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Electric Circuits 10th Edition Nilsson Solutions Manual
Electric Circuits 10th Edition Nilsson Solutions Manual
Assessment Problems
AP 7.1 [a] The circuit for t < 0 is shown below. Note that the inductor behaves like a
short circuit, effectively eliminating the 2 Ω resistor from the circuit.
7–1
7–2 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits
L 0.32
Req = 4k(6 + 10) = 3.2 Ω, .·. τ= = = 0.1 s
Req 3.2
Use the initial inductor current and the time constant to find the current
in the inductor:
i(t) = i(0− )e−t/τ = 4e−t/0.1 = 4e−10t A, t ≥ 0
Use current division to find the current in the 10 Ω resistor:
4 4
io (t) = (−i) = (−4e−10t ) = −0.8e−10t A, t ≥ 0+
4 + 10 + 6 20
Finally, use Ohm’s law to find the voltage drop across the 10 Ω resistor:
vo (t) = 10io = 10(−0.8e−10t ) = −8e−10t V, t ≥ 0+
[b] The initial energy stored in the inductor is
1 1
w(0) = Li2(0− ) = (0.32)(4)2 = 2.56 J
2 2
Find the energy dissipated in the 4 Ω resistor by integrating the power
over all time:
di
v4Ω (t) = L = 0.32(−10)(4e−10t ) = −12.8e−10t V, t ≥ 0+
dt
2
v4Ω
p4Ω (t) = = 40.96e−20t W, t ≥ 0+
4
Problems 7–3
Z ∞
w4Ω (t) = 40.96e−20t dt = 2.048 J
0
Find the percentage of the initial energy in the inductor dissipated in the
4 Ω resistor:
2.048
% dissipated = 100 = 80%
2.56
AP 7.3 [a] The circuit for t < 0 is shown below. Note that the capacitor behaves like
an open circuit.
Find the voltage drop across the open circuit by finding the voltage drop
across the 50 kΩ resistor. First use current division to find the current
through the 50 kΩ resistor:
80 × 103
i50k = 3 3 3
(7.5 × 10−3 ) = 4 mA
80 × 10 + 20 × 10 + 50 × 10
Use Ohm’s law to find the voltage drop:
v(0− ) = (50 × 103 )i50k = (50 × 103 )(0.004) = 200 V
[b] To find the time constant, we need to find the equivalent resistance seen
by the capacitor for t > 0. When the switch opens, only the 50 kΩ
resistor remains connected to the capacitor. Thus,
τ = RC = (50 × 103 )(0.4 × 10−6 ) = 20 ms
[c] v(t) = v(0− )e−t/τ = 200e−t/0.02 = 200e−50t V, t ≥ 0
1 1
[d] w(0) = Cv 2 = (0.4 × 10−6 )(200)2 = 8 mJ
2 2
1 2 1
[e] w(t) = Cv (t) = (0.4 × 10−6 )(200e−50t )2 = 8e−100t mJ
2 2
The initial energy is 8 mJ, so when 75% is dissipated, 2 mJ remains:
8 × 10−3 e−100t = 2 × 10−3 , e100t = 4, t = (ln 4)/100 = 13.86 ms
AP 7.4 [a] This circuit is actually two RC circuits in series, and the requested
voltage, vo , is the sum of the voltage drops for the two RC circuits. The
circuit for t < 0 is shown below:
7–4 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits
Find the current in the loop and use it to find the initial voltage drops
across the two RC circuits:
15
i= = 0.2 mA, v5(0− ) = 4 V, v1(0− ) = 8 V
75,000
There are two time constants in the circuit, one for each RC subcircuit.
τ5 is the time constant for the 5 µF – 20 kΩ subcircuit, and τ1 is the time
constant for the 1 µF – 40 kΩ subcircuit:
τ5 = (20 × 103 )(5 × 10−6 ) = 100 ms; τ1 = (40 × 103 )(1 × 10−6 ) = 40 ms
Therefore,
v5 (t) = v5(0− )e−t/τ5 = 4e−t/0.1 = 4e−10t V, t ≥ 0
v1 (t) = v1(0− )e−t/τ1 = 8e−t/0.04 = 8e−25t V, t ≥ 0
Finally,
vo (t) = v1(t) + v5(t) = [8e−25t + 4e−10t] V, t≥0
[b] Find the value of the voltage at 60 ms for each subcircuit and use the
voltage to find the energy at 60 ms:
v1 (60 ms) = 8e−25(0.06) ∼
= 1.79 V, v5 (60 ms) = 4e−10(0.06) ∼
= 2.20 V
1 2 1 2 ∼
w1 (60 ms) = 2 Cv1 (60 ms) = 2 (1 × 10 )(1.79) = 1.59 µJ
−6
AP 7.5 [a] Use the circuit at t < 0, shown below, to calculate the initial current in
the inductor:
Note that the inductor behaves as a short circuit and all of the current
from the 8 A source flows through the short circuit. Thus,
if = −8 A
Now,
i(t) = if + [i(0+ ) − if ]e−t/τ = −8 + [12 − (−8)]e−t/0.02
= −8 + 20e−50t A, t ≥ 0
[e] To find v(t), use the relationship between voltage and current for an
inductor:
di(t)
v(t) = L = (200 × 10−3 )(−50)(20e−50t ) = −200e−50t V, t ≥ 0+
dt
AP 7.6 [a]
40 × 103
!
i= (10 × 10−3 ) = 3.2 mA
125 × 103
vc (0− ) = (3.2 × 10−3 )(25 × 103 ) = 80 V so vc (0+ ) = 80 V
Now use the next circuit, valid for 0 ≤ t ≤ 10 ms, to calculate vc (t) for
that interval:
For t ≥ 10 ms :
Req = 25 kΩk100 kΩ = 20 kΩ
τ = ReqC = (20 × 103 )(1 × 10−6 ) = 0.02 s
Therefore vc (t) = vc (0.01+ )e−(t−0.01)/τ = 53.63e−50(t−0.01) V, t ≥ 0.01 s
Problems 7–7
AP 7.8 [a] Prior to switch a closing at t = 0, there are no sources connected to the
inductor; thus, i(0− ) = 0.
At the instant A is closed, i(0+ ) = 0.
