Geography: Odisha

THE Odisha
GEOGRAPHY
A Material Crafted by Odisha Preps
For OPSC OCS Prelims & Mains

Editors Note
Dear Aspirants,
We are thrilled to present to you this comprehensive study material on Odisha

Geography, meticulously crafted to assist you in your journey towards success.
This material has been made possible through the sheer dedication and
extensive research of our talented team members . We want to take a moment
to clarify some important aspects of this resource.
First and foremost, our primary objective is to aid aspirants like you in your
pursuit of knowledge. We have strived to provide accurate and valuable
information by drawing from various standard materials and open sources. It is
essential to emphasize that this study material is not intended for any
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are obtained from official government websites and reputable institutions to
ensure accuracy and reliability.
We would also like to take this opportunity to pay our utmost respect and give
credit to the actual scholars and researchers who have dedicated their lives to
exploring the fascinating geography of Odisha. Their valuable contributions
have been instrumental in shaping this study material, and we acknowledge
their relentless pursuit of knowledge.
As you embark on your educational journey with this material, we hope it

serves as a valuable tool in your preparations. We wish you the very best in
your endeavors, and may this resource contribute to your success.
- Team Odisha Preps

Topper’s Review
The Odisha Geo material prepared by Odisha Preps is a systematic
representation of syllabus wise content for OPSC prelims as well as Mains
examination. The Odisha specific portion of the syllabus of OCS being newly
added will have great importance in prelims as well as in Mains exam and you
are getting all in one specific material. For quick overview and revision, you
can rely upon this material. Wishing best of luck to Odisha Preps in their
Journey of helping students
BISWAJIT DASH
OCS 2020 – rank 151
This book on Odisha geography is a must-read for upcoming exam preparation,

thanks to its user-friendly note format and straightforward language, making
complex concepts easy to grasp.
Prakash Kumar Parida
OCS 2021 – Rank 240
Geography as a subject helps us to understand where we live,how it was evolved and in

exploring the link with other subjects like economies, political system, culture and history
in detail. This material is highly recommended to the aspirants as it has covered systematic
descriptions on each and every topic mentioned in the syallabus with maps wherever
Rituparna Mishra needed and consolidating all aspects of this subjects. Congratulations to the OP team for
OCS 2021 – Rank 93 this initiative.
I highly recommend this book for Odisha geography. To the point concepts are
given and all topics mentioned in the syllabus are covered in a very easy way to
understand. It will be very helpful while framing answers. I believe it will help
aspirants in their civil services preparation and also anyone who want to know
about Odisha Adyasha Swain
OCS 2021 – Rank 144
The PDF really helps us to explore and understand various geographical concepts of
Odisha. The diagrammatic representation is so nice. This PDF also helps for the last
minute revision for the civil service aspirants and other various aspirants of Odisha
Nibedita Biswal
OCS 2021 – Rank 153
Analyzing the input-to-output ratio for Mains exam, this material suffices for
Odisha Geography. It has covered almost all the dimensions required for the
Mains exam. Further, pictures, maps, and other representations will be helpful
for aspirants for better understanding. I would like to thank Team OP for this
one-stop solution for Odisha geography and saving the time of aspirants from Adyasha Rout
navigating multiple sources.
OCS 2021 – Rank 186
OPSC OFFICIAL SYLLABUS
PRELIMS
MAINS
GEOGRAPHY PYQ
MAINS
2021
1. Explain various geographical and human factors for industrial location in Odisha. (10
Marks)
2. Give a geographical account of natural resources of Odisha with respect to minerals
and forests resources. (20 Marks)
2020
1. Discuss the present natural resources conservation policies of Odisha. (10 Marks)
2019
1. Write short notes on any five of the following: (4×5=20 Marks)
A. Eastern Ghat Mountains of Odisha.
B. Mangrove forests of Odisha
C. Major river systems of the Mahanadi delta
D. Water pollution in the rivers of Odisha
E. Mahanadi Coal Fields
F. Bauxite deposits of Odisha
2018
1. Describe the origin of Nor' Westers in Eastern India. (10 Marks)
2. Write notes on any four of the following: (5×4 = 20 Marks)
A. Describe geographical causes of decay of Baitarani river system in the recent past.
B. Explain ecological impacts of mangrove forest in Odisha Coast.
C. Justify the location of Rourkela Steel Plant in Odisha.
D. Assess the impacts of Chilika lake on the local economy of Odisha.
E. How do irrigation plans influence the local agricultural development in different parts
of Odisha?
2017
1. Write short notes on any four of the following: (5×4 = 20 Marks)
A. Discuss the major geological formations and their associated mineral resources of
Odisha.
B. Describe the salient features of Mahanadi river system and its impact on
agriculture of Odisha.
C. Discuss the status of potentiality and utilization pattern of water resource in
Odisha.
D. Illustrate the localization of Iron and Steel Industry in Odisha.
E. Examine the response system for mitigating the impact of cyclones occurrence
along the Odisha coast.
2. Prepare a brief note on the dispute between Odisha and Chhattisgarh over the river
Mahanadi. (10 Marks)
2015
1. Write short notes on any four of the following: (5×4 = 20 Marks)
A. Physiographic characteristics of Odisha
B. Features of Northern Tropical Semi Evergreen Forests of Odisha
C. Problems encountered by the ecosystem of the Chilika Lake
D. Major projects constructed across the main river of the largest river basin of Odisha
E. Gandhamardan Hills
PRELIMS
2021
2020
2018
2016
2015
YOUTUBE : https://youtube.com/@odishapreps?si=BPOpJWVu0zz-lsHd 1
Content
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 2
Location & Extent of Odisha .............................................................. 2
PHYSICAL FEATURES OF ODISHA ........................................................ 6
PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS........................................................................ 7
DRAINAGE ........................................................................................... 29
CLIMATE ............................................................................................. 49
SOILS .................................................................................................. 67
FORESTS & WILDLIFE ............................................................................. 75
MINERALS ......................................................................................... 104
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FEATURES OF ODISHA ..................................... 119
AGRICULTURE .................................................................................... 120
INDUSTRIES & POWER RESOURCES ....................................................... 135
TRANSPORT ....................................................................................... 160
TRIBES .............................................................................................. 169
DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF ODISHA .......................................... 178
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INTRODUCTION
Odisha came into existence on 1st April 1936 after its
separation from Bihar. Located on the eastern tropical coast of
India, it is often regarded as 'India's best-kept secret.' The
state is renowned for its rich cultural heritage, classical
artworks, literature, dance forms, immortal architecture,
mouth-watering cuisine, biodiversity, and spirituality .
Location & Extent of

Odisha
• Odisha is located on the eastern coast of India
• It extends from 17°49′N to 22°34′N latitude and from 81°29'E to 87°29'E
longitude

• The 82⁰30’ E meridian i.e., IST passes through the state

• It has an area of about 155,707 sq. km which is about 4.87% of the
total land area of India
• Odisha is the 9th largest state of India in terms of area & 11th largest in
terms of population .
• It is bounded by Jharkhand (North), West Bengal (Northeast),
Chhattisgarh (West & Northeast), Andhra Pradesh (South) & the Bay
of Bengal (East)
• The coastline stretches about 482km from Subarnarekha (Northeast)
to Ichchapuram (South)
• The climate of the is characterized as tropical monsoon type climate
~
with dry winters
~
I
Sharkhand
82°30E IST
wetengal
I
·
Chhattisgarh
482 Ren
long coastline
Bay of Bengal
• The climate of the is characterized as tropical monsoon type climate

with dry winters

• “Rice” is the staple diet of the state with majority of the population
working in the agricultural sector
• As per Census 2011, the population of the state is 4.97 million i.e.,
3.47% of India’s population
• Odisha has near about 62 tribal communities which make up 22.1% of
the total population of the state & 9.7% of the total tribal population
of the nation.
• About 11 major rivers drained the state with notable ones being the
Mahanadi, the Brahmani, the Baitarani, the Budhabalanga, the
Rushikulya.
• The state is home to 2 National Parks, 19 Wildlife Sanctuaries & 2
Tiger Reserves
• The Hirakud Dam is built across the Mahanadi River, is the longest
earthen dam in the world.
• Having rich mineral resources, Odisha is the largest producer of
bauxite, nickel & dolomite producer in India.
• Odia is the official language of the state & is one of the six classical
languages of India.
• The state is known for its diverse cultural heritage such as, the
Pattachitra Paintings, Odissi, Silver Filigree etc.
• ‘Bhubaneswar’ also known as “Temple city” is the capital of the state

located in the Khordha district.

• Odisha has 30 Districts, 03 administrative/revenue Divisions, 58 Sub-

Divisions, 317 Tehsils & 314 Blocks.

PHYSICAL FEATURES OF
ODISHA

PHYSIOGRAPHIC
REGIONS
Syllabus points covered in the chapter:
• THE EASTERN COASTAL PLAINS
• THE MIDDLE MOUNTAINEERS AND HIGHLAND REGIONS
• THE CENTRAL PLATEAU
• THE WESTERN ROLLING UPLANDS
• THE RIVER VALLEYS AND FLOOD PLAINS

INTRODUCTION
On the basis of morphological peculiarities geological climatic and
edaphic conditions Odisha has been divided into 5 major morphological
regions
• The Eastern Coastal Plains
• The Middle Mountaineers and Highland Regions
• The Central Plateau
• The Western Rolling Uplands
• The River Valleys and Flood Plain

THE EASTERN COASTAL PLAINS

• The coastal plains stretch along the eastern coast of India are of
recent origin, belonging to the Post-tertiary Tertiary period
• These plains stretch from the Subarnarekha in the NE to the
Rushikulya in the SW
• Its narrow in the north, widest in the middle, narrowest in Chilika

coast & broad in the South
• It’s referred as ‘Land of six river deltas’, foe being drained by the
Subarnarekha, the Budhabalanga, the Baitarani, the Brahmani, the
Mahanadi & the Rushikulya (from N to S)
• With fertile green Tract of silt & alluvium, this region has higher
agricultural productivity & better known as the rice Bowl of
Odisha .
• The 75m outline determines the western boundary of these plains
& differentiates them from middle mountainous regions .
• The districts of the coastal plains are thickly populated with active
trade commerce, transport & tourism.

Budhabalarn?
based e
↳ ·
Northern
coastal
Plains -
Middle coastal
Plains .
-
chillika bake
southern coastal
Plains
• On the basis of location, the coastal plains are further sub-divided

into 3 regions:
o The Northern Coastal Plains/ Balasore Plains
o Middle Coastal Plains/ Cuttack- Puri plains
o Southern Coastal Plains/ Rushikulya plains
• On the basis of configuration of the coastal plains, it can be
divided into 3 zones parallel to the shoreline
S
o The Salt Tract MONTEE
ARABLE
o The Arable Tract gu T
RACK
o The Sub-montane Tract
ga "SEA"

THE NORTHERN COASTAL PLAINS (BALASORE

PLAINS)
• It Comprises of deltas & flood plains of the Subarnarekha River & the
Budhabalanga river
• Worst drought affected area of Odisha with lack of irrigational
facilities, low per hectare agricultural turnout, lack of double
cropping & frequent crop failures
• Major town: Balasore
• Major beaches: Chandipur beach, Talsari beach, Chandaneswar
beach, Udaipur Beach .
THE MIDDLE COASTAL PLAINS

(CUTTACK-PURI COASTAL PLAINS)
• This region lies in between the north coastal plains & the south
coastal plains of the Rushikulya river
• Primarily composed of deltas
• High agricultural productivity with extensive irrigation, well-co-
ordinated embankment system, double and even tripled crop areas,
high yield per unit of land in Odisha
• This region is the ‘Rice Bowl of Odisha’ & also known for Jute
cultivation
• Highly populated area with growing Tertiary sector employment
• Well-developed modes of transportation & communication
• Puri: one of the Char Dhams for Hindu Pilgrimage
• Major Port: Paradeep Port
• Major towns/ cities: Bhubaneswar, Cuttack, Puri, Kendrapara, Jajpur
• Major beaches: Puri beach, Konark beach, Baliharachandi Beach,
Ramchandi Beach, Beleswar beach, Astaranga Beach

SOUTHERN COASTAL PLAINS

(BERHAMPUR COASTAL PLAINS)
• These plains are geographically isolated from the northern plains by
the Chilika Lake and spurs from the Eastern Ghats
• Crop failures due to high frequency rainfall failures & Rainy days as
well as Limited irrigation due to undulating topography
• High population density & well-coordinated road network
• Major town/ city: Berhampur
• Major beaches: Gopalpur beach, Rushikonda beach, Aryapalli beach,
Patisonapur beach, Chandrabhaga beach.
THE SALT TRACT

• The narrow belt stretching beyond the shoreline for about 4.8 to 9.6
km inward which is soaked in salt with no agriculture
• The Mahanadi Delta Salt Tract is covered with tidal forests known as
‘The Little Sunderbans’ of Paradeep- Dhamra coast.
THE ARABLE TRACT

• Being located in the middle of the Plains, drained by the Mahanadi,
the Brahmani & the Salandi rivers, makes this area rich in
agricultural productivity & fertile alluvium .
• The endless stretches of rice cultivation is the fundamental
characteristics of this region .
• The rivers have leaves but during high floods these rivers overflow
causing danger for human lives, cattle population & agriculture .
THE SUB-MONTANE TRACT

Lying towards the west of the Plains, this region is known as ‘Zone of
Transition’ between the Arable Tract & the spurs of Eastern Ghats

• Red Soil is found here as blocks of laterites.

