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Statistical Techniques in Business and Economics 17th Edition Lind Solutions Manual
Statistical Techniques in Business and Economics 17th Edition Lind Solutions Manual
Chapter 1
What Is Statistics?
1. a. Interval b. Ratio
c. Nominal d. Nominal
e. Ordinal f. Ratio (LO1-5)
2. a. Ratio b. Nominal
c. Ratio d. Ratio (LO1-5)
4. a. Sample b. Population
c. Population d. Sample (LO1-3)
5. Qualitative data is not numerical, whereas quantitative data is numerical. Examples will vary
by student. (LO1-4)
6. A population is the entire group which you are studying. A sample is a subset taken from a
population. (LO1-3)
7. Discrete variables can assume only certain values, but continuous variables can assume any
values within some range. Examples will vary. (LO1-4)
8. a. A population is used because the professor likely has grades readily available from
every student over the past 5 years.
b. A population is employed because the information is easy to find.
c. A population is used because the information is easy to find.
d. A sample works because it is difficult to locate every musical. (LO1-3)
9. a. Ordinal
b. Ratio
c. The newer system provided information on the distance between exits. (LO1-5)
10. The cell phone provider is nominal level data. The minutes used are ratio level. Satisfaction is
ordinal level. (LO1-5)
11. If you were using this store as typical of all Barnes & Noble stores then it would be sample
data. However, if you were considering it as the only store of interest, then the data would be
population data. (LO1-3)
12. In a presidential election all votes are counted, thus it is similar to a census of the entire
population. However, an “exit” poll consists of only some voters and thus is more like a
sample of the entire population. (LO1-3)
1-1
13.
Discrete Continuous
b. Gender
d. Soft drink preference
Qualitative
g. Student rank in class
h. Rating of a finance professor
c. Sales volume of MP3 players
a. Salary
Quantitative f. SAT scores
e. Temperature
i. Number of home computers
Discrete Continuous
Nominal b. Gender
d. Soft drink preference
Ordinal g. Student rank in class
h. Rating of a finance professor
Interval f. SAT scores e. Temperature
c. Sales volume of MP3 players
Ratio a. Salary
i. Number of home computers
15. As a result of these sample findings, we can conclude that 120/300 or 40% of the white-collar
workers would transfer outside the U.S. (LO1-3)
16. The obvious majority of consumers (400/500, or 80%) believe the policy is fair. On the
strength of these findings, we can anticipate a similar proportion of all customers to feel the
same. (LO1-3)
1-2
Chapter 01 - What Is Statistics?
17. a.
Manufacturer Difference
General Motors Corp. 128,133
Chrysler 126,955
Ford Motor Company 112,975
Toyota Motor Sales USA Inc. 96,078
Nissan North America Inc. 72,146
Subaru of America Inc. 61,834
American Honda Motor Co Inc. 38,440
Kia Motors America Inc. 36,313
Hyundai Motor America 30,656
Mercedes-Benz 20,187
Audi of America Inc. 18,970
Mitsubishi Motors N A, Inc. 16,119
Land Rover 13,535
BMW of North America Inc. 12,202
Mazda Motor of America Inc. 7,407
Volvo 5,980
Mini 4573
Porsche Cars NA Inc. 4,337
Tesla 1,850
Lamborghini 372
Ferrari 164
Rolls Royce 19
Bentley -351
Jaguar -633
Maserati -783
Smart -2,512
Fiat -3,650
Volkswagen of America Inc. -6,585
1-3
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required (1) to carry the Peninsula, (2) to keep the Straits open, and (3) to
226
take Constantinople.
Upon all these points General Monro formed a rapid and decisive
opinion. He represented the military situation as unique in history, and in
every respect unfavourable. The Force, he maintained, held a line
possessing every possible military defect. The position was without
depth, the communications insecure and dependent on weather, the
entrenchments dominated almost throughout by the enemy, the possible
artillery positions insufficient and defective, whereas the enemy enjoyed
full powers of observation, abundant artillery positions and opportunity
to supplement the natural advantages by all the devices of engineering.
For the troops, they could not be withdrawn to rest out of the shell-swept
area, because every corner of the Peninsula was exposed; they were
much enervated by the endemic diseases of the summer; there was a
grave dearth of competent officers; and the Territorial Divisions had
been augmented by makeshifts in the form of Yeomanry and Mounted
Brigades. As to military objects, the Turks could hold the army in front
with a small force; an advance could not be regarded as a reasonable
operation to expect; and any idea of capturing Constantinople was quite
out of the question. These considerations, in General Monro’s opinion,
made it urgent to divert the troops locked up on the Peninsula to a more
useful theatre, and convinced him that a complete evacuation was the
227
only wise course to pursue.