For 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 s,
= −4.8 + 5.98e−1.25(t−1) A, t ≥ 1s
AP 7.9 0 ≤ t ≤ 32 ms:
1
Z 32×10−3 1 32×10−3 1
vo = − −10 dt + 0 = − (−10t) =− (−320 × 10−3 )
RCf 0 RCf 0 RCf
1
RCf = (200 × 103 )(0.2 × 10−6 ) = 40 × 10−3 so = 25
RCf
vo = −25(−320 × 10−3 ) = 8 V
Problems 7–9
t ≥ 32 ms:
1
Z t 1 t 1
vo = − 5 dy + 8 = − (5y) +8 = − 5(t − 32 × 10−3 ) + 8
RCf 32×10−3 RCf 32×10−3 RCf
1
RCf = (250 × 103 )(0.2 × 10−6 ) = 50 × 10−3 so = 20
RCf
AP 7.10 [a] Use RC circuit analysis to determine the expression for the voltage at the
non-inverting input:
vp = Vf + [Vo − Vf ]e−t/τ = −2 + (0 + 2)e−t/τ
τ = (160 × 103 )(10 × 10−9 ) = 10−3 ; 1/τ = 625
vp = −2 + 2e−625t V; vn = vp
Write a KVL equation at the inverting input, and use it to determine vo:
vn vn − vo
+ =0
10,000 40,000
.·. vo = 5vn = 5vp = −10 + 10e−625t V
The output will saturate at the negative power supply value:
−10 + 10e−625t = −5; e−625t = 1/2; t = ln 2/625 = 1.11 ms
[b] Use RC circuit analysis to determine the expression for the voltage at the
non-inverting input:
vp = Vf + [Vo − Vf ]e−t/τ = −2 + (1 + 2)e−625t = −2 + 3e−625t V
The analysis for vo is the same as in part (a):
vo = 5vp = −10 + 15e−625t V
The output will saturate at the negative power supply value:
−10 + 15e−625t = −5; e−625t = 1/3; t = ln 3/625 = 1.76 ms
7–10 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits
Problems
20 20
P 7.1 [a] io(0) = = = 0.5 A
16 + 12 + 4 + 8 40
io (∞) = 0 A
L 80 × 10−3
[b] io = 0.5e−t/τ ; τ= = = 4 ms
R 12 + 8
io = 0.5e−250t A, t≥0
[c] 0.5e−250t = 0.1
e250t = 5 .·. t = 6.44 ms
50 50
ig = = = 1A
20 + (75k50) 50
75k50
io (0− ) = (1) = 0.6 A = io(0+ )
50
For t > 0
60
P 7.3 [a] i(0) = = 0.5 A
120
L 0.32
[b] τ = = = 2 ms
R 160
[c] i = 0.5e−500t A, t≥0
d
v1 = L (0.5e−500t) = −80e−500t V t ≥ 0+
dt
v2 = −70i = −35e−500t V t ≥ 0+
1
[d] w(0) = (0.32)(0.5)2 = 40 mJ
2
Z t e−1000x t
w90Ω = 90(0.25e−1000x ) dx = 22.5 = 22.5(1 − e−1000t) mJ
0 −1000 0
90
ig = = 3A
13 + 12 + 6k30
30
iL (0− ) = (3) = 2.5 A
36
t > 0:
Re = 6 + 30k(8 + 12) = 6 + 12 = 18 Ω
7–12 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits
L 36 × 10−3 1
τ= = = 2 ms; = 500
Re 18 τ
.·. iL = 2.5e−500t A
vo = 6io = 15e−500t V, t ≥ 0+
∞ e−1000t ∞
Z
w6Ω = 37.5e−1000t dt = 37.5 = 37.5 mJ
0 −1000 0
1
w(0) = (36 × 10−3 )(2.5)2 = 112.5 mJ
2
37.5
% diss = (100) = 33.33%
112.5
20 kΩk80 kΩ = 16 kΩ
84
iL (0− ) = = 5 mA
16,800
Problems 7–13
t>0
L 6 1
τ= = × 10−3 = 250 µs; = 4000
R 24 τ
iL (t) = 5e−4000t mA, t≥0
1
w(0) = (6)(25 × 10−6 ) = 75 µJ
2
0.10w(0) = 7.5 µJ
wdiss(114.54 µs) = 45 µJ
% = (45/75)(100) = 60%
.·. e10
−3 /τ
=2
L 10−3
. ·. τ = =
R ln 2
· 10 × 10−3
.. L= = 14.43 mH
ln 2
[b] vo(0+ ) = −10iL (0+ ) = −10(1/10)(30 × 10−3 ) = −30 mV
vo (t) = −0.03e−t/τ V
vo2
p10Ω = = 9 × 10−5 e−2t/τ
10
7–14 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits
Z 10−3 −3 /τ
w10Ω = 9 × 10−5 e−2t/τ dt = 4.5τ × 10−5 (1 − e−2×10 )
0
1
τ= . ·. w10Ω = 48.69 nJ
1000 ln 2
1 1
wL (0) = Li2L (0) = (14.43 × 10−3 )(3 × 10−3 )2 = 64.92 nJ
2 2
48.69
% diss in 1 ms = × 100 = 75%
64.92
P 7.8 [a] t < 0
4 kΩk12 kΩ = 3 kΩ
Find the current from the voltage source by combining the resistors in
series and parallel and using Ohm’s law:
80
ig (0− ) = = 16 mA
(2000 + 3000)
Find the branch currents using current division:
3000
i1 (0− ) = (0.016) = 4 mA
12,000
3000
i2 (0− ) = (0.016) = 12 mA
4000
[b] The current in an inductor is continuous. Therefore,
i1 (0+ ) = i1(0− ) = 4 mA
L 0.64 × 10−3 1
[c] τ = = 3
= 4 × 10−5 s; = 25,000
R 16 × 10 τ
i1 (t) = i1(0+ )e−t/τ = 4e−25,000t mA, t≥0
iL (∞) = 0; vL(∞) = 0
7–16 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits
25
io (∞) = = 500 mA
50
L 0.05
[d] τ = = = 0.25 ms
R 200
iL (t) = 0 + (0.1 − 0)e−4000t = 0.1e−4000t A
0.9w(0) = 112.5 mJ
1
w(t) = (10 × 10−3 )i(t)2, i(t) = 5e−t/τ A
2
−6 /τ
w(10 µs) = 125e−20×10 mJ
10
.·. 125e−20×10 /τ = 112.5 e20×10
−6 −6/τ
so =
9
20 × 10−6 L
τ= =
ln(10/9) R
10 × 10−3 ln(10/9)
R= = 52.68 Ω
20 × 10−6
1
P 7.11 [a] w(0) = LIg2
2
to e−2t/τ to
Z
wdiss = Ig2Re−2t/τ dt = Ig2R
0 (−2/τ ) 0
1 1
= Ig2Rτ (1 − e−2to /τ ) = Ig2L(1 − e−2to /τ )
2 2
wdiss = σw(0)
1 2 1 2
. ·. LIg (1 − e−2to/τ ) = σ LI
2 2 g
1
1 − e−2to/τ = σ; e2to/τ =
(1 − σ)
Problems 7–17
" #
2to 1 R(2to )
= ln ; = ln[1/(1 − σ)]
τ (1 − σ) L
L ln[1/(1 − σ)]
R=
2to
(10 × 10−3 ) ln[1/0.9]
[b] R =
20 × 10−6
R = 52.68 Ω
v
P 7.12 [a] R = = 25 Ω
i
1
[b] τ = = 100 ms
10
L
[c] τ = = 0.1
R
L = (0.1)(25) = 2.5 H
1 1
[d] w(0) = L[i(0)]2 = (2.5)(6.4)2 = 51.2 J
2 2
e−20x t
Z t
[e] wdiss = 1024e−20x dx = 1024 = 51.2(1 − e−20t) J
0 −20 0
51.2(1 − e−20t)
% dissipated = (100) = 100(1 − e−20t)
51.2
.·. 100(1 − e−20t) = 60 so e−20t = 0.4
1
Therefore t = ln 2.5 = 45.81 ms
20
P 7.13 [a] Note that there are several different possible solutions to this problem,
and the answer to part (c) depends on the value of inductance chosen.
L
R=
τ
Choose a 10 mH inductor from Appendix H. Then,
0.01
R= = 10 Ω which is a resistor value from Appendix H.
