CHAPTER EIGHT

DATABASE IN LIBRARIES

OKONOKO, V. N.

What is a database?

A database is an organized collection of structured information or data, usually stored

electronically in a computer system. According to Conger (2012), databases are typically

controlled by a database management system (DBMS). Data and its DBMS and related

applications are collectively called a database system, often abbreviated simply as database. Data

in the most common types of databases in operation today is typically modeled as rows and

columns in a series of tables to streamline processing and data retrieval. 151 Data can then be

easily managed, updated, regulated and structured. Most databases use Structured Query

Language (SQL) to write and query data. What exactly is SQL 262 Structured Query Language?

SQL is the programming language used in almost all relational databases to provide data

querying, manipulation, definition and access control. 21 The SQL ANSI standard was first

developed by IBM in the 1970s, and Oracle played a key role in its development. Since then,

SQL has inspired numerous extensions from companies such as IBM, Oracle, and Microsoft.

Despite the continued popularity of SQL, new programming languages are beginning to emerge.

Database Evolution

Databases have evolved significantly since their invention in the early 1960s. The first

systems used to store and manipulate data were hierarchical databases (based on a tree-like

architecture and allowing only one-to-many connections) and network databases (more flexible,

allowing many connections). model) and other navigation databases. allowed associations).

These early systems were not complex, but they were rigid. Relational databases were popular in
the 1980s, and object-oriented databases were popular in the 1990s. His NoSQL database of 156

was recently created in response to the proliferation of the Internet and the need for fast

processing of unstructured data. Today, the collection, storage, management and use of data is

being revolutionized by cloud and self-driving databases.

What is the difference between Databases and Spreadsheets?

Databases and spreadsheets (such as Microsoft Excel) are both convenient ways of

storing information. The main differences between the two are:

 how data is processed and stored .

 Who can receive data?

 How much data can be retained and stored?

 It reflects the fact that it was created.

Suitable for single users or small groups of users who do not frequently need to manipulate

large amounts of very difficult data. Databases, on the other hand, are designed to hold vast

amounts of organized data in much larger collections. Databases allow multiple users to access

and query data simultaneously, quickly and securely, using highly complex logic and language.

Types of Database

There are many different types of databases. The ideal database for any organization

depends on how the data is used.

 Relational databases : Relational databases gained importance in the 1980s. Relational

database elements are organized as a collection of tables with rows and columns. The

most efficient and adaptable way to access organized data is relational database

technology.
 Object-Oriented Databases: As in object-oriented programming, information is

represented as objects in object-oriented databases.

 Distributed Database: Two or more files distributed in multiple separate locations form

a distributed database. Databases may be distributed over many networks, hosted on

many computers, or located in the same physical location.

 Data Warehouse: A central repository for data, a data warehouse is a type of database

specifically designed for rapid query and analysis.

 NoSQL Databases: Unstructured and semi-structured data can be stored and processed

using NoSQL databases (as opposed to relational databases, which define how all data

inserted into the database is organized).). NoSQL databases gained popularity as web

applications proliferated and grew in complexity.

History Database Management

A database management system (DBMS) allows you to organize, store, and retrieve data

from your computer. How to interact with "stored memories" on your computer. Punch cards

were used for input, output, and data storage in the early days of computers. Punch cards

allow you to quickly enter and retrieve data. Around 1890, Herman Hollerith is believed to

have been responsible for converting the loom's punch cards into the memory of the

mechanical tally. Later databases and David Kroenke (2010) appeared. databases, often

known as DBs, are essential to modern computer development. In the early 1950s, the first

computer programs appeared that dealt exclusively with coding languages and algorithms. 5

Data (names, phone numbers) is seen as a by-product of information processing. This is

because computers are basically just big calculators. When business people began using

computers for practical purposes, the data left behind became important at a time when
 computers were just becoming commercially available. Databases can be organized as

collections of data so that a database management system can access and extract specific

data. The "first" DBMS, the integrated database system, was developed in 1960 by Charles

W. Bachman. Not to be left behind, IBM developed its own database system called IMS.

These database architectures are said to be the predecessors of navigation databases.

In the mid-1960s, as computers became faster, more flexible, and more prevalent, many

types of general-purpose database systems became available. As a result, the customer

demanded the development of standards, and Bachman formed the Database Task Group.

This group was responsible for designing and standardizing a language called Common

Business Oriented Language (COBOL). The Database Task Group introduced this standard

in 1971. This is also known as the "CODASYL approach".

The CODASYL approach was a very complex system and required extensive training. It

relied on' manual' navigation techniques using a network of linked datasets. You can use one

of three methods to search for records:

 Using primary keys (also called CALC keys).

 Relationships (also called sets) are transferred from one record to another.