• There’s absence of coastal forest Belt & lacks in marshy tract
due to higher topography
THE MIDDLE MOUNTAINOUS & HIGHLAND

REGIONS
• This region covers 3/4th portion of Odisha with significant tribal
population
• The elevation of this region ranges from 610 m to 1068 m above sea
level
• It’s a part of Indian Peninsula, comprising the Eastern Ghats running
parallel to the east coast in Northeast to Southwest direction
(Mayurbhanj to Malkangiri)
• This region is dissected by east flowing rivers which have broad
valleys & flood plains & their courses cutting deep gorges
• These mountain ranges separate the coastal plains from the rolling
uplands of western Odisha
• This region is rich in minerals, natural resources, timber, forest
products, horticulture & tribal handicrafts
• These mountains are morphologically sub-divided into 5 regions:

o The interfluve of the Subarnarekha, the Budhabalanga & the
Baitarani
o The Baitarani-Brahmani interfluve
o The Brahmani- Mahanadi interfluve
o The common interfluve of the Mahanadi, the Rushikulya & the
Vamsadhara
o The interfluve of the Nagavali-Sabari and Sabari-Tel Catchment
Basins

g
THE INTERFLUVES OF THE SUBARNAREKHA, THE
BUDHABALANGA & THE BAITARANI
• The Comprises of the Similipal (900m) and Meghasana (1147m)
mountains, forming almost circular shapes with peaks reaching
up to 1,162 meters.
• It is covered in northern tropical moist deciduous forests,
primarily featuring valuable Sal trees
• The climate is characterized by heavy monsoon and winter
rainfall.
• Rich deposits of haematite ore in the Gorumahisani Hills and
Badampahar region supply ore to TISCO

THE BAITARANI-BRAHMANI INTERFLUVE

• Notable peaks in this region include Malayagiri of Pailahara (1,188
meters), Badamgarh (1,075 meters), and Kunratir (1,064 meters) in
Keonjhar
• Shifting cultivation has led to complete deforestation and severe soil
erosion
• The northern tropical moist deciduous type are found with Sal trees
not being the dominant tree species
• Economically valuable resources in this region include iron,
manganese, and mica deposits in the Mankadnacha Hills, as well as
gold deposits further south
• The Rourkela steel plant relies on rich haematite ore sources from
Taldiha and Kiriburu in this region
THE BRAHMANI- MAHANADI INTERFLUVE

• It features mountain ranges that align closely with the watershed
between the Brahmani and Baitarani rivers
• This region has experienced significant erosion from the tributaries
of the Mahanadi and Brahmani rivers, resulting in lower elevations
i.e., only 600m.
• The mountain chain in this area is not continuous. It runs as N-NW in
the Northern region & S-SW in the southern region.
• The mountains are densely covered by bamboo forests due to the
region’s high rainfall and suitable soil conditions
THE COMMON INTERFLUVES OF THE MAHANADI,

THE RUSHIKULYA & THE VAMSADHARA
• This region is characterized by hills in Nayagarh, Daspalla,
Khandapara, Kandhamal, and Gajapati

• The region experiences low annual precipitation, resulting in a

northern tropical moist deciduous (mixed) forest type with majorly
bamboo trees
• Mountain trends run from northwest to southeast in this area with an
elevation of 600m to 1000m. Notable peaks Singarazu (1501m),
Mahendragiri (1501m) Devagiri peak (1360m)
• The region is rich in minerals & some forest areas have been cleared
under the Dandakaranya Project .
THE INTERFLUVES OF THE NAGAVALI-SABARI
AND SABARI-TEL CATCHMENT BASINS
• This region includes the Chandragiri-Pottangi mountains, among the
highest in Odisha which run in NE to SW direction
• These mountain ranges rise abruptly from the Andhra coastal plains
and slope down to the Jeypore-Nabarangpur plateau
• Notable peaks include Galikonda (1643m), Sinkaram (1620m),
Turiakonda(1598m), Deomali (1,672m)
• The region experiences maximum rainfall during monsoons but is dry
in winter, resulting in northern tropical dry deciduous forests.
• Mineral resources are seemingly limited in this area & the region
suffers from severe soil erosion
• Some parts of the region have been reclaimed under the
Dandakaranya Scheme.
IMPORTANT MOUNTAIN PEAKS OF ODISHA

Badam
Balia Pahar pahar
Badamgarh
⑪ Nrusinghanath
Gandhamardan
Niyamgiri
Mahendragiri
Deomali
Golikonda
⑰Devagiri
Sinkaram Gutta
THE CENTRAL PLATEAUS

• Being a part of Peninsular Plateau & lying towards the western
slopes of the Eastern Ghats, the central plateaus of Odisha have
an average elevation of 300 to 600m above sea level.
• They have almost flat & monotonous topography, covered with red
soil & laterite Soil & are eroded by rivers.
• Agriculture is limited but this region flourishes in minerals &
forest resources.
• This region is thinly populated because of low carrying capacity of
persons per hectare .
• On the basis of morphology these plateaus are subdivided into 2
regions:
o The Panposh-Keonjhar-Pala Lahara plateau of the upper
Baitarani Catchment Basin
o The Nabarangpur-Jaypur plateau of the upper Sabri Basin

THE PANPOSH-KEONJHAR-PALA LAHARA

PLATEAU
• The Kendujhar-Panposh Plateau, is characterized by its high
plateau topography & is drained by the Baitarani River.
• Its elevation ranges from 300 to 600 meters and is surrounded by
natural boundaries: Similipal Mountains in the east,
Mankaranacha Mountains in the west, & merging into the
Baitarani uplands in the south, with Singhbhum & Ranchi plateau
to the north.
• Agriculture especially rice farming, is the dominant economic
activity in this region.
• The region experiences high monsoon rainfall & additional rain
during the winter.
• The region is rich in mineral resources, including iron ore,
manganese, limestone & more.
Baitarani Raisangfu
R
or
.
2 0
JHarsuguda simlifal
Bargarh .
Redkakhole
Bolangir
↑
mi
THE NABARANGPUR-JEYPORE PLATEAU

• The Nowrangpur-Jeypore Plateau is situated west of the
Chandragiri & Pottangi Mountains with average elevation of 600
to 900m
• This plateau is drained by the Sabari River & its tributaries.
• Isolated patches of mountains ranging from 600 to 900 meters in
elevation can be found in this region
• It experiences high rainfall, with more than 178 cm of rain
annually, but remains dry during the winter
• The area is known for extensive cultivation of finer varieties of
rice & serves as the surplus rice-producing region of Odisha
• The region was part of the old Dandakaranya Project
THE ROLLING UPLANDS

• Lying towards the west of the Eastern Ghats, the rolling uplands
feature undulating terrain in the sub-mountainous zones.
• Elevation in this region ranges from 150 to 300 meters.
• The soil in this area is coarse and gravelly, resulting in reduced
soil nutritive value and lower yields per hectare compared to
coastal plains and river valleys.
• The undulating topography with a hard subsoil bedrock makes it
suitable for the implementation of a tank irrigation system, which
stabilizes agriculture to a significant extent. Hence, it supports
paddy cultivation in wet areas.
• Patches of forests can be found in these rolling uplands, but they
have been extensively deforested over time.
• The Rolling Uplands are subdivided into the following regions:
o The Rairangpur Rolling Uplands.
o The Rolling Uplands to the north of the Baitarani Valley and
Flood Plains.

o The rolling Uplands of the Brahmani Basin

▪ The western
▪ The middle
▪ The northern or Panposh Plains
o The Rolling Uplands of the Mahanadi Basin
▪ The Jharsuguda Uplands
▪ The Baragarh Uplands
▪ The Balangir-Titilagarh Uplands
▪ The Redhakhole Uplands
o The Western Uplands of the Rushikulya Basin
o The Rolling Uplands of the Vamsadhara and Nagavali rivers.
o The Uplands of the Sabari Basin or Malkangiri Uplands
THE RAIRANGPUR ROLLING UPLANDS

• The Rairangpur Rolling Uplands drain to the north & significant in
natural resources
• The area receives high monsoonal rainfall and some winter
rainfall.
• Major town: Rairangpur
THE BAITARANI ROLLING UPLANDS

• Lying to the boundary of Keonjhar plateau is considered to be of
little importance due to its small size
THE ROLLING UPLANDS OF THE BRAHMANI

BASIN

• The Rolling Uplands of the Brahmani Basin, also known as the

Rourkela Uplands, are situated on the eastern slopes of the
Mahanadi-Brahmani interfluves, near the confluence of the Sankh
and Koel rivers.
• The region's economic significance is primarily attributed to the
presence of the Rourkela Steel Plant, which produces 2.5 million
tonnes of steel annually.
• Abundant mineral resources, including iron ore, manganese, and
limestone, contribute to the region's economic potential.
• The region experiences an extreme type of climate due to its
inland location.
• Major City: Rourkela
THE ROLLING UPLANDS OF MAHANADI BASIN
• The Rolling Uplands of the Mahanadi Basin covers the entire

western Odisha are sub-divided into:
o The Jharsuguda Rolling uplands: Drained by the Ib River and its
tributaries, extending from Sundergarh in the north to
Sambalpur in the south, with Jharasuguda in the middle
o The Baragarh Uplands: Drained by the Jira, Jhaun, and Suk-Tel
rivers
o The Baragarh-Titlagarh uplands: Drained by the Tel, the largest
Mahanadi tributary in Odisha
o The Redhakhole Uplands: These uplands are situated on the
eastern flanks of the interfluves of the Brahmani and the
Mahanadi
• These are vast areas having major industrial belts with Hirakud
Dam being the centre of power generation
• Agriculture continues to be the primary occupation with
increasing population
• Major towns/cities: Jharsuguda, Sambalpur, Bolangir, Titlagarh,
Redhakhole

THE WESTERN UPLANDS OF THE RUSHIKULYA

BASIN
• This upland region is dominated by forestry as primary economic
activity
• The climate, characterized by high temperature, dense forests &
lack of winter rainfall i.e., unfavourable for health
THE ROLLING UPLANDS OF THE VAMSADHARA

AND THE NAGAVALI
• These uplands are formed by the erosive action of the
Vamsadhara and Nagavali rivers.
• These uplands are drier compared to rest of Odisha, with a high
frequency of rainfall failures.
• Low soil productivity results in low population density.
• Sugarcane cultivation is extensive in this region.
• A paper mill in the area receives power from the Machkund hydel
power project, and NALCO is also located here.
• Major town: Rayagada
THE MALKANGIRI UPLANDS

• Located in the southwestern tip of Odisha, these uplands remain
largely undeveloped due to their extreme climate.
• The region experiences the wettest part of Orissa after the onset
of the southwest monsoon, followed by becoming the driest during
winter
• Vast areas are covered in thick bamboo forests
• Industrial growth & economic development depends on cheap
hydel power from the Machkund project & the proper utilization of
forest and mineral resources

• The implementation of the Poteru Irrigation Project and the

Dandakaranya railway line from Kottavalsa to Kirandul have
opened up new opportunities for resource utilization
THE RIVER VALLEYS & FLOOD PLAINS
• River valleys and flood plains in Odisha are located between the 75
meters and 150 meters contour lines.
• They are scattered, narrow, and elongated, following the courses of
significant rivers and their tributaries.
• These areas were initially shaped by the rivers and later enriched by
fluviatile deposits.
• They are narrow & deep in the upper reaches, slightly wide in the
middle reaches & widest in the lower reaches
• Vertical and lateral erosion by drainage channels has led to the
formation of deep ravines in recent years, while sheet and gully
erosion further deplete the soil.
• The carrying capacity of the land in these areas is lower compared to
the coastal plains due to erosion.
• Rice is the primary crop, but the absence of jute and the increasing
cultivation of sugarcane are notable agrarian characteristics.
• The water table is lower than in coastal plains, and reduced frequent
inundations have resulted in lower silt deposition and consequently
lower soil fertility.
• These river valleys & flood plains are further sub-divided into sub-
regions:
o The valley and flood plains of the Subarnarekha and the
Budhabalanga
o The valley and flood plains of the Baitarani
o The valley and flood plains of the Brahmani
▪ The upper valley and flood plains
▪ The lower valley and flood plains

o The valley and flood plains of the Mahanadi

▪ The upper valley and flood plains
▪ The lower left bank flood plains
▪ The lower right bank flood plains
o The valley and flood plains of the Salia and the Kharia
o The valley and flood plains of the Rushikulya
o The upper valley of the Vamsadhara
o The upper valley of the Sabari
·
Subarnarekha
&
Budhabalanga
Baitarani
- Flood plains
I
Brahmani Flood
plains
-12
- Mahanadi
Floodplains
Rushikulya flood
plains
Sabri Vamsadhara
Floodplains Flood plains
THE VALLEY AND FLOOD PLAINS OF THE

