Asme b31 3 2022

ASME B31.
3-2022
(Revision of ASME B31.3-2020)
Process Piping
ASME Code for Pressure Piping, B31
A N I N T E R N AT I O N A L P I P I N G CO D E ®
ASME B31.3-2022
(Revision of ASME B31.3-2020)
Process Piping
ASME Code for Pressure Piping, B31
AN INTERNATIONAL PIPING CODE®
Two Park Avenue • New York, NY • 10016 USA

x
Date of Issuance: January 31, 2023
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The American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Two Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990
Copyright © 2023 by
THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
All rights reserved
Printed in U.S.A.
CONTENTS
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv
Committee Roster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
Summary of Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
Chapter I Scope and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

300 General Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chapter II Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Part 1 Conditions and Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
301 Design Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
302 Design Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Part 2 Pressure Design of Piping Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
303 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
304 Pressure Design of Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Part 3 Fluid Service Requirements for Piping Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
305 Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
306 Fittings, Bends, Miters, Laps, and Branch Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
307 Valves and Specialty Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
308 Flanges, Blanks, Flange Facings, and Gaskets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
309 Bolting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Part 4 Fluid Service Requirements for Piping Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
310 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
311 Welded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
312 Flanged Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
313 Expanded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
314 Threaded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
315 Tubing Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
316 Caulked Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
317 Soldered and Brazed Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
318 Special Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Part 5 Flexibility and Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
319 Piping Flexibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
320 Analysis of Sustained Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
321 Piping Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Part 6 Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
322 Specific Piping Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Chapter III Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
323 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
325 Materials — Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
iii
Chapter IV Standards for Piping Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
326 Dimensions and Ratings of Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Chapter V Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
327 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
328 Welding and Brazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
330 Preheating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
331 Heat Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
332 Bending and Forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
333 Brazing and Soldering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
335 Assembly and Erection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Chapter VI Inspection, Examination, and Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
340 Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
341 Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
342 Examination Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
343 Examination Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
344 Examination Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
345 Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
346 Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Chapter VII Nonmetallic Piping and Piping Lined With Nonmetals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
A300 General Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
A301 Design Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
A302 Design Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
A303 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
A304 Pressure Design of Piping Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
A305 Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
A306 Fittings, Bends, Miters, Laps, and Branch Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
A307 Valves and Specialty Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
A308 Flanges, Blanks, Flange Facings, and Gaskets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
A309 Bolting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
A310 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
A311 Bonded Joints in Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
A312 Flanged Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
A313 Expanded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
A314 Threaded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
A315 Tubing Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
A316 Caulked Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
A318 Special Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
A319 Flexibility of Nonmetallic Piping and Piping Lined With Nonmetals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
A321 Piping Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Part 6 Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
iv
A322 Specific Piping Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Part 7 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
A323 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
A325 Materials — Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Part 8 Standards for Piping Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
A326 Dimensions and Ratings of Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Part 9 Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
A327 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
A328 Bonding of Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
A329 Fabrication of Piping Lined With Nonmetals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
A332 Bending and Forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
A334 Joining Nonplastic Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
A335 Assembly and Erection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Part 10 Inspection, Examination, and Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
A340 Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
A341 Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
A342 Examination Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
A343 Examination Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
A344 Examination Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
A345 Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
A346 Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Chapter VIII Piping for Category M Fluid Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
M300 General Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
M301 Design Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
M302 Design Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Part 2 Pressure Design of Metallic Piping Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
M303 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
M304 Pressure Design of Metallic Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Part 3 Fluid Service Requirements for Metallic Piping Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
M305 Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
M306 Metallic Fittings, Bends, Miters, Laps, and Branch Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
M307 Metallic Valves and Specialty Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
M308 Flanges, Blanks, Flange Facings, and Gaskets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
M309 Bolting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Part 4 Fluid Service Requirements for Metallic Piping Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
M310 Metallic Piping, General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
M311 Welded Joints in Metallic Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
M312 Flanged Joints in Metallic Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
M313 Expanded Joints in Metallic Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
M314 Threaded Joints in Metallic Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
M315 Tubing Joints in Metallic Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
M316 Caulked Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
M317 Soldered and Brazed Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
M318 Special Joints in Metallic Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
v
Part 5 Flexibility and Support of Metallic Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
M319 Flexibility of Metallic Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
M320 Analysis of Sustained Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
M321 Piping Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Part 6 Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
M322 Specific Piping Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Part 7 Metallic Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
M323 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
M325 Materials — Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
M326 Dimensions and Ratings of Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Part 9 Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection of Metallic Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
M327 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
M328 Welding of Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
M330 Preheating of Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
M331 Heat Treatment of Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
M332 Bending and Forming of Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
M335 Assembly and Erection of Metallic Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Part 10 Inspection, Examination, Testing, and Records of Metallic Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
M340 Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
M341 Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
M342 Examination Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
M343 Examination Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
M344 Examination Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
M345 Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
M346 Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Parts 11–20 Corresponding to Chapter VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
MA300 General Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
MA301 Design Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
MA302 Design Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Part 12 Pressure Design of Nonmetallic Piping Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
