010<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Wikimedia+p
ornography+row+deepens+as+Wales+cedes+rights&rft.date=2010-05-
10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Ftechnology
%2F10104946.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-XBIZ-224"><a href="#cite_ref-
XBIZ_224-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-
id="CITEREFGray2013" class="citation news cs1">Gray, Lila (September 17, 2013). <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newswire.xbiz.com/view.php?
id=169017">"Wikipedia Gives Porn a Break"</a>. XBIZ.com<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=XBIZ.com&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+G
ives+Porn+a+Break&rft.date=2013-09-
17&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Lila&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fnewswire.xbiz.com%2Fview.php%3Fid%3D169017&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
225">^</a> Andrew McStay, 2014, <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Privacy-
Philosophy-Affective-Protocol-Formations/dp/143311898X">Privacy and Philosophy: New
Media and Affective Protocol</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414204326/http://www.amazon.co.uk/Privacy-
Philosophy-Affective-Protocol-Formations/dp/143311898X">Archived</a> April 14,
2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback
Machine</a>, New York Peter Lang.
</li>
<li id="cite_note-heise_Tron_public_issue_1-227"><a href="#cite_ref-heise_Tron_public_issue_1_227-0">^</a>
href="http://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Gericht-weist-einstweilige-Verfuegung-
gegen-Wikimedia-Deutschland-ab-Update-173587.html">Heise</a> <a rel="nofollow"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120913054949/http://www.heise.de/newsticker/
meldung/Gericht-weist-einstweilige-Verfuegung-gegen-Wikimedia-Deutschland-ab-
Update-173587.html">Archived</a> September 13, 2012, at the <a
href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>—Gericht weist einstweilige Verfügung gegen
Wikimedia Deutschland ab (update), by Torsten Kleinz, February 9, 2006.
</li>
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030215341/http://www.otrs.com/en/">"IT
Service Management Software"</a>. OTRS.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="http://www.otrs.com/en/">the original</a> on October
30, 2013. Retrieved June
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IT+Service+Management+Software&rft
.pub=OTRS.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.otrs.com%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Paling-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-
Paling_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paling_229-
id="CITEREFPaling2015" class="citation web cs1">Paling, Emma (October 21, 2015). <a
href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/how-wikipedia-is-
hostile-to-women/411619/">"Wikipedia's Hostility to Women"</a>. The
Atlantic. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Wikiped
ia%27s+Hostility+to+Women&rft.date=2015-10-
21&rft.aulast=Paling&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Ftechnology%2Farchive%2F2015%2F10%2Fhow-wikipedia-is-
hostile-to-women%2F411619%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
id="CITEREFAuerbach2014" class="citation journal cs1">Auerbach, David (December 11,
href="http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2014/12/wikipedia_editing_di
sputes_the_crowdsourced_encyclopedia_has_become_a_rancorous.html">"Encyclopedia
Frown"</a>. Slate. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+F
rown&rft.date=2014-12-
11&rft.aulast=Auerbach&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Ftechnology%2Fbitwise
%2F2014%2F12%2Fwikipedia_editing_disputes_the_crowdsourced_encyclopedia_has_become_
a_rancorous.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-CSM-misogyny-231"><a
href="#cite_ref-CSM-misogyny_231-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal cs1"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Security-
Watch/Backchannels/2013/0801/In-UK-rising-chorus-of-outrage-over-online-
misogyny">"In UK, rising chorus of outrage over online misogyny"</a>. Christian
Science Monitor. August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.a
title=In+UK%2C+rising+chorus+of+outrage+over+online+misogyny&rft.date=2013-
08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FWorld%2FSecurity-Watch
%2FBackchannels%2F2013%2F0801%2FIn-UK-rising-chorus-of-outrage-over-online-
misogyny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
id="CITEREFKueppersJournal-Constitution" class="citation web cs1">Kueppers,
Courtney; Journal-Constitution, The Atlanta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="https://www.ajc.com/lifestyles/high-museum-host-virtual-wikipedia-edit-
thon-boost-entries-about-women/TxxMEMGWHqFfaNMpV8y9DN/">"High Museum to host
virtual Wikipedia edit-a-thon to boost entries about women"</a>. ajc<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ajc&rft.atitle=High+Museum+to+h
ost+virtual+Wikipedia+edit-a-
thon+to+boost+entries+about+women&rft.aulast=Kueppers&rft.aufirst=Courtney&
amp;rft.au=Journal-Constitution%2C+The+Atlanta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajc.com
%2Flifestyles%2Fhigh-museum-host-virtual-wikipedia-edit-thon-boost-entries-about-
women%2FTxxMEMGWHqFfaNMpV8y9DN%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
<li id="cite_note-financialstatements-233"><a
href="#cite_ref-financialstatements_233-0">^</a> "Wikimedia Foundation – Financial Statements – June 30, 2011 and
2010"</a> (PDF). Wikimedia Foundation<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wikimedia+Foundation+
%E2%80%93+Financial+Statements+
%E2%80%93+June+30%2C+2011+and+2010&rft.pub=Wikimedia+Foundation&rft_id=http
%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Ffoundation%2Fa%2Fac
%2FFINAL_10_11From_KPMG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/5/5c/Form_990_-_FY_12-13_-
_Public.pdf">"Wikimedia Foundation IRS Form 990"</a> (PDF). Retrieved <span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wikimedia+Foundation+IRS+Form+990&
rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Ffoundation%2F5%2F5c
%2FForm_990_-_FY_12-13_-_Public.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Press_releases/WMF_announces_new_ED_Lila
_Tretikov">"Press releases/WMF announces new ED Lila Tretikov"</a>. Wikimedia
Foundation. May 31, 2018. Retrieved <span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+releases
%2FWMF+announces+new+ED+Lila+Tretikov&rft.pub=Wikimedia+Foundation&rft.date
=2018-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwikimediafoundation.org%2Fwiki
%2FPress_releases%2FWMF_announces_new_ED_Lila_Tretikov&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Jeff_Elder_2014-236">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-Jeff_Elder_2014_236-0">a</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Jeff_Elder_2014_236-1">b</a> Jeff Elder, The Wall Street Journal, May 1, 2014,
"Wikipedia's New Chief: From Soviet Union to World's Sixth-Largest Site".
</li>
<li id="cite_note-nytimes.com-237">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_237-0">a</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_237-1">b</a> Cohen, Noam (May 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/02/business/media/open-source-software-
specialist-selected-as-executive-director-of-wikipedia.html?_r=0">"Media: Open-
Source Software Specialist Selected as Executive Director of Wikipedia"</a>. The
New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=M
edia%3A+Open-
Source+Software+Specialist+Selected+as+Executive+Director+of+Wikipedia&rft.date
=2014-05-01&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F05%2F02%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2Fopen-source-software-
specialist-selected-as-executive-director-of-wikipedia.html%3F_r
</li>
238">^</a> Dimitra Kessenides. Bloomberg
News Weekly. December 26, 2016. "Is Wikipedia 'Woke'".
</li>
239">^</a> Dimitra Kessenides. Bloomberg
News Weekly. December 26, 2016, p. 74. "Is Wikipedia 'Woke'".
</li>
<li id="cite_note-nedworks_database_system-240"><a href="#cite_ref-nedworks_database_system_240-0">^</a>
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBergsma" class="citation web
cs1">Bergsma, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204708/http://www.nedworks.org/~mark/
presentations/san/Wikimedia%20architecture.pdf">"Wikimedia Architecture"</a> (PDF). Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from <a
href="http://www.nedworks.org/~mark/presentations/san/Wikimedia
%20architecture.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on
March 3, 2009. Retrieved <span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wikimedia+Architecture&rft.pub=Wik
imedia+Foundation&rft.aulast=Bergsma&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.nedworks.org%2F~mark%2Fpresentations%2Fsan%2FWikimedia
%2520architecture.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WP_extensions_installed-241"><a
href="#cite_ref-WP_extensions_installed_241-0">^</a> "Version: Installed
extensions"</a>. September 28, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Version
%3A+Installed+extensions&rft.date=2018-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3AVersion&rfr_id=info%3Asid
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988">. Retrieved August 18,
2014.
</li>
inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSnow2016"
class="citation web cs1">Snow, Michael (December 29, 2016). <a class="external
text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2005-04-18/
Lucene_search">"Lucene search: Internal search function returns to service"</a>.
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lucene+search
%3A+Internal+search+function+returns+to+service&rft.pub=Wikimedia+Foundation&am
p;rft.date=2016-12-29&rft.aulast=Snow&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https
%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWikipedia%3AWikipedia_Signpost%2F2005-04-
18%2FLucene_search&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFVibber"
class="citation web cs1">Vibber, Brion. <a class="external text"
href="https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2005-April/
016297.html">"[Wikitech-l] Lucene search"</a><span class="reference-
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%5BWikitech-l
%26%2393%3B+Lucene+search&rft.aulast=Vibber&rft.aufirst=Brion&rft_id=ht
tps%3A%2F%2Flists.wikimedia.org%2Fpipermail%2Fwikitech-l%2F2005-April
</li>
href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Lucene-search">"Extension:Lucene-
search"</a>. Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extension%3ALucene-
search&rft.pub=Wikimedia+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediawiki.org
%2Fwiki%2FExtension%3ALucene-search&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/diffusion/SVN/browse/branches/lucene-
search-2.1/lib/">"mediawiki –Revision 55688: /branches/lucene-search-2.1/lib"</a>.
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=mediawiki+%E2%80%93Revision+55688%3A+
%2Fbranches%2Flucene-search-
2.1%2Flib&rft.pub=Wikimedia+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fphabricator.wikimedia.org%2Fdiffusion%2FSVN%2Fbrowse%2Fbranches%2Flucene-search-
2.1%2Flib%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-thenextwebve-246"><a
href="#cite_ref-thenextwebve_246-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFProtalinski2013" class="citation
web cs1">Protalinski, Emil (July 2, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://thenextweb.com/insider/2013/07/02/wikimedia-rolls-out-its-wysiwyg-
visual-editor-for-logged-in-users-accessing-wikipedia-articles-in-
english/">"Wikimedia rolls out WYSIWYG visual editor for logged-in users accessing
Wikipedia articles in English"</a>. The Next Web<span class="reference-
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Next+Web&rft.atitle=Wikimed
ia+rolls+out+WYSIWYG+visual+editor+for+logged-
in+users+accessing+Wikipedia+articles+in+English&rft.date=2013-07-
02&rft.aulast=Protalinski&rft.aufirst=Emil&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fthenextweb.com%2Finsider%2F2013%2F07%2F02%2Fwikimedia-rolls-out-its-wysiwyg-
visual-editor-for-logged-in-users-accessing-wikipedia-articles-in-english
</li>
id="CITEREFCurtis,_Sophie2013" class="citation news cs1">Curtis, Sophie (July 23,
href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/10196578/Wikipedia-
introduces-new-features-to-entice-editors.html">"Wikipedia introduces new features
to entice editors"</a>. The Daily Telegraph<span class="reference-
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
Wikipedia+introduces+new+features+to+entice+editors&rft.date=2013-07-
23&rft.au=Curtis%2C+Sophie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk
%2Ftechnology%2Fwikipedia%2F10196578%2FWikipedia-introduces-new-features-to-entice-
editors.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-TheEconomistVE-248"><a
href="#cite_ref-TheEconomistVE_248-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFL._M.2011" class="citation news
cs1">L. M. (December 13, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/12/changes-wikipedia">"Changes
at Wikipedia: Seeing things"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The
Economist">The Economist</a>. Retrieved
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Change
s+at+Wikipedia%3A+Seeing+things&rft.date=2011-12-13&rft.au=L.
+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Fbabbage
%2F2011%2F12%2Fchanges-wikipedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
<li id="cite_note-softpedia-best-249"><a
href="#cite_ref-softpedia-best_249-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFParfeni2013" class="citation web
cs1">Parfeni, Lucian (July 2, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://news.softpedia.com/news/Wikipedia-s-New-VisualEditor-Is-the-Best-
Update-in-Years-and-You-Can-Make-It-Better-365072.shtml">"Wikipedia's New
VisualEditor Is the Best Update in Years and You Can Make It Better"</a>. <a
href="/wiki/Softpedia" title="Softpedia">Softpedia</a><span class="reference-
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Softpedia&rft.atitle=Wikipedia
%27s+New+VisualEditor+Is+the+Best+Update+in+Years+and+You+Can+Make+It+Better&rf
t.date=2013-07-02&rft.aulast=Parfeni&rft.aufirst=Lucian&rft_id=http%3A
%2F%2Fnews.softpedia.com%2Fnews%2FWikipedia-s-New-VisualEditor-Is-the-Best-Update-
in-Years-and-You-Can-Make-It-Better-365072.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Orlowski,_Andrew-250">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-Orlowski,_Andrew_250-0">a</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Orlowski,_Andrew_250-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFOrlowski,_Andrew2013"
class="citation web cs1">Orlowski, Andrew (August 1, 2013). <a rel="nofollow"
href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/08/01/wikipedians_reject_wysiwyg_editor/">
"Wikipedians say no to Jimmy's 'buggy' WYSIWYG editor"</a>. The
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Wikiped
ians+say+no+to+Jimmy%27s+%27buggy%27+WYSIWYG+editor&rft.date=2013-08-
01&rft.au=Orlowski%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk
%2F2013%2F08%2F01%2Fwikipedians_reject_wysiwyg_editor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
251">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bots"
title="Wikipedia:Bots">Wikipedia Bot Information</a>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-meetbots-252">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-meetbots_252-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-
meetbots_252-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFNasaw2012" class="citation news
cs1">Nasaw, Daniel (July 24, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18892510">"Meet the 'bots' that edit
Wikipedia"</a>. BBC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Meet+the+
%27bots%27+that+edit+Wikipedia&rft.date=2012-07-
24&rft.aulast=Nasaw&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-18892510&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
id="CITEREFHallidayArthur,_Charles2012" class="citation news cs1">Halliday, Josh;
Arthur, Charles (July 26, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2012/jul/26/boot-up-wikipedia-
apple">"Boot up: The Wikipedia vandalism police, Apple analysts, and more"</a>.
<a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a><span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Boot+up
%3A+The+Wikipedia+vandalism+police%2C+Apple+analysts%2C+and+more&rft.date=2012-
07-26&rft.aulast=Halliday&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft.au=Arthur
%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2Fblog
%2F2012%2Fjul%2F26%2Fboot-up-wikipedia-apple&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
id="CITEREFJervell2014" class="citation news cs1">Jervell, Ellen Emmerentze (July
href="https://online.wsj.com/articles/for-this-author-10-000-wikipedia-articles-is-
a-good-days-work-1405305001">"For This Author, 10,000 Wikipedia Articles Is a Good
Day's Work"</a>. The Wall Street Journal.
Retrieved August 18, 2014.</cite><span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.ati
tle=For+This+Author%2C+10%2C000+Wikipedia+Articles+Is+a+Good+Day
%27s+Work&rft.date=2014-07-
13&rft.aulast=Jervell&rft.aufirst=Ellen+Emmerentze&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Ffor-this-author-10-000-wikipedia-articles-is-a-good-
days-work-1405305001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2009-03-23/
Abuse_Filter">"Wikipedia signpost: Abuse Filter is enabled"</a>. English Wikipedia.
March 23, 2009. Retrieved <span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wikipedia+signpost
%3A+Abuse+Filter+is+enabled&rft.pub=English+Wikipedia&rft.date=2009-03-
23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWikipedia
%3AWikipedia_Signpost%2F2009-03-23%2FAbuse_Filter&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
href="http://stream.aljazeera.com/story/201407211855-0023944">"MH17 Wikipedia entry
edited from Russian government IP address"</a>. Al Jazeera. July 21, 2014. <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161116002928/http://stream.aljazeera.com/
story/201407211855-0023944">Archived</a> from the original on November 16,
2016. Retrieved July
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MH17+Wikipedia+entry+edited+from+Russi
an+government+IP+address&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2014-07-
21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstream.aljazeera.com%2Fstory%2F201407211855-
</li>
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bot_policy" title="Wikipedia:Bot policy">Wikipedia's policy
on bots</a>
</li>
258">^</a> Andrew Lih (2009). <a
href="/wiki/The_Wikipedia_Revolution" title="The Wikipedia Revolution">The
Wikipedia Revolution</a>, chapter Then came the Bots, pp. 99–106.
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WP_tools_requests_per_day-259"><a href="#cite_ref-WP_tools_requests_per_day_259-0">^</a>
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081028185204/https://toolserver.org/~leon/
stats/reqstats/reqstats-monthly.png">"Monthly request statistics"</a>, Wikimedia.
Retrieved October 31, 2008.
</li>
href="https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Varnish">"Varnish – Wikitech"</a>.
wikitech.wikimedia.org. Retrieved May 12, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wikitech.wikimedia.org&rft.atit
le=Varnish+%E2%80%93+Wikitech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwikitech.wikimedia.org
%2Fwiki%2FVarnish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-globule_access_trace-261"><a
href="#cite_ref-globule_access_trace_261-0">^</a> Guido Urdaneta, Guillaume Pierre and Maarten van Steen. <a rel="nofollow"
href="http://www.globule.org/publi/WWADH_comnet2009.html">"Wikipedia Workload
Analysis for Decentralized Hosting"</a>. Elsevier Computer Networks 53 (11), pp.
1830–1845, June 2009. Retrieved <span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wikipedia+Workload+Analysis+for+Decent
ralized+Hosting&rft.pub=Elsevier+Computer+Networks+53+%2811%29%2C+pp.
+1830%E2%80%931845%2C+June+2009&rft.au=Guido+Urdaneta
%2C+Guillaume+Pierre+and+Maarten+van+Steen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globule.org
%2Fpubli%2FWWADH_comnet2009.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
<li id="cite_note-CW_WP_simplifies_infrastructure-262"><a href="#cite_ref-CW_WP_simplifies_infrastructure_262-0">^</a></
href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFWeiss2008"
class="citation news cs1">Weiss, Todd R. (October 9, 2008). <a rel="nofollow"
href="http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9116787/Wikipedia_simplifies_IT_infras
tructure_by_moving_to_one_Linux_vendor?
taxonomyId=154&pageNumber=1&taxonomyName=Servers%20and%20Data
%20Center">"Wikipedia simplifies IT infrastructure by moving to one Linux
vendor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Computerworld"
title="Computerworld">Computerworld</a>.
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=Wikipe
dia+simplifies+IT+infrastructure+by+moving+to+one+Linux+vendor&rft.date=2008-
10-09&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Todd+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.computerworld.com%2Fs%2Farticle
%2F9116787%2FWikipedia_simplifies_IT_infrastructure_by_moving_to_one_Linux_vendor
%3FtaxonomyId%3D154%26pageNumber%3D1%26taxonomyName%3DServers%2520and%2520Data
%2520Center&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ars_tech_Ubuntu_server_infra-263"><a
href="#cite_ref-ars_tech_Ubuntu_server_infra_263-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPaul2008" class="citation web
cs1">Paul, Ryan (October 9, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2008/10/wikipedia-adopts-ubuntu-for-
its-server-infrastructure.ars">"Wikipedia adopts Ubuntu for its server
infrastructure"</a>. Ars Technica.
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Wikiped
ia+adopts+Ubuntu+for+its+server+infrastructure&rft.date=2008-10-
09&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Farstechnica.com%2Fopen-source%2Fnews%2F2008%2F10%2Fwikipedia-adopts-ubuntu-for-
its-server-infrastructure.ars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-servers-264"><a
href="#cite_ref-servers_264-0">^</a> <link
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116155841/http://wikitech.wikimedia.org/
view/Server_roles">"Server roles at wikitech.wikimedia.org"</a>. Archived from <a
class="external text" href="https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/view/Server_roles">the
original</a> on January 16, 2013. Retrieved
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Server+roles+at+wikitech.wikimedia.org
&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwikitech.wikimedia.org%2Fview
%2FServer_roles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFPalmier"
class="citation web cs1">Palmier, Guillaume. <a class="external text"
href="https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/01/19/wikimedia-sites-move-to-primary-data-
center-in-ashburn-virginia/">"Wikimedia sites to move to primary data center in
Ashburn, Virginia"</a>. WMF. Retrieved <span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wikimedia+sites+to+move+to+primary+dat
a+center+in+Ashburn
%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=WMF&rft.aulast=Palmier&rft.aufirst=Guillaume&r
ft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiff.wikimedia.org%2F2013%2F01%2F19%2Fwikimedia-sites-move-to-
primary-data-center-in-ashburn-virginia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFVerge2013"
class="citation web cs1">Verge, Jason (January 14, 2013). <a rel="nofollow"
href="http://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2013/01/14/its-official-equinix-
ashburn-is-wikimedias-home/">"It's Official: Ashburn is Wikipedia's New Home"</a>.
Data Center Knowledge. Retrieved <span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=It%27s+Official
%3A+Ashburn+is+Wikipedia
%27s+New+Home&rft.pub=Data+Center+Knowledge&rft.date=2013-01-
14&rft.aulast=Verge&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.datacenterknowledge.com%2Farchives%2F2013%2F01%2F14%2Fits-official-equinix-
ashburn-is-wikimedias-home%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156028">"⚓
T156028 Name Asia Cache DC site"</a>. Wikimedia Phabricator<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wikimedia+Phabricator&rft.atitl
e=%E2%9A%93+T156028+Name+Asia+Cache+DC+site&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fphabricator.wikimedia.org%2FT156028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
<li id="cite_note-autogenerated5-268"><a
href="#cite_ref-autogenerated5_268-0">^</a> Frederic M. Scherer and David Ross, [1970] 1990. Industrial Market
Structure and Economic Performance, 3rd ed. Houghton-Mifflin. <a
(identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=1496716">1496716</a> and 1st ed. review <a
href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3003013">extract</a>. • <a
href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a> search of <a
href="https://archive.today/20120721074339/http://scholar.google.com/scholar?
q=Frederic+M.
+Scherer&hl=en&btnG=Search&as_sdt=1,47&as_sdtp=on">Frederic M.
Scherer</a>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Patents,_Citations_pp_89-153-269">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Patents,_Citations_pp_89-153_269-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patents,_Citations_pp_89-153_269-
1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patents,_Citations_pp_89-
153_269-2">c</a> Patents, Citations, and Innovations, by Adam B. Jaffe, Manuel
Trajtenberg, pp. 89–153.
</li>
inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFCohen2007"
class="citation news cs1">Cohen, Noam (March 5, 2007). <a rel="nofollow"
href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/05/technology/05wikipedia.html?
pagewanted=2&_r=1">"A Contributor to Wikipedia Has His Fictional Side"</a>.
The New York Times. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A
+Contributor+to+Wikipedia+Has+His+Fictional+Side&rft.date=2007-03-
%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F03%2F05%2Ftechnology%2F05wikipedia.html%3Fpagewanted
%3D2%26_r%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WP_copyright_and_commerciality_1-271"><a
href="#cite_ref-WP_copyright_and_commerciality_1_271-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights"
title="Wikipedia:Copyrights">Wikipedia:Copyrights</a>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WPF_switch_to_CC-272"><a
href="#cite_ref-WPF_switch_to_CC_272-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFVermeir2007" class="citation web
cs1">Vermeir, Walter (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution:License_update">"Resolution:L
icense update"</a>. Wikizine. Retrieved <span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resolution
%3ALicense+update&rft.pub=Wikizine&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Vermeir&amp
;rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwikimediafoundation.org%2Fwiki
%2FResolution%3ALicense_update&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
<li id="cite_note-voteresult-273"><a
href="#cite_ref-voteresult_273-0">^</a> <a
href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Result" class="extiw"
title="meta:Licensing update/Result">Wikimedia</a>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-MW_licensing_QA-274"><a
href="#cite_ref-MW_licensing_QA_274-0">^</a> "Lice
nsing update/Questions and Answers"</a>. Wikimedia Meta. Wikimedia
Foundation. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wikimedia+Meta&rft.atitle=Licen
sing+update%2FQuestions+and+Answers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeta.wikimedia.org
%2Fwiki%2FLicensing_update%2FQuestions_and_Answers&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-MW_licensing_timeline_1-275"><a
href="#cite_ref-MW_licensing_timeline_1_275-0">^</a> "Licensing_update/
Timeline"</a>. Wikimedia Meta. Wikimedia Foundation<span class="reference-
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wikimedia+Meta&rft.atitle=Licen
sing_update%2FTimeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeta.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki
%2FLicensing_update%2FTimeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WP_blog_license_migration-276"><a href="#cite_ref-WP_blog_license_migration_276-0">^</a>
text" href="https://diff.wikimedia.org/2009/05/21/wikimedia-community-approves-
license-migration">"Wikimedia community approves license migration"</a>.
Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved May 21, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wikimedia+Foundation&rft.atitle
=Wikimedia+community+approves+license+migration&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fdiff.wikimedia.org%2F2009%2F05%2F21%2Fwikimedia-community-approves-license-
migration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NYT_photos_on_WP-277"><a
href="#cite_ref-NYT_photos_on_WP_277-0">^</a> Cohen, Noam (July 19, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/20/arts/20funny.html">"Wikipedia May Be a
Font of Facts, but It's a Desert for Photos"</a>. New York Times<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Wikip
edia+May+Be+a+Font+of+Facts%2C+but+It%27s+a+Desert+for+Photos&rft.date=2009-07-
%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F07%2F20%2Farts%2F20funny.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-reuters_French_defamation_case-278"><a
href="#cite_ref-reuters_French_defamation_case_278-0">^</a> "Wikipedia cleared in French defamation
case"</a>. Reuters. November 2, 2007.
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+cl
eared+in+French+defamation+case&rft.date=2007-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FinternetNews%2FidUSL0280486220071102%3FfeedType
%3DRSS%26feedName%3DinternetNews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ars_tech_WP_dumb_suing_case-279"><a href="#cite_ref-ars_tech_WP_dumb_suing_case_279-0">^</a>
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2008" class="citation web
cs1">Anderson, Nate (May 2, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20080502-dumb-idea-suing-wikipedia-for-
calling-you-dumb.html">"Dumb idea: suing Wikipedia for calling you "dumb""</a>. Ars Technica<span class="reference-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Dumb+id
ea%3A+suing+Wikipedia+for+calling+you+%22dumb%22&rft.date=2008-05-
02&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Nate&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Farstechnica.com%2Fnews.ars%2Fpost%2F20080502-dumb-idea-suing-wikipedia-for-
calling-you-dumb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-bing_WP_research_and_referencing-280"><a
href="#cite_ref-bing_WP_research_and_referencing_280-0">^</a> "Researching With Bing Reference"</a>. Archived from <a
href="https://www.bing.com/community/site_blogs/b/search/archive/2009/07/27/
researching-with-bing-reference.aspx">the original</a> on October 23, 2010<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Researching+With+Bing+Reference&rf
t_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bing.com%2Fcommunity%2Fsite_blogs%2Fb%2Fsearch%2Farchive
%2F2009%2F07%2F27%2Fresearching-with-bing-reference.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-wikipediaondvd_authorized_1-281"><a href="#cite_ref-wikipediaondvd_authorized_1_281-0">^</a>
href="http://www.wikipediaondvd.com/">"Wikipedia on DVD"</a> <a rel="nofollow"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603205800/http://www.wikipediaondvd.com/">Ar
chived</a> June 3, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback
Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Linterweb. Retrieved June 1, 2007. "Linterweb is
authorized to make a commercial use of the Wikipedia trademark restricted to the
selling of the Encyclopedia CDs and DVDs".
</li>
<li id="cite_note-wikipediaondvd_commercially_available_1-282"><a href="#cite_ref-wikipediaondvd_commercially_available_1_282-
0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="http://www.wikipediaondvd.com/site.php?temp=buy">"Wikipedia 0.5
Available on a CD-ROM"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130503073535/http://www.wikipediaondvd.com/
site.php?temp=buy">Archived</a> May 3, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine"
title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Wikipedia on DVD. Linterweb.
"The DVD or CD-ROM version 0.5 was commercially available for purchase." Retrieved
June 1, 2007.
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WM_polish_WP_on_dvd-283"><a
href="#cite_ref-WM_polish_WP_on_dvd_283-0">^</a> "Polish Wikipedia on DVD"</a>. Retrieved
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polish+Wikipedia+on+DVD&rft_id=htt
p%3A%2F%2Fmeta.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPolska_Wikipedia_na_DVD_%2528z_Helionem
%2529%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WP_german_on_dvd_1-284"><a
href="#cite_ref-WP_german_on_dvd_1_284-0">^</a> "Wikipedia:DVD"</a>. July
31, 2018. Retrieved 
<li id="cite_note-python.org_CDPedia_Argentina_1-285"><a
href="#cite_ref-python.org_CDPedia_Argentina_1_285-0">^</a> "CDPedia
(Python Argentina)"</a>. Retrieved 
<li id="cite_note-WP_CD_selection_1-286"><a
href="#cite_ref-WP_CD_selection_1_286-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_CD_Selection" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia
CD Selection">Wikipedia CD Selection</a>. Retrieved September 8, 2009.
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WP_into_books_1-287"><a
href="#cite_ref-WP_into_books_1_287-0">^</a> "Wikipedia turned
into book"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. London. June 16, 2009. Archived from <a
href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5549589/Wikipedia-
turned-into-book.html">the original</a> on September 9, 2009. Retrieved September 8,
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
Wikipedia+turned+into+book&rft.date=2009-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnewstopics%2Fhowaboutthat%2F5549589%2FWikipedia-
turned-into-book.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WP_schools_selection_1-288"><a
href="#cite_ref-WP_schools_selection_1_288-0">^</a> "Wikipedia Selection for Schools"</a>. Archived from <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://schools-wikipedia.org">the
original</a> on August 4, 2012. Retrieved 
<li id="cite_note-FAZ-289"><a href="#cite_ref-
FAZ_289-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-
id="CITEREFThiel2010" class="citation web cs1">Thiel, Thomas (September 27, 2010).
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101126184904/https://www.faz.net/s/
RubCF3AEB154CE64960822FA5429A182360/
Doc~E7A20980B9C0D46E99A9F60BC09506343~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html">"Wikipedia und
Amazon: Der Marketplace soll es richten"</a>. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
(in German). <a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter
Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a>. Archived from <a
href="https://www.faz.net/s/RubCF3AEB154CE64960822FA5429A182360/Doc~E7A20980B9C0D46
E99A9F60BC09506343~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html">the original</a> on November 26,
2010. Retrieved December
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frankfurter+Allgemeine+Zeitung&
rft.atitle=Wikipedia+und+Amazon
%3A+Der+Marketplace+soll+es+richten&rft.date=2010-09-
27&rft.aulast=Thiel&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faz.net
%2Fs
%2FRubCF3AEB154CE64960822FA5429A182360%2FDoc~E7A20980B9C0D46E99A9F60BC09506343~ATpl
~Ecommon~Scontent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WP_DB_usage_policy_1-290"><a
href="#cite_ref-WP_DB_usage_policy_1_290-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Database_download"
title="Wikipedia:Database download">Wikipedia policies</a> on data download
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WP_image_data_dumps_1-291"><a
href="#cite_ref-WP_image_data_dumps_1_291-0">^</a> <a
href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_dumps#Downloading_Images" class="extiw"
title="meta:Data dumps">Data dumps: Downloading Images</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meta-
Wiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta-Wiki">Meta-Wiki</a>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-slis_WP_reference_desk_1-292"><a href="#cite_ref-slis_WP_reference_desk_1_292-0">^</a>
class="external text" href="http://www.slis.indiana.edu/news/story.php?
story_id=2064">"Wikipedia Reference Desk"</a>.
Retrieved September 9, 2014.</cite>
293">^</a> Brad Stone, "How Google's
Android chief, Sundar Pichai, became the most powerful man in mobile", June
30 – July 6, 2014, Bloomberg BusinessWeek, pp. 47–51.
</li>
href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?
id=org.wikipedia&hl=en">"Wikipedia – Android Apps on Google Play"</a>.
Play.Google.com. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Play.Google.com&rft.atitle=Wiki
pedia+%E2%80%93+Android+Apps+on+Google+Play&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fplay.google.com%2Fstore%2Fapps%2Fdetails%3Fid%3Dorg.wikipedia%26hl
%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia-mobile/id324715238?mt=8">"Wikipedia
Mobile on the App Store on iTunes"</a>. iTunes.Apple.com. August 4,
2014. Retrieved August
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iTunes.Apple.com&rft.atitle=Wik
ipedia+Mobile+on+the+App+Store+on+iTunes&rft.date=2014-08-04&rft_id=https
%3A%2F%2Fitunes.apple.com%2Fus%2Fapp%2Fwikipedia-mobile%2Fid324715238%3Fmt
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WM_mobile_added_1-296"><a
href="#cite_ref-WM_mobile_added_1_296-0">^</a> "Wikimedia Mobile is Officially Launched"</a>. Wikimedia Technical
Blog. June 30, 2009. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wikimedia+Technical+Blog&rft.at
itle=Wikimedia+Mobile+is+Officially+Launched&rft.date=2009-06-
30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechblog.wikimedia.org%2F2009%2F06%2Fwikimedia-mobile-
launch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-androgeoid.com_LPOI_WP_1-297"><a href="#cite_ref-androgeoid.com_LPOI_WP_1_297-0">^</a>
class="external text" href="http://androgeoid.com/2011/04/local-points-of-interest-
in-wikipedia">"Local Points Of Interest In Wikipedia"</a>. May 15, 2011<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Local+Points+Of+Interest+In+Wikipedia&
amp;rft.date=2011-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fandrogeoid.com%2F2011%2F04%2Flocal-
points-of-interest-in-wikipedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ilounge_iphone_gems_WP-298"><a
href="#cite_ref-ilounge_iphone_gems_WP_298-0">^</a> "iPhone Gems:
Wikipedia Apps"</a>. November 30, 2008.
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=iPhone+Gems
%3A+Wikipedia+Apps&rft.date=2008-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilounge.com
%2Findex.php%2Farticles%2Fcomments%2F15802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFEllis2013"
class="citation web cs1">Ellis, Justin (January 17, 2013). <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="http://www.niemanlab.org/2013/01/wikipedia-plans-to-
expand-mobile-access-around-the-globe-with-new-funding">"Wikipedia plans to expand
mobile access around the globe with new funding"</a>. NiemanLab. Nieman
Journalism Lab. Retrieved April 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NiemanLab&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+
plans+to+expand+mobile+access+around+the+globe+with+new+funding&rft.date=2013-
01-17&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.niemanlab.org%2F2013%2F01%2Fwikipedia-plans-to-expand-mobile-access-around-
the-globe-with-new-funding&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
href="https://diff.wikimedia.org/2018/02/16/partnerships-new-approach/">"Building
for the future of Wikimedia with a new approach to partnerships – Wikimedia
Diff"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia
Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a>.
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wikimedia+Foundation&rft.atitle
=Building+for+the+future+of+Wikimedia+with+a+new+approach+to+partnerships+
%E2%80%93+Wikimedia+Diff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiff.wikimedia.org
%2F2018%2F02%2F16%2Fpartnerships-new-approach%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFLih2015"
class="citation news cs1">Lih, Andrew (June 20, 2015). <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/21/opinion/can-
wikipedia-survive.html">"Can Wikipedia Survive?"</a>.</cite><span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Can+Wikipedia+Survive
%3F&rft.date=2015-06-
20&rft.aulast=Lih&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F06%2F21%2Fopinion%2Fcan-wikipedia-
survive.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBrown2015"
class="citation news cs1">Brown, Andrew (June 25, 2015). <a rel="nofollow"
href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jun/25/wikipedia-editors-
dying-breed-mobile-smartphone-technology-online-encyclopedia">"Wikipedia editors
are a dying breed. The reason? Mobile"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span
ia+editors+are+a+dying+breed.+The+reason%3F+Mobile&rft.date=2015-06-
25&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2015%2Fjun%2F25%2Fwikipedia-editors-dying-
breed-mobile-smartphone-technology-online-encyclopedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
href="https://www.alexa.com/topsites">"The top 500 sites on the web"</a>.
Alexa. Retrieved 
<li id="cite_note-modelling-304"><a
href="#cite_ref-modelling_304-0">^</a> "Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia's growth"</a>. July 31, 2018<span
%3AModelling+Wikipedia%27s+growth&rft.date=2018-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWikipedia%3AModelling_Wikipedia
%2527s_growth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-comscore-305"><a
href="#cite_ref-comscore_305-0">^</a> <link
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080730011713/http://www.comscore.com/press/
release.asp?press=849">"694 Million People Currently Use the Internet Worldwide
According To comScore Networks"</a>. comScore. May 4, 2006. Archived from <a
href="http://www.comscore.com/press/release.asp?press=849">the original</a> on July
30, 2008. Retrieved December 16, 2007. <q>Wikipedia has emerged as a site
that continues to increase in popularity, both globally and in the
US</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt
%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=694+Million+People+Currently+Use+the+I
nternet+Worldwide+According+To+comScore+Networks&rft.pub=comScore&rft.date=
2006-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comscore.com%2Fpress%2Frelease.asp%3Fpress
</li>
<li id="cite_note-hitwisegoogle-306"><a
href="#cite_ref-hitwisegoogle_306-0">^</a> "Google Traffic To Wikipedia up
166% Year over Year"</a>. Hitwise. February 16, 2007. Archived from <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weblogs.hitwise.com/leeann-
prescott/2007/02/wikipedia_traffic_sources.html">the original</a> on December 14,
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Google+Traffic+To+Wikipedia+up+166%25+
Year+over+Year&rft.pub=Hitwise&rft.date=2007-02-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fweblogs.hitwise.com%2Fleeann-prescott
%2F2007%2F02%2Fwikipedia_traffic_sources.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-hitwiseAcademic-307"><a
href="#cite_ref-hitwiseAcademic_307-0">^</a> "Wikipedia and Academic
Research"</a>. Hitwise. October 17, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow"
href="http://weblogs.hitwise.com/leeann-prescott/2006/10/wikipedia_and_academic_res
earc.html">the original</a> on October 29, 2006.
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wikipedia+and+Academic+Research&rf
t.pub=Hitwise&rft.date=2006-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweblogs.hitwise.com
%2Fleeann-prescott
%2F2006%2F10%2Fwikipedia_and_academic_researc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-365M-308"><a href="#cite_ref-
365M_308-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-
id="CITEREFWest" class="citation web cs1">West, Stuart. <a class="external text"
href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/meta/3/3a/TED2010%2C_Stuart_West_full_
presentation_updated_with_January_data.pdf">"Wikipedia's Evolving Impact: slideshow
presentation at TED2010"</a> (PDF)<span
%27s+Evolving+Impact
%3A+slideshow+presentation+at+TED2010&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Stuart&am
p;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fmeta%2F3%2F3a
%2FTED2010%252C_Stuart_West_full_presentation_updated_with_January_data.pdf&rfr
_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988">
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Wikipedia_users-309"><a
href="#cite_ref-Wikipedia_users_309-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRainieTancer2007" class="citation
web cs1">Rainie, Lee; Tancer, Bill (December 15, 2007). <a rel="nofollow"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080306031354/http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/
PIP_Wikipedia07.pdf">"Wikipedia users"</a> (PDF).
Pew Internet & American Life Project. Pew Research Center. Archived from
href="http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Wikipedia07.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 6, 2008. Retrieved December 15, 2007.
<q>36% of online American adults consult Wikipedia. It is particularly popular with
the well-educated and current college-age students.</q></cite><span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Internet+
%26+American+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+users&rft.date=2007-12-
15&rft.aulast=Rainie&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft.au=Tancer
%2C+Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewinternet.org%2Fpdfs
%2FPIP_Wikipedia07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSAI2011"
class="citation web cs1">SAI (October 7, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/2011-digital-100#7-wikimedia-foundation-
wikipedia-7">"The World's Most Valuable Startups"</a>. Business Insider<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=The
+World%27s+Most+Valuable+Startups&rft.date=2011-10-
07&rft.au=SAI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2F2011-digital-
100%237-wikimedia-foundation-wikipedia-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Wikipedia_Readership_Survey_2011/
Results">"Research: Wikipedia Readership Survey 2011/Results – Meta"</a>.
Wikimedia. February 6, 2012. Retrieved <span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Research
%3A+Wikipedia+Readership+Survey+2011%2FResults+
%E2%80%93+Meta&rft.pub=Wikimedia&rft.date=2012-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fmeta.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FResearch
%3AWikipedia_Readership_Survey_2011%2FResults&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
id="CITEREFJahangir2020" class="citation web cs1">Jahangir, Ramsha (April 23,
href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1551521">"Wikipedia breaks five-year record with
high traffic in pandemic"</a>. DAWN.COM.
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DAWN.COM&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+b