0.001
1 1
[c] w(0) = LIo2 = (0.01)(0.01)2 = 0.5 µJ
2 2
1
w(t) = (0.01)(0.01e−1000t )2 = 0.5 × 10−6 e−2000t
2
1
So 0.5 × 10−6 e−2000t = w(0) = 0.25 × 10−6
2
e−2000t = 0.5 then e2000t = 2
ln 2
. ·. t = = 346.57 µs (for a 10 mH inductor)
2000
P 7.14 t<0
iL (0− ) = iL (0+ ) = 12 A
t>0
vT 1
iT = 2.5vT ; = RTh = = 0.4 Ω
iT 2.5
L 20 × 10−3
τ= = = 50 ms; 1/τ = 20
R 0.4
Problems 7–19
io = 12e−20t A, t≥0
dio
vo = L = (20 × 10−3 )(−240e−20t ) = −4.8e−20t V, t ≥ 0+
dt
72
iL (0) = − = −2.4 A
24 + 6
t > 0:
100 5
i∆ = − iT = − iT
160 8
(100)(60)
vT = 20i∆ + iT = −12.5iT + 37.5iT
160
vT
= RTh = −12.5 + 37.5 = 25 Ω
iT
L 250 × 10−3 1
τ= = = 100
R 25 τ
iL = −2.4e−100t A, t≥0
7–20 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits
∞ e−200t ∞
Z
w60Ω = 135e−200t dt = 135 = 675 mJ
0 −200 0
675
% dissipated = (100) = 93.75%
720
1 R 7500
iL (t) = iL (0)e−t/τ mA; iL (0) = 2 A; = = = 1500
τ L 5
iL (t) = 2e−1500t A, t≥0
150
iL (0− ) = (12) = 10 A
180
t≥0
1.6 × 10−3
τ= = 200 × 10−6 ; 1/τ = 5000
8
io = −10e−5000t A t ≥ 0
1
[b] wdel = (1.6 × 10−3 )(10)2 = 80 mJ
2
[c] 0.95wdel = 76 mJ
Z to
.·. 76 × 10−3 = 8(100e−10,000t) dt
0
to
.·. 76 × 10−3 = −80 × 10−3 e−10,000t = 80 × 10−3 (1 − e−10,000to )
0
t = 0+ :
[b] At t = ∞:
2 × 10−3
[c] i1 (0) = 18, τ1 = = 0.2 ms
10
6 × 10−3
i2 (0) = 12, τ2 = = 0.4 ms
15
i1 (t) = 18e−5000t A, t≥0
6 = 18e−5000t + 12e−2500t
ln 3
.·. e2500t = 3 and t= = 439.44 µs
2500
P 7.21 [a] For t < 0:
For t ≥ 0:
10,000
Vo = (120) = 80 V
15,000
For t ≥ 0:
[b] For t ≥ 0:
40,000
vR (t) = (80e−375t ) = 64e−375t V
50,000
vR
i(t) = = 1.6e−375t mA, t ≥ 0+
40,000
P 7.24 Using the results of Problem 7.23:
1 1
w(0) = CVo2 = (160 × 10−9 )(80)2 = 512 µJ
2 2
∞ ∞ 0.1024e−750t ∞
Z Z
w40k = p40k dt = 0.1024e−750t dt = = 136.53 µJ
0 0 −750 0
136.53
percent = (100) = 26.67%
512
1
τ = (2.5 × 103 )(20 × 10−6 ) = 50ms; = 20
τ
30 −20t
i= e = 12e−20t mA, t ≥ 0+
2500
−1 t
Z
v1 = 12 × 10−3 e−20x dx + 30 = 20e−20t + 10 V, t≥0
30−6 0
7–26 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits
1 t
Z
v2 = 12 × 10−3 e−20x dx + 0 = −10e−20t + 10 V, t≥0
60 × 10−6 0
1
[b] w(0) = (30 × 10−6 )(30)2 = 13.5 mJ
2
1 1
[c] wtrapped = (30 × 10−6 )(10)2 + (60 × 10−6 )(10)2 = 4.5 mJ.
2 2
The energy dissipated by the 2.5 kΩ resistor is equal to the energy
dissipated by the two capacitors; it is easier to calculate the energy
dissipated by the capacitors:
1
wdiss = (20 × 10−6 )(30)2 = 9 mJ.
2
Check: wtrapped + wdiss = 4.5 + 9 = 13.5 mJ; w(0) = 13.5 mJ.
1
τ = [(10/3) × 10−6 )(12,000) = 40 ms; = 25
τ
vo = −102e−25t V, t≥0
vo2
p= = 867 × 10−3 e−50t W
12,000
Z 12×10−3
wdiss = 867 × 10−3 e−50t dt
0
−3)
= 17.34 × 10−3 (1 − e−50(12×10 ) = 7824 µJ
Problems 7–27
1 10
[b] w(0) = (102)2 × 10−6 = 17.34 mJ
2 3
0.75w(0) = 13 mJ
Z to
867 × 10−3 e−50x dx = 13 × 10−3
0
3
i1 (0− ) = i2(0− ) = = 100 mA
30
[b] t > 0:
0.2
i1 (0+ ) = = 100 mA
2
−0.2
i2 (0+ ) = = −25 mA
8
[c] Capacitor voltage cannot change instantaneously, therefore,
i1 (0− ) = i1(0+ ) = 100 mA
[d] Switching can cause an instantaneous change in the current in a resistive
branch. In this circuit
i2 (0− ) = 100 mA and i2(0+ ) = 25 mA
[e] vc = 0.2e−t/τ V, t≥0
1
τ = Re C = 1.6(2 × 10−6 ) = 3.2 µs; = 312,500
τ
7–28 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits
vc = 0.2e−312,000t V, t≥0
vc
i1 = = 0.1e−312,000t A, t≥0
2
−vc
[f] i2 = = −25e−312,000t mA, t ≥ 0+
8
P 7.28 t<0
t>0
vT
vT = −5io − 15io = −20io = 20iT .·. RTh = = 20 Ω
iT
1
τ = RC = 40 µs; = 25,000
τ
vo = 15e−25,000t V, t≥0
vo
io = − = −0.75e−25,000t A, t ≥ 0+
20
v
P 7.29 [a] R = = 8 kΩ
i
Problems 7–29
1 1 1
[b] = = 500; C= = 0.25 µF
τ RC (500)(8000)
1
[c] τ = = 2 ms
500
1
[d] w(0) = (0.25 × 10−6 )(72)2 = 648 µJ
2
(72)2 e−1000t
Z to
[e] wdiss = dt
0 (800)
e−1000t to
= 0.648 = 648(1 − e−1000to ) µJ
−1000 0
v∆ = 5 × 103 iT
vo = −18e−25t V, t≥0
v∆ v∆ − vo
+ + 2.5 × 10−4 v∆ = 0
5000 20,000
4v∆ + v∆ − vo + 5v∆ = 0
vo
. ·. v ∆ = = −1.8e−25t V, t ≥ 0+
10
Problems 7–31
P 7.32 [a]
∞ (16.2e−25t )2 ∞
Z Z
w20k = dt = 13,122 × 10−6 e−50t dt = 262.44 µJ
0 20,000 0
1
wc (0) = (0.8 × 10−6 )(18)2 = 129.6 µJ
2
X
wdiss = 12.96 + 262.44 = 275.4 µJ
X
wdev = 145.8 + 129.6 = 275.4 µJ.