MA303 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
MA304 Pressure Design of Nonmetallic Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Part 13 Fluid Service Requirements for Nonmetallic Piping Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
MA305 Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
MA306 Nonmetallic Fittings, Bends, Miters, Laps, and Branch Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
MA307 Valves and Specialty Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
MA308 Flanges, Blanks, Flange Facings, and Gaskets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
MA309 Bolting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Part 14 Fluid Service Requirements for Nonmetallic Piping Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
MA310 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
MA311 Bonded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
MA312 Flanged Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
MA313 Expanded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
vi
MA314 Threaded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
MA315 Tubing Joints in Nonmetallic Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
MA316 Caulked Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
MA318 Special Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Part 15 Flexibility and Support of Nonmetallic Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
MA319 Piping Flexibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
MA321 Piping Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Part 16 Nonmetallic and Nonmetallic-Lined Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
MA322 Specific Piping Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Part 17 Nonmetallic Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
MA323 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Part 18 Standards for Nonmetallic and Nonmetallic-Lined Piping Components . . . . . . . . . . 126
MA326 Dimensions and Ratings of Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Part 19 Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection of Nonmetallic and Nonmetallic-Lined
Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
MA327 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
MA328 Bonding of Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
MA329 Fabrication of Piping Lined With Nonmetals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
MA332 Bending and Forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
MA334 Joining Nonplastic Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
MA335 Assembly and Erection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Part 20 Inspection, Examination, Testing, and Records of Nonmetallic and Nonmetallic-Lined
Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
MA340 Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
MA341 Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
MA342 Examination Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
MA343 Examination Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
MA344 Examination Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
MA345 Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
MA346 Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Chapter IX High Pressure Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
K300 General Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
K301 Design Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
K302 Design Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
K303 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
K304 Pressure Design of High Pressure Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
K305 Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
K306 Fittings, Bends, and Branch Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
K307 Valves and Specialty Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
K308 Flanges, Blanks, Flange Facings, and Gaskets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
K309 Bolting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
K310 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
vii
K311 Welded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
K312 Flanged Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
K313 Expanded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
K314 Threaded Pipe Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
K315 Tubing Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
K316 Caulked Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
K317 Soldered and Brazed Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
K318 Special Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
K319 Flexibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
K320 Analysis of Sustained Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
K321 Piping Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Part 6 Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
K322 Specific Piping Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Part 7 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
K323 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
K325 Miscellaneous Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
K326 Requirements for Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
K327 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
K328 Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
K330 Preheating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
K331 Heat Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
K332 Bending and Forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
K333 Brazing and Soldering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
K335 Assembly and Erection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
K340 Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
K341 Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
K342 Examination Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
K343 Examination Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
K344 Examination Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
K345 Leak Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
K346 Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Chapter X High Purity Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
U300 General Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
U301 Design Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
U306 Fittings, Bends, Miters, Laps, and Branch Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
U307 Valves and Specialty Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
U308 Flanges, Blanks, Flange Facings, and Gaskets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
viii
U311 Welded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
U314 Threaded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
U315 Tubing Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
U319 Piping Flexibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Part 6 Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Part 7 Metallic Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
U327 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
U328 Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
U330 Preheating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
U331 Heat Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
U332 Bending and Forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
U333 Brazing and Soldering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
U335 Assembly and Erection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
U340 Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
U341 Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
U342 Examination Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
U343 Examination Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
U344 Examination Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
U345 Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
U346 Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Part 11 High Purity Piping in Category M Fluid Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
UM300 General Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
UM307 Metallic Valves and Specialty Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
UM322 Specific Piping Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
UM328 Welding of Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
UM335 Assembly and Erection of Metallic Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
UM341 Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
UM345 Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Appendices
A Allowable Stresses and Quality Factors for Metallic Piping and Bolting Materials . . . . . . 162
B Stress Tables and Allowable Pressure Tables for Nonmetals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
C Physical Properties of Piping Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
D Flexibility and Stress Intensification Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
E Reference Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
F Guidance and Precautionary Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
G Safeguarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
H Sample Calculations for Branch Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
J Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
K Allowable Stresses for High Pressure Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
L Aluminum Alloy Pipe Flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
ix
M Guide to Classifying Fluid Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
N Application of ASME B31.3 Internationally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
Q Quality System Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
R Use of Alternative Ultrasonic Acceptance Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
S Piping System Stress Analysis Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
V Allowable Variations in Elevated Temperature Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
W High-Cycle Fatigue Assessment of Piping Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
X Metallic Bellows Expansion Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
Z Preparation of Technical Inquiries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
Figures
300.1.1 Diagram Illustrating Application of B31.3 Piping at Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
302.3.5 Stress Range Factor, f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
304.2.1 Nomenclature for Pipe Bends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
304.2.3 Nomenclature for Miter Bends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
304.3.3 Branch Connection Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
304.3.4 Extruded Outlet Header Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
304.5.3 Blanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
319.4.4A Moments in Bends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
319.4.4B Moments in Branch Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
323.2.2A Minimum Temperatures Without Impact Testing for Carbon Steel Materials . . . . . . . . . 52
323.2.2B Reduction in Lowest Exemption Temperature for Steels Without Impact Testing . . . . . . 53
328.3.2 Typical Backing Rings and Consumable Inserts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
328.4.2 Typical Butt Weld End Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
328.4.3 Trimming and Permitted Misalignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
328.4.4 Preparation for Branch Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