reaks+five-year+record+with+high+traffic+in+pandemic&rft.date=2020-04-
23&rft.aulast=Jahangir&rft.aufirst=Ramsha&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1551521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Wikipedia_in_media-313"><a
href="#cite_ref-Wikipedia_in_media_313-0">^</a> "Wikipedia:Wi
kipedia in the media"</a>. Wikipedia. July 4, 2018<span class="reference-
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wikipedia&rft.atitle=Wikipedia
%3AWikipedia+in+the+media&rft.date=2018-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWikipedia%3AWikipedia_in_the_media&rfr_id=info
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Bourgeois-314"><a
href="#cite_ref-Bourgeois_314-0">^</a> "Bourgeois et al. v. Peters et al"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="http://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/ops/200216886.pdf">the
original</a> (PDF) on February 3, 2007<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bourgeois+et+al.+v.
+Peters+et+al.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ca11.uscourts.gov%2Fopinions%2Fops
%2F200216886.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ssrn.com_Wikipedian_Justice_1-315"><a
href="#cite_ref-ssrn.com_Wikipedian_Justice_1_315-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSharma2009" class="citation
journal cs1">Sharma, Raghav (February 19, 2009). "Wikipedian Justice". <a
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wikipedian+Justice&rft.date=200
9-02-19&rft_id=%2F%2Fssrn.com%2Fabstract%3D1346311%23id-name
%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Raghav&rfr_id=info%3Asid
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"> Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-
code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical"
title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)
</li>
<li id="cite_note-parl.gc.ca_same-sex_marriage-316"><a
href="#cite_ref-parl.gc.ca_same-sex_marriage_316-0">^</a> "House Government Bill C-38 (38–1)"</a>. LEGISinfo<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=House+Government+Bill+C-38+
%2838%E2%80%931%29&rft.pub=LEGISinfo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca
%2FLegisInfo%2FBillDetails.aspx%3FbillId%3D1585203%26View%3D10&rfr_id=info
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WP_court_source-317"><a
href="#cite_ref-WP_court_source_317-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFArias2007" class="citation
journal cs1">Arias, Martha L. (January 29, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120520054827/http://www.ibls.com/
internet_law_news_portal_view.aspx?s=latestnews&id=1668">"Wikipedia: The Free
Online Encyclopedia and its Use as Court Source"</a>. Internet Business Law
Services. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.ibls.com/internet_law_news_portal_view.aspx?
s=latestnews&id=1668">the original</a> on May 20, 2012<span class="reference-
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internet+Business+Law+Services&
rft.atitle=Wikipedia
%3A+The+Free+Online+Encyclopedia+and+its+Use+as+Court+Source&rft.date=2007-01-
29&rft.aulast=Arias&rft.aufirst=Martha+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.ibls.com%2Finternet_law_news_portal_view.aspx%3Fs%3Dlatestnews%26id
%3D1668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988">
(The name "World Intellectual Property Office" should however read "World
Intellectual Property Organization" in this source.)
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Courts_turn_to_Wikipedia-318"><a href="#cite_ref-Courts_turn_to_Wikipedia_318-0">^</a>
cs1">Cohen, Noam (January 29, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/29/technology/29wikipedia.html">"Courts Turn
to Wikipedia, but Selectively"</a>. The New York Times<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=C
ourts+Turn+to+Wikipedia%2C+but+Selectively&rft.date=2007-01-
%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F01%2F29%2Ftechnology%2F29wikipedia.html&rfr_id=info
</li>
<li id="cite_note-US_Intelligence-319"><a
href="#cite_ref-US_Intelligence_319-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAftergood2007" class="citation
web cs1">Aftergood, Steven (March 21, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text"
href="https://fas.org/blog/secrecy/2007/03/the_wikipedia_factor_in_us_int.html">"Th
e Wikipedia Factor in US Intelligence"</a>. Federation of American Scientists
Project on Government Secrecy. Retrieved <span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Wikipedia+Factor+in+US+Intelligenc
e&rft.pub=Federation+of+American+Scientists+Project+on+Government+Secrecy&r
ft.date=2007-03-21&rft.aulast=Aftergood&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https
%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fblog%2Fsecrecy
%2F2007%2F03%2Fthe_wikipedia_factor_in_us_int.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Declan-320"><a href="#cite_ref-
Declan_320-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-
id="CITEREFButler2008" class="citation journal cs1">Butler, Declan (December 16,
2008). "Publish in Wikipedia or perish". Nature News. <a
href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews.2008.1312">10.1038/news.2008.1312</a>.</
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+News&rft.atitle=Publish+
in+Wikipedia+or+perish&rft.date=2008-12-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi
%2F10.1038%2Fnews.2008.1312&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Declan&rfr_id
=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988">
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ajr.org_WP_in_the_newsroom-321"><a href="#cite_ref-ajr.org_WP_in_the_newsroom_321-0">^</a>
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFShaw2008" class="citation news
cs1">Shaw, Donna (February–March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120805155909/http://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?
id=4461">"Wikipedia in the Newsroom"</a>. American Journalism Review.
href="http://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=4461">the original</a> on August 5,
2012. Retrieved February
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journalism+Review&rft.
atitle=Wikipedia+in+the+Newsroom&rft.date=2008-02%2F2008-
03&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Donna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajr.org
%2FArticle.asp%3Fid%3D4461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-twsY23-322"><a href="#cite_ref-
twsY23_322-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-
id="CITEREFLexington2011" class="citation news cs1">Lexington (September 24, 2011).
href="https://www.economist.com/node/21530100">"Classlessness in America: The uses
and abuses of an enduring myth"</a>. The Economist. Retrieved September 27, 2011.
<q>Socialist Labour Party of America [...] though it can trace its history as far
back as 1876, when it was known as the Workingmen's Party, no less an authority
than Wikipedia pronounces it "moribund".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Classl
essness+in+America%3A+The+uses+and+abuses+of+an+enduring+myth&rft.date=2011-09-
24&rft.au=Lexington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode
%2F21530100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-shizuoka_plagiarized_WP_1-323"><a href="#cite_ref-shizuoka_plagiarized_WP_1_323-0">^</a>
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140312013353/http://www.japannewsreview.com/
society/chubu/20070705page_id%3D364">"Shizuoka newspaper plagiarized Wikipedia
article"</a>. Japan News Review. July 5, 2007. Archived from <a
href="http://www.japannewsreview.com/society/chubu/20070705page_id=364">the
original</a> on March 12, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+News+Review&rft.atitle=Sh
izuoka+newspaper+plagiarized+Wikipedia+article&rft.date=2007-07-
05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japannewsreview.com%2Fsociety%2Fchubu
%2F20070705page_id%3D364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WA_Express-News_staffer_resigns-324"><a href="#cite_ref-WA_Express-News_staffer_resigns_324-0">^</a></
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015045010/http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/
metro/stories/MYSA010307.02A.richter.132c153.html">"Express-News staffer resigns
after plagiarism in column is discovered"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow"
href="http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/metro/stories/MYSA010307.02A.richter.132c153
.html">the original</a> on October 15, 2007.
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Express-
News+staffer+resigns+after+plagiarism+in+column+is+discovered&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.mysanantonio.com%2Fnews%2Fmetro%2Fstories
%2FMYSA010307.02A.richter.132c153.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988">, <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_Express-News"
title="San Antonio Express-News">San Antonio Express-News</a>, January 9,
2007.
</li>
<li id="cite_note-starbulletin.com_Inquiry_prompts_dismissal-325"><a href="#cite_ref-
starbulletin.com_Inquiry_prompts_dismissal_325-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBridgewater" class="citation web
cs1">Bridgewater, Frank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://archives.starbulletin.com/2006/01/13/news/story03.html">"Inquiry
prompts reporter's dismissal"</a>. Honolulu Star-Bulletin<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Honolulu+Star-
Bulletin&rft.atitle=Inquiry+prompts+reporter
%27s+dismissal&rft.aulast=Bridgewater&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A
%2F%2Farchives.starbulletin.com%2F2006%2F01%2F13%2Fnews
%2Fstory03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Time2006-326"><a
href="#cite_ref-Time2006_326-0">^</a> <link
id="CITEREFGrossman2006" class="citation news cs1">Grossman, Lev (December 13,
href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1570810,00.html">"Time's
Person of the Year: You"</a>. Time.
Retrieved December 26, 2008.</cite><span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Time
%27s+Person+of+the+Year%3A+You&rft.date=2006-12-
13&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=Lev&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle
%2F0%2C9171%2C1570810%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170904080952/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/
b007tc6x">"Radio 4 documentary, BBC"</a>. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b007tc6x">the
April 24, 2016.</cite>
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090330141810/http://www.grillini.it/show.php?
4885">"Comunicato Stampa. On. Franco Grillini. Wikipedia. Interrogazione a Rutelli.
Con "diritto di panorama" promuovere arte e architettura contemporanea italiana.
Rivedere con urgenza legge copyright"</a> [Press release. Honorable Franco
Grillini. Wikipedia. Interview with Rutelli about the "right to view" promoting
contemporary art and architecture of Italy. Review with urgency copyright law]
(in Italian). October 12, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="http://www.grillini.it/show.php?4885">the original</a> on March 30,
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comunicato+Stampa.+On.
+Franco+Grillini.+Wikipedia.+Interrogazione+a+Rutelli.+Con+%22diritto+di+panorama
%22+promuovere+arte+e+architettura+contemporanea+italiana.
+Rivedere+con+urgenza+legge+copyright&rft.date=2007-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.grillini.it%2Fshow.php%3F4885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WP.com_WP_election_usage-329"><a href="#cite_ref-WP.com_WP_election_usage_329-0">^</a>
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFJose_Antonio_Vargas2007"
class="citation news cs1">Jose Antonio Vargas (September 17, 2007). <a
AR2007091601699_pf.html">"On Wikipedia, Debating 2008 Hopefuls' Every Facet"</a>.
The Washington Post. Retrieved <span
On+Wikipedia%2C+Debating+2008+Hopefuls%27+Every+Facet&rft.date=2007-09-
17&rft.au=Jose+Antonio+Vargas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com
%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle
%2F2007%2F09%2F16%2FAR2007091601699_pf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFAblan2007"
class="citation news cs1">Ablan, Jennifer (October 22, 2007). <a rel="nofollow"
href="https://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSN2232893820071022?
sp=true">"Wikipedia page the latest status symbol"</a>. Reuters<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+pa
ge+the+latest+status+symbol&rft.date=2007-10-
22&rft.aulast=Ablan&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FdomesticNews%2FidUSN2232893820071022%3Fsp
%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-LER_students_write_for_WP_1-331"><a href="#cite_ref-LER_students_write_for_WP_1_331-0">^</a>
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFWitzleb,_Normann2009"
class="citation journal cs1">Witzleb, Normann (2009). "Engaging with the World:
Students of Comparative Law Write for Wikipedia". Legal Education Review.
19 (1 and 2): 83–98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Legal+Education+Review&rft.atit
le=Engaging+with+the+World
%3A+Students+of+Comparative+Law+Write+for+Wikipedia&rft.volume=19&rft.issue
=1+and+2&rft.pages=83-98&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Witzleb
%2C+Normann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ai100.stanford.edu/2016-
report/section-i-what-artificial-intelligence/ai-research-trends">"AI Research
Trends"</a>. One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence (AI100).
Stanford University. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=One+Hundred+Year+Study+on+Artificia
l+Intelligence+%28AI100%29&rft.atitle=AI+Research+Trends&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fai100.stanford.edu%2F2016-report%2Fsection-i-what-artificial-intelligence%2Fai-
research-trends&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
id="CITEREFDerakhshan2017" class="citation news cs1"><a
href="/wiki/Hossein_Derakhshan" title="Hossein Derakhshan">Derakhshan, Hossein</a>
(October 19, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedias-fate-shows-how-the-web-endangers-
knowledge/">"How Social Media Endangers Knowledge"</a>. Business. <a
href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a>. <a
href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast" title="Condé Nast">Condé Nast</a>. <a
href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN
(identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1078-3148">1078-3148</a>. <a
href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN
href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028">1059-1028</a>. <a rel="nofollow"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181022190537/https://www.wired.com/story/
wikipedias-fate-shows-how-the-web-endangers-knowledge/">Archived</a> from the
original on October 22, 2018. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=How+Social+Med
ia+Endangers+Knowledge&rft.date=2017-10-19&rft.eissn=1078-
3148&rft.issn=1059-
1028&rft.aulast=Derakhshan&rft.aufirst=Hossein&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fstory%2Fwikipedias-fate-shows-how-the-web-endangers-knowledge
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WP_awards_for_WP_1-334"><a
href="#cite_ref-WP_awards_for_WP_1_334-0">^</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Trophy_box" class="extiw"
title="m:Trophy box">"Trophy box"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Meta"
title="Wikipedia:Meta">Meta-Wiki</a> (March 28, 2005).
</li>
<li id="cite_note-webbyawards_WP_awards_1-335"><a
href="#cite_ref-webbyawards_WP_awards_1_335-0">^</a> "Webby Awards 2004"</a>. The International Academy of
Digital Arts and Sciences. 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="http://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/winners-2004.php">the original</a> on
July 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Webby+Awards+2004&rft.pub=The+Inte
rnational+Academy+of+Digital+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A
%2F%2Fwww.webbyawards.com%2Fwebbys%2Fwinners-2004.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-brandchannel.com_awards_1-336"><a href="#cite_ref-brandchannel.com_awards_1_336-0">^</a>
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFZumpano2007" class="citation news
cs1">Zumpano, Anthony (January 29, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070220095907/http://brandchannel.com/
features_effect.asp?pf_id=352">"Similar Search Results: Google Wins"</a>.
Interbrand. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.brandchannel.com/features_effect.asp?pf_id=352">the original</a>
on February 20, 2007. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Similar+Search+Results
%3A+Google+Wins&rft.date=2007-01-
29&rft.aulast=Zumpano&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.brandchannel.com%2Ffeatures_effect.asp%3Fpf_id%3D352&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-loomarea.com_WP_award_1-337"><a
href="#cite_ref-loomarea.com_WP_award_1_337-0">^</a> "Die Quadriga – Award 2008"</a>. Archived from <a
href="http://loomarea.com/die_quadriga/e/index.php?title=Award_2008">the
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Die+Quadriga+
%E2%80%93+Award+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Floomarea.com%2Fdie_quadriga%2Fe
%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAward_2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
<li id="cite_note-EP2015-338"><a href="#cite_ref-
EP2015_338-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-
href="http://www.erasmusprijs.org/?lang=en&page=Erasmusprijs">"Erasmus Prize –
Praemium Erasmianum"</a>. Praemium Erasmianum Foundation<span class="reference-
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Erasmus+Prize+
%E2%80%93+Praemium+Erasmianum&rft.pub=Praemium+Erasmianum+Foundation&rft_id
=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erasmusprijs.org%2F%3Flang%3Den%26page
%3DErasmusprijs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fpa.es/es/premios-
princesa-de-asturias/premiados/2015-wikipedia.html?
especifica=0&idCategoria=0&anio=2015&especifica=0">"Premio Princesa de
Asturias de Cooperación Internacional 2015"</a>. Fundación Princesa de
Asturias. Retrieved June
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Premio+Princesa+de+Asturias+de+Coopera
ci%C3%B3n+Internacional+2015&rft.pub=Fundaci
%C3%B3n+Princesa+de+Asturias&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fpa.es%2Fes%2Fpremios-
princesa-de-asturias%2Fpremiados%2F2015-wikipedia.html%3Fespecifica
%3D0%26idCategoria%3D0%26anio%3D2015%26especifica%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lne.es/sociedad-
cultura/2015/10/22/fundadores-wikipedia-destacan-version-asturiano/
1830529.html">"Los fundadores de Wikipedia destacan la versión en asturiano"</a>
[The founders of Wikipedia highlight the Asturian version]. La Nueva
España (in Spanish). Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Nueva+Espa
%C3%B1a&rft.atitle=Los+fundadores+de+Wikipedia+destacan+la+versi
%C3%B3n+en+asturiano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lne.es%2Fsociedad-cultura
%2F2015%2F10%2F22%2Ffundadores-wikipedia-destacan-version-asturiano
</li>
<li id="cite_note-onion_WP_750_years_1-341"><a
href="#cite_ref-onion_WP_750_years_1_341-0">^</a> "Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years Of American
Independence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Onion" title="The Onion">The
Onion</a>. July 26, 2006. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Onion&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+
Celebrates+750+Years+Of+American+Independence&rft.date=2006-07-
26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theonion.com%2Farticles%2Fwikipedia-celebrates-750-
years-of-american-indepen%2C2007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
href="https://www.theonion.com/articles/la-law-wikipedia-page-viewed-874-times-
today,18521/">"'L.A. Law' Wikipedia Page Viewed
874 Times Today"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Onion" title="The Onion">The
Onion</a>. November 24, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Onion&rft.atitle=%27L.A.
+Law%27+Wikipedia+Page+Viewed+874+Times+Today&rft.date=2010-11-
24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theonion.com%2Farticles%2Fla-law-wikipedia-page-
viewed-874-times-today%2C18521%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.officetally.com/the-
office-the-negotiation">"The Office: The Negotiation, 3.19"</a>. April 5, 2007<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Office
%3A+The+Negotiation%2C+3.19&rft.date=2007-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.officetally.com%2Fthe-office-the-negotiation&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/webguide/internetlife/2007-04-12-office-
wikipedia_N.htm">"'Office' fans, inspired by
Michael Scott, flock to edit Wikipedia"</a>. USA Today. April 12, 2007<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=%27Office
%27+fans%2C+inspired+by+Michael+Scott%2C+flock+to+edit+Wikipedia&rft.date=2007-
04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Ftech%2Fwebguide
%2Finternetlife%2F2007-04-12-office-wikipedia_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Bakken_one_doctor_1-345"><a
href="#cite_ref-Bakken_one_doctor_1_345-0">^</a> Bakken, Janae. "<a href="/wiki/My_Number_One_Doctor" class="mw-redirect"
title="My Number One Doctor">My Number One Doctor</a>"; <a
href="/wiki/Scrubs_(TV_series)" title="Scrubs (TV series)">Scrubs</a>; <a
href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting
Company">ABC</a>; December 6, 2007.
</li>
<li id="cite_note-collegehumor.com_WP_funny_1-346"><a href="#cite_ref-collegehumor.com_WP_funny_1_346-0">^</a>
class="external text" href="http://www.collegehumor.com/video/3581424/professor-
wikipedia">"Professor Wikipedia"</a> (Video).
CollegeHumor. November 17, 2009. Retrieved <span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Professor+Wikipedia&rft.pub=Colleg
eHumor&rft.date=2009-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collegehumor.com%2Fvideo
%2F3581424%2Fprofessor-wikipedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
<li id="cite_note-dilbert_WP_funny_1-347"><a
href="#cite_ref-dilbert_WP_funny_1_347-0">^</a> "Dilbert
comic strip for 05/08/2009 from the official Dilbert comic strips archive"</a>.
Universal Uclick. May 8, 2009. Retrieved <span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dilbert+comic+strip+for+05%2F08%2F2009
+from+the+official+Dilbert+comic+strips+archive&rft.pub=Universal+Uclick&rf
t.date=2009-05-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdilbert.com%2Fstrips%2Fcomic%2F2009-05-
</li>
<li id="cite_note-comedy.org.uk_WP_funny_1-348"><a href="#cite_ref-comedy.org.uk_WP_funny_1_348-0">^</a>
href="http://www.comedy.org.uk/guide/radio/bigipedia/interview/">"Interview With
Nick Doody and Matt Kirshen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Comedy_Guide"
title="British Comedy Guide">British Comedy Guide</a><span class="reference-
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Comedy+Guide&rft.atitle
=Interview+With+Nick+Doody+and+Matt+Kirshen&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.comedy.org.uk%2Fguide%2Fradio%2Fbigipedia%2Finterview%2F&rfr_id=info
</li>
inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFFlake2013"
class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emily_Flake" title="Emily Flake">Flake,
Emily</a> (August 23, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141012052730/http://www.condenaststore.com/-
sp/Dammit-Manning-have-you-considered-the-pronoun-war-that-this-is-going-t-Cartoon-
Prints_i9813981_.htm">"Manning/Wikipedia cartoon"</a>. Archived from <a
href="http://www.condenaststore.com/-sp/Dammit-Manning-have-you-considered-the-
pronoun-war-that-this-is-going-t-Cartoon-Prints_i9813981_.htm">the original</a> on
October 12, 2014. Retrieved <span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manning
%2FWikipedia+cartoon&rft.date=2013-08-
23&rft.aulast=Flake&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.condenaststore.com%2F-sp%2FDammit-Manning-have-you-considered-the-pronoun-
war-that-this-is-going-t-Cartoon-Prints_i9813981_.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
href="http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/letters/article4639755.ece">"The
obstacles to reforming our prisons"</a>. The Times. December 14, 2015<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=The+obstac
les+to+reforming+our+prisons&rft.date=2015-12-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Ftto%2Fopinion%2Fletters
%2Farticle4639755.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
href="http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/public/sitesearch.do?querystring=john%20julius
%20norwich&p=tto&pf=all&bl=on">"John Julius Norwich – Search – The
Times"</a>. thetimes.co.uk. Retrieved
June 5, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thetimes.co.uk&rft.atitle=John+
Julius+Norwich+%E2%80%93+Search+%E2%80%93+The+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Ftto%2Fpublic%2Fsitesearch.do%3Fquerystring%3Djohn
%2520julius%2520norwich%26p%3Dtto%26pf%3Dall%26bl%3Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WM_dictionary_1-352"><a
href="#cite_ref-WM_dictionary_1_352-0">^</a> "Announcement of Wiktionary's
creation"</a>. meta.wikimedia.org. Retrieved
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Announcement+of+Wiktionary
%27s+creation&rft.pub=meta.wikimedia.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fmeta.wikimedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DWikimedia_News%26diff%3Dprev
%26oldid%3D4133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-OurProjects-353"><a
href="#cite_ref-OurProjects_353-0">^</a> <a
href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Our_projects" class="extiw"
title="foundation:Our projects">"Our projects"</a>, <a
Foundation</a>. Retrieved January 24, 2007.
</li>
id="CITEREFBosman2012" class="citation web cs1">Bosman, Julie (March 13, 2012). <a
href="http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com//2012/03/13/after-244-years-
encyclopaedia-britannica-stops-the-presses/">"After 244 Years, Encyclopaedia
Britannica Stops the Presses"</a>. The New York Times<span class="reference-
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A
fter+244+Years%2C+Encyclopaedia+Britannica+Stops+the+Presses&rft.date=2012-03-
13&rft.aulast=Bosman&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fmediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com%2F%2F2012%2F03%2F13%2Fafter-244-years-
encyclopaedia-britannica-stops-the-presses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
href="https://www.gizmocrazed.com/2012/03/encyclopedia-britannica-dies-at-the-
hands-of-wikipedia-infographic/">"Encyclopedia Britannica Dies At The Hands Of
Wikipedia, Gizmocrazed.com (with statista infographic from
NYTimes.com)"</a>. Gizmocrazed.com. March 20, 2012. Retrieved June 14,
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica+Dies+At+The+Ha
nds+Of+Wikipedia%2C+Gizmocrazed.com+%28with+statista+infographic+from+NYTimes.com
%29&rft.pub=Gizmocrazed.com&rft.date=2012-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.gizmocrazed.com%2F2012%2F03%2Fencyclopedia-britannica-dies-at-the-hands-of-
wikipedia-infographic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FT_impact_on_traditional_media-356"><a
href="#cite_ref-FT_impact_on_traditional_media_356-0">^</a> <a
href="/wiki/Christopher_Caldwell_(journalist)" title="Christopher Caldwell
(journalist)">Christopher Caldwell (journalist)</a> (June 14, 2013). <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ae22314a-
d383-11e2-b3ff-00144feab7de.html">"A chapter in the Enlightenment closes"</a>.
<a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">ft.com</a>. <q>Bertelsmann did not resort to euphemism this week when it announced
the end of the Brockhaus encyclopedia brand. Brockhaus had been publishing
reference books for two centuries when the media group bought it in 2008. [...] The
internet has finished off Brockhaus altogether. [...] What Germans like is
Wikipedia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ft.com&rft.atitle=A+chapter+in+
the+Enlightenment+closes&rft.date=2013-06-14&rft.au=Christopher+Caldwell+
%28journalist%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Fae22314a-d383-
11e2-b3ff-00144feab7de.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-RType_WP_traditional_media_impact_1-357"><a href="#cite_ref-RType_WP_traditional_media_impact_1_357-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"
href="http://www.roughtype.com/archives/2005/10/the_amorality_o.php">"The amorality
of Web 2.0"</a>. Rough Type. October 3, 2005<span class="reference-
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rough+Type&rft.atitle=The+amora
lity+of+Web+2.0&rft.date=2005-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roughtype.com
%2Farchives%2F2005%2F10%2Fthe_amorality_o.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-nature.com_crowds_wisdom-358"><a href="#cite_ref-nature.com_crowds_wisdom_358-0">^</a>
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/peerreview/debate/nature04992.html">"Technical
solutions: Wisdom of the crowds"</a>. Nature<span class="reference-
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Technical+sol
utions%3A+Wisdom+of+the+crowds&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature
%2Fpeerreview%2Fdebate%2Fnature04992.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFFlood2013"
class="citation news cs1">Flood, Alison (February 7, 2013). <a rel="nofollow"
href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2013/feb/07/traditional-
biography-shakespeare-breakfast">"Alison Flood: Should traditional biography be
buried alongside Shakespeare's breakfast?"</a>. The Guardian<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Alison+
Flood%3A+Should+traditional+biography+be+buried+alongside+Shakespeare%27s+breakfast
%3F&rft.date=2013-02-
07&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2Fbooksblog%2F2013%2Ffeb%2F07%2Ftraditional-
biography-shakespeare-breakfast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
<li id="cite_note-wikify-360"><a href="#cite_ref-
wikify_360-0">^</a> Rada Mihalcea and
Andras Csomai (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.cse.unt.edu/~tarau/teaching/NLP/papers/Mihalcea-2007-Wikify-
Linking_Documents_to_Encyclopedic.pdf">Wikify! Linking Documents to Encyclopedic
Knowledge</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160218062051/http://www.cse.unt.edu/~tarau/
teaching/NLP/papers/Mihalcea-2007-Wikify-
Linking_Documents_to_Encyclopedic.pdf">Archived</a> February 18, 2016, at the <a
href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Proc.
CIKM.
</li>
<li id="cite_note-milne_witten_WP_usage_1-361"><a
href="#cite_ref-milne_witten_WP_usage_1_361-0">^</a> David Milne and Ian H. Witten (2008). Learning to link with
Wikipedia. Proc. CIKM.
</li>
<li id="cite_note-discovering_missing_WP_links_1-362"><a
href="#cite_ref-discovering_missing_WP_links_1_362-0">^</a> Sisay Fissaha Adafre and [Maarten de Rijke] (2005). <a
href="http://staff.science.uva.nl/~mdr/Publications/Files/linkkdd2005.pdf">Discover
ing missing links in Wikipedia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120717054413/http://staff.science.uva.nl/~mdr/
Publications/Files/linkkdd2005.pdf">Archived</a> July 17, 2012, at the <a
href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Proc.
LinkKDD.
</li>
<li id="cite_note-mitmining-363"><a
href="#cite_ref-mitmining_363-0">^</a> "Wikipedia-Mining
Algorithm Reveals World's Most Influential Universities: An algorithm's list of the
most influential universities contains some surprising entries"</a>. <a
href="/wiki/MIT_Technology_Review" title="MIT Technology Review">MIT Technology
Review</a>. December 7, 2015. Retrieved
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+Technology+Review&rft.atitl
e=Wikipedia-Mining+Algorithm+Reveals+World%27s+Most+Influential+Universities
%3A+An+algorithm
%27s+list+of+the+most+influential+universities+contains+some+surprising+entries&amp
;rft.date=2015-12-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2Fview
%2F544266%2Fwikipedia-mining-algorithm-reveals-worlds-most-influential-universities
</li>
<li id="cite_note-harvardisonlymarmow-364"><a
href="#cite_ref-harvardisonlymarmow_364-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMarmow_Shaw2015" class="citation
news cs1">Marmow Shaw, Jessica (December 10, 2015). <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="http://www.marketwatch.com/story/two-universities-beat-
harvard-in-this-surprising-school-ranking-2015-12-09">"Harvard is only the 3rd most
influential university in the world, according to this list"</a>. <a
href="/wiki/MarketWatch" title="MarketWatch">MarketWatch</a><span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MarketWatch&rft.atitle=Harvard+
is+only+the+3rd+most+influential+university+in+the+world
%2C+according+to+this+list&rft.date=2015-12-
10&rft.aulast=Marmow+Shaw&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.marketwatch.com%2Fstory%2Ftwo-universities-beat-harvard-in-this-surprising-
school-ranking-2015-12-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-wikipediarankingtimesworldunifranche-365">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wikipediarankingtimesworldunifranche_365-
0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-
wikipediarankingtimesworldunifranche_365-1">b</a>
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBothwell2015" class="citation
news cs1">Bothwell, Ellie (December 15, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/wikipedia-ranking-world-
universities-top-100">"Wikipedia Ranking of World Universities: the top 100. List
ranks institutions by search engine results and Wikipedia appearances"</a>. <a
href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education" title="Times Higher Education">Times Higher
Education</a>. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atit
le=Wikipedia+Ranking+of+World+Universities
%3A+the+top+100.+List+ranks+institutions+by+search+engine+results+and+Wikipedia+app
earances&rft.date=2015-12-
15&rft.aulast=Bothwell&rft.aufirst=Ellie&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Ffeatures%2Fwikipedia-ranking-world-universities-
top-100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
366">^</a> <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/scicurious/wikipedia-
science-reference-citations">Wikipedia has become a science reference source even
though scientists don't cite it</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180210120955/https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/
scicurious/wikipedia-science-reference-citations">Archived</a> February 10, 2018,
Science News, 2018
</li>
367">^</a> <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?
abstract_id=3039505">Science Is Shaped by Wikipedia: Evidence from a Randomized
Control Trial</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171221090715/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/
papers.cfm?abstract_id=3039505">Archived</a> December 21, 2017, at the <a
href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> SSRN,
2017
</li>
368">^</a> Sarabadani, A., Halfaker, A.,
& Taraborelli, D. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.03861">Building automated vandalism detection
tools for Wikidata</a>. In Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on
World Wide Web Companion (pp. 1647–1654). International World Wide Web Conferences
Steering Committee.
</li>
369">^</a> Potthast, M., Stein, B., &
Gerling, R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8805/b4d923bee9c9534373425de81a1ba296d461.pd
f">Automatic vandalism detection in Wikipedia</a>. In European conference on
information retrieval (pp. 663–668). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
</li>
370">^</a> Asthana, S., & Halfaker, A.
href="https://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=3274290&type=pdf">With Few Eyes, All
Hoaxes are Deep</a>. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 2(CSCW),
21.
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Domesday_Project-371"><a
href="#cite_ref-Domesday_Project_371-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHeart_Internet" class="citation
web cs1">Heart Internet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.domesday1986.com/">"Website discussing the emulator of the
Domesday Project User Interface"</a>. Retrieved
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Website+discussing+the+emulator+of+the
+Domesday+Project+User+Interface&rft.au=Heart+Internet&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.domesday1986.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
</li>
id="CITEREFFrauenfelder2000" class="citation news cs1">Frauenfelder, Mark (November
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040814034109/http://www.cnn.com/2000/TECH/
computing/11/21/net.gen.encyclopedias.idg/index.html">"The next generation of
online encyclopedias"</a>. CNN.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow"
href="http://www.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/11/21/net.gen.encyclopedias.idg/
index.html">the original</a> on August 14, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN.com&rft.atitle=The+next+gen
eration+of+online+encyclopedias&rft.date=2000-11-
21&rft.aulast=Frauenfelder&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2000%2FTECH%2Fcomputing%2F11%2F21%2Fnet.gen.encyclopedias.idg
</li>
<li id="cite_note-gnu.org-373"><a
href="#cite_ref-gnu.org_373-0">^</a> <a
href="https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html">The Free Encyclopedia
Project</a> gnu.org ( <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.webcitation.org/64QXgZhy2?url=http://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/
encyclopedia.html">Archived</a> January 3, 2012, at <a href="/wiki/WebCite"
title="WebCite">WebCite</a>)
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Orlowski18-374"><a
href="#cite_ref-Orlowski18_374-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFOrlowski2006" class="citation
news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Orlowski" title="Andrew Orlowski">Orlowski,
Andrew</a> (September 18, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/09/18/sanger_forks_wikipedia">"Wikipedia
founder forks Wikipedia, More experts, less fiddling?"</a>. The
class="nowrap">June 27, 2007. <q>Larry Sanger describes the
Citizendium project as a "progressive or gradual fork", with the major difference
that experts have the final say over edits.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Wikiped
ia+founder+forks+Wikipedia%2C+More+experts%2C+less+fiddling%3F&rft.date=2006-
09-18&rft.aulast=Orlowski&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2006%2F09%2F18%2Fsanger_forks_wikipedia&rfr_id=info
</li>
<li id="cite_note-JayLyman-375"><a
href="#cite_ref-JayLyman_375-0">^</a> <link
id="CITEREFLyman2006" class="citation news cs1">Lyman, Jay (September 20, 2006). <a
href="http://www.crmbuyer.com/story/53137.html">"Wikipedia Co-Founder Planning New
Expert-Authored Site"</a>. LinuxInsider.
Retrieved June 27, 2007.</cite><span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+Co-
Founder+Planning+New+Expert-Authored+Site&rft.date=2006-09-
20&rft.aulast=Lyman&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.crmbuyer.com%2Fstory%2F53137.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2>Further reading</h2>
<h3>Academic studies</h3>
href="/wiki/Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia" title="Academic studies about
Wikipedia">Academic studies about Wikipedia</a></div>
output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-
hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-
indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output
.refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul
li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-
indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-
100{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-
output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns
li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin"
style="">
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFLeitch2014" class="citation book
cs1">Leitch, Thomas (2014). Wikipedia U: Knowledge, authority, and a liberal
education in the digital age. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-
redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a
href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-1535-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-
1-4214-1535-2"><bdi>978-1-4214-1535-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wikipedia+U%3A+Knowledge%2C+authority
%2C+and+a+liberal+education+in+the+digital+age&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-
1-4214-1535-2&rft.aulast=Leitch&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFJensen2012" class="citation
journal cs1">Jensen, Richard (October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="http://www.americanhistoryprojects.com/downloads/JMH1812.PDF">"Military
History on the Electronic Frontier: Wikipedia Fights the War of 1812"</a> (PDF). The Journal of Military History. 76
(4): 523–556.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Military+History&amp
;rft.atitle=Military+History+on+the+Electronic+Frontier
%3A+Wikipedia+Fights+the+War+of+1812&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=4&rft.page
s=523-556&rft.date=2012-
10&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.americanhistoryprojects.com%2Fdownloads%2FJMH1812.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFYasseriSumiKertész2012"
class="citation journal cs1">Yasseri, Taha; Sumi, Robert; Kertész, János (2012).
Szolnoki, Attila (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3260192">"Circadian Patterns of
Wikipedia Editorial Activity: A Demographic Analysis"</a>. PLOS ONE.
7 (1): e30091. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect"
title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:2012PLoSO...730091Y</
/a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC
(identifier)">PMC</a> <a
href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3260192">3260192</a>. <a
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Circadian+P
atterns+of+Wikipedia+Editorial+Activity
%3A+A+Demographic+Analysis&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e30091&am
p;rft.date=2012&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles
%2FPMC3260192%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode
%2F2012PLoSO...730091Y&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1109.1746&rft_id=info%3Apmid
%2F22272279&rft_id=info%3Adoi
%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0030091&rft.aulast=Yasseri&rft.aufirst=Taha&r
ft.au=Sumi%2C+Robert&rft.au=Kert%C3%A9sz%2C+J%C3%A1nos&rft_id=%2F
%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3260192&rfr_id=info%3Asid
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFGoldman2010" class="citation
journal cs1">Goldman, Eric (2010). "Wikipedia's Labor Squeeze and its
Consequences". Journal of Telecommunications and High Technology Law.
8. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Telecommunications+and+H
igh+Technology+Law&rft.atitle=Wikipedia
%27s+Labor+Squeeze+and+its+Consequences&rft.volume=8&rft.date=2010&rft_
id=%2F%2Fssrn.com%2Fabstract%3D1458162%23id-name
%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow"
href="http://blog.ericgoldman.org/archives/2010/02/catching_up_wit.htm">A blog post
by the author.</a>)</li>
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFNielsen2007" class="citation
journal cs1">Nielsen, Finn (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue12_8/nielsen/index.html">"Scientific
Citations in Wikipedia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/First_Monday_(journal)" title="First
Monday (journal)">First Monday</a>. 12 (8). <a
href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX
href="https://doi.org/10.5210%2Ffm.v12i8.1997">10.5210/fm.v12i8.1997</a>. <a
href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58893">58893</a><span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=First+Monday&rft.atitle=Scienti
fic+Citations+in+Wikipedia&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2007-
08&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0805.1154&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A58893%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=%2F
%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi
%2F10.5210%2Ffm.v12i8.1997&rft.aulast=Nielsen&rft.aufirst=Finn&rft_id=h
ttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstmonday.org%2Fissues%2Fissue12_8%2Fnielsen
class="Z3988"></li>
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFPfeilZaphirisChee_Siang_Ang2006"
class="citation journal cs1">Pfeil, Ulrike; Zaphiris, Panayiotis; Chee Siang Ang
href="http://jcmc.indiana.edu./vol12/issue1/pfeil.html">"Cultural Differences in
Collaborative Authoring of Wikipedia"</a>. Journal of Computer-Mediated
Communication. 12 (1): 88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-
redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1083-6101.2006.00316.x">10.1111/j.1083-
6101.2006.00316.x</a>. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Computer-
Mediated+Communication&rft.atitle=Cultural+Differences+in+Collaborative+Authori
ng+of+Wikipedia&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=88&rft.date=200
6&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1083-
6101.2006.00316.x&rft.aulast=Pfeil&rft.aufirst=Ulrike&rft.au=Zaphiris
%2C+Panayiotis&rft.au=Chee+Siang+Ang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjcmc.indiana.edu.
%2Fvol12%2Fissue1%2Fpfeil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"></li>
id="CITEREFPriedhorskyReidChenShyong_(Tony)_K._Lam2007" class="citation book
cs1">Priedhorsky; Reid; Chen, Jilin; Shyong (Tony) K. Lam; Panciera, Katherine; <a
href="/wiki/Loren_Terveen" title="Loren Terveen">Terveen, Loren</a>; <a
href="/wiki/John_Riedl" class="mw-redirect" title="John Riedl">Riedl, John</a>
(2007). "Creating, destroying, and restoring value in wikipedia". Proceedings of
the 2007 international ACM conference on Conference on supporting group work –
Group '07. pp. 259–268. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-
redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="cs1-lock-
%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Creating%2C+destroying
%2C+and+restoring+value+in+wikipedia&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+2007+interna
tional+ACM+conference+on+Conference+on+supporting+group+work+%E2%80%93+Group+
%2707&rft.pages=259-268&rft.date=2007&rft_id=%2F
%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID
%3A15350808%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi
%2F10.1145%2F1316624.1316663&rft.isbn=978-1-59593-845-
9&rft.au=Priedhorsky&rft.au=Reid&rft.au=Chen
%2C+Jilin&rft.au=Shyong+%28Tony%29+K.+Lam&rft.au=Panciera
%2C+Katherine&rft.au=Terveen%2C+Loren&rft.au=Riedl%2C+John&rfr_id=info
%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"></li>
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFReagle2007" class="citation
conference cs1">Reagle, Joseph (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://reagle.org/joseph/2007/10/Wikipedia-Authorial-Leadership.pdf">Do as