THE ADVOCATES OF EVACUATION
To the end of November the weather remained fairly fine, except for
heavy showers and occasional mists and frosts. The dust was laid, even
at Helles and Suvla; flies almost disappeared, and the prevailing sickness
was much reduced. But on November 27 and the following four days a
natural disaster as deadly as a serious engagement befell the Peninsula. A
heavy south-westerly gale brought with it a thunderstorm accompanied
with torrents of rain, which poured down upon the Ægean and the
Peninsula for nearly twenty-four hours. In half an hour the wind rose to a
hurricane, lashing the sea to tempest. At Kephalos one of the ships
forming a breakwater was sunk, and all the craft inside the little harbour
were driven ashore. At Helles and Suvla the light piers and landing-
stages were destroyed, and the shores strewn with wreck. A destroyer
was driven ashore in Suvla Bay. At Anzac the trenches were filled with
water, and streams roared down the gullies. The fate of Suvla was more
terrible. Across a long and deep ravine leading obliquely down from the
“whale-back” ridge of Kiretch Tepe Sirt, high parapets had been
constructed by Turks and British alike. Against these parapets the water
was dammed up, as in a reservoir. They gave way, as when a reservoir’s
embankment bursts, and the weight of accumulated water swept down
the ravine into the valley, and from the valley into the Salt Lake and the
shore, bearing with it stores and equipment, and mule-carts and mules
and the drowning bodies of Turks and Britons, united in vain struggles
against the overwhelming power of nature. Along the other sections of
the lines, the men stood miserably in the trenches, soaked to the skin, and
in places up to their waists in water.
Then, of a sudden, the wind swung round to the north and fell upon
the wrecked and inundated scene with icy blast. For nearly two days and
nights snow descended in whirling blizzards, and two days and nights of
bitter frost succeeded the snow. The surface of the pools and trenches
froze thick. The men’s greatcoats, being soaked through with the rain,
froze stiff upon them. Men staggered down from the lines numbed and
bemused with the intensity of cold. They could neither hear nor speak,
but stared about them like bewildered bullocks. The sentries and outposts
in the advanced trenches could not pull the triggers of their rifles for
cold. They saw the Turks standing up on their firing steps and gazing at
them over the parapets, and still they did not fire. It was reported at the
time that the General, knowing that the condition of the enemy was
probably worse than ours, desired a general attack. But movement was
hardly possible. Overcome by the common affliction, our men also stood
up and gazed back at the Turks. Few can realise the suffering of those
four days.
ANZAC IN SNOW
That was the natural and just lamentation over the decease of the
fine conception of whose being Mr. Churchill was the author. But now
nothing remained for it but decent burial. On November 30, having
visited Salonika and Italy, Lord Kitchener returned. On December 8, Sir
Charles Monro ordered General Birdwood to proceed with the
evacuation of Suvla and Anzac. By him the whole scheme was designed,
in co-operation with Rear-Admiral Rosslyn Wemyss, who was in
command of the naval side owing to the temporary absence of Vice-
Admiral de Robeck through illness.
THE PROBLEM OF EVACUATION
At Anzac the withdrawal was carried out with equal daring and skill.
The problem was slightly different, for the position extended in an
irregular fan-shape, the centre being very short (only about 500 yards in
direct line from the Nek to the Cove) but stretching northward on the left
for rather over 3 miles to Hill 60 and the Biyuk Anafarta plain; and
southward on the right for about 1½ miles to Chatham Post. The flanks
had therefore to be brought in first, and no interior defences were made
except a strong redoubt as a kind of “keep” within the Cove itself. It is
probable that the withdrawal of the left flank, where the ground is
comparatively open, could not have escaped observation but for the
supposed presence of a large force at Suvla, and, in that sense, Suvla
may be said to have been the salvation of Anzac. The embarkation was
carried out partly from the new pier on Ocean Beach north of Ari Burnu,
partly from the repaired piers in the Cove.
Of the 40,000 at Anzac, about 20,000 had been gradually taken off
to Mudros by December 18. That night over 10,000 more were sent
away. All but nine worn-out guns had gone, two being left close up to the
firing line, where they had been stationed from the first. Aeroplanes kept
watch all day, five being at times up together—a large number for
Gallipoli—and no hostile plane was allowed to approach. On the
morning of Sunday, 19th, the few guns kept up a brave show of
bombardment, the Turks answering with their increased number of guns,
no less than seventeen of which were now posted in the Olive Grove,
commanding the main beach of embarkation. As at Suvla, the few
remaining men (about 10,000 in all) were directed to show themselves
freely, and many spent the morning in tending for the last time the graves
of the 8000 comrades who there lay buried.