328.5.2A Fillet and Socket Weld Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
328.5.2B Minimum Attachment Weld Dimensions for Double-Welded Slip-On and Socket Welding
Flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
328.5.2C Minimum Attachment Weld Dimensions for Socket Welding Components Other Than
Flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
328.5.4A, B, C Typical Welded Branch Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
328.5.4D Acceptable Details for Branch Attachment Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
328.5.4E Acceptable Details for Branch Attachments Suitable for 100% Radiography . . . . . . . . . 71
328.5.4F Acceptable Details for Integrally Reinforced Branch Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
328.5.5 Typical Details for Fabricated Laps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
335.3.3 Typical Threaded Joints Using Straight Threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
341.3.2 Typical Weld Imperfections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
A328.5.3 Thermoplastic Solvent Cemented Joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
A328.5.4 Thermoplastic Heat Fusion Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
A328.5.5 Thermoplastic Electrofusion Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
A328.5.6 Fully Tapered Thermosetting Adhesive Joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
A328.5.7 Thermosetting Wrapped Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
K323.3.3 Example of an Acceptable Impact Test Specimen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
K328.4.3 Pipe Bored for Alignment: Trimming and Permitted Misalignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
K328.5.4 Some Acceptable Welded Branch Connections Suitable for 100% Radiography . . . . . . . 145
x
U304.5.3 Blanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
U328.4.2 Modified Pipe End Preparations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
U335.7.1 Face Seal Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
U335.8A Hygienic Clamp Joint Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
U335.8B Hygienic Clamp Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
U335.8C Hygienic Ferrules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
H301 Illustrations for SI Units Examples in Appendix H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
H311 Illustrations for U.S. Customary Units Examples in Appendix H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
M300 Guide to Classifying Fluid Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
R307 Surface and Subsurface Flaws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
S301.1 Example 1: Simple Code-Compliant Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
S302.1 Example 2: Lift-Off Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
S303.1 Example 3: Moment Reversal Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Tables
300.4 Status of Appendices in ASME B31.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
302.3.3C Increased Casting Quality Factors, Ec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
302.3.3D Acceptance Levels for Castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
302.3.4 Longitudinal Weld Joint Quality Factor, Ej . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
302.3.5 Weld Joint Strength Reduction Factor, W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
304.1.1 Values of Coefficient Y for t < D/6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
304.4.1 ASME BPVC References for Closures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
308.2.1 Permissible Sizes/Rating Classes for Slip-On Flanges Used as Lapped Flanges . . . . . . . . 35
314.2.1 Minimum Schedule of Components With External Threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
323.2.2 Requirements for Low Temperature Toughness Tests for Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
323.2.2A Tabular Values for Minimum Temperatures Without Impact Testing for Carbon Steel
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
323.2.2B Tabular Values for Reduction in Lowest Exemption Temperature for Steels Without Impact
Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
323.3.1 Impact Testing Requirements for Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
323.3.4 Charpy Impact Test Temperature Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
323.3.5 Minimum Required Charpy V-Notch Impact Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
326.1 Component Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
330.1.1 Preheat Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
331.1.1 Postweld Heat Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
331.1.2 Alternate Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels, P-Nos. 1
and 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
331.1.3 Exemptions to Mandatory Postweld Heat Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
341.3.2 Acceptance Criteria for Welds — Visual and Radiographic Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
A323.2.2 Requirements for Low Temperature Toughness Tests for Nonmetals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
A323.4.2C Recommended Temperature Limits for Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe . . . . . . . . 108
A323.4.3 Recommended Temperature Limits for Thermoplastics Used as Linings . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
A326.1 Component Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
A341.3.2 Acceptance Criteria for Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
K302.3.3D Acceptable Severity Levels for Steel Castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
xi
K305.1.2 Required Ultrasonic or Eddy Current Examination of Pipe and Tubing for Longitudinal
Defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
K323.3.1 Impact Testing Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
K323.3.5 Minimum Required Charpy V-Notch Impact Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
K326.1 Component Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
K341.3.2 Acceptance Criteria for Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Criterion Value Notes for Table K341.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Specification Index for Appendix A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
A-1 Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
A-1A Basic Casting Quality Factors, Ec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
A-1B Basic Quality Factors for Longitudinal Weld Joints in Pipes and Tubes, Ej . . . . . . . . . . . 362
A-2 Design Stress Values for Bolting Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
A-2M Design Stress Values for Bolting Materials (SI Units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
Specification Index for Appendix B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
B-1 Hydrostatic Design Stresses (HDS) and Recommended Temperature Limits for
Thermoplastic Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
B-1M Hydrostatic Design Stresses (HDS) and Recommended Temperature Limits for
Thermoplastic Pipe (SI Units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
B-2 Listed Specifications for Laminated Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . 399
B-3 Listed Specifications for Filament Wound and Centrifugally Cast Reinforced Thermosetting
Resin and Reinforced Plastic Mortar Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
B-4 Allowable Pressures and Recommended Temperature Limits for Concrete Pipe . . . . . . . 400
B-5 Allowable Pressures and Recommended Temperature Limits for Borosilicate Glass
Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
B-6 Allowable Pressures and Recommended Temperature Limits for PEX-AL-PEX and PE-AL-PE
Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
C-1 Thermal Expansion Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
C-1M Thermal Expansion Data (SI Units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
C-5 Thermal Expansion Coefficients, Nonmetals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
C-6 Moduli of Elasticity for Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
C-6M Moduli of Elasticity for Metals (SI Units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
C-8 Modulus of Elasticity for Nonmetals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Specification Index for Appendix K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
K-1 Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals for Chapter IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
K-1M Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals for Chapter IX (SI Units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
L301.2M Pressure–Temperature Ratings (SI Units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
L301.2U Pressure–Temperature Ratings (U.S. Customary Units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
L303.2 Aluminum Bolting Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
R308.1 Acceptance Criteria for Surface Flaws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
R308.2 Acceptance Criteria for Subsurface Flaws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
S301.1 Example 1: Pressure–Temperature Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
S301.3.1 Example 1: Generic Pipe Stress Model Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
S301.3.2 Example 1: Element Connectivity, Type, and Lengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
S301.5.1 Example 1: Operating Load Case Results: Internal Loads and Deflections . . . . . . . . . . . 505
S301.5.2 Example 1: Operating Load Case Results: Reactions on Supports and Anchors . . . . . . . . 505
xii
S301.6 Example 1: Sustained Forces, Moments, and Stresses [Allowable Sh = 130.8 MPa (19.0 ksi)] 506
S301.7 Example 1: Displacement Stress Range [Allowable, Eq. (1a), SA = 205.2 MPa (29.75 ksi)] 507
S302.3 Example 2: Generic Pipe Stress Model Input: Component Connectivity, Type, and Lengths 509
S302.5 Example 2: Results for Operating Case: Reactions on Support and Anchors . . . . . . . . . . 509
S302.6.2 Example 2: Sustained Load Condition Listing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
S302.6.3 Example 2: Sustained Forces, Moments, and Stresses for Sustained Condition 3 With Node
50’s Y+ Support Inactive [Allowable Sh = 127 MPa (18.4 ksi): Fails] . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
S303.3 Example 3: Generic Pipe Stress Model Input: Component Connectivity, Type, and Lengths 513
S303.7.1 Example 3: Operating Case 1: Displacement Stress Range [Eq. (1b) Allowable SA = 364 MPa
(52.7 ksi): Passes] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
S303.7.2 Example 3: Operating Case 2: Displacement Stress Range [Eq. (1b) Allowable SA = 364 MPa
(52.7 ksi): Passes] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
S303.7.3 Example 3: Moment Reversal Load Combination Considering Operating Cases 1 and 2, Total
Strain Based: Displacement Stress Range [Eq. (1b) Allowable SA = 364 MPa (52.7 ksi):
Fails] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
W301-1 Gamma Function Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
W302.1-1 Fatigue Material Coefficients (−3σ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
W302.1-2 Fatigue Material Coefficients (−2σ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
W302.1-3 Optional Fatigue Material Coefficients When Nti > 107 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
W302.1-4 Environmental Fatigue Factors for Carbon Steel Piping, T ≤ 93°C (200°F) . . . . . . . . . . . 523
Index ................................................................ 530