I Do: Authorial Leadership in Wikipedia</a> (PDF). WikiSym '07: Proceedings of the 2007
International Symposium on Wikis. Montreal, Canada: ACM. <a
href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl
(identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="//hdl.handle.net/2047%2Fd20002876">2047/d20002876</a><span class="reference-
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=WikiSym+
%2707%3A+Proceedings+of+the+2007+International+Symposium+on+Wikis&rft.atitle=Do
+as+I+Do%3A+Authorial+Leadership+in+Wikipedia&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info
%3Ahdl
%2F2047%2Fd20002876&rft.aulast=Reagle&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A
%2F%2Freagle.org%2Fjoseph%2F2007%2F10%2FWikipedia-Authorial-
Leadership.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFRijshouwer2019" class="citation
book cs1">Rijshouwer, Emiel (2019). Organizing Democracy. Power concentration
and self-organization in the evolution of Wikipedia (PhD, Erasmus University
Rotterdam). <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl
href="//hdl.handle.net/1765%2F113937">1765/113937</a>. <a
(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9402813715"
title="Special:BookSources/978-9402813715"><bdi>978-9402813715</bdi></a>. <a
href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC
(identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1081174169">1081174169</a>.</cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organizing+Democracy.
+Power+concentration+and+self-organization+in+the+evolution+of+Wikipedia+%28PhD
%2C+Erasmus+University+Rotterdam%29&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl
%2F1765%2F113937&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1081174169&rft.isbn=978-
9402813715&rft.aulast=Rijshouwer&rft.aufirst=Emiel&rfr_id=info%3Asid
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"> (Open access)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Rosenzweig" title="Roy Rosenzweig">Rosenzweig, Roy</a>. <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090430201444/http://chnm.gmu.edu/resources/
essays/d/42">Can History be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past</a>.
(Originally published in <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_American_History"
title="The Journal of American History">The Journal of American History</a>
93.1 (June 2006): 117–146.)</li>
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFWilkinsonHuberman2007"
class="citation journal cs1">Wilkinson, Dennis M.; Huberman, Bernardo A. (April
href="http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue12_4/wilkinson/index.html">"Assessing
the Value of Cooperation in Wikipedia"</a>. First Monday. 12 (4). <a
href="//arxiv.org/abs/cs/0702140">cs/0702140</a>. <a
href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007cs........2140W">2007cs........2140W</
a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX
href="https://doi.org/10.5210%2Ffm.v12i4.1763">10.5210/fm.v12i4.1763</a>. <a
href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl
href="//hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F136037">2027.42/136037</a>. <a
href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10484077">10484077</a><span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=First+Monday&rft.atitle=Assessi
ng+the+Value+of+Cooperation+in+Wikipedia&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.
date=2007-04&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F136037&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%3Abibcode%2F2007cs........2140W&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fcs
%2F0702140&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5210%2Ffm.v12i4.1763&rft_id=%2F
%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Dennis+M.&rft.au=Huberman
%2C+Bernardo+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstmonday.org%2Fissues
%2Fissue12_4%2Fwilkinson%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
id="CITEREFHalfakerR._Stuart_GeigerMorganRiedl2012" class="citation journal
cs1">Halfaker, Aaron; R. Stuart Geiger; Morgan, Jonathan T.; Riedl, John (2012).
"The Rise and Decline of an Open Collaboration Community". American Behavioral
Scientist. 57 (5): 664. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-
href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144208941">144208941</a>.</
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Behavioral+Scientist&r
ft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Decline+of+an+Open+Collaboration+Community&rft.volume=57
&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=664&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi
%2F10.1177%2F0002764212469365&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org
%2FCorpusID%3A144208941%23id-name
%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Halfaker&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft.au=R.
+Stuart+Geiger&rft.au=Morgan%2C+Jonathan+T.&rft.au=Riedl
%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
<li>Maggio Lauren, Willinsky John, Steinberg Ryan, Mietchan Daniel, Wass Joseph,
Dong Ting. "Wikipedia as a gateway to biomedical research: The relative
distribution and use of citations in the English Wikipedia" (2017).</li></ul>
</div>
<h3>Books</h3>
href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books
about Wikipedia">List of books about Wikipedia</a></div>
data:TemplateStyles:r1011217839"/><div class="refbegin" style="">
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFKeen2007" class="citation book
cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Keen" title="Andrew Keen">Keen, Andrew</a> (2007). <a
href="/wiki/The_Cult_of_the_Amateur" title="The Cult of the Amateur">The Cult of
the Amateur</a>. Doubleday/Currency. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"
class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cult+of+the+Amateur&rft.pub=Doubl
eday%2FCurrency&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-385-52080-
5&rft.aulast=Keen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"> (Substantial criticisms of
Wikipedia and other web 2.0 projects.)
<ul><li>Listen to:
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFKeen2007" class="citation web
cs1">Keen, Andrew (June 16, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11131872">"Does the
Internet Undermine Culture?"</a>. National Public Radio, US.</cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Does+the+Internet+Undermine+Culture
%3F&rft.pub=National+Public+Radio%2C+US&rft.date=2007-06-
16&rft.aulast=Keen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org
%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D11131872&rfr_id=info%3Asid
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"> The NPR interview with A.
Keen, Weekend Edition Saturday, June 16, 2007.</li></ul></li></ul></li>
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFAyersMatthewsYates2008"
class="citation book cs1">Ayers, Phoebe; Matthews, Charles; Yates, Ben (2008). <a
href="https://archive.org/details/howwikipediawork00ayer_0">How Wikipedia Works:
And How You Can Be a Part of It</a>. San Francisco: No Starch Press. <a
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Wikipedia+Works
%3A+And+How+You+Can+Be+a+Part+of+It&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=No+Star
ch+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59327-176-
3&rft.aulast=Ayers&rft.aufirst=Phoebe&rft.au=Matthews
%2C+Charles&rft.au=Yates%2C+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails
%2Fhowwikipediawork00ayer_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBroughton2008" class="citation
book cs1">Broughton, John (2008). <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_
%E2%80%93_The_Missing_Manual" title="Wikipedia – The Missing Manual">Wikipedia –
The Missing Manual</a>. O'Reilly Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wikipedia+
%E2%80%93+The+Missing+Manual&rft.pub=O
%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-596-51516-
4&rft.aulast=Broughton&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"> (See book review by Baker,
as listed hereafter.)</li>
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBroughton2008" class="citation
book cs1">Broughton, John (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780596521745">Wikipedia Reader's
Guide</a>. Sebastopol: Pogue Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wikipedia+Reader
%27s+Guide&rft.place=Sebastopol&rft.pub=Pogue+Press&rft.date=2008&r
ft.isbn=978-0-596-52174-
5&rft.aulast=Broughton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780596521745&rfr_id=info%3Asid
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFRafaeliAriel2008" class="citation
book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sheizaf_Rafaeli" title="Sheizaf Rafaeli">Rafaeli,
Sheizaf</a>; Ariel, Yaron (2008). "Online motivational factors: Incentives for
participation and contribution in Wikipedia". In Barak, A. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://archive.org/details/psychologicalasp00bara">Psychological aspects
of cyberspace: Theory, research, applications</a>. Cambridge, UK: <a
href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University
Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="https://archive.org/details/psychologicalasp00bara/page/n261">243</a>–
%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Online+motivational+factors
%3A+Incentives+for+participation+and+contribution+in+Wikipedia&rft.btitle=Psych
ological+aspects+of+cyberspace%3A+Theory%2C+research
%2C+applications&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=243-
267&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Rafaeli
&rft.aufirst=Sheizaf&rft.au=Ariel%2C+Yaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpsychologicalasp00bara&rfr_id=info%3Asid
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFDalby2009" class="citation book
cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Dalby" title="Andrew Dalby">Dalby, Andrew</a> (2009).
<a
href="https://archive.org/details/worldwikipediaho0000dalb">The World and
Wikipedia: How We are Editing Reality</a>. Siduri. <a
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+and+Wikipedia
%3A+How+We+are+Editing+Reality&rft.pub=Siduri&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=97
8-0-9562052-0-9&rft.aulast=Dalby&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldwikipediaho0000dalb&rfr_id=info%3Asid
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFLih2009" class="citation book
cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lih" title="Andrew Lih">Lih, Andrew</a> (2009). <a
href="/wiki/The_Wikipedia_Revolution:_How_a_Bunch_of_Nobodies_Created_the_World
%27s_Greatest_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wikipedia Revolution:
How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia">The
Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest
Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Hyperion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wikipedia+Revolution
%3A+How+a+Bunch+of+Nobodies+Created+the+World
%27s+Greatest+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hyperion&rft.date
=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4013-0371-
6&rft.aulast=Lih&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFO'Sullivan2009"
class="citation book cs1">O'Sullivan, Dan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=htu8A-m_Y4EC">Wikipedia: a new
community of practice?</a>. Ashgate Publishing. <a
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wikipedia%3A+a+new+community+of+practice
%3F&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-7433-
7&rft.aulast=O%27Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhtu8A-m_Y4EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFReagle2010" class="citation book
cs1">Reagle, Joseph Michael Jr. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://reagle.org/joseph/2010/gfc">Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture
of Wikipedia</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: the <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press"
title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-
redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a
0-262-01447-2"><bdi>978-0-262-01447-2</bdi></a>.
Retrieved October 25, 2015.</cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Good+Faith+Collaboration
%3A+The+Culture+of+Wikipedia&rft.place=Cambridge
%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=the+MIT+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-
262-01447-
2&rft.aulast=Reagle&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Michael+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Freagle.org%2Fjoseph%2F2010%2Fgfc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFJemielniak2014" class="citation
book cs1">Jemielniak, Dariusz (2014). <a href="/wiki/Common_Knowledge
%3F_An_Ethnography_of_Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Knowledge? An
Ethnography of Wikipedia">Common Knowledge? An Ethnography of Wikipedia</a>.
Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford
University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Common+Knowledge
%3F+An+Ethnography+of+Wikipedia&rft.place=Stanford
%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn
=978-0-8047-8944-
8&rft.aulast=Jemielniak&rft.aufirst=Dariusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFReagleKoerner2020"
class="citation book cs1">Reagle, Joseph; Koerner, Jackie, eds. (2020). <a
href="https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/wikipedia-20">Wikipedia @ 20: Stories of an
Incomplete Revolution</a>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT
Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN
title="Special:BookSources/9780262538176"><bdi>9780262538176</bdi></a><span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wikipedia+
%40+20%3A+Stories+of+an+Incomplete+Revolution&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=20
20&rft.isbn=9780262538176&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmitpress.mit.edu%2Fbooks
%2Fwikipedia-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
class="Z3988"></li></ul>
</div>
<h3>Book review-related
articles</h3>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholson_Baker" title="Nicholson Baker">Baker,
Nicholson</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080303001807/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/
21131">"The Charms of Wikipedia"</a>. <a
href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The
New York Review of Books</a>, March 20, 2008. Retrieved December 17, 2008.
(Book rev. of The Missing Manual, by John Broughton, as listed
previously.)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/L._Gordon_Crovitz" title="L. Gordon Crovitz">Crovitz, L.
Gordon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123897399273491031">"Wikipedia's Old-Fashioned
Revolution: The online encyclopedia is fast becoming the best."</a> (Originally
published in <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street
Journal">Wall Street Journal</a> online – April 6,
2009.)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Postrel" title="Virginia Postrel">Postrel,
Virginia</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://psmag.com/social-justice/killed-wikipedia-93777">"Who Killed
Wikipedia? : A hardened corps of volunteer editors is the only force
protecting Wikipedia. They might also be killing it"</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Pacific_Standard" title="Pacific Standard">Pacific Standard</a>
magazine, November/December 2014 issue.</li></ul>
</div>
<h3>Learning
resources</h3>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/wikipedia#Learning_resources"
class="extiw" title="v:wikipedia">Wikiversity list of learning resources</a>.
(Includes related courses, <a href="/wiki/Web_conferencing" title="Web
conferencing">Web-based seminars</a>, slides, lecture notes, textbooks, quizzes,
glossaries, etc.)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.cbc.ca/ideas/episodes/2014/01/15/the-great-book-of-knowledge-part-
1/">The Great Book of Knowledge, Part 1: A Wiki is a Kind of Bus</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Ideas_(radio_show)" title="Ideas (radio show)">Ideas, with Paul
Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/CBC_Radio_One" title="CBC Radio One">CBC Radio
One</a>, originally broadcast January 15, 2014. The webpage includes a link to the
archived audio program (also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.cbc.ca/ideas/popupaudio.html?clipIds=2430203709">found here</a>).
The radio documentary discusses Wikipedia's history, development, and its place
within the broader scope of the trend to democratized knowledge. It also includes
interviews with several key Wikipedia staff and contributors, including <a
href="/wiki/Kat_Walsh" class="mw-redirect" title="Kat Walsh">Kat Walsh</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Sue_Gardner" title="Sue Gardner">Sue Gardner</a> (audio, 53:58, Flash
required).</li></ul>
</div>
<h3>Other media
coverage</h3>
<h4>General articles</h4>
href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_Wikipedia" title="List of films about
Wikipedia">List of films about Wikipedia</a></div>
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBalke2008" class="citation news
cs1">Balke, Jeff (March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://blogs.chron.com/brokenrecord/2008/03/for_music_fans_wikipedia_myspa.ht
ml">"For Music Fans: Wikipedia; MySpace"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle"
title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a>. Broken Record (blog)<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Fo
r+Music+Fans%3A+Wikipedia%3B+MySpace&rft.date=2008-
03&rft.aulast=Balke&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fblogs.chron.com%2Fbrokenrecord
%2F2008%2F03%2Ffor_music_fans_wikipedia_myspa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBorland2007" class="citation news
cs1">Borland, John (August 14, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.wired.com/2007/08/wiki-tracker/">"See Who's Editing Wikipedia –
Diebold, the CIA, a Campaign"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired
(magazine)">Wired</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151116134820/https://www.wired.com/2007/08/
wiki-tracker/">Archived</a> from the original on November 16, 2015<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=See+Who
%27s+Editing+Wikipedia+%E2%80%93+Diebold%2C+the+CIA
%2C+a+Campaign&rft.date=2007-08-
14&rft.aulast=Borland&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2007%2F08%2Fwiki-tracker%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFDee2007" class="citation news
cs1">Dee, Jonathan (July 1, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/01/magazine/01WIKIPEDIA-t.html">"All the News
That's Fit to Print Out"</a>. The New York Times Magazine<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+Magazine&rft
.atitle=All+the+News+That%27s+Fit+to+Print+Out&rft.date=2007-07-
01&rft.aulast=Dee&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F07%2F01%2Fmagazine%2F01WIKIPEDIA-t.html&rfr_id=info
%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"></li>
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFGiles2007" class="citation news
cs1">Giles, Jim (September 20, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19526226.200">"Wikipedia 2.0 – Now
with Added Trust"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New
Scientist</a>. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Wikipe
dia+2.0+%E2%80%93+Now+with+Added+Trust&rft.date=2007-09-
20&rft.aulast=Giles&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg19526226.200&rfr_id=info%3Asid
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMiliard2007" class="citation news
cs1">Miliard, Mike (December 2, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://thephoenix.com/Boston/Life/52864-Wikipedia-rules">"Wikipedia
Rules"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Phoenix_(newspaper)" title="The Phoenix
(newspaper)">The Phoenix</a>. Retrieved
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Phoenix&rft.atitle=Wikipedi
a+Rules&rft.date=2007-12-
02&rft.aulast=Miliard&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fthephoenix.com%2FBoston%2FLife%2F52864-Wikipedia-rules&rfr_id=info%3Asid
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFPoe2006" class="citation news
cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Poe" title="Marshall Poe">Poe, Marshall</a> (September
href="https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia">"The Hive"</a>. <a
href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a> Monthly<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic+Monthly&rft.atitle
=The+Hive&rft.date=2006-09-
01&rft.aulast=Poe&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fdoc%2F200609%2Fwikipedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFRosenwald2009" class="citation
news cs1">Rosenwald, Michael S. (October 23, 2009). <a rel="nofollow"
AR2009102204715.html?hpid=topnews">"Gatekeeper of D.C.'s entry: Road to city's
Wikipedia page goes through a DuPont Circle bedroom"</a>. The Washington
Post. Retrieved October
Gatekeeper+of+D.C.%27s+entry%3A+Road+to+city
%27s+Wikipedia+page+goes+through+a+DuPont+Circle+bedroom&rft.date=2009-10-
23&rft.aulast=Rosenwald&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle
%2F2009%2F10%2F22%2FAR2009102204715.html%3Fhpid%3Dtopnews&rfr_id=info%3Asid
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFRunciman2009" class="citation
news cs1">Runciman, David (May 28, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v31/n10/runc01_.html">"Like Boiling a Frog"</a>.
London Review of Books. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atit
le=Like+Boiling+a+Frog&rft.date=2009-05-
28&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fv31%2Fn10%2Frunc01_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2005" class="citation news
cs1">Taylor, Chris (May 29, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1066904-1,00.html">"It's a
Wiki, Wiki World"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time
(magazine)">Time</a>. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=It%27s+a+Wiki
%2C+Wiki+World&rft.date=2005-05-
29&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com
%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C1066904-1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid
class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/science/tq/displaystory.cfm?
story_id=11484062">"Technological Quarterly: Brain Scan: The Free-knowledge
Fundamentalist"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The
Economist</a>. June 5, 2008. Retrieved June 5, 2008. <q>Jimmy Wales changed the world with
Wikipedia, the hugely popular online encyclopedia that anyone can edit. What will
he do next?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Techno
logical+Quarterly%3A+Brain+Scan%3A+The+Free-
knowledge+Fundamentalist&rft.date=2008-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fscience%2Ftq%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id
href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-24613608">"Wikipedia probe into paid-
for 'sockpuppet' entries"</a>, BBC News, October 21, 2013.</li>
href="http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/520446/the-decline-of-
wikipedia/">"The Decline of Wikipedia"</a>, MIT Technology Review, October
22, 2013</li>
href="http://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/city-hall/2015/03/8563947/edits-
wikipedia-pages-bell-garner-diallo-traced-1-police-plaza">"Edits to Wikipedia pages
on Bell, Garner, Diallo traced to 1 Police
Plaza"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150313150951/http://www.capitalnewyork.com/
article/city-hall/2015/03/8563947/edits-wikipedia-pages-bell-garner-diallo-traced-
1-police-plaza">Archived</a> March 13, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine"
title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (March 2015), <a
href="/wiki/Media_in_New_York%27s_Capital_District" title="Media in New York's
Capital District">Capital</a></li>
href="https://motherboard.vice.com/read/wikipedia-zero-facebook-free-basics-angola-
pirates-zero-rating">Angola's Wikipedia Pirates Are Exposing Problems</a> (March
2016), <a href="/wiki/Vice_(magazine)" title="Vice
(magazine)">Motherboard</a></li>
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160804110601/http://fullmeasure.news/news/
politics/dark-side-of-wikipedia">"Dark Side of Wikipedia"</a>. Archived from <a
href="http://fullmeasure.news/news/politics/dark-side-of-wikipedia">the
original</a> on August 4, 2016. Retrieved <span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dark+Side+of+Wikipedia&rft_id=http
%3A%2F%2Ffullmeasure.news%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fdark-side-of-
wikipedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia"
class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Full_Measure_with_Sharyl_Attkisson"
title="Full Measure with Sharyl Attkisson">Full Measure with Sharyl
Attkisson</a>, April 17, 2016. (Includes video.)</li>
data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFWales2016" class="citation web
cs1">Wales, Jimmy (December 9, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.cato.org/multimedia/cato-daily-podcast/how-wikipedia-works">"How
Wikipedia Works"</a>. cato.org. <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato
Institute">Cato Institute</a>. <q>Jimmy Wales, founder of Wikipedia, discusses the
site, how it's treated by governments, and how it's fueled by its
users.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt
%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cato.org&rft.atitle=How+Wikiped
ia+Works&rft.date=2016-12-
09&rft.aulast=Wales&rft.aufirst=Jimmy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org
%2Fmultimedia%2Fcato-daily-podcast%2Fhow-wikipedia-works&rfr_id=info%3Asid
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"></li></ul>
</div>
<h4>Articles re
Wikipedia usage patterns</h4>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://gizmodo.com/wikipedias-yearend-list-shows-what-the-internet-needed-
1840690794">Wikipedia's Year-End List Shows What the Internet Needed to Know in
2019</a>. Alyse Stanley, December 27, 2019, Gizmodo.</li>
href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/features/is-
wikipedia-cracking-up-1543527.html">"Is Wikipedia Cracking Up?"</a> The
Independent, February 3, 2009.</li></ul>
<h2>External links</h2>
<div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="metadata plainlinks
sistersitebox plainlist mbox-small mw-collapsible" style="border:1px solid
#aaa;padding:0;background:#f9f9f9"><div style="clear:both;padding:0.75em 0;text-
align:center">Wikipediaat Wikipedia's <a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister
projects">sister projects</a></div><ul class="mw-
collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em
0;width:217px;margin:0 auto"><li style="min-height:31px"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-
Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27"
style="vertical-align: middle"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-
Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-
Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"
/><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Wikipedia"
class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Wikipedia">Definitions</a> from
Wiktionary</li><li style="min-height:31px"><img
alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-
Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" style="vertical-
align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-
logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-
logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a
href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" class="extiw"
title="c:Wikipedia">Media</a> from Wikimedia Commons</li><li style="min-
height:31px"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-
Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" style="vertical-
align: middle"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-
Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-
Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"
align:middle"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia"
class="extiw" title="n:Category:Wikipedia">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li
style="min-height:31px"><span style="display:inline-block;width:31px;line-
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-
Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" style="vertical-
align: middle"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/
35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-
Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"
align:middle"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Wikipedia" class="extiw"
title="q:Wikipedia">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li style="min-
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-
Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" style="vertical-
align: middle"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/
39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-
Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"
align:middle"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia"
class="extiw" title="s:Category:Wikipedia">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li
style="min-height:31px"><span style="display:inline-block;width:31px;line-
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-
Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-
align: middle"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/
41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-
Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"
align:middle"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikimedia/Wikipedia"
class="extiw" title="b:Wikimedia/Wikipedia">Textbooks</a> from
Wikibooks</li><li style="min-height:31px"><span style="display:inline-
alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-
icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27"
height="27" style="vertical-align: middle"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-
icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/
54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-
height="193" /><a
href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Wikivoyage:Cooperating_with_Wikipedia"
class="extiw" title="voy:Wikivoyage:Cooperating with Wikipedia">Travel guide</a>
from Wikivoyage</li><li style="min-height:31px"><span style="display:inline-
alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/
27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.s
vg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-
Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"
align:middle"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikipedia" class="extiw"
title="v:Wikipedia">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li style="min-
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-
Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" style="vertical-
align: middle"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-
Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-
Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590"
align:middle"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52" class="extiw"
title="d:Q52">Data</a> from Wikidata</li><li style="min-height:31px"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.s
vg/27px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Log
o.svg/41px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/
54px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-
height="900" /><a
href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" class="extiw"
title="m:Wikipedia">Discussion</a> from Meta-Wiki</li><li style="min-
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/MediaWiki-notext.svg/27px-
MediaWiki-notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="21" style="vertical-
align: middle"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/MediaWiki-notext.svg/
41px-MediaWiki-notext.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/MediaWiki-notext.svg/54px-
MediaWiki-notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="530"
align:middle"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikipedia" class="extiw"
title="mw:Wikipedia">Documentation</a> from MediaWiki</li></ul></div>
<ul><li><a class="external text"
href="https://www.wikipedia.org">Official website</a> (<a class="external text"
href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org">Mobile</a>) – multilingual portal
(contains links to all language editions) (wikipedia.com still redirects here)</li>
href="https://curlie.org/Computers/Open_Source/Open_Content/Encyclopedias/
Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="/wiki/Curlie" class="mw-redirect"
title="Curlie">Curlie</a></li>
href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/wikipedia">Wikipedia collected news
and commentary</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The
Guardian</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52#P3106" title="Edit this
at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-
progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async"
width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-
progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-
progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-
width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li>
href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/companies/wikipedia/
index.html">Wikipedia</a> topic page at <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times"
title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></li>
href="http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/jimmy_wales_on_the_birth_of_wikipedia.html
">Video of TED talk by Jimmy Wales on the birth of Wikipedia</a></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikipedia"
style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-
inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th
scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-
deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r992953826">.mw-parser-
output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-
output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-
boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-
space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-
right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-
0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-
output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-
decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-
size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0
4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-
output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title
.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar
plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a
href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia" title="Template:Wikipedia"><abbr title="View this
template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-
shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a
href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia" title="Template talk:Wikipedia"><abbr
title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-
shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external
text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Template:Wikipedia&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template"
style=";;background:none
transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></
div><div id="Wikipedia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink
selflink">Wikipedia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Wikipedia" title="Outline of
Wikipedia">Overview (outline)</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_Wikipedia" title="Censorship of
Wikipedia">Censorship</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Citation_needed" title="Citation needed">Citation
needed</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conflict-of-interest_editing_on_Wikipedia" title="Conflict-of-
interest editing on Wikipedia">Conflict-of-interest editing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Wikipedia" title="Criticism of
Wikipedia">Criticism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Gender bias on
Wikipedia">gender bias</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Ideological bias on
Wikipedia">ideological bias</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Racial bias on
Wikipedia">racial bias</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deletionism_and_inclusionism_in_Wikipedia" title="Deletionism
and inclusionism in Wikipedia">Deletionism and inclusionism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Edit_count" title="Edit count">Edit count</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_fact-checking" title="Wikipedia and fact-
checking">Fact-checking</a></li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/Ignore_all_rules" title="Ignore all rules">Ignore all
rules</a>"</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MediaWiki" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Notability_in_the_English_Wikipedia" title="Notability in the
English Wikipedia">Notability</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Predictions_of_the_end_of_Wikipedia" title="Predictions of the
end of Wikipedia">Predictions of the project's end</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reliability_of_Wikipedia" title="Reliability of
Wikipedia">Reliability</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism_on_Wikipedia" title="Vandalism on
Wikipedia">Vandalism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia_community" title="Wikipedia community">Community</a></th><td
class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-
left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_administrators" title="Wikipedia
administrators">Administrators</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AfroCrowd" title="AfroCrowd">AfroCrowd</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arbitration_Committee" title="Arbitration Committee">Arbitration
Committee</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Art%2BFeminism" title="Art+Feminism">Art+Feminism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_bots" title="Wikipedia bots">Bots</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lsjbot" title="Lsjbot">Lsjbot</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Edit-a-thon" title="Edit-a-thon">Edit-a-thon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias" title="List of Wikipedias">List of
Wikipedias</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Signpost" title="The Signpost">The Signpost</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Monuments" title="Wiki Loves Monuments">Wiki Loves
Monuments</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Pride" title="Wiki Loves Pride">Wiki Loves
Pride</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/WikiConference_North_America" title="WikiConference North
America">WikiConference North America</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikimania" title="Wikimania">Wikimania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedian_in_residence" title="Wikipedian in
residence">Wikipedian in residence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/WikiProject" title="WikiProject">WikiProject</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Red" title="Women in Red">Women in Red</a></li></ul>
href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedia_people" title="List of Wikipedia
people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-
align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Devouard" title="Florence Devouard">Florence
Devouard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Gardner" title="Sue Gardner">Sue Gardner</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_Heilman" title="James Heilman">James Heilman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Maher" title="Katherine Maher">Katherine
Maher</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Manske" title="Magnus Manske">Magnus Manske</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Erik_M%C3%B6ller" title="Erik Möller">Erik Möller</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Brad_Matetsky" title="Ira Brad Matetsky">Ira Brad
Matetsky</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Sanger" title="Larry Sanger">Larry Sanger</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Sefidari" title="María Sefidari">María
Sefidari</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lila_Tretikov" title="Lila Tretikov">Lila Tretikov</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_community" title="Wikipedia
community">Wikipedians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedian_of_the_Year" title="Wikimedian of the
Year">Wikimedian of the Year</a></li></ul>
href="/wiki/History_of_Wikipedia" title="History of Wikipedia">History</a></th><td
class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-
left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bomis" title="Bomis">Bomis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_logo" title="Wikipedia logo">Logo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedia_controversies" title="List of Wikipedia
controversies">Controversies</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congressional_staff_edits_to_Wikipedia"
title="United States Congressional staff edits to Wikipedia">U.S. Congressional
staff edits</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Essjay_controversy" title="Essjay controversy">Essjay
controversy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Seigenthaler_biography_incident" title="Wikipedia
Seigenthaler biography incident">Seigenthaler biography incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Batuta_hoax" title="Henryk Batuta hoax">Henryk Batuta
hoax</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jar%27Edo_Wens_hoax" title="Jar'Edo Wens hoax">Jar'Edo Wens
hoax</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Watch_Foundation_and_Wikipedia" title="Internet Watch
Foundation and Wikipedia">Internet Watch Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_editing_on_Wikipedia" title="Church of
Scientology editing on Wikipedia">Scientology</a></li>
<li><a
href="/wiki/Committee_for_Accuracy_in_Middle_East_Reporting_in_America#CAMERA_campa
ign_at_Wikipedia" title="Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in
America">CAMERA campaign</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wikipedia#2011_mass_blanking_protest" title="Italian
Wikipedia">Italian Wikipedia blackout</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_SOPA_and_PIPA#Wikimedia_community"
title="Protests against SOPA and PIPA">English Wikipedia blackout</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_disaster_Wikipedia_posts" title="Hillsborough
disaster Wikipedia posts">Hillsborough disaster Wikipedia posts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MyWikiBiz" title="MyWikiBiz">MyWikiBiz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/VisualEditor" title="VisualEditor">VisualEditor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1Lib1Ref" title="1Lib1Ref">#1Lib1Ref</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_coverage_of_American_politics" title="Wikipedia
coverage of American politics">Coverage of American politics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_coverage_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Wikipedia
coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic">Coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%">Honors</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quadriga_(award)" title="Quadriga (award)">2008 Quadriga
award</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Monument" title="Wikipedia Monument">Wikipedia
Monument</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Prize" title="Erasmus Prize">2015 Erasmus Prize</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards" title="Princess of Asturias
Awards">2015 Princess of Asturias Award</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">References and analysis</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-
odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_in_culture" title="Wikipedia in
culture">Cultural</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Wikipedia" title="Bibliography of
Wikipedia">Bibliography</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_Wikipedia" title="List of films about
Wikipedia">Films</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia" title="Academic studies about
Wikipedia">Academic studies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Listen_to_Wikipedia" title="Listen to Wikipedia">Listen to
Wikipedia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wiki-Watch" title="Wiki-Watch">Wiki-Watch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipediocracy" title="Wikipediocracy">Wikipediocracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/WikiScanner" title="WikiScanner">WikiScanner</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Review" title="Wikipedia Review">Wikipedia
Review</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobile
access</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-
width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em
0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedia_mobile_applications" title="List of
Wikipedia mobile applications">Apps</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/QRpedia" title="QRpedia">QRpedia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wapedia" title="Wapedia">Wapedia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/WikiNodes" title="WikiNodes">WikiNodes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Zero" title="Wikipedia Zero">Wikipedia Zero</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikiwand" title="Wikiwand">Wikiwand</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Content
use</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-
width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em
0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Books_LLC" title="Books LLC">Books LLC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boundless_(company)" title="Boundless (company)">Boundless
(company)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/DBpedia" title="DBpedia">DBpedia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deletionpedia" title="Deletionpedia">Deletionpedia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kiwix" title="Kiwix">Kiwix</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/WikiReader" title="WikiReader">WikiReader</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Science_information_on_Wikipedia" title="Science information on
Wikipedia">Science information</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Health_information_on_Wikipedia" title="Health information on
Wikipedia">Health information</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Similar
projects</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-
left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div
