L02 Gausss Law
L02 Gausss Law
Part 1 ELECTROMAGNETISM
• To use the electric field at a surface to determine the charge within the
surface
• To learn the meaning of electric flux and how to calculate it
• To learn the relationship between the electric flux through a surface
and the charge within the surface
• To use Gauss’s law to calculate electric fields
• To learn where the charge on a conductor is located
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Introduction
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BASIC CONCEPTS
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ELECTRIC FLUX
ELECTRIC FLUX: is how many electric field lines cross a surface or pass through a area.
1- Electric flux through an open surface:
For a uniform electric field E passing through
an area A, the electric flux, φE is defined as:
Dot product
𝐄 is uniform
Unit of the flux is Nm2/C
Application
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ELECTRIC FLUX
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ELECTRIC FLUX
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ELECTRIC FLUX
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GAUSS’S LAW
GAUSS’S LAW: The relation between the electric flux through a closed surface
and the net charge Qencl enclosed within (inside) that surface is given by:
COULOMB’S LAW describes the electric force between two charged particles as
a function of their distance and their charges.
GAUSS’S LAW expresses the relation between the electric charge, Q, and the
electric field, E.
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Coulomb’s law from Gauss’s law
Electric flux:
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IN CLASS PRACTICE
Flux from Gauss's law: Consider the two gaussian surfaces, A1 and A2, shown in the
figure below. The only charge present is the charge Q at the center of surface A1. What
is the net flux through each surface, A1 and A2 ?
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IN CLASS PRACTICE
RESPONSE
- The surface A1 encloses the charge +Q. By Gauss’s law, the net flux through A1
is 𝛷𝐸 =Q/ε0.
2. Calculate: 𝛷𝐸 = 𝐸 ׯ. 𝑑 𝐴Ԧ
𝑄
4. Apply Gauss’s Law to calculate E: 𝐸 ׯ. 𝑑 𝐴Ԧ = 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙
𝜀0
Symmetry &
Gaussian surfaces
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APPLICATION TO SPHERICAL CONDUCTOR
A SPHERICAL SHELL:
A thin spherical shell of radius r0 possesses a total net charge Q that is uniformly
distributed on it (figure below).
Determine the electric field at points (a) outside the shell, and (b) inside the shell.
+ +
+𝑬
+
+
+
r0 +
+
+ +
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APPLICATION TO SPHERICAL CONDUCTOR
𝑄
Gauss’s law: 𝛷𝐸 =
𝜀0
1 𝑄
𝐸=
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟2 𝑟 > 𝑟0 18
APPLICATION TO SPHERICAL CONDUCTOR
+ +
A2 +𝑬 𝛷𝐸 = 𝐸 ׯ. 𝑑𝐴Ԧ =𝑠𝑜𝑐𝐴𝑑𝐸 ׯ0° = (𝐸 = 𝐴𝑑 ׯ 𝐸 = 𝐴𝑑𝐸 ׯ4𝜋𝑟2)
+
r +
𝑄
+
r0 + 𝑄
Gauss’s law: 𝛷𝐸 = 𝐸 4𝜋𝑟2 =
𝜀0
+
+ +
𝜀0
𝑄
𝐸 4𝜋𝑟2 = =0 𝐸=0 𝑟 < 𝑟0
𝜀0
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APPLICATION TO SOLID SPHERE OF CHARGE
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APPLICATION TO SOLID SPHERE OF CHARGE
SOLUTION:
- Q is uniformly distributed on the sphere: The electric field have the same magnitude
at all points located at the same radius r.
- Q >0, the electric field is pointing outward.
- 𝐸 is perpendicular to the surface of A1 and A2.
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APPLICATION TO SOLID SPHERE OF CHARGE
SOLUTION:
(b) Gaussian surface with a sphere of radius r ( r< r0, labeled A2.
Gauss law is:
What is Qencl, the charge enclosed by A2? Qencl ≠ Q, Qencl is an only a portion of Q
We define the volume charge density, ρ, as the charge per unit volume (ρ = dQ/dV),
𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙 𝑄 4 𝑟3
𝜌= 𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙 = 𝜌𝑉𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙 = 4 3
( 𝜋𝑟 3 ) = 𝑄 3
𝑉𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙 𝜋𝑟 3 𝑟0
3 0
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APPLICATION TO SOLID SPHERE OF CHARGE
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APPLICATION TO LONG UNIFORM LINE OF CHARGE
SOLUTION APPROACH:
SOLUTION:
For our chosen gaussian surface Gauss’s law gives:
NOTE This is the same result we found using Coulomb’s law, but here it took much
less effort.
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REVIEW OF THE FIELD OF A CHARGED LINE BY COULOMB’S LAW
With and
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APPLICATION TO INFINITE PLANE OF CHARGE
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REVIEW OF THE FIELD OF A CHARGED LINE BY COULOMB’S LAW
APPROACH: We choose as our gaussian surface a small closed cylinder whose axis is
perpendicular to the plane, and which extends through the plane as shown in the figure.
Because of the symmetry, we expect E to be directed perpendicular to the plane on both
sides as shown, and to be uniform over the end caps of the cylinder, each of whose area
is A.
Since no flux passes through the curved sides of our
chosen cylindrical surface, all the flux is through the
two end caps. So, Gauss’s law gives:
where Qencl = σA is the charge enclosed by our gaussian cylinder. The electric field is
then:
ε0= 8.85 10-12 C2/N m2
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CHAPTER SUMMARY
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CHAPTER SUMMARY
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