SUBARNAREKHA AND THE BUDHABALANGA
(BARIPADA PLAINS)
• The Baripada Plains have relatively low fertility and higher

elevation, limiting their carrying capacity per unit of land

• While rice remains the primary crop, other cereals and cash crops
are also cultivated.
• Patches of scrub forests, higher annual precipitation, and more
rainy days compared to the Balasore coast contribute to fewer
crop failures and a relatively stable agricultural yield.
• The soil composition varies from fine-grained silt near the rivers
to coarse silt in the farther regions, with red soil of low fertility
found towards the western plains due to proximity to the Similipal
Hills.
• Major Town: Baripada

BAITARANI (ANANDPUR PLAINS)
• The Anandpur Plains, are delimited by various natural features:

Nilgiri hills (East), Sukinda hills (West) & Keonjhar Rolling Uplands
(North)
• These plains have been formed by the combined action of the
Baitarani and Salandi rivers
• The region is agriculturally rich and supports a relatively higher
population density per hectare of cultivated land.
• Major Towns: Anandpur, Ramchandrapur

BRAHMANI (TALCHER PLAINS & BHUBAN
PLAINS)
• Having a longer course helps Brahmani river to cut across the

Eastern Ghats
• It is subdivided into upper & lower valleys:

o The Upper Valley and Flood Plains, also known as the Talcher
Plains, are characterized by a narrow and deep valley with
swift streams on either side of the main river.
o The Lower Valley and Flood Plains, known as the Bhuban
Plains, are similar to the upper valley but broader in extent
with frequent flooding
• The Brahmani deposits more in the upper plains whereas erosion
predominant in the lower plains
• The lower plains have higher population density than upper plains
• Agriculture remains the primary source of employment
• Major towns/cities: Talcher, Angul, Sambalpur, Dhenkanal

MAHANADI (SONEPUR PLAINS, ATHGARH PLAINS
& BANPUR PLAINS)
• The river valleys & flood plains of Mahanadi are more prominent
than other rivers of Odisha
• It cuts deeply through the main mountains of the Eastern Ghats
• The 23 km long ‘Satakosia gorge’ divides the Mahanadi Valley into
upper & lower valleys
• The Upper Valley and Flood Plains, known as the Sonepur Plains,
are geographically isolated from the lower valley by the Satakosia
gorge:
o This region is characterized by the presence of large
subsequent and obsequent tributaries of the Mahanadi River,
including the Tel, Suk-Tel, Jira, and Jhaun, which have carved
deep, elongated valleys on the right bank of the Mahanadi,
resulting in irregular terrain
• The Lower Left Bank Flood Plains also known as the Athgarh
Plains are located in a funnel-shaped valley of the Mahanadi
River:

o The valley is broader in the south and narrower in the north

and is ultimately closed at the Satakosia gorge
• The Valley and the Flood Plains of the Salia and Kharia, often
known as Banpur plains with the Salia and Kharia as minor hill
streams in this region
o Along the Chilika coast, fishing has become a subsidiary
occupation for coastal residents
• These plains are fertile & primarily dedicated to rice cultivation
with high population density
• There is a rise in sugarcane cultivation in Sonepur & Athgarh
plains whereas pulses sown as a secondary crop in Banpur plains
• Major towns: Sonepur, Boudh, Athmalik, Banpur
THE VALLEY AND THE FLOOD PLAINS OF THE

RUSHIKULYA (ASKA PLAINS)
• The Aska Plains are a broad region characterized by an undulating

surface shaped by the erosive action of the Rushikulya River and
its tributaries
• The region experiences low rainfall but deforestation has led to
soil erosion
• Rice is the primary crop, but there’s a growing trend toward
cultivating sugarcane, maize, and cereals
• This region is free from floods and has well-coordinated road
communication
• The population density is high
• Major towns: Bhanjanagar, Aska, Sorada
•
THE UPPER VALLEY OF THE VAMSADHARA

• This narrow valley is formed by the erosive action of the
Vamsadhara River and is known for rice cultivation.

• Towns have developed in the area, and it sustains a dense

population
THE UPPER VALLEY OF THE SABARI

• Similar to the Vamsadhara, the Sabari Valley shares
characteristics as a narrow valley formed by erosive action
• It is economically underdeveloped & comes under the
Dandakarnya Project

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DRAINAGE

• DRAINAGE BASIN CHARACTERISTICS OF MAJOR RIVER
• NOTABLE NATURAL/ ARTIFICIAL LAKES
• MAJOR WATERFALLS, HOTSPRINGS, BAYS, ISLANDS
• ODISHA RIVER AGREEMENTS & CONFLICTS

INTRODUCTION
• The state of Odisha is primarily drained by Peninsular rivers which
are non-perennial in character & drain into the Bay of Bengal
• These rivers are lifelines for the people & economy & majorly
significant for agriculture, hydroelectricity & transport.
RIVERS OF ODISHA
Odisha rivers are divided into six groups on the basis of their
sources or origin:
• Chhotanagpur Plateau: The Subarnarekha & the Brahmani
• Amarkantak Plateau: The Mahanadi River
• Mahanadi Delta rivers: The Soamoli, the Gobari, the Prachi, the
Kadua, the Dhanua, the Ratnachira & the Nuna river
• Keonjhar Plateau: The Baitarani River
• Eastern Slopes of Eastern Ghats: The Budhabalanga, the
Rushikulya, the Salandi river
• Other Rivers from Eastern Ghats: The Bahuda, the Nagavali, the
Vamsadhara & the Godavari system

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Map name- drainage basins of rivers of Odisha
RIVERS OF CHHOTANAGPUR PLATEAU

THE SUBARNAREKHA RIVER
• Flowing in the Northeast of Odisha, this river originates in
Jharkhand, entering Odisha at Lakshmannath which is located to
the NE of Jaleshwar
• It flows in the districts of Mayurbhanj & Balasore
• Its name 'Subarnarekha' originates from the Sanskrit word,
meaning 'Golden line', denoting to the presence of gold particles in
its river beds
• The total length of the river is 395 km with 70 km in Odisha

• The drainage Basin of the river in Odisha is 3, 200 sq. km

• It causes disastrous floods in the lower reaches of Odisha before
draining into the Bay of Bengal
• It has an estuarine mouth due to daily tides
• The right bank tributaries of the Subarnarekha River: The Kanchi,
the Karkari, the Kharkhai (largest)
• The left bank tributaries of Subarnarekha River: The Dulang
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THE BRAHMANI RIVER
• The Brahmani is the 2nd largest river of Odisha, cutting across the
Eastern Ghats by draining through the districts of Sundargarh,
Angul, Dhenkanal, Deogarh, Jajpur, Cuttack, Kendrapada
• It originates in Jharkhand & enters Odisha in the Sundargarh
district. At the confluence of the Sankh river (right) & the Koel
river(left), at Vedavyas near Rourkela, its mainstream flows
southward
• The total length of the river is 799 km & in Odisha It flows about
480 km
• The drainage Basin of Brahmani has an area of 39, 055 sq. km

• Its right bank tributary meets Mahanadi's left bank tributary i.e.,
the Birupa river at Indupur.
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• The Brahmani & the Mahanadi have a common outlet for their
flood water through Maipura & have formed the Wheeler Islands,
also known as Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Island
• Before discharging into Bay of Bengal near Dhamra, the river
receives flood spills from the adjacent Baitarani River
• The right bank tributaries of Brahmani river: the Sankh, the
Gohira, the Lingarajara, the Tikra, the Singda, the Nandia
• The left bank tributaries of the Brahmani river: the Koel, the
Ramial, the Samakoi, the Mankada, the Kural
RIVER OF AMARKANTAK PLATEAU
MAHANADI RIVER
• The Mahanadi is the largest River of Odisha & 6th largest River in
India
• It is the only River from Amarkantak plateau, which originates
from Sihawa Village in Dhamtari District of Chhattisgarh
• Its name is derived from Sanskrit meaning 'great river'. The river
is also known as Mahashweta, Mahanad, Nilotpala, Kanakanandini

• The total length of the river is about 858.8 km & in Odisha it flows
about 494 km
• The total drainage Basin of the River is 65,580 sq km
• It enters Odisha near Padigan, Bargarh and covers the districts of
Sambalpur, Bargarh, Jharsuguda, Boudh, Nayagarh, Sonepur,
Angul, Dhenkanal, Jagatsinghpur, Cuttack, Khordha & Puri
• Hirakud Dam is built across the Mahanadi River, about 15
kilometres from Sambalpur. It is the longest earthen dam in the
world. Behind the dam extends a lake, Hirakud Reservoir, 55 km
long.
• At Sonepur, the Tel River, the largest tributary of Mahanadi in
Odisha meets on its right bank
• From Boudh to Banki, the Mahanadi crosses right through the
Easter Ghats & forms the Satakosia gorge
• It enters into the Plains at Naraj in Cuttack district where it meets
the old shoreline of the Bay of Bengal & forms a delta
• The length of the delta is about 107 km. The mainstream drains
into the Bay of Bengal near Paradeep, Jagatisinghpur.
• Right bank tributaries of the Mahanadi River: The Silari, the Jira,
the Jhaun, the Sondur, the Sukha, the Jonk, the Tel, the
Kharakhara, the Brutanga, the Khorsi, the Jamunia etc
• Left bank tributaries of the Mahanadi River: The Chhinar, the
Seonath, the Hasdeo, the Son, the Mand, the Karua, the Kelo, the
Surli, the Arpa etc
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• Major distributaries of the Mahanadi River: The Kathajodi, the

Birupa, the Devi
(Satkosia gorge)
Hirakud dam

NOTE:
The Mahanadi River is both a boon
and a curse for Odisha. The river
valleys and floodplains of the
Mahanadi are referred to as the
'Rice Bowl of Odisha' because their
fertile alluvium supports paddy
cultivation. However, due to
frequent flooding, it also causes the
loss of livelihood, cattle, and
property, earning it the nickname the 'Sorrow of Odisha'
RIVERS OF THE MAHANADI DELTA

From the low interfluves of the distributaries in the Mahanadi delta
originate about 7 short length rivers:
• Soamoli River: It originates from Hirapur village, with silted bed it
flows into Bay of Bengal in an easterly course.
• Gobari River: It starts from Devidola & joins the Devi River at
Bandasahi. It is also known as Gobardhana river.
• Prachi River: It starts from Kuakhai. Now, it flows from
Phulnakhara and drain the area between Kandal and Kushabhadra.
• Kadua River: It drains interfloves between Prachi and
Kushabhadra.
• Dhanua River: It is a small river which originate from Balipatna &
drains into the Kushabhadra
• Ratnachira River: It originates near Mukundapur village and drains
into the Bhargavi river.
• Nuna River: It starts near Ghoradia hills and drains into Daya river
near Sahupara.

RIVER OF KEONJHAR PLATEAU
THE BAITARANI RIVER

• The Baitarani River is the only major river originating from the
Kendujhar Plateau, with its source in the Guptaganga Pahar of the
Janghira-Dhenkikote region.
• It originates at a height of about 600m above sea level. The total
length of the river is about 360 km & drainage Basin is about 12,190
sq km.
• It flows through the districts of Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj, Sundargarh,
Bhadrak, Jajpur, Kendrapada
• In its lower reaches, the Baitarani River joins the distributaries of
the Brahmani River, ultimately sharing a common mouth into the
Bay of Bengal at Dhamra
• Major tributaries of the Baitarani River: The Deo, the Indrani, the
Salandi, the Matai
• Minor tributaries of the Baitarani River: The Budhi, the Kanjori, the
Ambajhara, the Bhandan, the Sita, the Kanjhari, the Musal, the
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RIVERS OF EASTER SLOPES OF EASTERN

GHATS
THE BUDHABALANGA RIVER
• It originates from the Similipal massif to the South of the Similipal
Garh in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha, at an elevation of about 1082
m
• The total length of this river is 175 km & the total catchment area
of this river is 4,840 sq. km.
• It flows through two districts of Odisha: Mayurbhanj and Balasore
• The river originates from heavy rainfall region having high slope,
hence has high erosive capacity
• Significant tributaries of this river are the Kalo, the Sone, the
Katra, the Gangadhar
• It drains into the Bay of Bengal off the Balasore coast which lies
slightly to the north of Chandipur
THE SALANDI RIVER

• It originates from Meghasani mountain on the southern slopes of
the Simlipal massif, which has an elevation of 1,165 meters and is
located in the Kendujhar district
• Its total length is about 144 km & total catchment area is about
1,790 sq km.
• The river flows in the Kendujhar & the Bhadrak district.