style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpedia" title="Interpedia">Interpedia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia">Nupedia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Citizendium" title="Citizendium">Citizendium</a></li>
<li><a
Universal en Español">Enciclopedia Libre Universal en Español</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Everipedia" title="Everipedia">Everipedia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Veropedia" title="Veropedia">Veropedia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_online_encyclopedias" title="List of online
encyclopedias">List of online encyclopedias</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wikis" title="List of wikis">List of wikis</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia
Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_movement" title="Wikimedia movement">Wikimedia
movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Iraq_War:_A_Historiography_of_Wikipedia_Changelogs"
title="The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs">The Iraq War: A
Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Print_Wikipedia" title="Print Wikipedia">Print
Wikipedia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta_(An_Embroidery)" title="Magna Carta (An
Embroidery)">Magna Carta (An Embroidery)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/274301_Wikipedia" title="274301 Wikipedia">274301
Wikipedia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="List-Class article"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-
Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="List-Class article" width="16"
height="16"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-
Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-
Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a
href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias" title="List of Wikipedias">List</a></li>
<li><img alt="Category"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-
Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16"
height="16"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/
23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-
Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" />
<a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia"
title="Category:Wikipedia">Category</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikis"
style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-
inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th
scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-
style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks
hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikis"
title="Template:Wikis"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none
transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-
talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikis" title="Template talk:Wikis"><abbr
title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-
title=Template:Wikis&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template"
div><div id="Wikis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wiki"
title="Wiki">Wikis</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_wiki" title="Personal wiki">Personal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_wikis" title="List of medical
wikis">Medical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_wiki" title="Semantic wiki">Semantic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_hosting_service" title="Wiki hosting service">Wiki
farm</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist"
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_software" title="Wiki software">Software</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Interwiki_links" title="Interwiki links">Interwiki
links</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LocalWikis" title="List of LocalWikis">List of
LocalWikis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wikis" title="List of wikis">Wikis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wiki_software" title="List of wiki
software">Software</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias" title="List of Wikipedias">List of
Wikipedias</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wiktionaries" title="List of Wiktionaries">List of
Wiktionaries</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Comparisons</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist"
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_wiki_software" title="Comparison of wiki
software">Software</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_wiki_hosting_services" title="Comparison of wiki
hosting services">Wiki farms</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable
wikis</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballotpedia" title="Ballotpedia">Ballotpedia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Biographicon" title="Biographicon">Biographicon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Book_Drum" title="Book Drum">Book Drum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chalo_Chatu" title="Chalo Chatu">Chalo Chatu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conservapedia" title="Conservapedia">Conservapedia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/DavisWiki" title="DavisWiki">DavisWiki</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Dramatica" title="Encyclopedia
Dramatica">Encyclopedia Dramatica</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emojipedia" title="Emojipedia">Emojipedia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_and_Technology_History_Wiki" title="Engineering and
Technology History Wiki">Engineering and Technology History Wiki</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Family_History_Research_Wiki" title="Family History Research
Wiki">Family History Research Wiki</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fandom_(website)" title="Fandom (website)">FANDOM</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/GeneWiki" class="mw-redirect" title="GeneWiki">GeneWiki</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geo-Wiki" title="Geo-Wiki">Geo-Wiki</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Giant_Bomb" title="Giant Bomb">Giant Bomb</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gynopedia" title="Gynopedia">Gynopedia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Hidden_Wiki" title="The Hidden Wiki">The Hidden
Wiki</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/LocalWiki" title="LocalWiki">LocalWiki</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Namuwiki" title="Namuwiki">Namuwiki</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Open_protein_structure_annotation_network" title="Open protein
structure annotation network">Open protein structure annotation network</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki" title="RationalWiki">RationalWiki</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_Manual" title="Resistance Manual">Resistance
Manual</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda_Wiki" title="Rigveda Wiki">Rigveda Wiki</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sky-Map.org" title="Sky-Map.org">Sky-Map.org</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/WikiArt" title="WikiArt">WikiArt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/WikiFactor" title="WikiFactor">WikiFactor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikifonia" title="Wikifonia">Wikifonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/WikiFood.eu" title="WikiFood.eu">WikiFood.eu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikiloc" title="Wikiloc">Wikiloc</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wikipedia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/WikiProfessional"
title="WikiProfessional">WikiProfessional</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikiprogress" title="Wikiprogress">Wikiprogress</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikirating" title="Wikirating">Wikirating</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikis_and_education" title="Wikis and education">Wikis and
education</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/WikiStage" title="WikiStage">WikiStage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikistrat" title="Wikistrat">Wikistrat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/OpenSym" title="OpenSym">OpenSym</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/WikiTribune" title="WikiTribune">WikiTribune</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See
also</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wikis" title="History of wikis">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Creole_(markup)" title="Creole (markup)">Creole</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/.wiki" title=".wiki">.wiki</a></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikimedia_Foundation"
style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse
navbox-inner" style="border-
spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col"
class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-
mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikimedia_Foundation"
title="Template:Wikimedia Foundation"><abbr title="View this template"
talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Template
talk:Wikimedia Foundation"><abbr title="Discuss this template"
transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-
edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Template:Wikimedia_Foundation&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this
template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-
shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikimedia_Foundation"
style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation"
title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th
scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list
navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table
class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th
scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-
list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Heilman" title="James Heilman">James Heilman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dariusz_Jemielniak" title="Dariusz Jemielniak">Dariusz
Jemielniak</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Maher" title="Katherine Maher">Katherine
Maher</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Catlin" title="Hampton Catlin">Hampton
Catlin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Danese_Cooper" title="Danese Cooper">Danese Cooper</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bishakha_Datta" title="Bishakha Datta">Bishakha Datta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Devouard" title="Florence Devouard">Florence
Devouard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_van_Dillen" title="Oscar van Dillen">Oscar van
Dillen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Gardner" title="Sue Gardner">Sue Gardner</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arnnon_Geshuri" title="Arnnon Geshuri">Arnnon Geshuri</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Godwin" title="Mike Godwin">Mike Godwin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Halfaker" title="Aaron Halfaker">Aaron Halfaker</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Kawasaki" title="Guy Kawasaki">Guy Kawasaki</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Erik_M%C3%B6ller" title="Erik Möller">Erik Möller</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lila_Tretikov" title="Lila Tretikov">Lila Tretikov</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Villa" title="Luis Villa">Luis Villa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Patricio_Lorente" title="Patricio Lorente">Patricio
Lorente</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"
class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_project" class="mw-
redirect" title="Wikimedia project">Content projects</a></th><td class="navbox-list
navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wikipedia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias" title="List of Wikipedias">List of
Wikipedias</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikifunctions"
title="Wikifunctions">Wikifunctions</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wiktionaries" title="List of Wiktionaries">List of
Wiktionaries</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia
Commons</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikiquote" title="Wikiquote">Wikiquote</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks" title="Wikibooks">Wikibooks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikinews" title="Wikinews">Wikinews</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikiversity" title="Wikiversity">Wikiversity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikivoyage" title="Wikivoyage">Wikivoyage</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_movement" title="Wikimedia movement">Wikimedia
movement</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikimedia_chapters" title="List of Wikimedia
chapters">List of Wikimedia chapters</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Indaba" title="Wiki Indaba">Wiki Indaba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MediaWiki" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Litigation_involving_the_Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Litigation
involving the Wikimedia Foundation">Litigation</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_v._NSA" title="Wikimedia Foundation
v. NSA">Wikimedia v. NSA</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Engine_(Wikimedia_Foundation)" title="Knowledge Engine
(Wikimedia Foundation)">Knowledge Engine</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Signpost" title="The Signpost">The
Signpost</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Monument" title="Wikipedia Monument">Wikipedia
Monument</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedian_of_the_Year" title="Wikimedian of the
Year">Wikimedian of the Year</a></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-
labelledby="List_of_Wikipedias_by_article_count" style="padding:3px"><table
class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-
class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-
mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedias"
title="Template:Wikipedias"><abbr title="View this template"
talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedias" title="Template
talk:Wikipedias"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none
transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-
edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Template:Wikipedias&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template"
div><div id="List_of_Wikipedias_by_article_count" style="font-size:114%;margin:0
4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias" title="List of Wikipedias">List of
Wikipedias</a> by article count</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-
group" style="width:1%">5,000,000+</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist"
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English
Wikipedia">English</a> (6,269,532)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_Wikipedia" title="Cebuano
Wikipedia">Cebuano</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">2,000,000+</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist"
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Wikipedia" title="Swedish
Wikipedia">Swedish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/German_Wikipedia" title="German Wikipedia">German</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_Wikipedia" title="French Wikipedia">French</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Wikipedia" title="Dutch Wikipedia">Dutch</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">1,000,000+</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist"
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Wikipedia" title="Russian
Wikipedia">Russian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wikipedia" title="Italian Wikipedia">Italian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Wikipedia" title="Spanish Wikipedia">Spanish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Wikipedia" title="Polish Wikipedia">Polish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Waray_Wikipedia" title="Waray Wikipedia">Waray</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Wikipedia" title="Vietnamese
Wikipedia">Vietnamese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Wikipedia" title="Japanese Wikipedia">Japanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_Wikipedia" title="Egyptian Arabic
Wikipedia">Egyptian Arabic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Wikipedia" title="Chinese Wikipedia">Chinese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Wikipedia" title="Arabic Wikipedia">Arabic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Wikipedia" title="Ukrainian
Wikipedia">Ukrainian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Wikipedia" title="Portuguese
Wikipedia">Portuguese</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">500,000+</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist"
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Wikipedia" title="Persian
Wikipedia">Persian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Wikipedia" title="Catalan Wikipedia">Catalan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Wikipedia" title="Serbian Wikipedia">Serbian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Wikipedia" title="Indonesian
Wikipedia">Indonesian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Wikipedia" title="Norwegian Wikipedia">Norwegian
(bokmål/riksmål)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Wikipedia" title="Korean Wikipedia">Korean</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Wikipedia" title="Finnish
Wikipedia">Finnish</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">200,000+</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Wikipedia" title="Hungarian
Wikipedia">Hungarian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Wikipedia" title="Czech Wikipedia">Czech</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_Wikipedia" title="Serbo-Croatian
Wikipedia">Serbo-Croatian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min_Wikipedia" title="Southern Min Wikipedia">Southern
Min</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Wikipedia" title="Romanian Wikipedia">Romanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Wikipedia" title="Turkish Wikipedia">Turkish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Wikipedia" title="Basque Wikipedia">Basque</a></li>
<li>Chechen</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Wikipedia" title="Malay Wikipedia">Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Wikipedia" title="Esperanto
Wikipedia">Esperanto</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Wikipedia" title="Hebrew Wikipedia">Hebrew</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Wikipedia" title="Armenian Wikipedia">Armenian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Wikipedia" title="Bulgarian
Wikipedia">Bulgarian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Wikipedia" title="Tatar Wikipedia">Tatar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Wikipedia" title="Danish Wikipedia">Danish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Azerbaijani_Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="South
Azerbaijani Wikipedia">South Azerbaijani</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Wikipedia" title="Slovak Wikipedia">Slovak</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Wikipedia" title="Kazakh Wikipedia">Kazakh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Wikipedia" title="Croatian Wikipedia">Croatian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_Wikipedia" title="Minangkabau
Wikipedia">Minangkabau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Wikipedia" title="Estonian Wikipedia">Estonian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Wikipedia" title="Belarusian
Wikipedia">Belarusian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wikipedia" title="Lithuanian
Wikipedia">Lithuanian</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">100,000+</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist"
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Wikipedia" title="Greek Wikipedia">Greek</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simple_English_Wikipedia" title="Simple English
Wikipedia">Simple English</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Wikipedia" title="Azerbaijani
Wikipedia">Azerbaijani</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician
Wikipedia">Galician</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Wikipedia" title="Slovene Wikipedia">Slovene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Wikipedia" title="Urdu Wikipedia">Urdu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Wikipedia" title="Norwegian Wikipedia">Norwegian
(nynorsk)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Wikipedia" title="Georgian Wikipedia">Georgian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_Wikipedia" title="Hindi Wikipedia">Hindi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Wikipedia" title="Thai Wikipedia">Thai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Wikipedia" title="Uzbek Wikipedia">Uzbek</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Wikipedia" title="Latin Wikipedia">Latin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Wikipedia" title="Tamil Wikipedia">Tamil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Wikipedia" title="Welsh Wikipedia">Welsh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Volap%C3%BCk_Wikipedia" title="Volapük
Wikipedia">Volapük</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Wikipedia" title="Macedonian
Wikipedia">Macedonian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_Wikipedia" title="Asturian Wikipedia">Asturian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Wikipedia" title="Cantonese
Wikipedia">Cantonese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Wikipedia" title="Latvian Wikipedia">Latvian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Wikipedia" title="Bengali Wikipedia">Bengali</a></li>
<li>Tajik</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Wikipedia" title="Burmese
Wikipedia">Burmese</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_Wikipedia" title="Afrikaans
Wikipedia">Afrikaans</a></li>
<li>Malagasy</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_Wikipedia" title="Occitan Wikipedia">Occitan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Wikipedia" title="Bosnian Wikipedia">Bosnian</a></li>
<li>Low Saxon</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Wikipedia" title="Albanian Wikipedia">Albanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Wikipedia" title="Kyrgyz Wikipedia">Kyrgyz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Wikipedia" title="Belarusian Wikipedia">Belarusian
(Taraškievica)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Wikipedia" title="Malayalam
Wikipedia">Malayalam</a></li>
<li>Newar</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Wikipedia" title="Telugu Wikipedia">Telugu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Wikipedia" title="Marathi Wikipedia">Marathi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Wikipedia" title="Breton Wikipedia">Breton</a></li>
<li>Venetian</li>
<li>Piedmontese</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_Wikipedia" title="Javanese Wikipedia">Javanese</a></li>
<li>Haitian</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_Wikipedia" title="Swahili Wikipedia">Swahili</a></li>
<li>Sundanese</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Western_Punjabi_Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western
Punjabi Wikipedia">Western Punjabi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Wikipedia" title="Luxembourgish
Wikipedia">Luxembourgish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_Wikipedia" title="Tagalog Wikipedia">Tagalog</a></li>
<li>Bashkir</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Wikipedia" title="Irish Wikipedia">Irish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Wikipedia" title="Silesian Wikipedia">Silesian</a></li>
<li>Icelandic</li></ul>
style="width:1%">20,000+</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-
<ul><li>West Frisian</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_Wikipedia" title="Chuvash Wikipedia">Chuvash</a></li>
<li>Lombard</li>
<li>Wu</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_Wikipedia" title="Aragonese
Wikipedia">Aragonese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Wikipedia" title="Punjabi Wikipedia">Punjabi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Wikipedia" title="Nepali Wikipedia">Nepali</a></li>
<li>Yoruba</li>
<li>Bavarian</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Wikipedia" title="Kurdish Wikipedia">Kurdish</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji_Kurdish_Wikipedia" title="Kurmanji Kurdish
Wikipedia">Kurmanji</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sorani_Kurdish_Wikipedia" title="Sorani Kurdish
Wikipedia">Sorani</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Zazaki</li>
<li>Ido</li>
<li>Gujarati</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_Wikipedia" title="Alemannic
Wikipedia">Alemannic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Wikipedia" title="Kannada Wikipedia">Kannada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scots_Wikipedia" title="Scots Wikipedia">Scots</a></li>
<li>Sicilian</li>
<li>Bishnupriya Manipuri</li>
<li>Quechua</li>
<li>Interlingua</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Wikipedia" title="Mongolian
Wikipedia">Mongolian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samogitian_Wikipedia" title="Samogitian
Wikipedia">Samogitian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Odia_Wikipedia" title="Odia Wikipedia">Odia</a></li>
<li>Navajo</li>
<li>Sinhalese</li>
<li>Eastern Min</li>
<li>Ilokano</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_Wikipedia" title="Scottish Gaelic
Wikipedia">Scottish Gaelic</a></li>
<li>Amharic</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_Wikipedia" title="Yiddish Wikipedia">Yiddish</a></li>
<li>Neapolitan</li>
<li>Buginese</li>
<li>Walloon</li>
<li>Mingrelian</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Wikipedia" title="Sindhi Wikipedia">Sindhi</a></li>
<li>Upper Sorbian</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_Wikipedia" title="Maithili Wikipedia">Maithili</a></li>
<li>Banyumasan</li>
<li>Faroese</li>
<li>Mazandrani</li>
<li>Limburgish</li>
<li>Sakha</li>
<li>Emilian-Romagnol</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_Wikipedia" title="Ossetian Wikipedia">Ossetian</a></li>
<li>Pashto</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_Wikipedia" title="Sanskrit Wikipedia">Sanskrit</a></li>
<li>North Frisian</li>
<li>Central Bicolano</li>
<li>Classical Chinese</li>
<li>Acehnese</li>
<li>Hill Mari</li>
<li>Meadow Mari</li></ul>
<ul><li>Fiji Hindi</li>
<li>Hakka</li>
<li>Tarantino</li>
<li>Kotava</li>
<li>Kapampangan</li>
<li>Gorontalo</li>
<li>Western Armenian</li>
<li>Khmer</li>
<li>Northern Sotho</li>
<li>Rusyn</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sami_Wikipedia" title="Northern Sami
Wikipedia">Northern Sami</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_Wikipedia" title="Crimean Tatar Wikipedia">Crimean
Tatar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_Wikipedia" title="Bhojpuri Wikipedia">Bhojpuri</a></li>
<li>Shan</li>
<li>West Flemish</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_Wikipedia" title="Assamese Wikipedia">Assamese</a></li>
<li>Maori</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon_Wikipedia" title="Dutch Low Saxon
Wikipedia">Dutch Low Saxon</a></li>
<li>Nauhatl</li>
<li>Sardinian</li>
<li>Vepsian</li>
<li>Gan</li>
<li>Erzya</li>
<li>Abkhazian</li>
<li>Gilaki</li>
<li>Tibetan</li>
<li>Shona</li>
<li>Corsican</li>
<li>Somali</li>
<li>Turkmen</li>
<li>Võro</li>
<li>Kashubian</li>
<li>Komi</li>
<li>Hausa</li>
<li>Interlingue</li>
<li>Manx</li></ul>
<ul><li>Udmurt</li>
<li>Zeelandic</li>
<li>Picard</li>
<li>Aymara</li>
<li>Kabyle</li>
<li>Norman</li>
<li>Uyghur</li>
<li>Lezgian</li>
<li>Saterland Frisian</li>
<li>Cornish</li>
<li>Hawaiian</li>
<li>Lingua Franca Nova</li>
<li>Mirandese</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Wikipedia" title="Guarani Wikipedia">Guarani</a></li>
<li>Ligurian</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_Wikipedia" title="Konkani Wikipedia">Konkani</a></li>
<li>Romansh</li>
<li>Lao</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish_Wikipedia" title="Judaeo-Spanish
Wikipedia">Ladino</a></li>
<li>Franco-Provençal</li>
<li>Divehi</li>
<li>Maltese</li>
<li>Komi-Permyak</li>
<li>Friulian</li>
<li>Livvi-Karelian</li>
<li>Lower Sorbian</li>
<li>Doteli</li>
<li>Anglo-Saxon</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_Wikipedia" title="Extremaduran
Wikipedia">Extremaduran</a></li>
<li>Chavacano</li>
<li>Lingala</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Santali_Wikipedia" title="Santali Wikipedia">Santali</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Wikipedia" title="Ripuarian
Wikipedia">Ripuarian</a></li>
<li>Gagauz</li>
<li>Palatinate German</li>
<li>Pali</li>
<li>Pangasinan</li>
<li>Balinese</li>
<li>Avar</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Wikipedia" title="Zulu Wikipedia">Zulu</a></li>
<li>Awadhi</li>
<li>Buryat</li>
<li>Tuvan</li>
<li>Kalmyk</li>
<li>Karachay-Balkar</li>
<li>Moroccan Arabic</li></ul>
<ul><li>Papiamentu</li>
<li>Zhuang</li>
<li>Karakalpak</li>
<li>Pennsylvania German</li>
<li>Kinyarwanda</li>
<li>Sakizaya</li>
<li>Tongan</li>
<li>Aramaic</li>
<li>Novial</li>
<li>Jamaican Patois</li>
<li>Tok Pisin</li>
<li>Kabiye</li>
<li>Kabardian Circassian</li>
<li>Igbo</li>
<li>Nauruan</li>
<li>Tetum</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wolof_Wikipedia" title="Wolof Wikipedia">Wolof</a></li>
<li>Ingush</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_Wikipedia" title="Tulu Wikipedia">Tulu</a></li>
<li>Kikuyu</li>
<li>Akan</li>
<li>Ladin</li>
<li>Lojban</li>
<li>Atikamekw</li>
<li>Aromanian</li>
<li>Bislama</li>
<li>Lak</li>
<li>Luganda</li>
<li>Kongo</li>
<li>Tahitian</li>
<li>Moksha</li>
<li>Fijian</li>
<li>Sranan</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wikipedia" title="Xhosa Wikipedia">Xhosa</a></li>
<li>Guianan Creole</li>
<li>Inari Sami</li>
<li>Saraiki</li>
<li>Oromo</li></ul>
style="width:1%">500+</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-
<ul><li>N'Ko</li>
<li>Latgalian</li>
<li>Cherokee</li>
<li>Samoan</li>
<li>Gothic</li>
<li>Mon</li>
<li>Greenlandic</li>
<li>Norfolk</li>
<li>Sesotho</li>
<li>Nias</li>
<li>Chichewa</li>
<li>Tswana</li>
<li>Old Church Slavonic</li>
<li>Twi</li>
<li>Tsonga</li>
<li>Romani</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bambara_Wikipedia" title="Bambara Wikipedia">Bambara</a></li>
<li>Cheyenne</li>
<li>Kirundi</li>
<li>Tumbuka</li>
<li>Chamorro</li>
<li>Swati</li></ul>
style="width:1%">200+</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-
<ul><li>Pontic</li>
<li>Adyghe</li>
<li>Inuktitut</li>
<li>Kashmiri</li>
<li>Venda</li>
<li>Ewe</li>
<li>Inupiak</li>
<li>Sango</li>
<li>Fula</li>
<li>Tigrinya</li>
<li>Dzongkha</li></ul>
style="width:1%">100+</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-
<ul><li>Dinka</li>
<li>Cree</li></ul>
style="width:1%">0+</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-
<ul><li>Ndonga</li>
<li>Choctaw</li>
<li>Kuanyama</li>
<li>Marshallese</li>
<li>Hiri Motu</li>
<li>Sichuan YI</li>
<li>Afar</li>
<li>Northern Luri</li>
<li>Muscogee</li>
<li>Herero</li>
<li>Kanuri</li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-
labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_International
_Cooperation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-
collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-
class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#99d6ff;"><link rel="mw-
deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div
class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a
href="/wiki/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation"
title="Template:Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation"><abbr
title="View this template" style="background:#99d6ff;;;background:none
talk"><a
href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation"
title="Template talk:Princess of Asturias Award for International
Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template"
style="background:#99d6ff;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-
title=Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation&action=
edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background:#99d6ff;;;background:none
div><div
id="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Coopera
tion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a
href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards" title="Princess of Asturias Awards">Prince
or Princess of Asturias Award</a> for International
Cooperation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist"
style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table
class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th
scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div
id="Prince_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation" style="font-
size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prince of Asturias Award for International
Cooperation</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="background:#addeff;;width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
<ul><li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López
Portillo">José López Portillo</a></li>
<li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Enrique_V._Iglesias" title="Enrique V. Iglesias">Enrique
V. Iglesias</a></li>
<li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Belisario_Betancur" title="Belisario Betancur">Belisario
Betancur</a></li>
<li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Contadora_group" title="Contadora group">Contadora
group</a></li>
<li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Alfons%C3%ADn" title="Raúl Alfonsín">Raúl
Alfonsín</a></li>
<li>1986: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Salamanca" title="University of
Salamanca">University of Salamanca</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Coimbra"
title="University of Coimbra">University of Coimbra</a></li>
<li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Javier_P%C3%A9rez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Javier Pérez de
Cuéllar">Javier Pérez de Cuéllar</a></li>
<li>1988: <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias">Óscar Arias</a></li>
<li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Delors" title="Jacques Delors">Jacques Delors</a>
and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail
Gorbachev</a></li></ul>
style="background:#addeff;;width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"
<ul><li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Hans-Dietrich_Genscher" title="Hans-Dietrich
Genscher">Hans-Dietrich Genscher</a></li>
<li>1991: UNHCR (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees"
title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees</a>)</li>
<li>1992: <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">Frederik W. de
Klerk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson
Mandela</a></li>
<li>1993: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Protection_Force" title="United Nations
Protection Force">United Nations Blue Berets stationed in Ex-Yugoslavia</a></li>
<li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> and
<a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></li>
<li>1995: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_Soares" title="Mário Soares">Mário
Soares</a></li>
<li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a></li>
<li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect"
title="Government of Guatemala">Government of Guatemala</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Guatemalan_National_Revolutionary_Unity" title="Guatemalan National
Revolutionary Unity">Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity</a></li>
<li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Emma_Bonino" title="Emma Bonino">Emma Bonino</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Olayinka_Koso-Thomas" title="Olayinka Koso-Thomas">Olayinka Koso-
Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gra%C3%A7a_Machel" title="Graça Machel">Graça
Machel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatiha_Boudiaf" title="Fatiha Boudiaf">Fatiha
Boudiaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rigoberta_Mench%C3%BA" title="Rigoberta
Menchú">Rigoberta Menchú</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?
title=Fatana_Ishaq_Gailani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fatana
Ishaq Gailani (page does not exist)">Fatana Ishaq Gailani</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Somaly_Mam" title="Somaly Mam">Somaly Mam</a></li>
<li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Duque" title="Pedro Duque">Pedro Duque</a>, <a
href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Chiaki_Mukai" title="Chiaki Mukai">Chiaki Mukai</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Valeri_Polyakov" title="Valeri Polyakov">Valeri Polyakov</a></li></ul>
<ul><li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Henrique_Cardoso" title="Fernando Henrique
Cardoso">Fernando Henrique Cardoso</a></li>
<li>2001: <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space
Station">International Space Station</a></li>
<li>2002: The <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Committee_on_Antarctic_Research"
title="Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research">Scientific Committee on
Antarctic Research</a></li>
<li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da
Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a></li>
<li>2004: The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European
Union</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Programme" title="Erasmus Programme">Erasmus
Programme</a></li>
<li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Simone_Veil" title="Simone Veil">Simone Veil</a></li>
<li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation" title="Bill &
Melinda Gates Foundation">Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation</a></li>
<li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li>
<li>2008: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manhi
%C3%A7a_Centre_of_Health_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new"
title="Manhiça Centre of Health Research (page does not exist)">Manhiça Centre of
Health Research</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>),
<a href="/wiki/Ifakara_Health_Institute" title="Ifakara Health Institute">Ifakara
Health Institute</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>), <a
href="/w/index.php?
title=Malaria_Research_and_Training_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1"
class="new" title="Malaria Research and Training Centre (page does not
exist)">Malaria Research and Training Centre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mali"
title="Mali">Mali</a>) and <a href="/w/index.php?
title=Kintampo_Health_Research_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new"
title="Kintampo Health Research Centre (page does not exist)">Kintampo Health
Research Centre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>)</li>
<li>2009: <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health
Organization">World Health Organization</a></li></ul>
<ul><li>2010: <a href="/w/index.php?
title=The_Transplantation_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new"
title="The Transplantation Society (page does not exist)">The Transplantation
Society</a> and the Spanish <a href="/wiki/National_Transplant_Organization"
title="National Transplant Organization">National Transplant Organization</a></li>
<li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Drayton" title="Bill Drayton">Bill Drayton</a></li>
<li>2012: <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement"
title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">International Red Cross
and Red Crescent Movement</a></li>
<li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Society" title="Max Planck Society">Max Planck
Society</a> for the Advancement of Science</li>
<li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Fulbright_Program" title="Fulbright Program">Fulbright
Program</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image"
rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a
href="/wiki/File:Princess_of_Asturias_Foundation_Emblem.svg" class="image"><img
alt="Princess of Asturias Foundation Emblem.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Princess_of_Asturias_Found
ation_Emblem.svg/50px-Princess_of_Asturias_Foundation_Emblem.svg.png"
decoding="async" width="50" height="68"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Princess_of_Asturias_Fo
undation_Emblem.svg/75px-Princess_of_Asturias_Foundation_Emblem.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Princess_of_Asturias_Foundation
_Emblem.svg/100px-Princess_of_Asturias_Foundation_Emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-
width="952" data-file-height="1296" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"
class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div
style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup"
style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title"
colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div
id="Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation" style="font-
size:114%;margin:0 4em">Princess of Asturias Award for International
Cooperation</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
<ul><li>2015: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wikipedia</a></li>
<li>2016: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change"
title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement"
title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a></li>
<li>2017: The <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_Society_of_America" title="Hispanic Society
of America">Hispanic Society of America</a></li>
<li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Amref_Health_Africa" title="Amref Health Africa">Amref
Health Africa</a></li>
<li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Sal_Khan" title="Sal Khan">Salman Khan</a> and the <a
href="/wiki/Khan_Academy" title="Khan Academy">Khan Academy</a></li></ul>
<ul><li>2020: <a href="/wiki/GAVI" title="GAVI">Gavi, the Vaccine
Alliance</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-
labelledby="Authority_control_frameless_|text-
top_|10px_|alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_|link=https&#58
;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52#identifiers|Edit_this_at_Wikidata"
style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-
spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th
id="Authority_control_frameless_|text-
top_|10px_|alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_|link=https&#58
;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52#identifiers|Edit_this_at_Wikidata"
scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a
href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority
control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52#identifiers" title="Edit
this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-
progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async"
width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-
progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-
progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-
width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/BIBSYS_(identifier)" class="mw-
redirect" title="BIBSYS (identifier)">BIBSYS</a>: <a
href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/
8030646">8030646</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/BNF_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect"
title="BNF (identifier)">BNF</a>: <a rel="nofollow"
href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb165741116">cb165741116</a> <a
href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb165741116">(data)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb150837752">cb150837752</a> <a
href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb150837752">(data)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/GND_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect"
title="GND (identifier)">GND</a>: <a rel="nofollow"
href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7545251-0">7545251-0</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISNI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect"
title="ISNI (identifier)">ISNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000044914788X">0000 0004 4914
788X</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect"
title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow"
href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no2008072801">no2008072801</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NKC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect"
title="NKC (identifier)">NKC</a>: <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-
c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20090528031&CON_LNG=ENG">kn20090528031<
/a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NLI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect"
title="NLI (identifier)">NLI</a>: <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?
func=direct&doc_number=001395032&local_base=nlx10">001395032</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NSK_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect"
title="NSK (identifier)">NSK</a>: <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?
func=direct&doc_number=000625468&local_base=nsk10">000625468</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SELIBR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect"
title="SELIBR (identifier)">SELIBR</a>: <a rel="nofollow"
href="https://libris.kb.se/auth/319345">319345</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SUDOC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect"
title="SUDOC (identifier)">SUDOC</a>: <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/11109383X">11109383X</a>,
<a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.idref.fr/152851143">152851143</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/VIAF_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect"
title="VIAF (identifier)">VIAF</a>: <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/195846295">195846295</a>,
<a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://viaf.org/viaf/220417855">220417855</a></li>
<li> <a href="/wiki/WorldCat_Identities_(identifier)"
class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCat Identities (identifier)">WorldCat
Identities</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/viaf-220417855">viaf-220417855</a></li></ul>