The CODASYL method eventually fell out of favor as easier-to-use, less complicated

systems became available that scanned each record individually. The CODASYL approach and

the lack of a search engine in his IMS model worried Edgar Codd, his IBM employee who was

working on creating a hard disk system. In 1970, he published a series of articles describing

creative techniques for creating databases. A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data

Banks, the article he eventually wrote about his idea, proposed a new approach for handling and

storing data in huge databases. The records are held in a "fixed-length record table" as opposed
to a free-form list of related records like the CODASYL navigation model. IBM was heavily

invested in his IMS model and was not very interested in Codd's concept. Fortunately, some

people unrelated to IBM showed interest. Both Michael Stonebraker and Eugene Wong decided

to study relational database systems when they were students at UC Berkeley in 1973. A study

known as INGRES (Interactive Graphics and Retrieval System) has proven the relational model

to be effective and useful. Using the query language QUEL, INGRES put pressure on IBM in

1974 to develop a more sophisticated SQL (SQL became an ANSI and OSI standard in 1986 and

1987) . SQL, a more practical query language, quickly replaced QUEL. RDBM systems are

useful tools for processing and storing structured data. Then, as processing speed increased, the

five "unstructured" data (graphics, photos, music, etc .) were displayed more frequently.

Relational database management systems were not designed to manage unstructured data.

Because it is non-relational and schemaless.

MySQL

MySQL has evolved into a highly scalable database system that can operate on multiple

platforms. Here are some of the key attributes of MySQL:

 MySQL is very easy to install and use.

 MySQL is very reliable because it provides ACID (Toxicity, Consistency, Isolation,

Durability).

 It provides quick loading tools and is a relational database management system .

 Any programming language can be used for configuration (PHP is the most popular).

 It provides excellent security by using a reliable data security layer and ensuring that only

authorized users with encrypted passwords can access the database.

What is database software?

facilitates the creation, entry, editing, updating and reporting of files and records. Data

storage, data backup, reporting, multi-access control, and security are other functions handled

by the software. With data theft becoming more and more common, strong database security

is extremely important. Database software is sometimes called a "database management

system" (DBMS). Database software simplifies data management by allowing users to store

and access data in a structured format. They usually have a graphical user interface to help

create and manage data, and, in some cases, database software that allows users to create

their own databases.

What is a database management system (DBMS)?

A database typically requires a comprehensive database software program called a

database management system (DBMS). A DBMS acts as the link between a database and the

applications that use it, allowing users to access, modify, and control the organization and

optimization of data. The A DBMS also facilitates database monitoring and management,

enabling various administrative tasks such as performance tuning, backup and restore.

Common database management systems (DBMS) include dBASE, MySQL, Microsoft

Access, Microsoft SQL Server, FilmMaker Pro, and Microsoft Access.

What is Database Response Time

This is the time from when a database entry application sends a request to the server until

the server responds.

Cloud Databases Work

Businesses use databases to collect, organize, and make data available to management

and employees for operational and analytical applications. In general, cloud databases offer
the same data processing, management, and access capabilities as on-premises databases.

Existing on-premises databases can typically be migrated to the cloud along with the

applications that support them. Pricing based on usage of system resources. Unlike traditional

software licenses, it can be provisioned on demand to handle processing loads. Alternatively,

users can reserve database instances (typically for a minimum of one year) to receive

discounts for regular workloads with consistent capacity requirements.

Organizations implementing databases in the public cloud choose from two of their

deployment models:

1. Self-managed datebase: Servers, operating systems, and storage hardware are all

managed and supported by vendors. However, the user organization is responsible for

providing, managing and maintaining the database. So this is comparable to his DBA's

onsite facility with full control over the database.

2. Managed Database Service: The provider is the cloud platform provider or another

database provider running a cloud DBMS on the platform provider's infrastructure and is

solely responsible for managing the Database as a Service (DBaaS). As part of the

DBaaS concept, both the system infrastructure and database platform are handled for you.

DBAs monitor databases and work with DBaaS providers for some administrative

activities, while providers handle deployment, backups, scaling, patching, upgrades, and

other basic database administration tasks. Equivalent Data Warehouse as a Service

(DWaaS) options are also available for cloud data warehouse implementations.

Types of Cloud Database

Different cloud databases are available to match the different types of database

technology that can be deployed on premises. Today, all major database vendors offer
their software in the cloud. This includes cloud-native databases specifically designed for

use in cloud environments, as well as existing on-premises databases that currently

support the cloud. The main database types available to cloud customers are:

1. Relational Databases: SQL-based relational software has dominated the database

market since the 1990s and remains the most widely used technology, especially for

transaction processing and other applications. Use structured data.

2. NoSQL Databases: NoSQL systems are better suited for unstructured data because

they do not require the rigid schema of relational databases. There are four broad NoSQL

product categories: document databases, graph databases, wide column stores, and key-

value databases.

3. Multi-model database: It supports multiple data models so you can run a wider range

of applications. Many relational and NoSQL databases today are certified as multi-model

databases, with add-ons such as 3, for example, building graph engines into relational

DBMSs.

4. Distributed SQL Databases: Originally called NewSQL, these technologies distribute

relational databases across multiple computer nodes to create transactional systems that

can provide NoSQL-like levels of scalability.

5. Cloud data warehouses: Originally created to provide data warehousing capabilities

for BI and reporting applications, today they are often used for data lake creation,

machine learning, and other advanced Supports analytics activities.