Notes for Index ................................................................ 546
xiii
FOREWORD
Responding to evident need and at the request of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), the American
Standards Association initiated Project B31 in March 1926, with ASME as sole administrative sponsor. The breadth of the
field involved required that membership of the Sectional Committee be drawn from some 40 engineering societies,
industries, government bureaus, institutes, and trade associations.
Initial publication in 1935 was as the American Tentative Standard Code for Pressure Piping. Revisions from 1942
through 1955 were published as American Standard Code for Pressure Piping, ASA B31.1. It was then decided to publish
as separate documents the various industry Sections, beginning with ASA B31.8-1955, Gas Transmission and Distribution
Piping Systems. The first Petroleum Refinery Piping Code Section was designated ASA B31.3-1959. ASA B31.3 revisions
were published in 1962 and 1966.
In 1967–1969, the American Standards Association became first the United States of America Standards Institute, then
the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). The Sectional Committee became American National Standards
Committee B31 and the Code was renamed the American National Standard Code for Pressure Piping. The next
B31.3 revision was designated ANSI B31.3-1973. Addenda were published through 1975.
A draft Code Section for Chemical Plant Piping, prepared by Section Committee B31.6, was ready for approval in 1974. It
was decided, rather than have two closely related Code Sections, to merge the Section Committees and develop a joint
Code Section, titled Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping. The first edition was published as ANSI B31.3-1976.
In this Code, responsibility for piping design was conceptually integrated with that for the overall processing facility,
with safeguarding recognized as an effective safety measure. Three categories of Fluid Service were identified, with a
separate Chapter for Category M Fluid Service. Coverage for nonmetallic piping was introduced. New concepts were
better defined in five Addenda, the fourth of which added Appendix M, a graphic aid to selection of the proper Fluid Service
category.
The Standards Committee was reorganized in 1978 as a Committee operating under ASME procedures with ANSI
accreditation. It is now the ASME Code for Pressure Piping, B31 Committee. Section committee structure remains essen-
tially unchanged.
The second edition of Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping was compiled from the 1976 Edition and its five
Addenda, with nonmetal requirements editorially relocated to a separate Chapter. Its new designation was ANSI/ASME
B31.3-1980.
Section Committee B31.10 had a draft Code for Cryogenic Piping ready for approval in 1981. Again, it was decided to
merge the two Section Committees and develop a more inclusive Code with the same title. The work of consolidation was
partially completed in the ANSI/ASME B31.3-1984 Edition.
Significant changes were made in Addenda to the 1984 Edition: integration of cryogenic requirements was completed;
a new stand-alone Chapter on high-pressure piping was added; and coverage of fabrication, inspection, testing, and
allowable stresses was reorganized. The new Edition was designated as ASME/ANSI B31.3-1987 Edition.
Addenda to the subsequent five Editions, published at 3-year intervals, were primarily used to keep the Code up to date.
New Appendices were added, however, on requirements for bellows expansion joints, estimating service life, submittal of
Inquiries, aluminum flanges, and quality control in the 1990, 1993, 1999, and 2002 Editions, all designated as ASME B31.3.
In a program to clarify the application of all Sections of the Code for Pressure Piping, changes were made in the
Introduction and Scope statements of the 1996 Edition, and its title was changed to Process Piping.
Under direction of ASME Codes and Standards management, SI (metric) units of measurement were emphasized. With
certain exceptions, SI units were listed first in the 1996 Edition and were designated as the standard. Instructions for
conversion were given where SI units data were not available. U.S. Customary units also were given. By agreement, either
system may have been used.
Beginning with the 2004 Edition, the publication cycle of ASME B31.3 was changed to biennial. Other changes made in
the 2004 Edition included the introduction of the weld joint strength reduction factor, W, and the additions of Appendix P,
Alternative Rules for Evaluating Stress Range, and Appendix S, Piping System Stress Analysis Examples.
Changes that were made to the 2006 and 2008 Editions of ASME B31.3 included the requirement that valves have
blowout-proof stems and the addition of a definition for elevated temperature fluid service, respectively. The most
significant change that was made to the 2010 Edition of ASME B31.3 was the addition of Chapter X, High Purity
xiv
Piping. In the 2012 Edition, Tables A-1M and A-2M were added to Appendix A that give allowable design values in SI units,
and Appendix N, Application of ASME B31.3 Internationally, was also added.
For the 2016 Edition, the allowable design values in SI units as shown in Tables A-1M and A-2M were changed from for
information only to values that may be used to meet the requirements of the Code.
In this Edition, SI units are given first, with U.S. Customary units in parentheses. The values in Tables A-1, A-2, B-1, and
K-1 are given in U.S. Customary units, and the SI values are given in Tables A-1M, A-2M, B-1M, and K-1M. Either the U.S.
Customary units or the SI units for these values may be used. Values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard, unless
otherwise agreed between the contracting parties.
Interpretations, Code Cases, and errata to the ASME B31.3 Code on Process Piping are published on the following ASME
web page: http://go.asme.org/B31committee.
ASME B31.3-2022 was approved by ANSI on August 24, 2022.
xv
ASME B31 COMMITTEE
Code for Pressure Piping
(The following is the roster of the Committee at the time of approval of this Code.)
STANDARDS COMMITTEE OFFICERS