</div><noscript><img src="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?
type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position:
absolute;" /></noscript>
<div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr"
title=Wikipedia&oldid=1011155312">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Wikipedia&oldid=1011155312</a>"</div></div>
<div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-
normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category"
title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia"
title="Category:Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Advertising-free_websites" title="Category:Advertising-free
websites">Advertising-free websites</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Internet_properties_established_in_2001"
title="Category:Internet properties established in 2001">Internet properties
established in 2001</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:2001_establishments_in_the_United_States" title="Category:2001
establishments in the United States">2001 establishments in the United
States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_information_processing"
title="Category:Social information processing">Social information
processing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jimmy_Wales" title="Category:Jimmy
Wales">Jimmy Wales</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-
hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive
template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors:
missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-
language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content"
title="Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content">Pages
containing links to subscription-only content</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text"
title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing
German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-
language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1
Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-
language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1
Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_webcite_links" title="Category:Webarchive
template webcite links">Webarchive template webcite links</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with
short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata"
title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is
different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_semi-
protected_against_vandalism" title="Category:Wikipedia pages semi-protected against
vandalism">Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages"
title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely
move-protected pages</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_July_2020" title="Category:Use mdy dates
from July 2020">Use mdy dates from July 2020</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_June_2019" title="Category:Use
American English from June 2019">Use American English from June 2019</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English"
title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia
articles written in American English</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles
with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages
including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded
pronunciations</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_March_20
20" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from March
2020">Articles containing potentially dated statements from March
2020</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements"
title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles
containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_January_
2021" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from January
2021">Articles containing potentially dated statements from January
2021</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_March_2018"
title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2018">Wikipedia
articles in need of updating from March 2018</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating"
title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles
in need of updating</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2014"
title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from
2014">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_December_2020"
title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December
2020">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2020</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_December_2020"
title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December
2020">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2020</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_March_2017"
title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2017">Wikipedia
articles in need of updating from March 2017</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification"
title="Category:All Wikipedia articles needing clarification">All Wikipedia
articles needing clarification</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_August_2019"
title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August
2019">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2019</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_November_2016"
title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November
2016">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2016</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_July_2019"
title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2019">Wikipedia
articles in need of updating from July 2019</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_November_2020"
title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November
2020">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2020</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All
articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced
statements</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2020"
title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020">Articles
with unsourced statements from September 2020</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_April_20
20" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from April
2020">Articles containing potentially dated statements from April
2020</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_December
_2009" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from
December 2009">Articles containing potentially dated statements from December
2009</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text"
title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-
language text</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata"
title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using
Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search"
title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using
Sister project links with default search</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Curlie_links" title="Category:Articles with
Curlie links">Articles with Curlie links</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text"
title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing
Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_BIBSYS_identifiers"
title="Category:Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers">Wikipedia articles with
BIBSYS identifiers</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_BNF_identifiers"
title="Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers">Wikipedia articles with
BNF identifiers</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_GND_identifiers"
title="Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers">Wikipedia articles with
GND identifiers</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_ISNI_identifiers"
title="Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers">Wikipedia articles with
ISNI identifiers</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_LCCN_identifiers"
title="Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers">Wikipedia articles with
LCCN identifiers</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_NKC_identifiers"
title="Category:Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers">Wikipedia articles with
NKC identifiers</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_NLI_identifiers"
title="Category:Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers">Wikipedia articles with
NLI identifiers</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_NSK_identifiers"
title="Category:Wikipedia articles with NSK identifiers">Wikipedia articles with
NSK identifiers</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_SELIBR_identifiers"
title="Category:Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers">Wikipedia articles with
SELIBR identifiers</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_SUDOC_identifiers"
title="Category:Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers">Wikipedia articles with
SUDOC identifiers</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_VIAF_identifiers"
title="Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers">Wikipedia articles with
VIAF identifiers</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_WORLDCATID_identifiers"
title="Category:Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers">Wikipedia articles
with WORLDCATID identifiers</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_multiple_identifiers"
title="Category:Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers">Wikipedia articles
with multiple identifiers</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles
containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li><li><a
href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Graph_extension" title="Category:Pages using
the Graph extension">Pages using the Graph extension</a></li></ul></div></div>
</div>
</div>
<div id='mw-data-after-content'>
<div class="read-more-container"></div>
</div>
<div id="mw-navigation">
<h2>Navigation menu</h2>
<div id="mw-head">

