2 - Masonry Construction

Masonry Construction
Masonry
Masonry is the material of earth, taken from the earth
and comfortably at home in foundations, paving, and walls
that grow directly from the earth. With modern
techniques of reinforcing, however, masonry can rise
many stories from the earth.
Masonry is durable. The designer can select masonry
materials that are scarcely affected by water, air, or fire,
ones with brilliant colors that will not fade, ones that will
stand up to heavy wear and make from them a building
that will last for generations.
Masonry Construction
Words and Concepts
Figure 4-1 Basic Vocabulary of Bricklaying

Mortar Functions
 Provides a cushion for full bearing

 Seals between masonry units
 Adheres / bonds masonry units
 Aesthetics
3
Mortar
 Pre-packaged
 Color range
 Testing /
Specifications
 Curing
 “Shelf” life
4
Bonds and Joints
The arrangement of bricks or blocks in masonry

construction to break the vertical continuity of joints is
called bond.
The problem of bonding has been solved by multiple
wythes of brick in many ways in different regions of the
world, often resulting in surface patterns that are
particularly pleasing to the eye. Flemish bond, and English
bond are the most popular.
Common Types of Bond
 Running /Stretcher Bond: All courses of brick made of
stretchers, with breaking of joints, from one course to the other.
 Header Bond: All courses of brick made of headers, with
breaking of joints, from one course to the other.
 English Bond: made of alternate courses of stretchers and
headers, with breaking of joints
 Flemish Bond: In the same layer ( or course) stretchers and
headers are laid alternatively, with breaking of joints
Bonds in Masonry Construction
Masonry Joints
Tools in Masonry Construction
8
Concave Joints
Raked Joints
BRICK MASONRY
MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS FROM CLAY
 Bricks
Bricks are made by clay and it have greater fire resistance than
stone or concrete masonry - Its size enables easy handling and
placement in walls; it can be easily adapted to small-scale and large-
scale structures to give pleasing appearance and texture
SIZES, GRADES AND TYPES OF BRICKS
 No single standard size available - Size varies

 Modular Brick: 3 1/2” x 7 1/2” x 2 1/4” (Actual size)
 Standard Brick : 3 1/2” x 8” x 2 1/4”
 Engineer Modular : 3 1/2” x 7 1/2” x 2 3/4”
 Engineer Standard : 3 1/2” x 8” x 2 3/4”
 Close Modular : 3 1/2” x 7 1/2” x 3 1/4”
 Roman : 3 1/2” x 11 1/2” x 1 5/8”
 Norman : 3 1/2” x 11 1/2” x 1 5/8”
Types of Bricks
14
Wire Cut Smooth
– Raked
Wood Mold
15
Basic Brickwork Terminology
Head
Joint
Bed
Joint
Course - horizontal layer of brick

16
Basic Brickwork Terminology
Header - Bonds two wythes together

Wythe: vertical layer 1 unit thick
Rowlock -
laid on face,
end visible
Stretcher - long dimension horizontal

& face parallel to the wall
Soldier - Laid on its end, face parallel

17
Brick Masonry - Uniqueness
 Fire Resistance
 Size
 Durability
18
Brickwork Strength
 Depends on:
– Strength of the masonry unit
– Strength of the mortar
19
Concrete Masonry Units (CMU)
Concrete blocks used in building construction
Bond Beam
Typical Shape
Combination
‘Corner’ – Round & Square
22
Method of picking up and setting concrete blocks
Showing procedure in laying concrete block walls
The usual practice in applying mortar to blocks
Method of laying concrete blocks.
Showing detail of joining an interior and exterior
wall in concrete block construction.
Block Masonry at Site
A building front laid out using only whole and half
block and lintel on top of openings.
Installation of Mortar Bead
Tooled Joints
30
Reinforced Brick Masonry
Reinforced Brick Masonry
A Reinforced Brick Load bearing Wall
A reinforced brick load bearing wall is built by installing steel reinforcing bars in a
thickened collar joint, then filling the joint with Portland cement grout. The cleanout
holes shown here are used in the high lift method of grouting.
Reinforcing & Anchorage
 Joint
Reinforcing
– Ladder
– Truss
33
System Properties
 Sizes: 10 foot lengths; width should

be 2” less than wall
 Shapes: Ladder & truss.

Ladder
 Configurations: Many variations.
 Materials: Steel with various

finishes and gauges
Truss
34
STONE MASONRY
TYPES OF ROCKS USED IN STONE MASONRY
Stone Masonry:
Building stones obtained by quarrying from the rocky strata of earth
and reducing it to the required shapes and sizes for construction
Types of Rock
(a) Igneous Rock
Formed as a result of cooling of
the molten rock to solid state - It
is nonporous, hard, strong and
durable
 Granite: Consists mainly of
quartz, feldspar, mica, and
other colored minerals; colors
include black, gray, red, pink,
brown, buff, and green. Polished Surface
 Basalt: Color ranges from

gray to black; used mainly for
paving stones and retaining
walls Rough Texture
(b)Sedimentary Rocks
Sediments deposited by the action of

water or wind gets consolidated to a rock.
•Sandstone: Sandstone
Sedimentary rock composed of sand
sized grains made of silica, iron oxide
and clay - Colors include gray, brown,
light brown, buff, russet, red, copper,
and purple.
•Shale
Derived from clays and silts; weak
along planes and is in thin laminations
and color varies from black to red,
yellow, and blue Limestone with Granite
•Limestone
Sedimentary rock composed of calcite
and dolomite, it Has high compressive
strength and used for building stones
and for paneling.
Limestone
Flat to Round
39
(C) Metamorphic Rock
Igneous or sedimentary rock
transformed by heat and pressure
into another rock. Marble
Marble
Recrystallized limestone, color

varies from white through gray and
black, red, violet, pink, yellow, and
green - Presence of oxides of iron,
silica, graphite, carbonaceous,
matter, and mica produce these
color variations.
Slate
Slate
Marble - Exterior Application
Slate Flooring
41
Types of Stone
 Fieldstone
 Rubble Stone
 Dimension Stone
42
Types of Stone Masonry
Laid in Mortar
 Rubble (Irregular pieces)
 Ashlars (Square Pieces)
43
TYPES OF STONE MASONRY WALLS AND THEIR
CONSTRUCTION
 (a) Rubble Masonry - Composed of non uniform pieces of stones;

mason has to choose carefully each stone so that it can fit into the
available space .
 (b) Ashlar masonry - Made of squared pieces of stones; mason has

to carefully lift the heavy stones by a hoist and lower it into place .
Rubble Stoner Masonry
Ashlars Stone Masonry

2 - Masonry Construction

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Masonry Construction

Figure 4-1 Basic Vocabulary of Bricklaying

 Provides a cushion for full bearing

The arrangement of bricks or blocks in masonry

Tools in Masonry Construction

 No single standard size available - Size varies

Course - horizontal layer of brick

Header - Bonds two wythes together

Stretcher - long dimension horizontal

Soldier - Laid on its end, face parallel

‘Corner’ – Round & Square

 Sizes: 10 foot lengths; width should

 Shapes: Ladder & truss.

 Materials: Steel with various

 Basalt: Color ranges from

Sediments deposited by the action of

Recrystallized limestone, color

 Rubble (Irregular pieces)

 Ashlars (Square Pieces)

 (a) Rubble Masonry - Composed of non uniform pieces of stones;

 (b) Ashlar masonry - Made of squared pieces of stones; mason has

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