C. H. Eskridge, Jr., Chair
K. A. Vilminot, Vice Chair
J. Oh, Secretary
STANDARDS COMMITTEE PERSONNEL

D. Anderson, Retired G. A. Jolly, Samshin, Ltd.
R. J. T. Appleby, Pipelines Consultant K. Kaplan, Consultant
K. C. Bodenhamer, TRC Pipeline Services W. J. Mauro, Retired
R. M. Bojarczuk, Retired J. E. Meyer, CDM Smith — Industrial Division
M. R. Braz, MRBraz & Associates, PLLC T. Monday, Team Industries, Inc.
M. Burkhart, The Burkhart Group, Inc. J. Oh, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
R. D. Campbell, Bechtel Energy, Inc. W. Olson, Gulf Interstate Engineering
J. Caylor, Caylor Engineering & Associates, PLLC D. W. Rahoi, CCM 2000
J. S. Chin, TC Energy M. Rana, Consultant
D. D. Christian, Victaulic Co. R. K. Reamey, Turner Industries Group, LLC
R. P. Deubler, Becht M. J. Rosenfeld, RSI Pipeline Solutions, LLC
D. W. Diehl, Retired J. T. Schmitz, Southwest Gas Corp.
M. Engelkemier, Cargill S. K. Sinha, Lucius Pitkin, Inc.
C. H. Eskridge, Jr., Becht W. J. Sperko, Sperko Engineering Services, Inc.
D. J. Fetzner, Retired F. W. Tatar, Consultant
D. R. Frikken, Becht K. A. Vilminot, Commonwealth Associates, Inc.
R. A. Grichuk, S&B Engineers and Constructors, Ltd. P. D. Flenner, Contributing Member, Flenner Engineering Services
R. W. Haupt, Pressure Piping Engineering Associates, Inc. M. L. Nayyar, Contributing Member, NICE
xvi
B31.3 PROCESS PIPING SECTION COMMITTEE
C. H. Eskridge, Jr., Chair, Becht D. L. Ianiro, Mainthia Technologies, Inc.
R. D. Campbell, Vice Chair, Bechtel J. M. Kalnins, Plastic-Lined Pipe Solutions
R. Mohamed, Secretary, The American Society of Mechanical C. Larsen, Industrial Specialty Services
Engineers R. A. Leishear, Leishear Engineering, LLC
B. L. Agee, GE Energy M. McDaniel, Dow, Inc.
D. Arnett, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering C. J. Melo, S&B Engineers and Constructors, Ltd.
C. Becht IV, Becht J. E. Meyer, CDM Smith — Industrial Division
R. M. Bojarczuk, Retired V. B. Molina III, Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.
B. T. Bounds, Bechtel Energy, Inc. C. A. Moore, NOV Fiberglass Systems
D. D. Christian, Victaulic Co. A. D. Nalbandian, Thielsch Engineering, Inc.
C. E. Davila, Crane ChemPharma & Energy K. A. Nisly-Nagele, The Archer-Daniels-Midland Co.
J. Davio, EllisDon Industrial K. Pham, Fluor Enterprise
M. DeLong, IHI E&C International Corp. D. W. Rahoi, CCM 2000
D. W. Diehl, Retired R. K. Reamey, Turner Industries Group, LLC
D. R. Edwards, Retired T. C. Scrivner, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering
I. El Jaouhari, Bechtel Energy, Inc. K. S. Shipley, The Equity Engineering Group, Inc.
D. J. Fetzner, Retired J. P. Swezy, Jr., Bureau Veritas Inspection and Insurance
D. R. Fraser, NASA Ames Research Center F. W. Tatar, Consultant
D. R. Frikken, Becht T. A. Thomas, DuPont
B. S. Gordon, Under Pressure Code Consulting and Training S. J. Tonkins, BP Americas
O. R. Greulich, Consultant B. K. Walker, Consolidated Nuclear Security, LLC
R. A. Grichuk, S&B Engineers and Constructors, Ltd. W. L. Weeks, Lummus Technology
R. W. Haupt, Pressure Piping Engineering Associates, Inc. T. D. Wills, Jr., Linde
L. Henderson, Jr., Kiewit Engineering Group, Inc. G. E. Woods, GCS Consulting Services, Inc.
B. K. Henon, Arc Machines, Inc. P. D. Flenner, Contributing Member, Flenner Engineering Services
W. M. Huitt, W. M. Huitt Co. S. Vail, Contributing Member, Bechtel National, Inc.
B31.3 INTERNATIONAL REVIEW GROUP

M. DeLong, Chair, IHI E&C International Corp. J. W. Horn, Sasol
G. Evans, Vice Chair, BP Exploration S. LaForge, Totalenergies
A. B. Ahmad, Custodian Piping H. W. Lange, Lisega AG
A. Bhattacharya, Independent Consultant J. Langeland, My Piping AS
P. Burt, Fluor T. J. Naughton, Jacobs Engineering
J. Caudroit, Total SA C. Park, GS Engineering & Construction
S. Eikeland, Aker Solutions G. Renna, Yara Italia SPA
A. Esmaeili, APA Group W. Y. Sam, Shell Sarawak Berhad — Deepwater Engineering
S. B. Feder, Consultant M. Seckner, Association Euro-Qualiflex
M. Ghosh, Aramco Overseas Co., B.V. R. Sils, Terra Nimbus Pty, Ltd.
R. Gopalakrishnan, Worley (Qatar Shell GTL Projects) V. K. Singh, Air Products PLC
P. Govindaraj, Dow Benelux, B.V. T. Syahdilan, Pertamina Hulu Mahakam
Z. Gu, Technip Norge AS S. V. D. Merwe, Qatar Petroleum
M. Guidara, Engineering Procurement and Project Management, S.A. H. Velten, Zeton, B.V.
J. M. Hamedi, JMH Engineering R. Verstegen, Dow Benelux, B.V.
xvii
B31.3 SUBGROUP ON DESIGN
K. S. Shipley, Chair, The Equity Engineering Group, Inc. P. Parker, Bayer U.S., LLC
T. C. Scrivner, Vice Chair, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering H. Rojas, Chevron
C. Abbott, Jr., Burns & McDonnell S. Stelmar, Elf Engineers
F. A. Abd Dzubir, Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) M. J. Stewart, Amentum
D. Arnett, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering B. Swartz, Los Alamos National Laboratory
C. Chang, Bechtel National, Inc. B. K. Walker, Consolidated Nuclear Security, LLC
D. W. Diehl, Retired G. E. Woods, GCS Consulting Services, Inc.
M. Dreyfuss, Hose Master M. Engelkemier, Contributing Member, Cargill
D. R. Edwards, Retired A. Esmaeili, Contributing Member, APA Group
I. El Jaouhari, Bechtel Energy, Inc. J. W. Horn, Contributing Member, Sasol
M. Etemadi, Cenovus Energy S. LaForge, Contributing Member, Totalenergies
W. Faultersack, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory H. W. Lange, Contributing Member, Lisega AG
R. Gagliard, Technip Energies J. M. Mendez Franco, Contributing Member, Stressman Engineering
R. W. Haupt, Pressure Piping Engineering Associates, Inc. C. Park, Contributing Member, GS Engineering & Construction
D. L. Ianiro, Mainthia Technologies, Inc. M. Seckner, Contributing Member, Association Euro-Qualiflex
J. M. Krance, Swagelok Co. A. Seena, Contributing Member, SST Systems
R. A. Leishear, Leishear Engineering, LLC V. K. Singh, Contributing Member, Air Products PLC
J. C. Mielcarek, NASA T. Syahdilan, Contributing Member, Pertamina Hulu Mahakam
P. D. Moore, Burns & McDonnell H. Velten, Contributing Member, Zeton, B.V.
K. A. Nisly-Nagele, The Archer-Daniels-Midland Co. R. Verstegen, Contributing Member, Dow Benelux, B.V.
K. Nour, Chevron Technical Center
B31.3 SUBGROUP ON EDIT