<nav id="p-personal" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal vector-menu" aria-
labelledby="p-personal-label" role="navigation"
>
<h3 id="p-personal-label" class="vector-menu-heading">
Personal tools
</h3>
<div class="vector-menu-content">
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="pt-anonuserpage">Not
logged in</li><li id="pt-anontalk"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion
about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li><li id="pt-
anoncontribs"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made
from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-
createaccount"><a href="/w/index.php?
title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Wikipedia" title="You are encouraged to
create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory">Create
account</a></li><li id="pt-login"><a href="/w/index.php?
title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Wikipedia" title="You're encouraged to
log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o">Log in</a></li></ul>
</div>
</nav>
<div id="left-navigation">
deprecated. -->
<nav id="p-namespaces" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-namespaces vector-menu vector-
menu-tabs" aria-labelledby="p-namespaces-label" role="navigation"
>
<h3 id="p-namespaces-label" class="vector-menu-heading">
Namespaces
</h3>
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="ca-nstab-main"
class="selected"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="View the content page [c]"
accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Wikipedia"
rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]"
accesskey="t">Talk</a></li></ul>
</div>
</nav>

deprecated. -->
<nav id="p-variants" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet vector-menu
vector-menu-dropdown" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" role="navigation"
>
<input type="checkbox" class="vector-menu-checkbox" aria-labelledby="p-
variants-label" />
<h3 id="p-variants-label" class="vector-menu-heading">
Variants
</h3>
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"></ul>
</div>
</nav>
</div>
<div id="right-navigation">
deprecated. -->
<nav id="p-views" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-views vector-menu vector-menu-tabs"
aria-labelledby="p-views-label" role="navigation"
>
<h3 id="p-views-label" class="vector-menu-heading">
Views
</h3>
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="ca-view"
class="selected"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource"><a
href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&action=edit" title="This page is
protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li
id="ca-history"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&action=history"
title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li></ul>
</div>
</nav>