P 7.33 [a] At t = 0− the voltage on each capacitor will be 6 V (0.075 × 80), positive
at the upper terminal. Hence at t ≥ 0+ we have
6 6
.·. isd (0+ ) = 0.075 + + = 120 mA
200 400
At t = ∞, both capacitors will have completely discharged.
.·. isd (∞) = 75 mA
7–32 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits
1 1
w(0) = (0.25 × 10−6 )(40)2 + (1 × 10−6 )(50)2 = 1.45 mJ
2 2
3.84 × 10−6
% diss (24 kΩ) = × 100 = 0.26%
1.45 × 10−3
[b] p400Ω = 400(1 × 10−3 e−500t)2 = 0.4 × 10−3 e−1000t
Z ∞
w400Ω = p400 dt = 0.40 µJ
0
0.4 × 10−6
% diss (400 Ω) = × 100 = 0.03%
1.45 × 10−3
−500t 24
i16kΩ =e = 0.6e−500t mA, t ≥ 0+
40
p16kΩ = (0.6 × 10−3 e−500t)2 (16,000) = 5.76 × 10−3 e−1000t W
Z ∞
w16kΩ = 5.76 × 10−3 e−1000t dt = 5.76 µJ
0
X
[c] wdiss = 3.84 + 5.76 + 0.4 = 10 µJ
X
wtrapped = w(0) − wdiss = 1.45 × 10−3 − 10 × 10−6 = 1.44 mJ
1.44
% trapped = × 100 = 99.31%
1.45
Check: 0.26 + 0.03 + 0.4 + 99.31 = 100%
P 7.35 [a] For t < 0, calculate the Thévenin equivalent for the circuit to the left and
right of the 200 mH inductor. We get
30 − 250
i(0− ) = = −4 mA
25 k + 30 k
i(0− ) = i(0+ ) = −4 mA
[b] For t > 0, the circuit reduces to
32
iL (0− ) = = 1.6 A
20
7–34 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits
t>0
32 − 48
iL (∞) = = −0.8 A
12 + 8
L 5 × 10−3 1
τ= = = 250 µs; = 4000
R 12 + 8 τ
iL = iL(∞) + [iL(0+ ) − iL (∞)]e−t/τ
L 10 × 10−3 1
τ= = = 1.11 ms; = 900
R 9 τ
190
io (∞) = = 20 A
9
.·. io = io (∞) + [io(0+ ) − io(∞)]e−t/τ
= 20 + (3 − 20)e−900t = 20 − 17e−900t A, t≥0
dio
[b] vo = 5io + L
dt
= 5(20 − 17e−900t) + 0.01(−900)(17e−900t )
= 100 − 85e−900t + 153e−900t
vo = 100 + 68e−900t V, t ≥ 0+
7–36 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits
225 225
ig = = = 25 A
5 + 20k5 9
20k5
.·. io(0− ) = (25) = 20 A
5
t>0
240 240
ig (∞) = = = 3.75 A
60 + 20k5 64
20k5
io (∞) = ig (∞) = 3 A
5
Req = 5 + 20k60 = 3 + 15 = 20 Ω
L 10 × 10−3 1
τ= = = 0.5 ms; = 2000
Req 20 τ
v = (Vs − Io R)e−(R/L)t
Vs Vs
. ·. = 4; Io − =4
R R
R
Vs − Io R = −80; = 40
L
Vs
. ·. I o = 4 + = 8A
R
Now since Vs = 4R we have
4R − 8R = −80; R = 20 Ω
R
Vs = 80 V; L= = 0.5 H
40
[b] i = 4 + 4e−40t ; i2 = 16 + 32e−40t + 16e−80t
1 1
w = Li2 = (0.5)[16 + 32e−40t + 16e−80t] = 4 + 8e−40t + 4e−80t
2 2
.·. 4 + 8e−40t + 4e−80t = 9 or e−80t + 2e−40t − 1.25 = 0
Let x = e−40t:
x2 + 2x − 1.25 = 0; Solving, x = 0.5; x = −2.5
But x ≥ 0 for all t. Thus,
e−40t = 0.5; e40t = 2; t = 25 ln 2 = 17.33 ms
P 7.40 [a] Note that there are many different possible solutions to this problem.
L
R=
τ
Choose a 1 mH inductor from Appendix H. Then,
0.001
R= = 125 Ω
8 × 10−6
Construct the resistance needed by combining 100 Ω, 10 Ω, and 15 Ω
resistors in series:
7–38 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits
R1 Ig R2Ig
io (t) = (R1 +R2 )
+ (R1+R2 )
e−[(R1 +R2 )/L]t
R1Ig R2 Ig
Therefore vsw = (1+R1 /R2)
+ (1+R1 /R2)
e−[(R1+R2 )/L]t, t ≥ 0+
[d] |vsw (0+ )| → ∞; duration → 0
P 7.42 Opening the inductive circuit causes a very large voltage to be induced across
the inductor L. This voltage also appears across the switch (part [d] of
Problem 7.41), causing the switch to arc over. At the same time, the large
voltage across L damages the meter movement.