• It’s a tributary of Baitarani River, it does not directly drain into the
Bay of Bengal, but discharges its water into the Baitarani River a
few kilometres upstream of Chandbali
SALANDI DAM
THE RUSHIKULYA RIVER

• It originates from the Rushimal mountain of Kandhamal district of
Odisha
• Its total length is 165 km and its total catchment area is about
8,963 km
• This river flows through Kandhamal & Ganjam districts
• It’s referred to as “lifeline of Ganjam district”
• Its river basin is pear shaped with dendritic tributary system
• It finally flows through Chhatrapur block & drains into the Bay of
Bengal without any delta formation
• The right bank tributaries of the Rushikulya river: The Patama, the
Ghodahada
• The left bank tributaries of the Ruhikulya river: The Baghua, the
Dhanei
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RIVERS OF EASTERN GHATS

THE BAHUDA RIVER
• It originates from the Ramgiri hills of the eastern ghats in Gajapati
districts and joins the Bay of Bengal in Andhra Pradesh.
• Its length 73 kms having a catchment area of 1250 sq. km.
• Significant tributaries of the Bahuda River are the Poichandia, the
Bogiriadi, the Batrada Nalla, the Kantajura Nalla.
THE NAGAVALI RIVER

• It originates from the Bijipur Hills of the eastern ghats near
Lanjigarh, Kalahandi.
• It is 210 kms long out of which 100 kms is in Odisha i.e., flows
through the districts of Kalahandi & Rayagada
• It has a total catchment area of about 9410 sq. kms.
• The tributaries of the Nagavali River: The Janghavati, the
Suvarnamukhi, the Vegavati
THE VAMSADHARA RIVER

• It originates from the Flanks of the Durgakangar hills (Lingaraj
hills) of the eastern ghats in Kalahandi districts.
• It is 230 kms long out of which only 150 kms in Odisha.
• It has a catchment area of 11500 sq. kms.
• It flows through Kalahandi, Rayagada & Gajapati districts
• It enters in to the Bay of Bengal at Kalingapatnam in Andhra
Pradesh.
• Significant tributary of Vamsadhara river: The Mahendratanay

THE GODAVARI SYSTEM

It includes the tributaries of the Godavari River
THE INDRAVATI RIVER

• It originates from the Eastern Ghats in Kalahandi district of Odisha
• The length of river is about 530 km & 167 km is in Odisha
• The total catchment area of the river in Odisha is 7,400 sq km
• The river flows in the districts of Kalahandi, Koraput &
Nabarangpur
• The significant tributaries of the Indravati river are the the
Chandragiri Nalla, the Poragarh Nalla, the Nimbra, the
Keshadhara Nalla etc
THE KOLAB RIVER

• It originates from the Sinkaran hills of the Eastern Ghats in
Koraput district of Odisha
• In Odisha it flows for 270 km with total catchment area of 10,300
sq. km
• The significant tributaries of the Kolab river are the Karandi Nalla,
the Guradi Nalla, the Garia, the Kangar Nalla etc
THE MACHKUND/SILERU RIVER

• The Sileru river, also known as Machkund river, is a tributary of
the Sabari River
• It originates in Andhra Pradesh & flows through Odisha before
joining the Sabari River at Motu, in the extreme southwestern
point of Odisha
• The Sileru river rises as the Machkund river in the eastern ghats
in north-eastern Andhra Pradesh

LAKES OF ODISHA
CHILIKA LAKE
• Chilika lake, the largest brackish water lagoon in Asia, stretches
across the Khordha, the Gan jam & the Puri districts of Odisha
• In 1981, it was declared as India’s first Ramsar wetland site.
• The state govt declared it as a bird sanctuary in 1987 as it is a
heaven for migratory birds from around the world
• Formed due to silting action of the Mahanadi River, it’s a pear-
shaped lake at the mouth of the Devi River
• The length of Chilika is about 64.5 km, its width varies between
5km to 18km & its area varies between 900 sq.km to 1165 sq. km
depending upon monsoon & summer seasons
• The deepest point of Chilika is located at Kalijai
abrchillika
NOTABLE NATURAL LAKES
• Chilika lake: Largest brackish water lagoon in Asia, located in the
Puri, the Khordha & the Ganjam district of Odisha, at the mouth of
the Devi River

• Ansupa lake: A freshwater lake, located at the foot of Saranda

hills in the Banki region of Cuttack district of Odisha. About 5 km
long & 1.6 km wide, it’s a shelter for migratory birds in the winter
• Kanjia lake: A freshwater lake of about 0.75sq.km, situated in the
south of Barang in the Khordha district. The Nandakanan lies to
the south of this lake
• Pata lake: A freshwater lake of about 4km long & 500m wide, is
situated in the Chhatrapur town of Ganjam district of Odisha
• Sara lake: A freshwater lake of length 5 km & width 3km, lies near
Puri
• Tampara lake: Another freshwater lake of about 4km long & 500m
wide, is situated alongside the Chhatrapur town of Ganjam district
of Odisha .
NOTABLE ARTIFICIAL RESERVOIRS/ LAKES
• Hirakud Reservoir: Sambalpur District, Mahanadi River

• Kolab Reservoir: Koraput District, Kolab River
• Sorada Reservoir: Ganjam District, Rushikulya River
• Balimela Reservoir: Malkangiri District, Sileru River
• Mahanadi Barrage Reservoir: Cuttack District, Mahanadi River
• Salia Reservoir: Nayagarh District, Salia River
• Naraj Reservoir: Cuttack District, Kathjodi River
• Indravati Reservoir: Nabarangpur District, Indravati River
• Rengali Reservoir: Angul District, Brahmani River
• Deras Reservoir: Khordha District, Hill Reservoir
• Upper Jonk: Nuapada District, Irrigation Project
• Russelkonda Reservoir: Ganjam District, Rushikulya River
• Mohanpur Reservoir: Nayagarh District, Hill Reservoir
• Dandadhar Reservoir: Dhenkanal District, River Ramaial

NOTABLE WATERFALLS OF ODISHA

Waterfall Name District Height (In M)
Barehipani (2nd Largest Mayurbhanj 400
Waterfall of India)
Badaghagara Keonjhar 60
Sanghagara Keonjhar
Joranda Mayurbhanj 150
Duduma Koraput 175
Lulung Mayurbhanj 300
Gandahati Gajapati
Harishankar Balangir
Devkund Mayurbhanj
Hatipathar Rayagada 334
Khandadhar Sundargarh 225
Khandula Kalahandi
Koilighugar Jharsuguda
Miriglotah Sundargarh 30
Nrusinghanath Bargarh
Phurli Jharana Kalahandi 16
Putudi Kandhamal
Pradhanpath Deogarh
NOTABLE HOTSPRINGS OF ODISHA

• Atri: Khordha
• Deulajhari: Angul
• Taptapani: Gajapati
• Tarabalo: Nayagarh
• Kapilas: Dhenkanal
• Chandikhole: Cuttack
• Narayani: Puri
• Mahavinayak Barunei: Khordha
• Nirmal Jhar: Gamjam

• Gosing Jhar: Nayagarh

• Koilighugar: Jharsuguda
• Jharbada: Dhenkanal
TIDAL RIVERS, BAYS & ISLANDS IN ODISHA

• Devi River: A Tidal River of about 35 Km formed out of Mahanadi
• Hukitola Bay: Only Bay of Odisha, Located in Jambu Island,
Kendrapada District, Mahanadi River Delta
Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam
Island: Previously
Known as Wheeler
Island. It’s an ISRO
Rocket Launching
Centre (Bhadrak
District)
• Subalaya Island: 3.32 Sq. Km Island, located at the meeting point

of Mahandi & Surubalijora in Sonepur District
• Shortt’s Island: Located in Bhadrak District
• Other Notable Islands are found in Chilika Lake: Krushnaprasad,
Nalaban, Kalijai, Somolo, Honeymoon, Breakfast, Barakuda, Birds
Island

ODISHA RIVER AGREEMENTS

ODISHA RIVER CONFLICTS

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CLIMATE

• AGRO-CLIMATIC REGIONS OF ODISHA
• MAJOR SEASONS OF ODISHA
• DISTRIBUTION OF WEATHER & CLIMATE OVER ODISHA
• CYCLONRS HIT/AFFECTED ODISHA SINCE 1999

INTRODUCTION
Odisha has a tropical monsoon type climate with dry winters. It
experiences mainly three seasons: summer (March-June), monsoon
(July September), and winter (October-February). Summers are hot
and humid, with temperatures often exceeding 40°C.Monsoons bring
heavy rains, which account for over 80% of the state's annual
rainfall. Winters are mild, with temperatures ranging from 15-25°C.
The climate of Odisha varies depending on its topography & relief
features
CLIMATIC REGIONS OF ODISHA

• According to Koppen’s classification, the climate of Odisha is ‘Tropical
Savannah type’(AW), where at least one month receives less than
6.1cm of annual rainfall
• According to Thornthwaite’s classification, the climate of Odisha
comes under ‘sub-humid type with deficient winter rains’
• According to Dudley Stamp Classification, the climate of Odisha
experiences heavy rainfall & considerable humidity
• According to SB Chatterjee’s classification, the coastal region of
Odisha is included in the ‘Tropical Savannah type’ of Climate (Most
relevant

AGRO-CLIMATIC ZONES IN ODISHA

Agro-Climatic Zone Agricultural Districts Climate Broad Soil Groups
North Western Sundargarh, Parts of Hot & Red, Brown Forest,
Plateau Deogarh, Sambalpur, Moist Sub Red and Yellow, Mixed
Jharsuguda Humid Red and Black
North Central Mayurbhanj, Major Parts Hot & Laterite, Red and
Plateau of Keonjhar (Except Moist Sub Yellow, Mixed Red and
Anandpur & Ghasipura Humid Black
Block)
North Eastern Balasore, Bhadrak, Parts Moist Sub Red, Laterite, Deltaic
Coastal Plain of Jajpur, Hatadihi Block Humid Alluvial, Coastal
of Keonjhar Alluvial and Saline
East And South Kendrapada, Khordha, Hot & Saline, Laterite,
Eastern Coastal Jagatsinghpur, Parts of Humid Alluvial, Red, Mixed
Plain Cuttack, Puri, Nayagarh, Red and Black
Ganjam
North Eastern Phulbani, Rayagada, Hot & Brown Forest, Laterite,
Ghats Gajapati, Parts of Moist Sub Alluvial, Red, Mixed
Ganjam & Small Patches Humid Red and Black
of Koraput
Eastern Ghat High Major Parts of Koraput & Warm & Red, Mixed Red and
Land Nabarangpur Humid Black, Mixed Red and
Yellow
South Eastern Malkangiri & Parts of Warm & Red Laterite and Black
Ghats Keonjhar Humid
Western Kalahandi., Nuapada Hot & Red, Mixed Red and
Undulating Zone Moist Sub Black
Humid
Western Central Bargarh, Balangir, Hot & Red And Yellow, Red
Table Land Boudh, Sonepur, Parts of Moist Sub and Black, Black
Sambalpur, Jharsuguda Humid Brown Forest, Laterite
Mid Central Table Angul, Dhenkanal, Parts Hot & Alluvial, Red, Laterite,
Land of Cuttack & Jajpur Moist Sub Mixed Red and Black
Humid

REGIONAL SEASONAL DIVISION IN ODISHA

Season Name Months
Grishma (Summer) Viaisakha & Jyestha (mid-April to mid-June)
Barsa (Rainy) Ashadha & Sravana (mid-June to mid-August)
Sharad (Autumn) Bhadraba & Aswina (mid-August to mid-October)
Hemanta (Winter) Kartika & Margasira (Mid October to Mid-December)
Sisira (Winter) Pausa & Magha (Mid-December to Mid-February)
Basanta (Spring) Falguna & Chaitra (mid-February to Mid-April)

MAJOR SEASONS
SOUTHWEST MONSOON SEASON
• This season prevails from Mid-June to Mid-September
• It normally arrives by 1st week of June in the Plains & by 15 June, the
entire state is under its influence
• It starts in Southern part of the state & progresses northward.
• There is a fall in both temperature & pressure across Odisha along
with rainfall, at times accompanied by thunderstorms
• The burning heat of the midsummer changes into moisture rich damp
atmosphere. People often fall ill, majorly from influenza
• Winds blow from SW to NE, entering Odisha from Bay of Bengal with
pulsating characteristics
• Sky is covered with long trails of Cumulonimbus clouds from South &
Southwest. By July, Nimbostratus clouds cover the sky with heavy
torrential rainfall
• Paddy fields with crops about 30 cm high are scenic spots filled with
greenery
• The monsoon rains replenish the seasonal water bodies of the state
whereas excess rainfall causes severe floods disrupting rural
transport & communication
• The warm waters of Bay of Bengal at times lead to formation of
Tropical cyclone (For instance, Fani, May 2019)
RETREATING MONSOON SEASON