deprecated. -->
<nav id="p-cactions" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-menu
vector-menu-dropdown" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" role="navigation"
>
<input type="checkbox" class="vector-menu-checkbox" aria-labelledby="p-
cactions-label" />
<h3 id="p-cactions-label" class="vector-menu-heading">
More
</h3>
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"></ul>
</div>
</nav>
<div id="p-search" role="search" >

<h3 >
<label for="searchInput">Search</label>
</h3>
<form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform">
<div id="simpleSearch" data-search-loc="header-navigation">
<input type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"
autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"
id="searchInput"/>
<input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/>
<input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Search" title="Search
Wikipedia for this text" id="mw-searchButton" class="searchButton mw-
fallbackSearchButton"/>
<input type="submit" name="go" value="Go" title="Go to a page
with this exact name if it exists" id="searchButton" class="searchButton"/>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="mw-panel">
<div id="p-logo" role="banner">
<a class="mw-wiki-logo" href="/wiki/Main_Page"
title="Visit the main page"></a>
</div>

<nav id="p-navigation" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation vector-menu vector-
menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-navigation-label" role="navigation"
>
<h3 id="p-navigation-label" class="vector-menu-heading">
Navigation
</h3>
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-mainpage-description"><a
href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main
page</a></li><li id="n-contents"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides
to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents"><a
href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current
events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random"
title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random
article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn
about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage"><a
href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact
Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li><li id="n-sitesupport"><a
href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?
utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&
uselang=en" title="Support us by donating to the Wikimedia
Foundation">Donate</a></li></ul>
</div>
</nav>
<nav id="p-interaction" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction vector-menu
vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-interaction-label" role="navigation"
>
<h3 id="p-interaction-label" class="vector-menu-heading">
Contribute
</h3>
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-help"><a
href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit
Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction"
title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal"><a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community
portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges"
title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent
changes</a></li><li id="n-upload"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard"
title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li></ul>
</div>
</nav>
<nav id="p-tb" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb vector-menu vector-menu-portal
portal" aria-labelledby="p-tb-label" role="navigation"
>
<h3 id="p-tb-label" class="vector-menu-heading">
Tools
</h3>
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="t-whatlinkshere"><a
href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Wikipedia" title="List of all English Wikipedia
pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li
id="t-recentchangeslinked"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Wikipedia"
rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]"
accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload"><a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]"
accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages"><a
href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]"
accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink"><a href="/w/index.php?
title=Wikipedia&oldid=1011155312" title="Permanent link to this revision of
this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info"><a href="/w/index.php?
title=Wikipedia&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page
information</a></li><li id="t-cite"><a href="/w/index.php?
title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Wikipedia&id=1011155312&wpFormIdentifie
r=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this
page</a></li><li id="t-wikibase"><a
href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q52" title="Structured data
on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li></ul>
</div>
</nav>
<nav id="p-coll-print_export" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export
vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-coll-print_export-label"
role="navigation"
>
<h3 id="p-coll-print_export-label" class="vector-menu-heading">
Print/export
</h3>
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="coll-download-as-rl"><a
href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Wikipedia&action=show-
download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as
PDF</a></li><li id="t-print"><a href="/w/index.php?
title=Wikipedia&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]"
accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li></ul>
</div>
</nav>
<nav id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-
otherprojects vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-wikibase-
otherprojects-label" role="navigation"
>
<h3 id="p-wikibase-otherprojects-label" class="vector-menu-heading">
In other projects
</h3>
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li class="wb-otherproject-link
wb-otherproject-commons"><a
href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia"
hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-
otherproject-meta"><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia"
hreflang="en">Meta-Wiki</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-
wikibooks"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikimedia/Wikipedia"
hreflang="en">Wikibooks</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-
wikiquote"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Wikipedia"
hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-
wikiversity"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikipedia"
hreflang="en">Wikiversity</a></li></ul>
</div>
</nav>
<nav id="p-lang" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang vector-menu vector-menu-portal
portal" aria-labelledby="p-lang-label" role="navigation"
>
<h3 id="p-lang-label" class="vector-menu-heading">
Languages
</h3>
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-ace"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia"
title="Wikipèdia – Achinese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady"><a
href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF
%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Википедие – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-af"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia –
Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-ak"><a href="https://ak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia –
Akan" lang="ak" hreflang="ak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Akan</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als"><a
href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Alemannisch"
lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am"><a
href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%8D%E1%8A%AD%E1%8D%94%E1%8B%B2%E1%8B%AB"
title="ውክፔዲያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" class="interlanguage-link-
target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang"><a
href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C7%A3dia" title="Wikipǣdia – Old
English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-ab"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA
%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Авикипедиа – Abkhazian" lang="ab"
hreflang="ab" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аҧсшәа</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><a
href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF
%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="‫ – ويكيبيديا‬Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-
link-target">‫<العربية‬/a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an"><a
href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biquipedia" title="Biquipedia – Aragonese"
lang="an" hreflang="an" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc"><a
href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%98%DC%9D%DC%A9%DC%9D%DC%A6%DC%95%DC%9D%DC
%90" title="‫ – ܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ‬Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" class="interlanguage-link-
target">‫<ܐܪܡܝܐ‬/a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw"><a
href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%AB
%D6%83%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ուիքիփետիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw"
hreflang="hyw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup"><a href="https://roa-
rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Aromanian" lang="rup"
hreflang="rup" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp"><a
href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vouiquip%C3%A8dia" title="Vouiquipèdia –
Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-as"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BF
%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE"
title="ৱিকিপিডিয়া – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" class="interlanguage-link-
target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast"><a
href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Asturian"
lang="ast" hreflang="ast" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj"><a
href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipetcia" title="Wikipetcia – Atikamekw"
lang="atj" hreflang="atj" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa"><a
href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA
%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="विकिपीडिया – Awadhi" lang="awa"
hreflang="awa" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn"><a
href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipet%C3%A3" title="Vikipetã – Guarani"
lang="gn" hreflang="gn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av"><a
href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF
%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Википедия – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-ay"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipidiya" title="Wikipidiya
– Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar
aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><a
href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipediya" title="Vikipediya – Azerbaijani"
lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb"><a
href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%AF
%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="‫ – ویکی‌پدیا‬South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb"
class="interlanguage-link-target">‫<تۆرکجه‬/a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-ban"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia"
title="Wikipédia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm"><a
href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedi" title="Wikipedi – Bambara" lang="bm"
hreflang="bm" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><a
href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA
%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="উইকিপিডিয়া – Bangla"
lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn"><a
href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipidia" title="Wikipidia – Banjar"
lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan"><a href="https://zh-min-
nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="nan"
hreflang="nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms"><a href="https://map-
bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Basa Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-
bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa
Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba"><a
href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF
%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Википедия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-be"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF
%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Вікіпедыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-be-x-old"><a
href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%8D
%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Вікіпэдыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)"
lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская
(тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh"><a
href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA
%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="विकिपीडिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh"
hreflang="bh" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl"><a
href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedya" title="Wikipedya – Central Bikol"
lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol
Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi"><a
href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Bislama"
lang="bi" hreflang="bi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a
href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF
%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Уикипедия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-bar"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia
– Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-bo"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%A6%E0%BD%BA
%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD
%98%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91" title="ལྦེ་ཁེ་རིག་མཛོད – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo"
class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-bs"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia –
Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-br"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia –
Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-bxr"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA
%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Википеэди – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr"
hreflang="bxr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a
href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia" title="Viquipèdia – Catalan"
lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv"><a
href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF
%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Википеди – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle"
title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedya"
title="Wikipedya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a
href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedie" title="Wikipedie – Czech" lang="cs"
hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch"><a
href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Chamorro"
lang="ch" hreflang="ch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam"><a href="https://cbk-
zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Chavacano" lang="cbk"
hreflang="cbk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny"><a
href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Nyanja" lang="ny"
hreflang="ny" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn"><a
href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipidhiya" title="Wikipidhiya – Shona"
lang="sn" hreflang="sn" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co"><a
href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Corsican"
lang="co" hreflang="co" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a
href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Welsh" lang="cy"
hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a
href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Danish" lang="da"
hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary"><a
href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%AF
%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="‫ – ويكيپيديا‬Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary"
class="interlanguage-link-target">‫<الدارجة‬/a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-se"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia –
Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc"><a
href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Pennsylvania
German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia –
German" lang="de" hreflang="de"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-dv"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%86%DE%A8%DE
%95%DE%A9%DE%91%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A7" title="ާ‫ – ވިކިޕީޑިޔ‬Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv"
class="interlanguage-link-target">ް‫<ދިވެހިބަސ‬/a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-dsb"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija"
title="Wikipedija – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" class="interlanguage-
link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty"><a
href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA
%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="विकिपिडिया – Doteli" lang="dty"
hreflang="dty" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a
href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipeedia" title="Vikipeedia – Estonian"
lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE
%92%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Βικιπαίδεια
– Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-eml"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia
– Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv"><a
href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF
%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Википедиясь – Erzya" lang="myv"
hreflang="myv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle"
title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia"
title="Wikipedia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798
badge-goodarticle" title="good article badge"><a
href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedio" title="Vikipedio – Esperanto"
lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext"><a
href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Extremaduran"
lang="ext" hreflang="ext" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a
href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Basque" lang="eu"
hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a
href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%AF
%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="‫ – ویکی‌پدیا‬Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-
link-target">‫<فارسی‬/a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo"><a
href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Faroese"
lang="fo" hreflang="fo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a
href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Wikipédia – French"
lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><a
href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedy" title="Wikipedy – Western Frisian"
lang="fy" hreflang="fy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff"><a
href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipeediya" title="Wikipeediya – Fulah"
lang="ff" hreflang="ff" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur"><a
href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichipedie" title="Vichipedie – Friulian"
lang="fur" hreflang="fur" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><a
href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicip%C3%A9id" title="Vicipéid – Irish"
lang="ga" hreflang="ga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv"><a
href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Manx" lang="gv"
hreflang="gv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag"><a
href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipediya" title="Vikipediya – Gagauz"
lang="gag" hreflang="gag" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd"><a
href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uicipeid" title="Uicipeid – Scottish Gaelic"
lang="gd" hreflang="gd" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a
href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Galician"
lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh"><a
href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF
%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Википеди – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh"
class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-gan"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE
%E7%A7%91" title="維基百科 – Gan Chinese" lang="gan" hreflang="gan"
class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-ki"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia –
Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-glk"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A
%D9%BE%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="‫ – ويکيپديا‬Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk"
class="interlanguage-link-target">‫<گیلکی‬/a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-gu"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA
%95%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE"
title="વિકિપીડિયા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" class="interlanguage-link-
target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got"><a
href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C
%B9%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0"
title="𐍅𐌹𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" class="interlanguage-link-
target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom"><a
href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipidia" title="Wikipidia – Goan Konkani"
lang="gom" hreflang="gom" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi
Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak"><a
href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Hakka Chinese"
lang="hak" hreflang="hak" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家
語/Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal"><a
href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF
%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Википеди – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-ko"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA
%B3%BC" title="위키백과 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-
target">한국어</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha"><a
href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Hausa" lang="ha"
hreflang="ha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw"><a
href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipikia" title="Wikipikia – Hawaiian"
lang="haw" hreflang="haw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a
href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%BA
%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Վիքիպեդիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-hi"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF
%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE"
title="विकिपीडिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-
target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb"><a
href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija" title="Wikipedija – Upper Sorbian"
lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-
link interwiki-hr"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija"
title="Wikipedija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor"><a
href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Gorontalo"
lang="gor" hreflang="gor" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa
Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io"><a
href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedio" title="Wikipedio – Ido" lang="io"
hreflang="io" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig"><a
href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipidia" title="Wikipidia – Igbo" lang="ig"
hreflang="ig" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo"><a
href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Iloko"
lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy"><a
href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA
%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="উইকিপিডিয়া –
Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া
মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a
href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Indonesian"
lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa
Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia"><a
href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Interlingua"
lang="ia" hreflang="ia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie"><a
href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Interlingue"
lang="ie" hreflang="ie" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu"><a
href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%85%E1%90%83%E1%91%AD%E1%90%B1%E1%91%8E
%E1%90%8A" title="ᐅᐃᑭᐱᑎᐊ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu"
class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ/inuktitut</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik"><a
href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uiqipitia" title="Uiqipitia – Inupiaq"
lang="ik" hreflang="ik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiak</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os"><a
href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF
%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Википеди – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-xh"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwikipedia" title="Iwikipedia
– Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh"
class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-zu"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia –
Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a
href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Icelandic"
lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a
href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Italian"
lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a
href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9
4" title="‫ – ויקיפדיה‬Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-
target">‫<עברית‬/a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><a
href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Wikipédia – Javanese"
lang="jv" hreflang="jv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp"><a
href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipediya" title="Wikipediya – Kabiye"
lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl"><a
href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Kalaallisut"
lang="kl" hreflang="kl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kalaallisut</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><a
href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA
%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ – Kannada" lang="kn"
hreflang="kn" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam"><a
href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Pampanga"
lang="pam" hreflang="pam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc"><a
href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF
%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Википедия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc"
hreflang="krc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a
href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E
%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ვიკიპედია – Georgian" lang="ka"
hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks"><a
href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%96%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%BE%DB
%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="‫ – ویٖک ٖیپیڈیا‬Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks"
class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / ‫<کٲشر‬/a></li><li
ُ class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-csb"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedij%C3%B4"
title="Wikipedijô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a
href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF
%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Уикипедия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-kw"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedya" title="Wikipedya –
Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-sw"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia –
Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-ht"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedya" title="Wikipedya –
Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl
ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr"><a
href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dja" title="Wikipédja – Guianan
Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl
gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><a
href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%AEk%C3%AEpediya" title="Wîkîpediya –
Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-ky"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF
%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Уикипедия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-mrj badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article
badge"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF
%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Википеди – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-lld"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia
– Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-lad"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedya" title="Vikipedya
– Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-lbe"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA
%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Википедия – Lak" lang="lbe"
hreflang="lbe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo"><a
href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%9E
%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%8D" title="ວິກິພີເດຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo"
class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-ltg"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedeja"
title="Vikipedeja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a
href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicipaedia" title="Vicipaedia – Latin"
lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a
href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikip%C4%93dija" title="Vikipēdija – Latvian"
lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><a
href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Luxembourgish"
lang="lb" hreflang="lb"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-
link interwiki-lez"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA
%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Википедия – Lezghian" lang="lez"
hreflang="lez" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a
href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedija" title="Vikipedija – Lithuanian"
lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij"><a
href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Ligurian"
lang="lij" hreflang="lij" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li"><a
href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Limburgish"
lang="li" hreflang="li" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln"><a
href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Lingala"
lang="ln" hreflang="ln" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn"><a
href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicipedia" title="Vicipedia – Lingua Franca
Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca
Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo"><a
href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedii" title="Wikipedii – Livvi-Karelian"
lang="olo" hreflang="olo"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-
link interwiki-jbo"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/la_.uikipedi%27as."
title="la .uikipedi'as. – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo"
class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-lg"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia –
Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-lmo"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia
– Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Lumbaart</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-hu"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia"
title="Wikipédia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai"><a
href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA
%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="विकिपिडिया – Maithili" lang="mai"
hreflang="mai" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a
href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF
%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Википедија – Macedonian" lang="mk"
hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg"><a
href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Malagasy"
lang="mg" hreflang="mg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a
href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D
%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="വിക്കിപീഡിയ
– Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-
target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt"><a
href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija" title="Wikipedija – Maltese"
lang="mt" hreflang="mt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi"><a
href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Maori" lang="mi"
hreflang="mi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a
href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA
%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="विकिपीडिया – Marathi" lang="mr"
hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf"><a
href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E
%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ვიკიპედია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf"
hreflang="xmf" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz"><a
href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF
%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="‫ – ويكيبيديا‬Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz"
class="interlanguage-link-target">‫<مصرى‬/a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-mnw"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D
%E1%80%B3%E1%80%80%E1%80%B3%E1%80%95%E1%80%B3%E1%80%92%E1%80%B3%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC"
title="ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" class="interlanguage-link-
target">ဘာသာ မန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn"><a
href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%AF
%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="‫ – ویکی‌پدیا‬Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn"
class="interlanguage-link-target">‫<مازرونی‬/a></li><li
ِ class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-ms"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia –
Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa
Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min"><a
href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Minangkabau"
lang="min" hreflang="min" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo"><a
href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Min Dong
Chinese" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mìng-dĕ̤ng-
ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl"><a
href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Mirandese"
lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf"><a
href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF
%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Википедие – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-mn"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF
%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Википедиа – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-my"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE
%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A
%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my"
class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-nah"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huiquipedia"
title="Huiquipedia – Nāhuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-na"><a
href="https://na.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipediya" title="Wikipediya – Nauru"
lang="na" hreflang="na" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dorerin
Naoero</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj"><a
href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Fijian" lang="fj"
hreflang="fj" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a
href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Dutch" lang="nl"
hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl"><a
href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Low Saxon"
lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-
link interwiki-ne"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF
%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE"
title="विकिपिडिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" class="interlanguage-link-
target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new"><a
href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA
%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="विकिपिडिया – Newari" lang="new"
hreflang="new" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a
href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%9A
%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2" title="ウィキペディア – Japanese" lang="ja"
hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap"><a
href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Neapolitan"
lang="nap" hreflang="nap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce"><a
href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF
%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Википеди – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-frr"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia
– Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih"><a
href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikkapedya" title="Wikkapedya – Norfuk /
Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk /
Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a
href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Norwegian
Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk
bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a
href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Norwegian
Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk
nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm"><a
href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viq%C3%B9ip%C3%A9die" title="Viqùipédie –
Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-nov"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedie" title="Wikipedie
– Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-oc"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia"
title="Wikipèdia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr"><a
href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF
%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Википедий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr"
hreflang="mhr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or"><a
href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AA
%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ଉଇକିପିଡ଼ିଆ – Odia" lang="or"
hreflang="or" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ng"><a
href="https://ng.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Ndonga" lang="ng"
hreflang="ng" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oshiwambo</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a
href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipediya" title="Vikipediya – Uzbek"
lang="uz" hreflang="uz"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><a
href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AA
%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa"
hreflang="pa" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi"><a
href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA
%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="विकिपीडिया – Pali" lang="pi"
hreflang="pi" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl"><a
href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Palatine German"
lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag"><a
href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Pangasinan"
lang="pag" hreflang="pag" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><a
href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C
%D8%A7" title="‫ – وکیپیڈیا‬Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb"
class="interlanguage-link-target">‫<پنجابی‬/a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-pap"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia
– Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps"><a
href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%BE%DB%90%DA
%89%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="‫ – ويکيپېډ يا‬Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps"
class="interlanguage-link-target">‫<پښتو‬/a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-jam"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipidia" title="Wikipidia
– Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi"><a
href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF
%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Википедия – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi"
hreflang="koi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km"><a
href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E
%97%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B6" title="វ ិគីភីឌា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km"
class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្រ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-pcd"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia"
title="Wikipédia – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms"><a
href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Piedmontese"
lang="pms" hreflang="pms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi"><a
href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Tok Pisin"
lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds"><a
href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Low German"
lang="nds" hreflang="nds"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-
link interwiki-pl"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia"
title="Wikipedia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt"><a
href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE
%B4%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Βικιπαίδεια – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article badge"><a
href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Wikipédia – Portuguese"
lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-aa"><a
href="https://aa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Afar" lang="aa"
hreflang="aa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qafár af</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa"><a
href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Kara-Kalpak"
lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-
link interwiki-crh"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipediya"
title="Vikipediya – Crimean Turkish" lang="crh" hreflang="crh"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-
link interwiki-ty"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitipetia"
title="Vitipetia – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh"><a
href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Colognian"
lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a
href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Romanian"
lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy"><a
href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipidiya" title="Vikipidiya – Vlax Romani"
lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm"><a
href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichipedia" title="Vichipedia – Romansh"
lang="rm" hreflang="rm" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu"><a
href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipidiya" title="Wikipidiya – Quechua"
lang="qu" hreflang="qu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue"><a
href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF
%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Вікіпедія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-ru"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF
%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Википедия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-sah"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BA
%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8D" title="Бикипиэдьийэ –
Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха
тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy"><a
href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/u_holic_hananay" title="u holic hananay –
Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-sm"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia –
Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana
Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa"><a
href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA
%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="विकिपीडिया – Sanskrit" lang="sa"
hreflang="sa" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृ तम्</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/W
%C3%AFk%C3%AFp%C3%AAd%C3%AFy%C3%A4a" title="Wïkïpêdïyäa – Sango" lang="sg"
hreflang="sg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat"><a
href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AF
%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ – Santali"
lang="sat" hreflang="sat" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc"><a
href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Sardinian"
lang="sc" hreflang="sc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a
href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipaedia" title="Wikipaedia – Scots"
lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq"><a
href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Saterland
Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-nso"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia
– Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn"><a
href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Tswana" lang="tn"
hreflang="tn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a
href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Albanian"
lang="sq" hreflang="sq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><a
href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Sicilian"
lang="scn" hreflang="scn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si"><a
href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A
%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="විකිපීඩියා –
Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" class="interlanguage-link-
target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a
href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Simple
English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd"><a
href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A
%D8%A7" title="‫ – وڪيپيڊيا‬Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" class="interlanguage-link-
target">‫<سنڌي‬/a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss"><a
href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Swati" lang="ss"
hreflang="ss" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a
href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Wikipédia – Slovak"
lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a
href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija" title="Wikipedija – Slovenian"
lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu"><a
href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF
%D1%94%D0%B4%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Википєдїꙗ – Church Slavic" lang="cu"
hreflang="cu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ /
ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl"><a
href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedyjo" title="Wikipedyjo – Silesian"
lang="szl" hreflang="szl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so"><a
href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Somali" lang="so"
hreflang="so" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a
href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB
%8C%D8%A7" title="‫ – ویکیپیدیا‬Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb"
class="interlanguage-link-target">‫<کوردی‬/a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-srn"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia
– Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a
href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF
%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Википедија – Serbian" lang="sr"
hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a
href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Serbo-Croatian"
lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski /
српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su"><a
href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Wikipédia – Sundanese"
lang="su" hreflang="su" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a
href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Finnish"
lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a
href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Swedish"
lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a
href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Tagalog"
lang="tl" hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a
href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE
%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE
%BE" title="விக்கிப்பீடியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-
link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab"><a
href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Kabyle"
lang="kab" hreflang="kab" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara"><a href="https://roa-
tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uicchip%C3%A8die" title="Uicchipèdie – Tarantino"
lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt"><a
href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF
%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Википедия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча/tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-
link interwiki-shn"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE
%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%BD%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE
%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8" title="ဝီႇၶီႇၽီးတီးယႃး – Shan" lang="shn"
hreflang="shn" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆ း </a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"><a
href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AA
%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="వికీపీడియా – Telugu" lang="te"
hreflang="te" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet"><a
href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Wikipédia – Tetum"
lang="tet" hreflang="tet" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle"
title="good article badge"><a
href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E
%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="วิกิพีเดีย – Thai" lang="th"
hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti"><a
href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%8A%E1%8A%AA%E1%8D%90%E1%8B%B5%E1%8B%AB"
title="ዊኪፐድያ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" class="interlanguage-link-
target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg"><a
href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF
%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Википедия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-chr"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%AB%E1%8E%A9%E1%8F
%87%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%AF" title="ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr"
class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-chy"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vekepete%27a"
title="Vekepete'a – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" class="interlanguage-
link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve"><a
href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Venda" lang="ve"
hreflang="ve" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy"><a
href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA
%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ – Tulu" lang="tcy"
hreflang="tcy" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a
href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedi" title="Vikipedi – Turkish" lang="tr"
hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk"><a
href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedi%C3%BDa" title="Wikipediýa – Turkmen"
lang="tk" hreflang="tk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw"><a
href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Twi" lang="tw"
hreflang="tw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv"><a
href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF
%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Википедия – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-udm"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA
%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Википедия – Udmurt" lang="udm"
hreflang="udm" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug"><a
href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Buginese"
lang="bug" hreflang="bug" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a
href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF
%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Вікіпедія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-ur"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE
%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7"
title="‫ – ویکیپیڈیا‬Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target">
‫<اردو‬/a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug"><a
href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8B%D9%89%D9%83%D9%89%D9%BE%DB%90%D8%AF
%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="‫ – ۋىكىپېدىيە‬Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug"
class="interlanguage-link-target">‫ ئۇيغۇرچە‬/ Uyghurche</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za"><a
href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veizgiek_Bakgoh" title="Veizgiek Bakgoh –
Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-vec"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia
– Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-vep"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedii" title="Vikipedii
– Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän
kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a
href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Vietnamese"
lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/V
%C3%BCkiped" title="Vükiped – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-fiu-vro"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipeedi%C3%A4"
title="Vikipeediä – võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa"><a
href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Walloon"
lang="wa" hreflang="wa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical"><a href="https://zh-
classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%B8" title="維基大典
– Classical Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" class="interlanguage-link-target">
文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls"><a
href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – West Flemish"
lang="vls" hreflang="vls" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a
href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Waray"
lang="war" hreflang="war" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo"><a
href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Wolof" lang="wo"
hreflang="wo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu"><a
href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91"
title="维基百科 – Wu Chinese" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" class="interlanguage-link-
target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts"><a
href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipediya" title="Wikipediya – Tsonga"
lang="ts" hreflang="ts" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a
href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%9
3%D7%99%D7%A2" title="‫ – וויקיפעדיע‬Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi"
class="interlanguage-link-target">‫<יִידיש‬/a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-yo"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia –
Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA
%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" title="維基百科 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue"
class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-diq"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipediya"
title="Wikipediya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea"><a
href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Zeelandic"
lang="zea" hreflang="zea" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg"><a href="https://bat-
smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikiped%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Vikipedėjė – Samogitian"
lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a
href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" title="维
基百科 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中
文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad"><a
href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8%E1%B8%8Dia" title="Wikipèḍia –
Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-mni"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF
%80%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5"
title="ꯋꯤ ꯀꯤ ꯄꯦ ꯤꯤꯦꯗꯤ
ꯌꯥ –ꯥ Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni"
class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤ ꯇꯩ ꯂꯣ ꯤꯩꯣꯟ </a></li></ul>
<div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a
href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q52#sitelinks-wikipedia"
title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div>
</div>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
<footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" role="contentinfo" >
<ul id="footer-info" >
<li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 March 2021, at
10:08 (UTC).</li>
<li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="license"
href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-
ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike
License</a><a rel="license" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
style="display:none;"></a>;
additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a
href="//foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a
href="//foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy">Privacy Policy</a>.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a
href="//www.wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit
organization.</li>
</ul>
<ul id="footer-places" >