Benefits of Using Cloud Databases

These are just some of the business and IT benefits that using cloud databases can bring

to your organization.
1. Elimination of IT infrastructure: Cloud providers are responsible for the system

infrastructure of cloud database environments, so any organization can reduce its IT

footprint by decommissioning systems, especially when migrating on-premise databases

to the cloud. You may be able to reduce printing. Installing a new database will at least

eliminate the need for an additional system.

2. Faster access to new features: Users often have to wait for software upgrades before

installing them to access new features and local database functionality. DBaaS providers

can update their cloud databases regularly, so businesses can take advantage of new

features as they become available.

3. A more reliable system with guaranteed uptime: Cloud providers offer automated

backups, high availability, and disaster recovery capabilities that go beyond what your

organization offers in-house. As part of our Cloud Service Level Agreement (Cloud

SLA), we also offer uptime guarantees so you can maintain the efficiency of your cloud

database platform.

4. Reduced Costs: Reduced expenditures through reduced capital expenditures, data

center operating costs, reduced IT facility space requirements, and potential savings for

IT staff. However, this is not the case. Pay-as-you-go cloud services can become more

expensive than expected if resource utilization is higher than expected or, conversely,

there is excess unused capacity. To control cloud costs, you should regularly monitor

your cloud database environment. Using Databases to Improve Business Performance

and Decision-Making

Today's enterprises have more data than ever before, thanks to the vast data

collections of the Internet of Things, which is transforming industries and daily lives
around the world. can access it. Sophisticated enterprises can now use databases to go

beyond simple data storage and transactions to explore vast amounts of data from many

systems. Organizations use collected data to work more effectively, make better

decisions, and become more flexible and scalable using databases and other computing

and business intelligence tools. can do. With more data to track today, organizations

should prioritize improving data access and throughput. A platform that provides the

performance, scale, and agility your business needs to grow over time is essential. These

features are vastly improved from self-propelled databases. Self-driving databases enable

business users to use data more strategically by automating costly and time-consuming

manual operations. By having direct control over the ability to create and use databases,

users gain control and autonomy while maintaining important security standards.

Database Advantages

Effective data management means having a consolidated view of your data, so you need a

solution that can coordinate everything, including monitoring who is accessing your

system from where. Database management systems improve organizational security,

integration, compliance, and performance.

1. Improved Data Sharing and Data Security : Database management systems help

users share data within an organization quickly, effectively, and securely. By providing

quick solutions to database queries, data management systems enable faster access to

more accurate data. End users, such as sales reps, can speed up the sales cycle and make

sales prospects more accurate.

2. Effective Data Integration: Establishing a database management system creates a

more complete picture of business operations by understanding how processes in one area
of the organization affect areas in other areas. help you . What used to be completely

manual is now fully automated and more accurate. The ideal DBMS offers flexible

integration options for data standardization, deduplication, normalization, segmentation

across many sources, and powering your own workflows.

3 Consistent and Trusted Data : Data inconsistencies arise when matching data is

found in different places within an organization. For example, one group might have the

customer's exact phone number, and another group might have the correct e-mail address.

By using the right database management system and data quality tools, you can ensure

that an accurate view of data is provided across your organization.

4. Data Compliant with Data Protection Regulations: A powerful DBMS allows

individuals to spend more time on high-value tasks and strategic projects, and less time

cleaning data and manually cleaning lists. Therefore, using a DBMS often leads to

increased productivity.

5. Better decisions: Data-driven decisions are as effective as the information used. A

database management system helps provide a framework for driving data quality

initiatives. Better data management practices produce better quality information and lead

to better decisions across the organization. Michelle Pizzo Senior Content Manager.

Disadvantages of Using Databases

1. Complicated Landscape : This has already been pointed out. The database

marketplace is changing, and many companies find it difficult to evaluate and select a

solution. Databases come in many flavors: relational, columnar, object-oriented, and

NoSQL. Not to mention the multitude of providers, each offering a unique

perspective on the other.

scalability and resource usage. Companies that actively consider transaction

processing capacity recognize that scalability is affected by catalog factors, database

design, operating system, and even hardware configuration.

3. Data Growth: Organizations are finding it difficult to keep up with the explosion in

data generation and collection. Research shows that in the last two years we have

generated more data than all of humanity combined. However, a typical Fortune 1000

company could increase net revenue by more than $65 million with just 10% more data

access.

4. Data Security: The invisible workhorse of most corporate IT infrastructures is the

database that stores critical private and public data. Unsurprisingly, data security has

received a lot of attention lately. The average data breach costs a company $4 million

without damaging its reputation and credibility.

5. Distributed Data Management: Distributed data management has advantages, but it

also has disadvantages. How is the data distributed? What is the best decentralization

method? What is the right level of decentralization? A major challenge in designing and

managing distributed databases arises from the inherent lack of centralized knowledge of

the entire database.

Refernces

Schwartz, Barry (2016) “Can There Ever Be Too Many Flowers Bloom ?”. engaging Art: The

Next Great Transformation of America’s Cultural Life, n. Pag. Print

in September 2021

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