• This season prevails from Mid-September to December
• The Southwest monsoon Winds slowly start to withdraw & rains
begin to cease
• Whereas adequate September-October rains helps in maturing of
rice
• This season acts as a transition to winter with lower atmospheric
temperature as compared to summer months

• The sky becomes clear with bright sunshine & atmospheric pressure
increases
• The colour of clouds changes from black to white grey. They again
become stratocumulus to cumulus
• The wind blows in NE to SW direction i.e., moves away from land to
the sea
• This season marks the formation of cyclonic depressions in the Bay
of Bengal causing loss of livelihood & property due to heavy
downpour & strong winds, especially in the coastal regions of the
state
• This season helps in harvesting paddy crops & by the end of
December, the fields are again ploughed for the winter crops .
COLD WEATHER SEASON

• This season prevails from January to February
• Due to decreased relative humidity air feels drier & there is
significant drop in temperature with some areas experiencing less
than 10°C.
• While daytime temperatures can be relatively mild, nights & early
mornings can be quite chilly. Winter in the countryside & hilly areas
is harsh
• Precipitation occurs with slight rain; dew drops on vegetation & fog
reducing visibility during early mornings & late evenings
• The atmospheric pressure increases with clear skies, sunny days &
stratus clouds appearing in the horizon at evenings. It’s the ideal
tourist season
• By the end of February, clouds from northwest & east blowing winds
causes rainfall in the state which helps in harvesting rabi crops &
winter vegetables as wells as facilitates first ploughing for sowing
paddy
• Rainfall accompanied by hailstorms during this season destroys Rabi
crops & pulses

HOT WEATHER SEASON

• This season prevails from March to Mid-June, it includes both the
spring & the summer season
• March remarks the spring season in the state with clear sky, bright
sunshine, wind blowing from south & soothing nights. This is the best
season of the year
• By April-May it becomes nearly impossible to walk on the road at
afternoon & the lack of wind at night, makes it difficult to sleep. This
season oppresses the people the most
• May is the hottest month of the state with severe heatwave,
especially in the interior regions of Odisha
• The lowering atmospheric pressure, low relative humidity & rise in
temperature up to 45° at few places of Odisha leads to hot &
sweltering conditions with air feeling dry & at times uncomfortable
• Even though the sale of mangoes sky rockets during this season, the
scarcity of water becomes acute affecting agriculture & livelihood
• In March, the clouds in the sky are cirrostratus to cirrus. By June, the
clouds change to Altocumulus
• Local conventional rainfall received in the afternoon brings rain
accompanied by strong winds, thunder & lightning. These rains are
known as Norwesters (Kal Baisakhi) which helps in sowing of Jute in
coastal plains
• During this season, the climate in Puri is best because of the
moderating influence of land breeze & sea breeze.
• There is a spike in tourism in the coastal areas as people seek relief
from the summer heat at the beaches
• Towards the end of this season, there occurs pre-monsoon
thunderstorms bringing brief relief from the scorching heat .

DISTRIBUTION OF WEATHER & CLIMATE

ELEMENTS OVER ODISHA
INSOLATION
The summer months from March to June receive maximum insolation
with sun nearly overhead & longer days than nights. The cloud cover
during monsoon hinders sunshine. Coastal regions insolation pattern
differs from inland regions
TEMPERATURE
The mean annual temperature over Odisha is influenced by
geographical diversity, elevation, proximity to the sea & by the location
of the receiving stations with coastal regions having milder
temperatures, inland areas experiencing hotter summers & hilly regions
having cooler climates.
• Coastal Regions:
o Coastal areas of Odisha, including districts like Khordha,
Ganjam, Puri, and Cuttack, experience a relatively milder &
more moderate climate compared to inland areas.
o In coastal regions, temperatures are moderated by the
influence of the Bay of Bengal, leading to cooler summers and
milder winters.
o Cuttack experiences a higher temperature because of its low
elevation and its peculiar island-like location at the apex of the
Mahanadi delta.
o Summer temperatures along the coast can range from 30°C to
40°C (86°F to 104°F), with occasional heatwaves.
o Winters are cooler but not extremely cold, with temperatures
typically ranging from 15°C to 25°C (59°F to 77°F).
• Inland and Western Regions:

o Inland and western parts of Odisha, including areas like

Sundargarh, Bargarh, Sambalpur and Balangir, tend to have a
hotter climate, especially during the summer months.
o Raipur, beyond the north-western border of Odisha, enjoys a
slightly high temperature because of its inland location.
o The highest annual range in temperature is found in the
southern flanks of the Ranchi plateau due to its high elevation
& the fact that the moderating influence of the sea is blocked
by the Similipal hill and the Mankarnacha hill.
o Summer temperatures in these areas can soar above 40°C
(104°F) during heatwaves.
o Winters are relatively cooler, with temperatures ranging from
10°C to 20°C (50°F to 68°F).
• Northern and Hilly Regions:

o Northern and hilly areas of Odisha, such as Keonjhar & Koraput,
experience cooler temperatures due to their higher elevation.
o Summer temperatures are milder, typically ranging from 25°C
to 35°C (77°F to 95°F).
o Winters can be relatively cold, with temperatures often
dropping below 10°C (50°F) at night.
• Seasonal Variations: Odisha experiences distinct seasonal

temperature variations, with hot and dry summers (March to
June), a monsoon season with moderate temperatures (June to
September), post-monsoon and pre-winter periods with gradually
decreasing temperatures (October to February) & cooler winter
months.
• Temperature Extremes: Odisha can occasionally experience
temperature extremes, including heatwaves during the hot
weather season & cooler temperatures during the winter months.
• These temperature variations have significant impacts on
agriculture, daily life & the choice of crops cultivated in different
parts of the state.

RAINFALL
• Of all the climatic elements, rainfall predominates in Odisha
• The general trend in annual rainfall over Odisha is an average
rainfall of more than 145cm
• In general, Malkangiri district receives the maximum amount of
rainfall (167 cm) in a year, whereas Ganjam receives the minimum
amount of rainfall (128 cm) in a year.
• High annual rainfall (above 155 cm)
o Northern Orissa (catchment basins of the Burhabalanga, the
Baitarani, the Brahmani and the Ib)
o South-east Orissa (Nabarangpur, Malkangiri Jaypur of
Koraput district)
o Horse-like shoe area of the lower reaches of the Brahmani
and the Mahanadi, Phulabani and Phiringia .
North
EAst
South
• Regions of low rainfall (135 or less cm)

o South-west Orissa (catchment basins of the Vamsadhara
and the Rushikulya)

o Upper Tel catchment basin and the rolling uplands of the

Baragarh Plain
o Middle Brahmani catchment basin.
• Monsoon Rainfall
o High monsoon regions: Northern Orissa (Ib and portions of
the northern Baitarani basin), South-western Orissa,
Phulabani and Phiringia
o Low monsoon regions: South-west Orissa, Middle Baitarani
basin.
• Winter Rainfall
o High winter rainfall regions: Northern Orissa, Coastal areas
of Puri and Khordha districts, Phulbani and Phiringia plateau
o Low winter rainfall regions: South-west Orissa.
• Annual Rainfall Regions

o Three high rainfall regions: Northern Orissa (catchment
basins of the Baitarani and the Ib), Phulabani and Phiringia
o Two highs regions: Northern Orissa, Mahanadi delta of Puri
district.
o Single high regions: Coastal areas of Orissa
o Two or single high with low winter regions: South-west
Orissa.
o Two low rainfall regions: South-west Orissa, Middle
Brahmani catchment basin
o Three lows regions: Indvati catchment basin.
• Rainy Days
o High annual rainy days regions: North-eastern Orissa,
South-western Orissa.
o Low annual rainy days regions: North-western Orissa,
Coastal plains of Ganjam and Puri districts

o High monsoon rainy days regions: Northern Orissa, South-

south-west Orissa
o Low monsoon rainy days regions: Coastal Orissa, North-
north-west Orissa
o High winter rainy days regions: North-north-east Orissa,
Middle-hilly regions of Orissa
o Low winter rainy days regions: South-south-west Orissa,
Coastal Orissa
SEA LEVEL PRESSURE & WINDS

• Atmospheric pressure over Odisha varies seasonally, with a
maximum in winter and a minimum in southwest monsoon season.
• Pressure gradient is weak except during late summer and
southwest monsoon season.
• Winds are generally light and from the north in January, but turn
to light southerly winds in April.
• With the advance of summer, pressure gradient increases and
winds from south to southwest strengthen, reaching their
maximum value in July.
• Winds become mainly south-westerly with the progress of
monsoon.
• Westerly component of the wind becomes increasingly
predominant in July.
• October is the month of transition, with the weakest pressure
gradient.
• From October onwards, pressure and wind pattern changes to the
winter pattern.
• Cyclonic storms too play a major role in the wind & pressure
variation across the state

HUMIDITY
• Relative humidity is generally high in Odisha from July to
September, reaching about 83%.
• It is the lowest during summer afternoons, ranging from 25% to
45%.
• The diurnal variation of relative humidity is the least during the
southwest monsoon season, and the highest during the winter
period.
CLOUDINESS
• Odisha has a relatively cloudless or lightly clouded sky from
December to March, with afternoons being more clouded than
forenoons.
• During the southwest monsoon season (June to September), the
skies are heavily clouded, particularly in July and August, with the
sky remaining overcast for more than 12 days per month on
average.
• In October, clouding decreases considerably over the entire state.
• The Easter Ghats forms a natural barrier obstructing rain bearing
clouds on the western slopes. The coastal plains have low cloud
amount due to absence of natural barrier to prevailing winds.

MAJOR CYCLONES THAT HIT/AFFECTED

ODISHA (SINCE 1999)
ODISHA SUPER CYCLONE

• Landfall Region- Paradip of Odisha on 29 oct 1999.
• Intensity and Direction- 260 km/h (160 mph) & storm surge of up
to 9 meters (30 feet). Heavy rains also triggered widespread
flooding.
• Rainfall Amount- 200-250mm
• Major damages- The storm caused widespread devastation along
the coast of Odisha, killing an estimated 10,000 people and
displacing over 2 million. Millions of homes were destroyed, crops
were ruined, and infrastructure was severely damaged. The total
damage cost of the destruction wrought by the super cyclone
amounted to US$4.44 billion.
CYCLONE PHAILINI

• Cyclone Phailin was an intense tropical cyclone to make landfall

in India since the 1999
• Landfall region- Cyclone hit near the coast of Gopalpur of Odisha
on October 12 2013.
• Intensity and Direction- Wind speed of 260 km/h (160 mph) and
gusts of up to 310 km/h (190 mph), with storm surges of up to 5
meters (16 feet) inundating villages and towns. Heavy rains also
triggered widespread flooding.
• Rainfall Amount- Around 100 to 250 mm.
• Major Impact- Despite its intensity, Phailin's death toll was
relatively low, with only 45 people reported killed. This was due in
large part to a massive evacuation effort, which saw over 1 million
people moved to safer ground before the storm made landfall.
Cyclone Phailin was a costly storm, causing an estimated ₹260
billion (US$4.26 billion) in damage. However, the economic impact
of the storm was mitigated by the successful evacuation effort,
which prevented a much larger death toll.
CYCLONE HUDHUD
• Landfall: -On October 12, 2014, Cyclone Hudhud made landfall near
Visakhapatnam of Andhra Pradesh.
• Intensity: Cyclone Hudhud was classified as a very severe cyclonic
storm with sustained winds reaching up to 175-195 kmph. With
storm surges up to 5 meters (16 feet) inundating villages and
towns. Heavy rains also triggered widespread flooding.
• Rainfall amount- 150mm.
• Impact- Hudhud caused an estimated ₹100 billion (US$1.6 billion)
in damage and killed at least 124 people. The government of
Odisha and Andhra Pradesh evacuated over 4,00,000 people to a
safer area.