<li id="footer-places-privacy"><a
href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy" class="extiw"
title="wmf:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li>
<li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About"
title="Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li>
<li id="footer-places-disclaimer"><a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" title="Wikipedia:General
disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li>
<li id="footer-places-contact"><a
href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li>
<li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Wikipedia&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint
stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li>
<li id="footer-places-developers"><a
href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/How_to_contribute">Develope
rs</a></li>
<li id="footer-places-statslink"><a
href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li>
<li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a
href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cookie_statement">Cookie
statement</a></li>
</ul>
<ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint">

<li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/"><img
src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.png"
srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x,
/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x" width="88" height="31"
alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy" /></a></li>
<li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/"><img
src="/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" alt="Powered by
MediaWiki" srcset="/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x,
/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x" width="88" height="31"
loading="lazy"/></a></li>
</ul>
<div style="clear: both;"></div>

</footer>
<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgPageParseReport":
{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.792","walltime":"5.475","ppvisitednodes":
{"value":27560,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":
{"value":860199,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":
{"value":24683,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":
{"value":21,"limit":40},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":44,"limit":500},"unstrip-
depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":
{"value":1077567,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":
{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4586.114 1 -total"," 41.87%
1920.094 2 Template:Reflist"," 15.78% 723.523 148 Template:Cite_web","
13.36% 612.618 110 Template:Cite_news"," 6.38% 292.473 4
Template:Infobox"," 5.70% 261.384 62 Template:Wikipedia_rank_by_size/WP","
5.64% 258.841 1 Template:Pie_chart"," 5.38% 246.734 124
Template:Mw_lang"," 5.37% 246.417 1 Template:Infobox_website"," 4.63%
212.221 83 Template:NUMBEROF"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":
{"value":"2.669","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":
{"value":28151573,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","320","11.3"],
["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:41\u003E","320","11.3"],
["Scribunto_LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","11.3"],["dataWrapper \
u003Cmw.lua:661\u003E","200","7.1"],
["Scribunto_LuaSandboxCallback::match","200","7.1"],
["Scribunto_LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","4.3"],
["Scribunto_LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","100","3.5"],
["Scribunto_LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","2.8"],
["Scribunto_LuaSandboxCallback::plain","80","2.8"],["makeMessage \
u003Cmw.message.lua:76\u003E","60","2.1"],
["[others]","1020","36.2"]]},"cachereport":
{"origin":"mw1310","timestamp":"20210311230459","ttl":3600,"transientcontent":true}
}});});</script>
<script
type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","na
me":"Wikipedia","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/
Wikipedia","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/
Q52","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q52","author":
{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":
{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":
{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-
googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-06T01:16:13Z","dateModified":"2021-03-
09T10:08:28Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/8\/80\/
Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg","headline":"free online encyclopedia that anyone can
edit"}</script>
<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function()
{mw.config.set({"wgBackendResponseTime":338,"wgHostname":"mw1370"});});</script>
</body></html>

Practice

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Practice

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

<!

<tbody><tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200);

<tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200); width:584.67146890463px;

<tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200); width:517.17020096374px;

<tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200); width:482.39257822861px;

<tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200); width:469.49937293407px;

<tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200); width:453.94410439687px;

<tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200); width:428.08595748067px;

<tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200); width:427.08870538672px;

<tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200); width:410.05061551532px;

<tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200); width:391.16117068887px;

<tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200); width:390.8906118951px;

<tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200); width:390.41453471153px;

<tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200); width:385.57771449339px;

<tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200); width:382.39748820776px;

<tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200); width:373.70994077788px;

<tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200); width:370.41101748524px;

<tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200); width:368.10007051725px;

<tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200); width:326.96473747191px;

<tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200); width:309.04042249774px;

<!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:5043734-0!canonical and

<!-- Please do not use role attribute as CSS selector, it is

<!-- Please do not use role attribute as CSS selector, it is

<div id="p-search" role="search" >

<ul id="footer-places" >

<ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint">

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

You might also like