P 7.43 [a]
Vs v 1 t
Z
− + + v dt + Io = 0
R R L 0
Problems 7–39
v(t) R
ln =− t
Vo L
vx vx − 150
− 0.1vφ + =0
50 75
40
vφ = (vx − 150)
75
Solving,
vx
vx = 300 V; io (0− ) = = 6A
50
7–40 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits
t>0
Find Thévenin equivalent with respect to a, b. Use a test source to find the
Thévenin equivalent resistance:
vT − vx
−1 − 0.1vφ + =0
20
vx − vT vx vx
+ + =0
20 10 55
40
vφ = vx
55
Solving,
vT
vT = 74 V so RTh = = 74 Ω
1A
Find the open circuit voltage with respect to a, b:
vTh − vx
−0.1vφ + =0
20
Problems 7–41
40
vφ = (vx − 150)
55
Solving,
vTh = 96 V
40 × 10−3
τ= = 0.3226 ms; 1/τ = 3100
124
va va − vo (0+ )
+ = 20 × 10−3
15 5
vo(0+ ) − va vo (0+ )
15 × 10−3 + + − 9i∆ + 50 × 10−3 = 0
5 8
vo(0+ )
i∆ = − 9i∆ + 50 × 10−3
8
vo (0+ )
.·. i∆ = + 5 × 10−3
80
vo (∞) = 0
vT vT
iT = + − 9i∆
20 8
vT vT vT
i∆ = − 9i∆ .·. 10i∆ = ; i∆ =
8 8 80
vT 10vT 9vT
iT = + −
20 80 80
iT 1 1 5 1
= + = = S
vT 20 80 80 16
4 × 10−3
τ= = 0.25 ms; 1/τ = 4000
16
Vs Vs −t/τ
i= + Io − e
R R
1 R 1200
= = = 20,000
τ L 60 × 10−3
Vs 60
Io = 40 mA; If = = = 50 mA
R 1200
i = 0.05 + (0.04 − 0.05)e−20,000t = 50 − 10e−20,000t mA, t≥0
di
vo = 0.045 = 0.045(−0.01)(−20,000e−20,000t) = 9e−20,000t V, t ≥ 0+
dt
P 7.47 t>0
1
τ=
40
io = 5e−40t A, t≥0
1 1
P 7.48 [a] wdiss = Le i2 (0) = (1)(5)2 = 12.5 J
2 2
1 t
Z
[b] i3H = (200)e−40x dx − 5
3 0
= 1.67(1 − e−40t) − 5 = −1.67e−40t − 3.33 A
1 t
Z
i1.5H = (200)e−40x dx + 0
1.5 0
= −3.33e−40t + 3.33 A
1
wtrapped = (4.5)(3.33)2 = 25 J
2
1
[c] w(0) = (3)(5)2 = 37.5 J
2
P 7.49 [a] t < 0
t>0
24 × 10−3 1
iL (0− ) = iL (0+ ) = 25 mA; τ= = 0.2 ms; = 5000
120 τ
iL (∞) = −50 mA
v 1 1 t
Z
+ + v dx = Ig
Rg L1 L2 0
v 1 t
Z
+ v dx = Ig
Rg Le 0
1 dv v
+ =0
Rg dt Le
dv Rg
+ v=0
dt Le
Therefore v = Ig Rg e−t/τ ; τ = Le /Rg
Thus
1 Zt Ig Rg e−x/τ t Ig Le
i1 = Ig Rg e−x/τ dx = = (1 − e−t/τ )
L1 0 L1 (−1/τ ) 0 L1
Ig L2 Ig L1
i1 = (1 − e−t/τ ) and i2 = (1 − e−t/τ )
L1 + L2 L1 + L2
L2 L1
[b] i1(∞) = Ig ; i2(∞) = Ig
L1 + L2 L1 + L2
P 7.51 [a] vc (0+ ) = −120 V
[b] Use voltage division to find the final value of voltage:
150,000
vc (∞) = (200) = 150 V
200,000
[c] Find the Thévenin equivalent with respect to the terminals of the
capacitor:
VTh = 150 V, RTh = 2500 + 150 kk50 k = 40 kΩ,
150 − (−120)
[d] i(0+ ) = = 6.75 mA
40,000
[e] vc = vc (∞) + [vc (0+ ) − vc(∞)]e−t/τ
dvc
[f] i = C = (25 × 10−9 )(−1000)(−270e−1000t ) = 6.75e−1000t mA, t ≥ 0+
dt
P 7.52 [a] for t < 0:
vc (0) = 400(0.015) = 6 V
For t ≥ 0:
vc (∞) = 10 V
vc (0) = 10 V
Problems 7–47
For t ≥ 0:
vc (∞) = 400(0.015) = 6 V
Req = 100 + 400 = 500 Ω so τ = Req C = 500(25 × 10−6 ) = 12.5 ms
vc (t) = vc (∞) + (vc (0) − vc (∞))e−t/τ = 6 + (10 − 6)e−80t = 6 + 4e−80t V
P 7.53 [a] Use voltage division to find the initial value of the voltage:
9k
vc (0+ ) = v9k = (120) = 90 V
9k + 3k
[b] Use Ohm’s law to find the final value of voltage:
vc (∞) = v40k = −(1.5 × 10−3 )(40 × 103 ) = −60 V
[c] Find the Thévenin equivalent with respect to the terminals of the
capacitor:
VTh = −60 V, RTh = 10 k + 40 k = 50 kΩ
τ = RTh C = 1 ms = 1000 µs
[d] vc = vc (∞) + [vc(0+ ) − vc (∞)]e−t/τ
= −60 + (90 + 60)e−1000t = −60 + 150e−1000t V, t≥0
We want vc = −60 + 150e−1000t = 0:
ln(150/60)
Therefore t = = 916.3 µs
1000
P 7.54 [a] For t < 0:
10,000
vo (0) = (75) = 50 V
15,000
7–48 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits
For t ≥ 0:
40,000
vo (∞) = (−100) = −80 V
50,000
Req = 40 kk10 k = 8 kΩ
τ = ReqC = (8000)(40 × 10−9 ) = 0.32 ms
vo (t) = vo (∞) + (vo(0) − vo(∞))e−t/τ = −80 + (50 + 80)e−3125t
= −80 + 130e−3125t V
[b] For t ≥ 0:
130e−3125t − 80 + 100
io = = 13e−3125t + 2 mA
10,000
P 7.55 t < 0:
20
io (0− ) = (10 × 10−3 ) = 2 mA; vo(0− ) = (2 × 10−3 )(50,000) = 100 V
100
t = ∞:
20
io (∞) = −5 × 10 −3
= −1 mA; vo (∞) = io (∞)(50,000) = −50 V
100
Problems 7–49
1
τ = (25,000)(16 × 10−9 ) = 0.4 ms; = 2500
τ
dvo
ic = C = −6e−2500t mA, t ≥ 0+
dt
vo
i50k = = −1 + 3e−2500t mA, t ≥ 0+
50,000
8 mA − 3 mA = 5 mA
5 mA × 6 kΩ = 30 V
t>0
8 mA + 2 mA = 10 mA
10 kk40 kk24 k = 6 kΩ
1
τ = RC = (10 k)(0.05 µ) = 0.5 ms; = 2000
τ
1
τ = RC = (20 × 103 )(250 × 10−9 ) = 5 ms; = 200
τ
Vo −t/RC
P 7.58 [a] v = Is R + (Vo − Is R)e −t/RC
i = Is − e
R
.·. Is R = 40, Vo − Is R = −24
.·. Vo = 16 V
Vo 16 40
Is − = 3 × 10−3 ; Is − = 3 × 10−3 ; R=
R R Is
.·. Is − 0.4Is = 3 × 10−3 ; Is = 5 mA
40
R= × 103 = 8 kΩ
5
1 1 10−3 1
= 2500; C= = = 50 nF; τ = RC = = 400 µs
RC 2500R 20 × 103 2500
[b] v(∞) = 40 V
1
w(∞) = (50 × 10−9 )(1600) = 40 µJ
2
0.81w(∞) = 32.4 µJ
32.4 × 10−6
v 2(to ) = = 1296; v(to) = 36 V
25 × 10−9
40 − 24e−2500to = 36; e2500to = 6; .·. to = 716.70 µs
P 7.59 [a] Note that there are many different possible solutions to this problem.