CYCLONE FANI
• Cyclone Fani was the strongest tropical cyclone to make landfall
in India since the 1999 Odisha cyclone, even greater than Phailin
and one of the strongest tropical cyclones to make landfall in the
Bay of Bengal on record.
• Landfall region- landfall near Puri, Odisha on 3 may 2019.
• Intensity- Landfall with sustained winds of 200 km/h (125 mph)
and gusts of up to 240 km/h (150 mph). The storm caused
widespread damage to coastal areas, with storm surges of up to 5
• Impact- Despite its intensity, Fani's death toll was relatively low,
with 64 people reported killed in India. This was due in large part
to a massive evacuation effort, which saw over 1 million people
moved to safer ground before the storm made landfall. Cyclone
Fani caused an estimated ₹260 billion (US$4.26 billion) in damage.
It was one of the most expensive cyclones in Indian history.
CYCLONE BULBUL
• Landfall Region- Odisha and West Bengal border on 9 November

2019.
• Intensity- Winds of 130 km/h (81 mph) and gusts of up to 150 km/h
(93 mph). With storm surges of up to 5 meters (16 feet) inundating
villages and towns. Heavy rains also triggered widespread
flooding.
• Rainfall amount- 125mm
• Impact- Despite its intensity Bulbul killed at least 17 people,
including 10 in India. The storm caused an estimated ₹120 billion
(US$1.8 billion) in damage. The Indian and Bangladeshi
governments praised the evacuation efforts in their respective

countries, which they said helped to minimize the loss of life. Over
2 million people were evacuated from coastal areas before the
storm made landfall.
CYCLONE YAAS
• Landfall Region- Near Dhamara port of Odisha on 26 may 2021.
• Intensity- Yaas landfall with sustained winds of 130-140 km/h (81-
87 mph) and gusts of up to 155 km/h (96 mph). The storm caused
• Rainfall amount- 200-300 mm
• Impact- Despite intensity, cyclone Yaas killed at least 20 people,
including 14 in India. The storm caused an estimated ₹200 billion
(US$2.6 billion) in damage. The Indian government praised the
evacuation efforts in Odisha, which they said helped to minimize
the loss of life. Over 2 million people were evacuated from coastal
areas before the storm made landfall.
CYCLONE GULAAB
• Landfall region- Near Gopalpur of Odisha and Kalingapatanam
Andhra Pradesh border on 26 September 2021.
• Intensity- Cyclone Gulab landfall with sustained winds of 95 km/h
(59 mph) and gusts of up to 115 km/h (71 mph). The storm caused
Impact- Gulab killed at least 12 people, including 11 in Andhra
Pradesh. The storm caused an estimated ₹120 billion (US$1.5
billion) in damage. Over 1 million people were evacuated from
coastal areas before the storm made landfall.

CYCLONE JAWAD
• Landfall Region- Land fall near Puri city of Odisha on 4 December

2021.
• Intensity- Landfall with sustained winds of 85 km/h (53 mph) and
gusts of up to 100 km/h (62 mph). The storm caused moderate
damage to coastal areas, with storm surges of up to 2 meters (6
feet) inundating villages and towns. Heavy rains also triggered
widespread flooding.
• Rainfall amount- 120-140mm.
• Impact- Despite intensity, cyclone Jawad killed at least 5 people in
Odisha. The storm caused an estimated ₹100 billion (US$1.3 billion)
in damage. Over 1 million people were evacuated from coastal
areas before the storm made landfall.

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SOILS
• MAJOR SOIL GROUPS OF ODISHA

INTRODUCTION
On the basis of relief features, there are eight major groups of soil found
in Odisha:
• Red Soil • Mixed Red & Black Soil
• Mixed Red & Yellow Soil • Coastal Saline & Alluvial
• Laterite Soil Soil
• Deltaic Alluvial Soil • Brown Forest Soi
• Black Soil
RED SOIL
• Red soil also as ‘Rahar’ / ‘Lal Mati’, Red Soil is the most widely
distributed Soil of Odisha covering about 7.14-million-hectare land
• This Soil is formed due to the iron deposits of the upper Dharawar
series by the decomposition of silicate during rain

• It has a presence of iron oxides, primarily hematite and goethite &

is characterized by coarse texture & single grained to weakly
granular structured surface soil
• This soil particles are well-defined, moderately cohesive & highly
porous with low available water holding capacity
• It is moderately fertile with good
son
amounts of iron, potassium,
phosphorus but deficient in
nitrogen, organic matter &
molybdenum. High percentage of
silica & few bases makes it
different from laterite Soil
• This Soil is strongly to moderately
acidic
• Crops Grown: rice, pulses, oilseeds, groundnuts, millets, potato,
brinjal, mango, sapota, jackfruit, guava, papaya
• Districts: Koraput, Rayagada, Nabarangpur, Malkangiri, Keonjhar,
Ganjam, Kalahandi, Nuapada, Balangir, Dhenkanal, Mayurbhanj
MIXED RED AND YELLOW SOIL

• This soil has the 2nd largest coverage over the state i.e., nearly 5
million hectares
• Found in undulating & rolling terrains, they are divided into soils
of upland areas & soils of lowland areas
• These soils when found in the upland areas are comparatively
coarse in texture, more acidic, shallow in depth, low in nitrogen &
phosphorous & well drained with red &
⑲ yellowish colour
• These soils when found in lowland areas
have fine texture, medium in phosphate &
high in potassium, formed on alluvial
deposits with pale yellow greyish & olive

shades. They sometimes show signs of mottling as they submerge

in monsoon season & dry afterwards
• Crops Grown in upland areas: Rice, millets, Sugarcane, potato,
brinjal, tomato
• Crops Grown in lowland areas: rice, pulses, mango, banana, guava
• Districts: Sambalpur, Bargarh, Deogarh, Sundargarh
LATERITE SOIL
• This Soil covers about 0.70 million hectares of Odisha because of
its tropical monsoon climate with high rainfall & warm
temperatures
• The weathering of basaltic rocks & gneisses, involving leaching &
deposition of iron & aluminium oxides, under the influence of
tropical monsoon climate has led to the formation of laterite Soil
in the state
• The high iron oxide content gives it a reddish-brown to deep red
coloration
• Laterite soil in Odisha generally has a compact vesicular
structure.
• It can be mixed with varying amounts of clay, sand, and gravel,
depending on its stage of development and location
• It has low fertility, rich in aluminium, manganese & iron but poor
in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium & organic matter
• This soil is strongly acidic in nature, highly permeable, prevents
waterlogging, whereas during heavy rains surface runoff occurs
• Crops Grown: rice, millets, pulses,
⑲
groundnuts, sesame, potato, mango,
jackfruit, banana, guava, sapota
• Districts: Puri, Khordha, Nayagarh,
Cuttack, Dhenkanal, Mayurbhanj,
Keonjhar, Sambalpur B

BLACK SOIL
• This Soil covers 0.96-million-hectare land of Odisha even though
black soil isn’t widely found in the state
• These soils are formed due to weathering of basic rocks in the
low-lying areas.
• The black colour is attributed to titaniferous magnetite, humins &
bitumins.
• Black soils have a heavy texture with clay content exceeding 30%,
and they exhibit deep cracks during the summer due to clay
dominance.
• Effective soil depth extends beyond 90 cm, and these soils swell
when wet, holding significant moisture but Permeability is slow,
leading to severe surface soil erosion.
• Soil pH is neutral to alkaline and contains free calcium carbonate
nodules.
• While rich in calcium, these soils are deficient in phosphorus,
potassium, zinc, and boron.
• Crops grown: rice, jowar, bajra, maize, Bengal
gram, sunflower, mustard, cotton
• Districts: Puri, Ganjam, Malkangiri, Kalahandi,
Nuapada, Balangir, Sonepur, Boudh, Sambalpur, I
-
**
Bargarh, Angul -
·
DELTAIC ALLUVIAL SOIL

• This Soil covers about 0.67 million hectares of land in Odisha & is
present especially in the coastal districts of Odisha
• Deltaic alluvial soil is formed by the deposition of silt and clay
particles carried by the east flowing rivers as they enter the sea.
• These soils are classified into 4 subdivisions from North to South:
o North Balasore: sandy or sandy loam soil
o Delta of Baitarani & Brahmani: clayey loam to stiff loam soils
o Delta of Mahanadi: Soil stratified into clay & silt sand

o Rushikulya Delta: sandy in nature
• The soils have granular structure with texture varying between

coarse sand to clay depend upon the morphology of the Plains
• The colour of this soil can range from light grey to dark brown,
depending on its organic matter content and mineral composition.
• These soils have excellent moisture retention properties, which
can be beneficial for crops during dry spells. However, excessive
waterlogging can also be an issue in some areas.
• The pH level of this soil type can vary but is generally slightly
acidic to neutral, which is suitable for many crops.
• These soils are fertile but if not recharged regularly by flooding
loose fertility. These soils have low nitrogen, potassium &
phosphorus
• Crop grown: rice, groundnut, mustard, Sesame potato, black gram,
vegetables
• Districts: Baleshwar, Bhadrak, Jajpur, Kendrapada, Jagatsinghpur,
Cuttack, Puri, Gajapati, Ganjam
COASTAL SALINE & ALLUVIAL SOIL

• Covering about 0.254 million hectares of land these soils are
found in a narrow strip extending 5 to 25 km inward along the
coastal belt
• These soils are rich in high soluble coastal salts because of high
incursion of salty tidal water from sea through creeks
• The texture varies from clay-to-clay loam with columnar
structure
• Coastal saline soil tends to be highly alkaline, with a pH level
above 8.5. This high pH can hinder nutrient uptake by plants.
• These soils are poorly fertile with low organic matter. Major salts
found in these soils are Chlorides and sulphates of sodium,

magnesium but calcium and potassium are also present in lesser

extent.
• Soils of the Chilika lake also get affected by salts due to flooding
of salty lake water during monsoon
• Grapes grown: rice, mustard, barley, linseed, chilli, sugarbeet,
tomato, spinach, coconut, Cotton
• Districts: Balasore, Bhadrak, Jagatsinghpur, Kendrapada, Puri,
Khordha, Ganjam
BROWN FOREST SOIL
• Found in the forested regions of Odisha, this soil covers about 0.17
million hectares of land
• These soils are brown to grey-brown in colour, have a light
texture, and are acidic in nature.
• They contain medium to high levels of organic matter and nitrogen,
while phosphorus and potash levels are medium. Most
micronutrients are present in high quantities except for
molybdenum.
• Sloped terrain contributes to soil erosion, rendering some lands
barren & Shifting Cultivation (Podu) is a Common practice, leading
to land degradation
• Social Forestry has helped for
reforestation and rehabilitation
⑤
of degraded soils.
• Crops grown: maize, tapioca,
wheat, mustard, jackfruit,
mango, guava, citrus fruits
• Districts: Kandhamal, Rayagada,

Ganjam, Nayagarh

MIXED RED & BLACK SOIL

• These soils cover approximately 0.16 million hectares & are found
in regions where Red and black soils coexist, with black soil
patches within predominantly red soil regions
• The red and black soils are so
intermixed that red soil is found
in upper regions whereas black
soil occurs in lower regions B
• The soils are deep with medium
fertility levels, light to medium
in texture & neutral pH
• Black soils are rich in calcium,
while red soils dominate with
iron content, creating a catenary
formation.
• Crops grown: rice, sugarcane, maize, ragi, groundnut, sesame & all
types of vegetable crops
• Districts: Sambalpur, Bargarh, Sonepur, Balangir

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FORESTS & WILDLIFE

• FOREST COVER IN ODISHA
• CLASSIFICATION OF FORESTS
• FORESTS OF EASTERN GHATS
• CHALLENGES TO FOREST COVER IN ODISHA
• NATIONAL PARKS, WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES, BIOSPHERE
RESERVES IN ODISHA
• GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES TO CONSERVE FORESTS &
WILDLIFE

INTRODUCTION
The diverse landscapes of Odisha, boasts rich biodiversity assets. It
encompasses lush forests like Simlipal, Satkosia & Bhitarkanika
reserves, housing endangered species like tigers, elephants & saltwater
crocodiles. Remarkable avian diversity includes rare birds like the Indian
pied hornbill. Odisha’s commitment to conservation shines through
initiatives like the Olive Ridley Sea turtle protection program, which
contributes significantly to India’s wildlife and ecological diversity. The
state’s 19 wildlife sanctuaries, 2 national parks & 2 tiger reserves
showcase its dedication to preserving nature. The forests, abundant in
teak, Sal, rosewood & bamboo, play a vital role in Odisha’s economy,
environment & cultural heritage, celebrated through traditional festivals
and sacred groves.
FOREST COVER IN ODISHA

• As per the India State of Forest Report, 2021, 37.34% of Odisha’s
geographical area is covered with 58,1km.869 sq. km forests

• Odisha positions itself at 4th with having 5.18% of India’s total

forest coverage
• The Reserved forests in Odisha accounts for 26,329.12 sq. km i.e.,
45%, the Protected forests cover about 15,525 sq. km i.e., 26% &
the Unclassed forests cover about 16,282.75 sq. km i.e., 28%
• Odisha stands at 6th position in terms of Mangrove Forest cover
with an increase in area of 8 sq. km more than 2019 recorded data
• The districts of Odisha with highest forest cover: Mayurbhanj,
Keonjhar, Sundargarh, Rayagada, Koraput
Dense
OPEN
• The districts of Odisha with lowest forest cover: Cuttack, Khordha,

Ganjam, Puri, Jagatsinghpur

CLASSIFICATION OF FORESTS
Geographically, the forests of Odisha are classified into 4 groups:
• The Northern Tropical Semi- Evergreen Forests
• The Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests /Monsoon Forests
• The Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests
• The Tidal Mangrove Forests/ Coastal Forests