J. P. Swezy, Jr., Chair, Bureau Veritas Inspection and Insurance D. R. Frikken, Becht
D. J. Fetzner, Vice Chair, Retired J. E. Meyer, CDM Smith — Industrial Division
C. Becht IV, Becht R. J. Silvia, Process Engineers & Constructors, Inc.
R. M. Bojarczuk, Retired
B31.3 SUBGROUP ON FABRICATION, EXAMINATION, AND TESTING

R. D. Campbell, Chair, Bechtel V. B. Molina III, Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.
J. Davio, Vice Chair, EllisDon Industrial A. D. Nalbandian, Thielsch Engineering, Inc.
C. Larsen, Vice Chair, Industrial Specialty Services A. C. Ramirez, Bechtel Energy, Inc.
D. A. Bingham, Los Alamos National Laboratory R. K. Reamey, Turner Industries Group, LLC
B. Boseo, Burns & McDonnell L. G. Richardson, XCEL NDT, LLC
K. J. Chizen, NDE Level III J. Shepherd, North Iron Engineering
M. G. Collins, ConocoPhillips W. J. Sperko, Sperko Engineering Services, Inc.
J. Cosentino, Shell Oil R. G. Valdez, ARB, Inc.
T. Dang, Chevron P. A. Wasserman, Eastman Chemical Co.
M. DeLong, IHI E&C International Corp. A. B. Ahmad, Contributing Member, Custodian Piping
C. H. Eskridge, Jr., Becht P. Burt, Contributing Member, Fluor
D. Gillespie, Bowen Engineering Corp. S. B. Feder, Contributing Member, Consultant
B. S. Gordon, Under Pressure Code Consulting and Training P. D. Flenner, Contributing Member, Flenner Engineering Services
P. T. Hayes, Sinewave Solutions M. Ghosh, Contributing Member, Aramco Overseas Co., B.V.
S. Hilliker, Steven Hilliker Consulting, LLC G. Renna, Contributing Member, Yara Italia SPA
B31.3 SUBGROUP ON GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

C. J. Melo, Chair, S&B Engineers and Constructors, Ltd. T. D. Wills, Jr., Linde
C. E. Davila, Vice Chair, Crane ChemPharma & Energy D. Dutta, Contributing Member, Pensar Group, Inc.
D. D. Christian, Victaulic Co. S. Eikeland, Contributing Member, Aker Solutions
G. Evans, BP Exploration Z. Gu, Contributing Member, Technip Norge AS
K. Landreth, T. D. Williamson J. Langeland, Contributing Member, My Piping AS
C. Linnick, Black and Veatch P. S. Shriwal, Contributing Member, Shriwal Enterprises
T. A. Thomas, DuPont S. V. D. Merwe, Contributing Member, Qatar Petroleum
G. B. Trinker, Victaulic Co.
xviii
B31.3 SUBGROUP ON HIGH PRESSURE PIPING
B. T. Bounds, Chair, Bechtel Energy, Inc. F. W. Tatar, Consultant
M. Fan, Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. M. C. Warren, St. Paul Pipefitters
D. R. Fraser, NASA Ames Research Center W. L. Weeks, Lummus Technology
O. R. Greulich, Consultant J. M. Hamedi, Contributing Member, JMH Engineering
C. S. Kaufmann, Messer Americas A. Jettley, Contributing Member, Bechtel India Private, Ltd.
A. P. Rangus, Bechtel
B31.3 SUBGROUP ON HIGH PURITY SYSTEMS

W. F. Daprile, Chair, Eli Lilly and Co. B. K. Henon, Arc Machines, Inc.
W. M. Huitt, Vice Chair, W. M. Huitt Co. T. J. Naughton, Contributing Member, Jacobs Engineering
R. McGregor, Vice Chair, Titan Research Group N. T. Ulsvik, Contributing Member, Fluid Power Components A/S
B31.3 SUBGROUP ON MATERIALS

S. J. Tonkins, Chair, BP Americas A. Yasemi, Cenovus Energy, Inc.
L. Henderson, Jr., Vice Chair, Kiewit Engineering Group, Inc. J. Caudroit, Contributing Member, Total SA
B. L. Agee, GE Energy X. Chen, Contributing Member, SINOPEC Engineering, Inc.
D. E. Brown, The READ Groups, LLC R. Gopalakrishnan, Contributing Member, Worley (Qatar Shell GTL
R. A. Grichuk, S&B Engineers and Constructors, Ltd. Projects)
K. Pham, Fluor Enterprise M. Guidara, Contributing Member, Engineering Procurement and
D. W. Rahoi, CCM 2000 Project Management, S.A.
A. Raza, Northern Crescent, Inc. W. Y. Sam, Contributing Member, Shell Sarawak Berhad — Deepwater
S. Tang, Swagelok Co. Engineering
D. K. Verma, Bechtel Energy, Inc.
B31.3 SUBGROUP ON NON-METALLIC PIPING