τ
R=
C
Choose a 10 µH capacitor from Appendix H. Then,
0.25
R= = 25 kΩ
10 × 10−6
Construct the resistance needed by combining 10 kΩ and 15 kΩ resistors
in series:
1
[c] v(t) = 25 + 75e−4t = 50 so e−4t =
3
ln 3
. ·. t = = 274.65 ms
4
P 7.60 For t > 0
33,000
ib = (120 × 10−6 ) = 49.5 µA
80,000
RTh = 16 kΩ
1
w(t) = (0.25 × 10−6 )vo2 = w(∞)(1 − e−250t)2 J
2
0.36w(∞)
(1 − e−250t)2 = = 0.36
w(∞)
1 − e−250t = 0.6
−300
vTh = −10 × 103 i∆ + (30/120)(300) = −10 × 103 + 75 = 100 V
120 × 103
= 20 × 103 iT
vT
RTh = = 20 kΩ
iT
t>0
1
τ = RC = (20 × 103 )(25 × 10−9 ) = 500 × 10−6 ; = 2000
τ
RTh = 40 kΩ
1
τ = (40)(25 × 10−6 ) = 10−3 ; = 1000
τ
v = 90 + (100 − 90)e−1000t = 90 + 10e−1000t V, t≥0
P 7.63 [a]
1 t
Z
Is R = Ri + i dx + Vo
C 0+
di i
0=R + +0
dt C
di i
. ·. + =0
dt RC
di i di dt
[b] =− ; =−
dt RC i RC
dy 1
Z i(t) Z t
=− dx
i(0+ ) y RC 0+
i(t) −t
ln =
i(0+ ) RC
Is R − Vo Vo
i(t) = i(0+ )e−t/RC ; i(0+ ) = = Is −
R R
Vo −t/RC
.·. i(t) = Is − e
R
P 7.64 [a] For t > 0:
60
v(∞) = (90) = 30 V
180
Problems 7–55
Req = 60 kk120 k = 40 kΩ
1
τ = ReqC = (40 × 103 )(20 × 10−9 ) = 0.8 ms; = 1250
τ
vo = 30 + (120 − 30)e−1250t = 30 + 90e−1250t V, t ≥ 0+
vo 30 + 90e−1250t 30 + 90e−1250t − 90
[b] io = 90120,000 = +
60,000 vo 60,000 120,000
−
= 2.25e−1250t mA
1 t
Z
v1 = × 2.25 × 10−3 e−1250x dx = −30e−1250t + 30 V, t≥0
60 × 10−9 0
t>0
vo (0− ) = vo (0+ ) = 40 V
vo (∞) = 80 V
vo = 80 − 40e−1000t V, t≥0
dvo
[b] io = −C = −0.16 × 10−6 [40,000e−1000t ]
dt
= −6.4e−1000t mA; t ≥ 0+
−1 t
Z
[c] v1 = −6.4 × 10−3 e−1000x dx + 32
0.2 × 10−6 0
= 64 − 32e−1000t V, t≥0
7–56 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits
−1 t
Z
[d] v2 = −6.4 × 10−3 e−1000x dx + 8
0.8 × 10−6 0
= 16 − 8e−1000t V, t≥0
1 1
[e] wtrapped = (0.2 × 10−6 )(64)2 + (0.8 × 10−6 )(16)2 = 512 µJ.
2 2
P 7.66 [a] Let i be the current Zin the clockwise direction around the circuit. Then
1 t 1 t
Z
Vg = iRg + i dx + i dx
C1 0 C2 0
1 1 t 1 t
Z Z
= iRg + + i dx = iRg + i dx
C1 C2 0 Ce 0
1
Z t Vg −x/τ Vg e−x/τ t Vg Ce −t/τ
v1 (t) = e dx = =− (e − 1)
C1 0 Rg Rg C1 −1/τ 0 C1
Vg C2
v1 (t) = (1 − e−t/τ ); τ = Rg Ce
C1 + C2
Vg C1
v2 (t) = (1 − e−t/τ ); τ = Rg Ce
C1 + C2
C2 C1
[b] v1(∞) = Vg ; v2 (∞) = Vg
C1 + C2 C1 + C2
(3)(15)
P 7.67 [a] Leq = = 2.5 H
3 + 15
Leq 2.5 1
τ= = = s
R 7.5 3
120
io (0) = 0; io (∞) = = 16 A
7.5
.·. io = 16 − 16e−3t A, t≥0
.·. i1(∞) and i2(∞) are consistent with λ1 (∞) and λ2 (∞).
di1
.·. 0.75 = 60e−5000t; di1 = 80e−5000t dt
dt
Z t1 Z t
dx = 80e−5000y dy
0 0
80 −5000y t
i1 = e = 16 − 16e−5000t mA, t≥0
−5000 0
+ 75e−150,000t = 90 V
Z t1 Z t
dx = 48e−20y dy
0 0
48 −20y t
i1 = e = 2.4 − 2.4e−20t A, t≥0
−20 0
[e] io (0) = i1(0) = i2(0) = 0, consistent with zero initial stored energy.
dio
vo = Leq = 1(80)e−20t = 80e−20t V, t ≥ 0+ (checks)
dt
Also,
di1 di2
vo = 5 −5 = 80e−20t V, t ≥ 0+ (checks)
dt dt
di2 di1
vo = 10 −5 = 80e−20t V, t ≥ 0+ (checks)
dt dt
vo (0+ ) = 80 V, which agrees with io (0+ ) = 0 A
10
i(0) = (15) = 10 A
15
Problems 7–61
0 ≤ t ≤ 10 ms:
i = 10e−100t A
10 ms ≤ t ≤ 20 ms:
(5)(20)
Req = = 4Ω
25
1 R 4
= = = 80
τ L 50 × 10−3
i = 3.68e−80(t−0.01) A
20 ms ≤ t < ∞:
i = 1.65e−100(t−0.02) A
di
vo = L ; L = 50 mH
dt
di
= 1.65(−100)e−100(t−0.02) = −165e−100(t−0.02)
dt
1
w(0) = (50 mH)(10 A)2 = 2.5 J
2
0.04w(0) = 0.1 J
1
.·. (50 × 10−3 )i2L = 0.1 so iL = 2 A
2
For 10 ms ≤ t ≤ 20 ms:
i = 3.68e−80(t−0.01) = 2
3.68
e80(t−0.01) = so t − 0.01 = 0.0076 .·. t = 17.6 ms
2
P 7.74 t < 0:
iL (0− ) = 75 mA = iL (0+ )
0 ≤ t ≤ 25 ms:
τ = 0.01/0 = ∞
25 ms ≤ t :
0.01
τ= = 20 µs; 1/τ = 50,000
500
1 ms ≤ t:
1 R 40
= = = 500
τ L 80 × 10−3
i = i(1 ms)e−(t−1 ms)/τ = 2.7591e−500(t−0.001) A
[d] 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 ms:
i = 7.5e−1000t
di
v=L = (80 × 10−3 )(−1000)(7.5e−1000t ) = −600e−1000t V
dt
v(1− ms) = −600e−1 = −220.73 V
[e] 1 ms ≤ t ≤ ∞:
i = 2.759e−500(t−0.001)
di
v=L = (80 × 10−3 )(−500)(2.759e−500(t−0.001))
dt
= −110.4e−500(t−0.001) V
10
Re = 150k100 = 60 kΩ; τ= × 10−9 (60,000) = 200 µs
3
Problems 7–65
vc = 300e−5000t V
200 µs ≤ t < ∞:
Re = 30k60 + 120k40 = 20 + 30 = 50 kΩ
10 1
τ= × 10−9 (50,000) = 166.67 µs; = 6000
3 τ
60.57
io (300 µs) = = 1.21 mA
50,000
60 2 40 1
i1 = io = io ; i2 = io = io
90 3 160 4
2 1 5 5
isw = i1 − i2 = io − io = io = (1.21 × 10−3 ) = 0.50 mA
3 4 12 12
2.5 ms ≤ t:
t → ∞:
−70 V
i= = −28 mA
2.5 kΩ
P 7.78 Note that for t > 0, vo = (10/15)vc , where vc is the voltage across the 25 nF
capacitor. Thus we will find vc first.