THE NORTHERN TROPICAL SEMI-

EVERGREEN FORESTS
• In the lower hills & valleys, in an elevation of 600m above sea
level, these forests are found
• Absence of Bamboo, is a significant feature of these forests
• Found in regions: Dhenkanal, Athgarh, Puri, Mayurbhanj,
Nayagarh, Parlakhemudi, Koraput, Kalahandi
• Important tree species: Mango, Mankarkendu, Arjun, Champa, Rai,
Nageshwar, Manda
THE TROPICAL MOIST DECIDUOUS
FORESTS/ MONSOON FORESTS
• These forests cover about 80% forest area of Odisha & found in the
lower elevation regions of Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar, Sundargarh,
Rayagada, Koraput, Malkangiri
• These forests are divided into two major sub-groups based on
dominant species
o Sal: The most valuable timber used for a variety of purposes.
It’s found in the North & Northeast of Brahmani river, in the
Sabri Basin & east of Tel River
o Male Bamboo & Thorny Bamboo: Used for house building to
paper manufacturing, these are found in the Eastern Ghats,
confined to the Mahanadi- Rushikulya Basins
• In the heterogeneous deciduous zone of these forests, Sal, Kusum,
Burra Ironwood, Hualtu etc are found
• In the moist deciduous mixes zone of these forests, Sal species
fall short by 50%
• The mixed zone is found in Keonjhar, West of Deogarh, Bhuban,
East of Dhenkanal, Nayagarh, Parlakhemudi, Bhubaneswar,
Sonepur, Athmalik, Phulabani
•
THE TROPICAL DRY DECIDUOUS FORESTS

• These are the second most found forests of Odisha

• Found in the regions of Balangir, Kalahandi, Sambalpur, Khariar,
Gobindpur, Deogarh, Upper Tel, Nagavali-Sabari Basins
• Important tree species: Teak, Salia Bamboo, Sal, Daba Bamboo
THE TIDAL MANGROVE FORESTS/ COASTAL

FORESTS
• These forests cover the smallest area in Odisha spreading across
the districts of Kendrapada, Bhadrak, Jagatsinghpur, Balasore
• These forests are found in the regions of Bhitarkanika, delta of
Mahanadi, mouth of Devi River, mouth of Dhamara river,
Budhabalanga & Subarnarekha rivers
• The 2nd largest mangrove forests of India, the ‘Bhitarkanika’ is
found in the Kendrapada district covering an area of 14,987
hectares
• The Tidal forests at the mouth of river Mahanadi are known as
‘Little Sunderbans’
• These forests are predominated with Hental species. Hence, called
‘Hental Vana’
• Important tree species: Sundari, Karika, Hental, Rai, Guan, Palm,
Coconut, Ironwood
•
FORESTS OF EASTERN GHATS OF ODISHA
• The altitude varies from 200m to 1800m with an average rainfall of
80cm to 200 cm
• The density of forests varies from 0.4 to 0.8 & the canopies of the
trees reaching a height of 24m to 30m
• The prevailing forest types vary from Moist Deciduous with
fragments of Evergreen Forests to Secondary Dry Deciduous and
Thorn Scrub types

• Important tree species: Bamboo, Babul, Butea, Acacia, Hopbush,

Mango, Jamun, Kusum, Arjuna
• The rare species found here are Cyas beddonie, Red Sandars,
Pterocarpus, Santalinus, Shorea Talura, S. thumbaggia, Eugenia
alternifolia, Strobilanthes flyposena, S. circarensis
• The hilly areas of the Eastern Ghats in Odisha have flat tops which
are locally known as Pats or Mulis
• The hilltop areas adjoining Pats have rich vegetation, blending
sub-tropical, temperate, and tropical species due to their
favorable soil, higher rainfall (170 cm to 300 cm), and moderate
altitude along the Eastern Ghats
• They are valuable for preserving medicinal and economic plants
and could be developed into fruit orchards and meadows for cattle
• However, within last few decades, heavy exploitation, especially
mining for bauxite ore in places like Damanjodi, Talcher, Sukinda-
Daitari, and Goda-Barbil, has led to severe environmental
degradation
• Lush green forests in these areas have disappeared, resulting in
drier Pats and significant soil erosion
DANDAKARANYA PROJECT
• The Dandakaranya Project was a major rehabilitation initiative
launched by the Government of India in 1958 to resettle refugees
from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) in the Dandakaranya
region of Orissa.
• The project involved the reclamation of land from the

Dandakaranya forest and the establishment of new villages with
basic facilities.
• Each agricultural family was allotted land and resettlement

benefits to help them start their lives as new.

CHALLENGES TO FOREST GROWTH IN

ODISHA
• Podu cultivation/ shifting cultivation: Resulted in forest
destruction & soil erosion in the Bhuyia Pidh & Juang Pidh
subdivisions of Keonjhar district, Padwa region of Koraput,
Parlakhemudi & Kandhamal district
• Reformation in the lives of local forest tribes

• Inter-state migration of tribals & clearance of forests for
cultivation & settlement
• Jhoru cultivation/ stream bed cultivation which is causing flash
floods & accelerated erosion.
• Mining for bauxite ore in places like Damanjodi, Talcher,
Sukinda-Daitari, and Goda-Barbil, has led to severe
environmental degradation
• The remoteness of the centres of forest production from the
urban centres
• Shortage of Labour in forestry due to low standard of living &
insecurity of employment
• Conflict between tribal communities & government authorities
• Unauthorized felling & grazing
• Natural/Artificial Forest fires

• Cyclonic storms
• Attack by Fungi Parasites or insects
Mining & Deforestation
SHIFTING CULTIVATION IN DIFFERENT

REGIONS OF ODISHA
• Shifting cultivation or Podu Cultivation, also known as Taungya
• Different regions of Odisha have various local names for shifting
cultivation:
o Kondhas call it ‘Rame’
o Bhuinyas in north Odisha refer to it as ‘Bringa’
o In the south, it’s known as ‘Podu Gudia’ or ‘Dongarchas’
o In Sambalpur it is called as ‘Dedhi’
o In less undulating lands of Puri and Cuttack, it’s called ‘Taila’
o Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar, and Bonai regions term it ‘Gora’ or
upland cultivation

MAJOR FOREST PRODUCTS OF ODISHA

• Odisha’s forest cover produces about 33% of Sal & its related
species as well as 26% of Bamboo species
• Significant Timber species include Sal, Teak, Piasal, Kangad, Kasi,
Asana, Bandhan, Sandalwood, Myrobalan
• Odisha is the 3rd largest producer of Kendu leaves in India

• 120 out of 1200 species of Orchids in India, is found in Odisha
• The Gandhamardan hills of Odisha are home to more than 200
medicinal plants .
• Significant medicinal plants include the Sarpagandha, Swasamari,
tulsi, ashwagandha, Kochila, Patalgaruda, Thalkudi
Gandha
Mardana
• The Ganjam district is known for Kiya production

MAJOR FOREST PRODUCE OF ODISHA

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NATIONAL PARKS IN ODISHA
BHITARKANIKA NATIONAL PARK

• It is located on the North-East of Kendrapara district of Odisha &
has the 2nd largest mangrove forests of India
• This national park is surrounded by the Bhitarkanika Wildlife
Sanctuary
• It’s a significant Ramsar wetland site & the nesting ground
endangered Olive Ridley Sea Turtle
• It came into existence in the year 1998. It covers an area of 145 sq.
km. It is one of the five marine protected areas of the state.

• Important flora: Sundari, Thespia, Teak, Salaia, Bamboo, Babool,

Palas, Indigo bush, etc.
• Important fauna: crocodile, white crocodile, Indian python, king
cobra, black ibis etc
sumlifal National Park

8
.
⑧
Litarkanika
· National Park
SIMILIPAL NATIONAL PARK
• It is located in Mayurbhanj district in the North-Eastern part of

Odisha. It came into existence in 1980.
• It derives its name from “Simul” (silk cotton) tree
• It covers an area of 845.70 sq. km. It is surrounded by deciduous
trees and Sal forests.
• Similipal is a tiger reserve (1973), a wildlife sanctuary (1979), a
biosphere reserve (1994) & comes under UNESCO list of biosphere
reserves (2009)

• The Park has a mixed type of vegetation with Northern tropical

semi-evergreen trees and Northern tropical moist deciduous trees
and orchids. Savannas and grasslands provide grazing grounds to
its fauna. It is a viable source for many medicinal and aromatic
plants also.
• Important fauna: tiger, Asian elephant, gaur (Indian bison), four-
horned antelope, deer, leopard, bear, spotted deer, Indian
pangolin, chausingha, barking deer, sambars deer, langurs, etc
• The Park also has Joranda (150 m) and Barehipani (400 m)
waterfalls with 12 rivers flowing across it, the Budhabalanga being
the significant
WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES OF ODISHA
lifal
-
DEBRIGARH
SONPUR -I
DIHA
-BAD RAMA
-
LARH
D
SUNABEDA
Gahirmatha
T ⑤
~Chillika
D LAKHAR I
Simipal
BADRAMA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

• It is located in Sambalpur district & also known as Ushakothi
Sanctuary.
• It came into existence in 1962 and covers an area of 304.03 sq

• It is comprised of parts of Badrama Reserve Forests, Ushakothi

Reserve Forests, Binjipali Reserve Forests and Kansar Reserve
Forests.
• Important flora: moist sal forests, sal dominated mixed deciduous
forests and bamboo forests.
• Important fauna: tiger, elephant, leopard, hyena, bison, wildboar,
spotted deer, sambar deer, bear, porcupine, many varieties of
birds & reptiles.
BHITARKANIKA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
• It is located in the estuarine region of Brahmani-Baitarani rivers
in the North-Eastern corner of Kendrapada district.
• It came into existence in the year 1975 and covers an area of 525
sq km.
• The sanctuary has mangrove forests and is bordered by sea
beach, which attracts thousands of Olive Ridley Sea turtles during
January to April.
• Important fauna: salt water crocodile (endangered), hyena, fishing
cat, jungle cat, civet, Indian porcupine, wild boar, spotted deer,
sambar, stork, Asian open bill, egrets, black ibis, cormorants,
darters,
SATKOSIA GORGE WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

• It is located in Angul district and is adjoined by Boudh Nayagarh
and Cuttack districts.
• The Satkosia Gorge is formed by the Mahanadi River cutting
across the Eastern Ghats.
• It came into existence in 1976 and covers an area of 745.52 sq km.
• It has a Gharial Research and Conservation Unit at Tikarapada
• Important flora: Mixed deciduous forests, Sal and riverine forests.

• Important fauna: Gharials, elephant, leopard, gaur, black bear,

slow loris, musk deer, wild goat, Assamese macaque, pig-tailed
macaque, etc.
SIMLIPAL WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

• It is located in Mayurbhanj district. It came into existence in the
year 1979. It covers an area of 1354 sq km.
• Important flora: Sal forests, semi-evergreen forests and tropical
moist deciduous forests.
• Important fauna: tigers, elephants, panthers, gaurs, pangolins,
four horned antelopes, red jungle fowl, crested serpent eagle,
grey hornbill, peafowl, Indian hill myna
NANDANKANAN WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

• It is located in Khordha district amidst of Chandaka forests.
• It came into existence in the year 1979 & covers an area of 14.16 sq
km.
• It is the only conservation breeding centre of Indian pangolins in
the world.
• It has been internationally acclaimed for its highest collection of
white tigers in the world.
• Important fauna: white tigers, gharials, leopard, vultures, Asiatic
lion, Indian crocodiles, tailed macaque, Nilgiri langur, Indian
pangolin, mouse deer, etc.
BAISIPALLI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

• It is located in Nayagarh district. It came into existence in the year
1981. It covers an area around 168.35 sq km.
• It has a close proximity with the Satkosia Gorge Sanctuary.
• Important fauna: elephants, tigers, leopards, water birds and some
varieties of reptiles like python, king cobra
CHANDAKA DAMPARA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

• It is located partly in Khordha district and partly in Cuttack

district.
• It came into existence and designated as an elephant reserve in
1982. It covers an area of 175.79 sq. km
• Important flora: moist semi-evergreen forests, moist Kangada
forests, coastal Sal forests, thorny bamboo forests, planted teak,
scrub, orchids,
• Important fauna: Indian elephant, leopard, chital, barking deer,
mouse deer, wild pig, common langur, small Indian civet, pangolin,
sloth bear, hyena, peafowl, red jungle fowl, crested serpent eagle
and many reptiles.
BALUKHAND-KONARK WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

• It is located in Puri district along sea coast between Puri and
Konark & is the ideal habitat of the Chousingha.
• It came into existence in the year 1984. It covers an area of 71.72
sq. km
• Important fauna: black buck, spotted deer, monkey, squirrel,
jungle cat, hyena, mongoose, jackal and many varieties of birds
and reptiles.
CHILIKA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
• It is also known as Nalabana Bird Sanctuary and it is an island in
Chilika lake.
• It came into existence in 1987. It covers an area of about 15.53 sq.
km. But is completely submerged during the monsoon season.
• This sanctuary comprises of 60% of the total migratory bird
species visiting Chilika lake each year & is home to endangered
Irrawady dolphins and bottle-nosed dolphins. The sanctuary also
has about 160 species of fishes.