M. McDaniel, Chair, The Dow, Inc. J. M. Kalnins, Plastic-Lined Pipe Solutions
C. A. Moore, Vice Chair, NOV Fiberglass Systems A. M. Kyu, Bechtel
B. Allen, Crane ResistoFlex R. Nadel, Charlotte Pipe and Foundry
J. Becker, ISCO Industries, Inc. A. Palovcak, Arkema
M. Brandes, ISCO Industries, Inc. B. Shitole, Wood, PLC
C. Davison, NUPI Americas C. G. Ziu, Nupi Americas, Inc.
W. Fassler, Spears Manufacturing Co. R. Sils, Contributing Member, Terra Nimbus Pty, Ltd.
A. Gambino, Asahi/America, Inc.
B31.3 INDIA INTERNATIONAL WORKING GROUP

A. Jettley, Chair, Bechtel India Private, Ltd. H. Nagle, Air Products
V. Pranjal, Vice Chair, Fluor Daniel India Private, Ltd. V. Pahujani, Jacobs Engineering
R. Mohamed, Secretary, The American Society of Mechanical S. S. Palkar, CB&I India Private, Ltd.
Engineers S. A. Patil, Air Products India
V. D. Bharani, CH2M Hill V. V. Prasanna Kumar, Honeywell UOP Unitech Trade Centre
R. S. Gururajan, Petrofac Engineering Services Private, Ltd. P. S. Shriwal, Shriwal Enterprises
Y. Jangra, Fluor Daniel India Private, Ltd. H. Toki, Bechtel India Private, Ltd.
N. Khera, McDermott India D. D. Christian, Contributing Member, Victaulic Co.
S. Kumar, McDermott M. Sharma, Contributing Member, ASME India Private, Ltd.
B. Mihir, CB&I
xix
B31 FABRICATION AND EXAMINATION COMMITTEE
R. D. Campbell, Chair, Bechtel D. R. Frikken, Becht
S. Findlan, Vice Chair, Stone and Webster, Inc. S. Gingrich, AECOM
U. D’Urso, Secretary, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers T. Monday, Team Industries, Inc.
D. A. Bingham, Los Alamos National Laboratory A. D. Nalbandian, Thielsch Engineering, Inc.
B. Boseo, Burns & McDonnell R. K. Reamey, Turner Industries Group, LLC
P. M. Davis, Wood Group USA, Inc. W. J. Sperko, Sperko Engineering Services, Inc.
M. DeLong, IHI E&C International Corp. J. P. Swezy, Jr., Bureau Veritas Inspection and Insurance
R. Duran, Chevron K. P. Wu, Stellar Energy Systems
J. W. Frey, Joe W. Frey Engineering Services, LLC P. D. Flenner, Contributing Member, Flenner Engineering Services
B31 MATERIALS TECHNICAL COMMITTEE

R. P. Deubler, Chair, Becht L. Henderson, Jr., Kiewit Engineering Group, Inc.
C. Henley, Vice Chair, Kiewit Engineering Group, Inc. G. A. Jolly, Samshin, Ltd.
C. E. O’Brien, Secretary, The American Society of Mechanical C. J. Melo, S&B Engineers and Constructors, Ltd.
Engineers K. Pham, Fluor Enterprise
B. T. Bounds, Bechtel Energy, Inc. D. W. Rahoi, CCM 2000
W. P. Collins, WPC Sol, LLC R. A. Schmidt, Canadoil
C. H. Eskridge, Jr., Becht S. J. Tonkins, BP Americas
A. Esmaeili, APA Group D. K. Verma, Bechtel Energy, Inc.
R. A. Grichuk, S&B Engineers and Constructors, Ltd. Z. Djilali, Contributing Member, Sonatrach
J. Gundlach, Michigan Seamless Tube and Pipe M. L. Nayyar, Contributing Member, NICE
A. A. Hassan, PGES Co.
B31 MECHANICAL DESIGN TECHNICAL COMMITTEE