t<0
30
vc(0) = (10) = 7.5 V
40
Problems 7–67
0 ≤ t ≤ 0.2 ms:
τ = Re C, Re = 15,000k30,000 = 10 kΩ
1
τ = (10 × 103 )(25 × 10−9 ) = 0.25 ms, = 4000
τ
vc = 7.5e−4000t V, t≥0
1
τ = (15 × 103 )(2.5 × 10−9 ) = 375 µs, = 2666.67
τ
−6)
vc = 3.37e−2666.67(t−200×10 V
0.8 ms ≤ t <:
1
τ = 0.25 ms, = 4000
τ
−6
vc(0.8 ms) = 3.37e−2666.67(800−200)10 = 3.37e−1.6 = 0.68 V
−3)
vc = 0.68e−4000(t−0.8×10 V
−3
vc(1 ms) = 0.68e−4000(1−0.8)10 = 0.68e−0.8 = 0.306 V
vo = (10/15)(0.306) = 0.204 V
7–68 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits
1
P 7.79 w(0) = (25 × 10−9 )(7.5)2 = 703.125 nJ
2
0 ≤ t ≤ 200 µs:
p30k = 1.875e−8000t mW
Z 200×10−6
w30k = 1.875 × 10−3 e−8000t dt
0
200×10−6
−3 e
−8000t
= 1.875 × 10
−8000 0
= −234.375 × 10−9 (e−1.6 − 1) = 187.1 nJ
0.8 ms ≤ t:
−3)
vc2 = 0.46e−8000(t−0.8×10
−3)
vc = 0.68e−4000(t−0.8×10 V;
−3 )
p30k = 15.33e−8000(t−0.8×10 µW
Z ∞ −3)
w30k = 15.33 × 10−6 e−8000(t−0.8×10 dt
0.8×10−3
e−8000(t−0.8×10 )
−3
∞
= 15.33 × 10−6
−8000 0.8×10−3
−9
= −1.9 × 10 (0 − 1) = 1.9 nJ
189
%= (100) = 26.88%
703.125
P 7.80 t < 0:
0 ≤ t ≤ 5 s:
τ = ∞; 1/τ = 0; vo = −5e−0 = −5 V
5 s ≤ t < ∞:
Summary:
vo = −5 V, 0 ≤ t ≤ 5s
vo = −5e−0.1(t − 5) V, 5s ≤ t < ∞
.·. t < 0 : vo = 0
0 ≤ t ≤ 25 µs : vo = 150e−40,000t V
25 µs ≤ t : vo = −94.82e−40,000(t−25µs) V
7–70 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits
vo (0+ ) = 80 V; vo (∞) = 0
L
τ= = 2 ms; 1/τ = 500
R
vo (t) = 80e−500t V, 0+ ≤ t ≤ 2.5− ms
[b]
vo = 10 − 10e−5000t V, 0 ≤ t ≤ 25 µs
Problems 7–71
25 µs ≤ t ≤ 50 µs:
−6 )
vo = −10 + 11.175e−5000(t−25×10 V, 25 µs ≤ t ≤ 50 µs
t ≥ 50 µs:
−6)
vo = −0.138e−5000(t−50×10 V, t ≥ 50 µs
[b]
[c] t ≤ 0 : vo = 0
0 ≤ t ≤ 25 µs:
τ = (800)(50 × 10−9 ) = 40 µs 1/τ = 25,000
vo = 10 − 10e−25,000t V, 0 ≤ t ≤ 25 µs
25 µs ≤ t ≤ 50 µs:
−6 )
vo = −10 + 14.65e−25,000(t−25×10 V, 25 µs ≤ t ≤ 50 µs
t ≥ 50 µs:
−6)
vo = −2.16e−25,000(t−50×10 V, t ≥ 50 µs
7–72 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits
vc = 50 − 50e−250t
vo = 50 − 50 + 50e−250t = 50e−250t V, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 ms
1 ms ≤ t < ∞:
vc (1 ms) = 50 − 50e−0.25 = 11.06 V
vc (∞) = 0 V
vc = 11.06e−250(t − 0.001) V
[b]
Problems 7–73
P 7.85
= 6000iT − 8(2000iT )
vT
= −10,000
iT
10
τ= = −1 ms; 1/τ = −1000
−10,000
i = 25e1000t mA
ln 200
.·. 25e1000t × 10−3 = 5; t= = 5.3 ms
1000
P 7.86 [a]
Solve for iσ :
iσ (1 − 0.75β) = 0.75iT
0.75iT 3000iT
iσ = ; vT = 4000iσ =
1 − 0.75β (1 − 0.75β)
Find β such that RTh = −4 kΩ:
vT 3000
RTh = = = −4000
iT 1 − 0.75β
1 − 0.75β = −0.75 .·. β = 2.33
[b] Find VTh ;
i dx t
Z Z
= 50,000 dx
0 x + 0.01 0
vT = 12 × 104 i∆ + 16 × 103 iT
20
i∆ = − iT = −0.2iT
100
P 7.88 Find the Thévenin equivalent with respect to the terminals of the capacitor.
RTh calculation:
vT vT vT
iT = + −4
2000 5000 5000
7–76 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits
iT 5+2−8 1
.·. = =−
vT 10,000 10,000
vT 10,000
=− = −10 kΩ
iT 1
voc voc − v1
+ − 4i∆ = 0
2000 1000
v1 − voc v1
+ − 5 × 10−3 = 0
1000 4000
1
τ = RC = (−10,000)(1.6 × 10−6 ) = −16 ms; = −62.5
τ
P 7.89 [a]
i = 2 × 10−6 (9375)e−125(t−0.13863)
= 18.75e−125(t−0.13863) mA, t ≥ 138.63+ ms
−4(15 × 10−3 )
= −10
R(0.5 × 10−6 )
−4(15 × 10−3 )
.·. R= = 12 kΩ
−10(0.5 × 10−6 )
7–78 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits
−4(40 × 10−3 )
.·. R= = 20 kΩ
−16(0.5 × 10−6 )
1
P 7.92 RC = (80 × 103 )(250 × 10−9 ) = 20 ms; = 50
RC
[a] t < 0 : vo = 0
[b] 0 ≤ t ≤ 2 s :
Z t
vo = −50 0.075 dx = −3.75t V
0
[c] 2 s ≤ t ≤ 4 s;
[d] t ≥ 4 s :
vo (4) = 15 − 15 = 0 V
vo (t) = 0 V
P 7.93 Write a KCL equation at the inverting input to the op amp, where the voltage
is 0:
0 − vg 0 − vo d
+ + Cf (0 − vo) = 0
Ri Rf dt
Problems 7–79
dvo 1 vg
.·. + vo = −
dt Rf Cf Ri Cf
Note that this first-order differential equation is in the same form as Eq. 7.50
if Is = −vg /Ri . Therefore, its solution is the same as Eq. 7.51:
−vg Rf −vg Rf
vo = + Vo − e−t/Rf Cf
Ri Ri
[a] vo = 0, t<0
1
[b] Rf Cf = (4 × 106 )(250 × 10−9 ) = 1; =1
Rf Cf
−vg Rf −(0.075)(4 × 106 )
= = −3.75
Ri 80,000
Vo = vo (0) = 0
. ·. vo = −3.75 + (0 + 3.75)e−t = −3.75(1 − e−t) V, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2s
1
[c] =1
Rf Cf
−vg Rf −(−0.075)(4 × 106 )
= = 3.75
Ri 80,000
Vo = vo (2) = −3.75(1 − e−2 ) = −3.24 V
. ·. vo = 3.75 + [−3.24 − 3.75]e−(t−2)
= 3.75 − 6.99e−(t−2) V, 2s ≤ t ≤ 4s
1
[d] =1
Rf Cf
−vg Rf
=0
Ri
Vo = vo (4) = 3.75 − 6.99e−2 = 2.8 V
vo = 0 + (2.8 − 0)e−(t−4) = 2.8e−(t−4) V, 4s ≤ t
7–80 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits
Cdvp vp − vb dvp 1 vb
P 7.94 [a] + = 0; therefore + vp =
dt R dt RC RC
vn − va d(vn − vo )
+C = 0;
R dt
dvo dvn vn va
therefore = + −
dt dt RC RC
But vn = vp
dvn vn dvp vp vb
Therefore + = + =
dt RC dt RC RC
dvo 1 1 t
Z
Therefore = (vb − va ); vo = (vb − va) dy
dt RC RC 0
[b] The output is the integral of the difference between vb and va and then
scaled by a factor of 1/RC.