The 6000 stationed in the afternoon to guard the outer lines were
divided into three groups—A, B, and C—of 2000 each, and there arose a
violent competition to belong to the C group, known as “Die-hards,”
because they were to be the last to leave. Group A came from the
northern positions and included parties of the 1st and 3rd Light Horse
Brigades, the 4th Australian Brigade, and the New Zealand Mounted
Rifles with the Maoris (from Hill 60). They marched in absolute silence,
magazines empty, no smoking allowed, footsteps deadened by sacking
spread over the hard patches of ground and over the planks. By ten
o’clock they had all embarked from Ocean Beach. At midnight Group B
gathered in the Cove. Among them were New Zealand Infantry from the
heights of Sari Bair, 20th Infantry from the Nek, 17th Infantry from
Quinn’s, 23rd and 24th from Lone Pine, 6th Light Horse from Chatham’s
Post far on the right. Thus the veteran 1st Australian Division of the
Landing was now mingled with the 2nd Division, sent to uphold them
and give them some opportunity for relief. Descending the diverse
gullies from the fan-like extremities, each position bearing so fine a
record during the eight months of struggle and endurance, they
concentrated punctually and without confusion. The Navy held the
transports ready, and they went.
ANZAC ABANDONED
Only 2000 men now remained to guard the long and devious lines
from Chatham’s Post to the Apex and the Farm. About 1.30 a.m. of
Monday the 20th, a bomb thrown from the “Apex” marked the
abandonment of that hard-won and hard-held position. Thence New
Zealanders came down: from Courtney’s and Pope’s, 18th and 19th
Infantry; from Ouinn’s, the 17th. By 3 a.m. only 800 “Die-hards” were
left in groups at points where the Turkish lines came within a few yards’
distance. By 3.30, Lone Pine, Quinn’s, and Pope’s were finally
abandoned, and Anzacs rushed down White’s Valley and Shrapnel Gully
for the last time. As they reached the Cove, a violent explosion, which
seemed to shake even the ships at Suvla, thundered from the heights.
Three and a half tons of amenol, laid by the 5th Company Australian
Engineers, had blown a great chasm across the Nek, and that ready
entrance to the deserted lines was blocked as by a moat and rampart.
Rifles continued to fire from the old positions—fired by sand running
from buckets. The Turks burst into one of their panic rages of fire against
the empty trenches, from which they now expected a general assault. The
naval guns pounded the hills. The last of the transports departed, and
Anzac shore was nothing but a lasting name.
A few stragglers were taken off by picket-boats in the early
morning. A few guns—four 18-pounders, two 5-inch howitzers, one 4·7
naval gun (said to have been in Ladysmith, and, in that case, called the
“Lady Anne” or the “Bloody Mary”), one anti-aircraft, and two 3-
pounder Hotchkiss guns had to be left, but were disabled. Some carts
without wheels, and fifty-six mules were also left, and some stores burnt.
The execution of the whole movement conferred just honour upon
Major-General Sir Alexander Godley and Brigadier-General Cyril B. B.
White, his Chief of Staff, not to mention other names well worthy of
238
mention, and now regretfully to be parted with.
Even after the evacuation of Suvla and Anzac, many hoped that
Helles at least would be retained as a perpetual threat to the heart of the
Turkish Empire. But being by this time deeply entangled at Salonika,
where the French and English forces had lately been driven back from
the edges of Serbia across the Greek frontier, the Cabinet resolved to
wipe out the Dardanelles Expedition, as a gambler “cuts his losses,” and
leave no trace or profit of all the army’s incomparable deeds. Certainly, it
would have been difficult to remain at Helles now that heavy guns were
being brought down from Suvla and Anzac; superior German shells had
arrived, and German guns were on the way. Throughout the end of
December the bombardment was at times very violent, reaching extreme
intensity about 1 p.m. on December 24, when the right and centre of our
line, from the front trenches to the sea, suffered the severest shelling
239
experienced at Helles. With the help of the Navy, and by the
construction of deeper trenches and solid shelter, it might have been
possible to hold the position as a kind of Gibraltar guarding the Straits.
But Imbros and Tenedos, for a naval Power, served that purpose with less
risk, and since the glorious hope of advancing upon Constantinople was
definitely abandoned, it was argued best to quit Helles and the whole
Peninsula.
EVACUATION OF HELLES ORDERED