M. Engelkemier, Chair, Cargill R. A. Leishear, Leishear Engineering, LLC
D. Arnett, Vice Chair, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering G. D. Mayers, Serco, Inc.
R. Rahaman, Secretary, The American Society of Mechanical T. Q. McCawley, TQM Engineering, PC
Engineers J. E. Meyer, CDM Smith — Industrial Division
G. A. Antaki, Becht P. D. Moore, Burns & McDonnell
R. Bethea, HII — Newport News Shipbuilding A. W. Paulin, Paulin Resource Group
D. J. Fetzner, Retired M. J. Rosenfeld, RSI Pipeline Solutions, LLC
D. R. Fraser, NASA Ames Research Center M. J. Stewart, Amentum
J. A. Graziano, Consultant H. Kosasayama, Contributing Member, JGC Corp.
J. D. Hart, SSD, Inc. J. C. Minichiello, Contributing Member, Bechtel Corp. — Nuclear,
R. W. Haupt, Pressure Piping Engineering Associates, Inc. Security and Environmental
B. P. Holbrook, Consultant
xx
INTRODUCTION ð22Þ
The ASME B31 Code for Pressure Piping consists of a This is the B31.3 Process Piping Code Section. Hereafter,
number of individually published Sections, each an Amer- in this Introduction and in the text of this Code Section
ican National Standard, under the direction of ASME B31.3, where the word Code is used without specific iden-
Committee B31, Code for Pressure Piping. tification, it means this Code Section.
Rules for each Section reflect the kinds of piping instal- It is the owner’s responsibility to select the Code Section
lations considered during its development, as follows: that most nearly applies to a proposed piping installation.
Factors to be considered by the owner include limitations
B31.1 Power Piping: piping typically found in of the Code Section; jurisdictional requirements; and the
electric power generating stations, in applicability of other codes and standards. All applicable
industrial and institutional plants, requirements of the selected Code Section shall be met.
geothermal heating systems, and central For some installations, more than one Code Section may
and district heating and cooling systems apply to different parts of the installation. The owner is
B31.3 Process Piping: piping typically found in also responsible for imposing requirements supplemen-
petroleum refineries; onshore and tary to those of the Code if necessary to assure safe piping
offshore petroleum and natural gas for the proposed installation.
production facilities; chemical, Certain piping within a facility may be subject to other
pharmaceutical, textile, paper, ore codes and standards, including but not limited to
processing, semiconductor, and cryogenic — ANSI Z223.1 National Fuel Gas Code: piping for fuel
plants; food and beverage processing gas from the point of delivery to the connection of each fuel
facilities; and related processing plants utilization device
and terminals — NFPA Fire Protection Standards: fire protection
B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquids systems using water, carbon dioxide, halon, foam, dry
and Slurries: piping transporting products chemicals, and wet chemicals
that are predominately liquid between — NFPA 99 Health Care Facilities: medical and labora-
plants and terminals and within terminals, tory gas systems
pumping, regulating, and metering — building and plumbing codes, as applicable, for
stations potable hot and cold water, and for sewer and drain
systems
B31.5 Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer The Code specifies engineering requirements deemed
Components: piping for refrigerants and necessary for safe design and construction of pressure
secondary coolants piping. While safety is the primary consideration, this
B31.8 Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping factor alone will not necessarily govern the final specifica-
Systems: piping transporting products tions for any piping installation. The Code is not a design
that are predominately gas between handbook. Many decisions that must be made to produce a
sources and terminals, including sound piping installation are not specified in detail within
compressor, regulating, and metering this Code. The Code does not serve as a substitute for
stations; gas gathering pipelines sound engineering judgments by the owner and the
B31.9 Building Services Piping: piping typically designer.
found in industrial, institutional, To the greatest possible extent, Code requirements for
commercial, and public buildings, and in design are stated in terms of basic design principles and
multi-unit residences, which does not formulas. These are supplemented as necessary with spe-
require the range of sizes, pressures, and cific requirements to ensure uniform application of prin-
temperatures covered in B31.1 ciples and to guide selection and application of piping
B31.12 Hydrogen Piping and Pipelines: piping in elements. The Code prohibits designs and practices
gaseous and liquid hydrogen service and known to be unsafe and contains warnings where
pipelines in gaseous hydrogen service caution, but not prohibition, is warranted.
This Code Section includes the following:
xxi
(a) references to acceptable material specifications of the authority having jurisdiction. When specified as the
and component standards, including dimensional require- latest edition and when no edition is specified, the specific
ments and pressure–temperature ratings edition is the one issued at least 6 months prior to the
(b) requirements for design of components and assem- original contract date for the first design activity.
blies, including piping supports Users of this Code are cautioned against making use of
(c) requirements and data for evaluation and limitation Code revisions without assurance that they are acceptable
of stresses, reactions, and movements associated with to the proper authorities in the jurisdiction where the
pressure, temperature changes, and other forces piping is to be installed.
(d) guidance and limitations on the selection and appli- The B31 Committee has established an orderly proce-
cation of materials, components, and joining methods dure to consider requests for interpretation and revision
(e) requirements for the fabrication, assembly, and of Code requirements. To receive consideration, such
erection of piping request must be in writing and must give full particulars
(f) requirements for examination, inspection, and in accordance with Appendix Z.
testing of piping The approved reply to an inquiry will be sent directly to
Either International System (SI, also known as metric) the inquirer. In addition, the question and reply will be
or U.S. Customary units may be used with this edition. published in the ASME Interpretation Database at
Local customary units may also be used to demonstrate http://go.asme.org/InterpsDatabase.
compliance with this Code. One system of units should be A Case is the prescribed form of reply when study indi-
used consistently for requirements applying to a specific cates that the Code wording needs clarification, or when
installation. The equations in this Code may be used with the reply modifies existing requirements of the Code or
any consistent system of units. It is the responsibility of the grants permission to use new materials or alternative
organization performing calculations to ensure that a constructions. The Case will be published on the B31.3
consistent system of units is used. web page at http://go.asme.org/B31committee.
ASME Committee B31 is organized and operates under Code Cases remain available for use until annulled by
procedures of The American Society of Mechanical Engi- the ASME B31 Standards Committee.
neers that have been accredited by the American National A request for revision of the Code will be placed on the
Standards Institute. The Committee is a continuing one, Committee’s agenda. Further information or active parti-
and keeps all Code Sections current with new develop- cipation on the part of the proponent may be requested
ments in materials, construction, and industrial practice. during consideration of a proposed revision.
New editions are published at intervals of 2 years. Materials ordinarily are listed in the stress tables only
Code users will note that paragraphs in the Code are not when sufficient usage in piping within the scope of the
necessarily numbered consecutively. Such discontinuities Code has been shown. Requests for listing shall include
result from following a common outline, insofar as prac- evidence of satisfactory usage and specific data to
tical, for all Code Sections. In this way, corresponding permit establishment of allowable stresses, maximum
material is correspondingly numbered in most Code and minimum temperature limits, and other restrictions.
Sections, thus facilitating reference by those who have Additional criteria can be found in the guidelines for addi-
occasion to use more than one Section. tion of new materials in the ASME Boiler and Pressure
This edition of Code Section B31.3 is not retroactive. Vessel Code, Section II. (To develop usage and gain experi-
Normally, agreement is made between contracting ence, unlisted materials may be used in accordance with
parties to use a specific edition, considering requirements para. 323.1.2.)
xxii

Asme b31 3 2022

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ASME B31.

AN INTERNATIONAL PIPING CODE®

Two Park Avenue • New York, NY • 10016 USA

ASME is the registered trademark of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

No part of this document may be reproduced in any form,

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Chapter I Scope and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Index ................................................................ 530

STANDARDS COMMITTEE OFFICERS

STANDARDS COMMITTEE PERSONNEL

B31.3 INTERNATIONAL REVIEW GROUP

B31.3 SUBGROUP ON EDIT

B31.3 SUBGROUP ON FABRICATION, EXAMINATION, AND TESTING

B31.3 SUBGROUP ON GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

B31.3 SUBGROUP ON HIGH PURITY SYSTEMS

B31.3 SUBGROUP ON MATERIALS

B31.3 SUBGROUP ON NON-METALLIC PIPING

B31.3 INDIA INTERNATIONAL WORKING GROUP

B31 MATERIALS TECHNICAL COMMITTEE

B31 MECHANICAL DESIGN TECHNICAL COMMITTEE

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