1
Z t
[c] vo = (vb − va ) dx
RC 0
RC = (50 × 103 )(10 × 10−9 ) = 0.5 ms
vb − va = −25 mV
1 t
Z
vo = −25 × 10−3 dx = −50t
0.0005 0
P 7.95 Use voltage division to find the voltage at the non-inverting terminal:
80
vp = (−45) = −36 V = vn
100
Write a KCL equation at the inverting terminal:
−36 − 14 d
+ 2.5 × 10−6 (−36 − vo) = 0
80,000 dt
dvo −50
.·. 2.5 × 10−6 =
dt 80,000
dvo
= −250 .·. dvo = −250dt
dt
Z vo (t) Z t
dx = −250 dy . ·. vo (t) − vo(0) = −250t
vo (0) 0
Problems 7–81
vo (0) = −36 + 56 = 20 V
vo (t) = −250t + 20
20
0 = −250t + 20 .·. t= = 80 ms
250
1
P 7.96 [a] RC = (1000)(800 × 10−12 ) = 800 × 10−9 ; = 1,250,000
RC
0 ≤ t ≤ 1 µs:
vg = 2 × 106 t
Z t
vo = −1.25 × 106 2 × 106 x dx + 0
0
x2 t
= −2.5 × 1012 = −125 × 1010 t2 V, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 µs
2 0
= −1.25
3 µs ≤ t ≤ 4 µs:
vg = −8 + 2 × 106 t
Z t
4
vo = −125 × 10 (−8 + 2 × 106 x) dx − 1.25
3×10−6
2
" #
t t
4 6x
= −125 × 10 −8x +2 × 10
− 1.25
2 3×10−6
3×10−6
[b]
[c] The output voltage will also repeat. This follows from the observation that
at t = 4 µs the output voltage is zero, hence there is no energy stored in
the capacitor. This means the circuit is in the same state at t = 4 µs as it
was at t = 0, thus as vg repeats itself, so will vo .
P 7.97 [a] T2 is normally ON since its base current ib2 is greater than zero, i.e.,
ib2 = VCC /R when T2 is ON. When T2 is ON, vce2 = 0, therefore ib1 = 0.
When ib1 = 0, T1 is OFF. When T1 is OFF and T2 is ON, the capacitor C
is charged to VCC , positive at the left terminal. This is a stable state;
there is nothing to disturb this condition if the circuit is left to itself.
[b] When S is closed momentarily, vbe2 is changed to −VCC and T2 snaps
OFF. The instant T2 turns OFF, vce2 jumps to VCC R1 /(R1 + RL ) and ib1
jumps to VCC /(R1 + RL ), which turns T1 ON.
[c] As soon as T1 turns ON, the charge on C starts to reverse polarity. Since
vbe2 is the same as the voltage across C, it starts to increase from −VCC
toward +VCC . However, T2 turns ON as soon as vbe2 = 0. The equation
for vbe2 is vbe2 = VCC − 2VCC e−t/RC . vbe2 = 0 when t = RC ln 2, therefore
T2 stays OFF for RC ln 2 seconds.
P 7.98 [a] For t < 0, vce2 = 0. When the switch is momentarily closed, vce2 jumps to
VCC 6(5)
vce2 = R1 = = 1.2 V
R1 + RL 25
T2 remains open for (23,083)(250) × 10−12 ln 2 ∼
= 4 µs.
Problems 7–83
VCC
[b] ib2 = = 259.93 µA, −5 ≤ t ≤ 0 µs
R
ib2 = 0, 0 < t < RC ln 2
VCC VCC −(t−RC ln 2)/RLC
ib2 = + e
R RL
6 (t−4×10−6 )
= 259.93 + 300e−0.2×10 µA, RC ln 2 < t
P 7.99 [a] While T2 has been ON, C2 is charged to VCC , positive on the left terminal.
At the instant T1 turns ON the capacitor C2 is connected across b2 − e2 ,
thus vbe2 = −VCC . This negative voltage snaps T2 OFF. Now the polarity
of the voltage on C2 starts to reverse, that is, the right-hand terminal of
C2 starts to charge toward +VCC . At the same time, C1 is charging
toward VCC , positive on the right. At the instant the charge on C2
reaches zero, vbe2 is zero, T2 turns ON. This makes vbe1 = −VCC and T1
snaps OFF. Now the capacitors C1 and C2 start to charge with the
polarities to turn T1 ON and T2 OFF. This switching action repeats itself
over and over as long as the circuit is energized. At the instant T1 turns
ON, the voltage controlling the state of T2 is governed by the following
circuit:
7–84 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits
[g]
[h]
48 × 10−6 36 × 10−6
C1 = = 692.49 pF; C2 = = 519.37 pF
100 × 103 ln 2 100 × 103 ln 2
7–86 CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits
48 × 10−6 36 × 10−6
C1 = = 5.77 nF; C2 = = 4.33 nF
12 × 103 ln 2 12 × 103 ln 2
Therefore 692.49 pF ≤ C1 ≤ 5.77 nF and 519.37 pF ≤ C2 ≤ 4.33 nF
P 7.103 [a] 0 ≤ t ≤ 0.5:
21 30 21 −t/τ
i= + − e where τ = L/R.
60 60 60
i = 0.35 + 0.15e−60t/L
i(0.5) = 0.35 + 0.15e−30/L = 0.40
30
.·. e30/L = 3; L= = 27.31 H
ln 3
[b] 0 ≤ t ≤ tr , where tr is the time the relay releases:
30
i=0+ − 0 e−60t/L = 0.5e−60t/L
60
.·. 0.4 = 0.5e−60tr /L ; e60tr /L = 1.25
27.31 ln 1.25 ∼
tr = = 0.10 s
60
P 7.104 From the Practical Perspective,
Problems 7–87
Vmax Vmax
= 1 − e−t/RC so e−t/RC = 1 −
VS VS
−t Vmax
Then, = ln 1 −
RC VS
−t
.·. R=
Vmax
C ln 1 −
VS
60
H=
t
Therefore,
−60
R=
Vmax
HC ln 1 −
VS
−60
R=
Vmax
HC ln 1 −
VS
Vmax
= 0.68
VS
Therefore,
−60
R= = 301 kΩ
(70)(2.5 × 10−6 ) ln (1 − 0.68)