• Birds Island is a part of Chilika lake which is known as heaven for

the migratory birds coming from Caspian Sea, Aral Sea, Baikal
Lake, Ladakh, & parts of Siberia
• Important birds’ species: white bellied sea eagles, greylag geese,
purple moorhen, jacana, herons, flamingos.
• Important fauna: black buck, spotted deer, jungle cat, fox, golden
jackals, hyena
SUNABEDA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

• It is located in Nuapada district. It came into existence in the year
1988 and covers an area of 500 sq km.
• This sanctuary is an ideal habitat for Barasingha & is also a tiger
reserve
• It adjoins the Sitanadi and Udanti Sanctuaries of Chhattisgarh &
forms a migration link for wild buffaloes across the two states
• Important fauna: swamp deer, wild water buffalo, tiger, leopard,
hyena, gaur, barking and spotted deer, nilgai
• Important birds’ species: hill myna, peafowl, partridge
GAHIRMATHA (MARINE) WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
• It is located in Kendrapara district of Odisha. It came into
existence in 1997. It covers an area of 1435 sq km.
• This is the world's largest nesting beach of Olive Ridley Sea
Turtles.
• Important flora: bel, tendu, hiwar, palas, sal, dhawda, babool, teak,
bamboo
• Important fauna: wild boar, bear, barking deer, leopard, jungle
fowl, crocodile, sambar, hyena, wild dog, four-horned antelope,
chinkara

OTHER SIGNIFICANT WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES IN ODISHA:

• Hadgarh Wildlife Sanctuary: Keonjhar, 1978
• Khalasuni Wildlife Sanctuary: Sambalpur, 1982
• Kotagarh Wildlife Sanctuary: Kandhamal, 1981
• Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuary, Balasore, 1984
• Lakhari Wildlife Sanctuary: Ganjam, 1985
• Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary: Bargarh, 1985
• Karlapat Wildlife Sanctuary: Kalahandi, 1992
• Kapilasa Wildlife Sanctuary: Dhenkanal, 2011
WILDLIFE RESERVES IN ODISHA

SIMLIPAL TIGER RESERVE
• It is located in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha. It came into
existence in 1956. It covers an area around 2,750 sq km.
• This reserve was selected as one amongst the 9 reserves for
Implementation of the first phase of Project Tiger in 1973.
• The reserve has around 1,352 plant species with 94 species of
orchids of which 35 species of Odisha are endemic to Simlipal.
MAYURBHANJ ELEPHANT RESERVE

• It is located on the borders of Mayurbhanj, Balasore, Bhadrak and

Keonjhar district & came into existence in the year 2001.
• This elephant reserve comprises of three protected areas such as
Simlipal Tiger Reserve, Hadgarh Wildlife Sanctuary and Kuldiha
Wildlife Sanctuary.
• It covers an area of 3,214 sq km also constituting the Hadgarh
reservoir built on Salandi river.
MAHANADI ELEPHANT RESERVE

• It is located on the borders of Angul, Cuttack, Nayagarh,
Kandhamal and Dhenkanal district.
• It came into existence in 2002 & covers an area of 1,038 sq km.
• It comprises of the forest divisions of portions of Angul, Athagarh,
Cuttack, Nayagarh, Boudh and Dhenkanal, and entire Satkosi
Wildlife Division, Mahanadi Wildlife division and Athamalik forest
division.
SAMBALPUR ELEPHANT RESERVE

• It is located on the coast of Sambalpur, Sundargarh, and
Jharsuguda district and is a part of Badrama Wildlife Sanctuary.
• It came into existence in the year 2002. It covers an area of 427 sq
km.
• It comprises of the forest divisions of (parts) Bamra, Bonai,
Sambalpur, Jharsuguda and Rairakhol.
SATKOSIA TIGER RESERVE

• It is located in the central zone of the state and spreads over
Cuttack, Nayagarh, Angul, and Boudh districts. It came into
existence in the year 2007.
• It covers an area of 963,87 sq. km. This tiger reserve is comprised
of follows Satkosia Gorge Wildlife Sanctuary and Baisipalli Wildlife
Sanctuary.

• The reserve also has the highly vulnerable species of Indian

skimmers flocks, most endangered gharial, the mugger, migratory
bird species, crocodiles and a variety of freshwater turtles.
• This reserve is home to around 155 elephants which also forms a
part of Mahanadi Elephant Reserve.
•
BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS IN ODISHA
SIMLIPAL BIOSPHERE RESERVE
• The Similipal Biosphere Reserve is located in Mayurbhanj district.

It came into existence in 1994 and covers an area of 4,374 sq. km.
• It comprises Northern tropical semi-evergreen forest, Northern
tropical moist deciduous forest, dry deciduous hill forests, high
level Sal forests, grassland and Savannah.
• It includes the entire Similipal Sanctuary and the adjoining
National Park and Satkosia Reserve Forests.
• In this biosphere reserve, tiger population is over 50% of the
entire tiger population of Odisha state. It has more than 200
species of medicinal plants. .
• Important fauna: elephant, tigers, leopard, four-horned antelope

• Important bird species: red breasted falconet, grey-headed fishing

eagle, white-eared bulbul, East-Himalayas long-tailed minivet,
common sandpiper
MAHENDRAGIRI BIOSPHERE RESERVE
• It is located in the Gajapati and Rayagada districts of Odisha

• It is the second biosphere reserve in Odisha, after Similipal.
• It covers an area of 4,70,955 hectares.
• The reserve is home to a variety of wildlife, including tigers,
elephants, leopards, gaur, sloth bears, and a variety of birds.
• It is also home to a number of endangered and threatened species,
such as the Kalinga night lizard, the Mahendra mountain scops
owl, and the flying squirrel.
• The reserve is home to a variety of plant species, including Sal,
teak, and bamboo.
• The reserve is also home to the Soura people, a particularly
vulnerable tribal group.
REGION OF WESTERN ODISHA
• The Western region of Odisha includes the important
Gandhamardan forests and Badarama forest range. This region
also has the famous Hirakud Dam reservoir.
• The forest tree vegetation is categorised as Shorea terminalia. The
area is also significant for large wildlife & comprises semi-
evergreen forests, dry deciduous dense forests & bamboo forests
• The Gandhamardan hill range has very rich medicinal flora.
BHITARKANIKA MANGROVE
• The mangrove forests of Bhitarkanika are located in the
Brahmani-Baitarani deltaic regions. It covers an area of 3000 sq
km.

• It has the second largest mangroves forest after Sundarbans of

West Bengal.
• It was designated as a Ramsar Site by UNESCO on 2002. It is a
home to 55 of India's 58 known mangrove species.
• It includes three protected areas namely, Bihtarkanika Wildlife
Sanctuary, Bhitarkanika National Park and the Gahirmatha Marine
Wildlife Sanctuary.
• Important fauna: king cobra kraits, python, salt water crocodile
and Olive Ridley Sea turtles, leopard, striped hyena, chital, deer,
sambar, wild boar, mongoose, small Indian civet
• In Gahirmatha coastal waters, back waters and estuaries, the
Gangetic dolphin, Humpback dolphin, Irrawady dolphin and the
little Indian tortoise are found.
~Bhitarkanika
HOT SPOT
..... SPORADIC
CHILIKA LAGOON
• It is located on the East coast of India across Puri, Khordha &
Ganjam districts.

• It was designated as a Ramsar Site in 1981. It covers an area

between 900 to 1165 sq. km.
• It is the largest brackish water lagoon in Asia with estuarine, the
largest wintering ground for migratory waterbirds found on the
Indian sub-continent & drained by 52 rivers and rivulets.
• It has some rare, vulnerable and endangered species listed in the
IUCN Red List of threatened animals inhabit the lake area.
• The lagoon is a highly productive ecosystem with rich Chilika
crabs, prawns and many varieties of fish.
• Important flora: mangroves, phytoplankton, sea grass, etc. List of
National Parks Wildlife Sanctuaries and Wildlife Reserves
Birds island
NANDANKANAN ZOOLOGICAL PARK
• It is located in Bhubaneswar amidst Chandaka forests and close to

Chandaka Dampara Wildlife Sanctuary.
• It came into existence in 1960. It covers an area of 4.006 sq km.

• Nandankanan literally means “the Garden of Pleasure”.

• It is the very first gharial breeding centre of the country where
endangered gharials were born in captivity in 1980. And even
served as the first breeding place for black panthers.
• It is the first 200 in India to became a member of World
Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) in 2009.
• The Park is home to 67 species of mammals, 18 species of reptiles
and 81 species of birds.
• Another attraction of the park is a salt water lake coined as Kania
that is spread over an area of 66 hectares. The lake attracts a
number of migratory birds like whistling teal, cotton teal, darter,
purple moorhen, herons and jacana every year.
• The botanical garden of the park is located across the lake.
• Notable flora and fauna of Nandankanan Zoological Park are 130
species of orchids, white tigers, reptiles at reptile park of
Nandankanan, endangered species of asiatic lion, elephants,
vultures, crocodiles, Indian pangolin, deer & also has an aquaria

ODISHA GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES FOR

FORESTS & WILDLIFE CONSERVATION
• Joint Forest Management (JFM) is a collaborative forest

management system in which government forest departments and
local communities work together to protect and manage forests.
JFM was introduced in India in the early 1970s, and has since been
adopted by many other countries around the world. JFM is based
on the principle that local communities have a vested interest in
protecting and managing forests sustainably, as they depend on
them for their livelihoods and well-being.
• Sabuja Odisha Mission: It is launched in
November 2013 to increase the green
cover of the state by increasing forest
and tree cove area, to conserve and
regenerate bamboo forests and to
provide sustainable management to
medicinal plants.
• Odisha Bamboo Development Agency
(OBDA) OBDA has been formed to promote
the bamboo sector in the State with
special focus on commercial cultivation of
bamboo in private land.
• State Compensatory Afforestation Fund

Management and Planning Authority (State CAMPA), Odisha: The
state CAMPA was constituted during the year 2009 with the
objectives of conservation, protection, regeneration and
management of existing natural forest, wildlife and their habitats,

and raising site specific compensatory afforestation. The state

CAMPA has so far formulated 7 Annual Plans of Operation (APO)
starting with APO 2009-10.
• e-Green Watch Web-based monitoring portal e-Green Watch has
been launched for monitoring and evaluation of all activities
undertaken out of CAMPA funds in the state which are geo-
referenced and uploaded into the portal.
• Ama Jungle Yojana (AJY): Implemented by

Odisha Forestry Sector, his scheme has been
launched with the objective of forest
restoration, promotion, participatory forest
management and improving livelihood of
forest communities.
• Ekamravan at Bindusagar Ekamravan literally meaning one-

mango-tree forest has been developed and maintained by city
forest division, Bhubaneswar.
• State Medicinal Plant Board the State Medicinal Plant Board since
2016-17, has conducted state and regional level Kalinga Herbal
Fairs at Rairangpur, Bhawanipatna, Berhampur, Rourkela and
Nawarangpur. Raising of free Home Herbal Garden will be
provided support under 5 forest divisions of Berhampur, Balasore,
Rourkela, Ghumsur and City Forest division & Maintenance of
medicinal plant garden over an area of two acres in Bhanja Bihar
University by Berhampur division.

• Odisha Wildlife Organisation came into existence in 1974 which

encourages cooperative efforts of both the system & local people
in wildlife conservation.
• Project Tiger: After the project tiger'

intiative by the Government of India in
1973. Simlipal was chosen as one of the
prime locations for Tiger Conservation
under this project. The Nandankanan
Zoological Park has the largest
collection of white tigers in the
country.
• Crocodile Conservation Programme:

It was launched in Odisha in 1974-75
to conserve crocodile population e.g.,
saltwater crocodile which was
designated as endangered species in
1975. Bhitarkanika Sanctuary,
Nandankanan, Ramatirtha and
Satkosia Gorge are breeding centres
under this project.
• Project Elephant: This project came into existence in 1991. Three

Elephant Reserves were established in the state during 2001 and
2002, Le. Mayurbhanj, Mahanadi and Sambalpur Elephant reserves
• Sea Turtle Conservation: It was started in 1976. It is estimated that

Odisha coast is the important nesting ground of about 50% of the
total world population of Olive Ridley Sea turtles. They are
considered endangered species due to very few nesting sites
remaining in the world. They lay eggs along the sea coasts in large

numbers which is known as Arribada. Gahirmatha beach and

Satabhaya in Bhitarkanika is their nesting site.

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MINERALS
o MAJOR MINERALS FOUND IN ODISHA

o DISTRIBUTION OF MINERALS OVER ODISHA

INTRODUCTION
• Odisha is placed in the Peninsular Plateau of India which makes it

rich in Mineral resources
• According to State wise mineral production in India, 2023, Odisha
ranks first in India in mineral production
• Odisha is the largest producer of Bauxite, nickel, chromite,
sillimanite, dolomite & 2nd largest producer of coal reserves &
manganese in the nation
• Odisha mining corporation limited (OMCL) is the largest state
public sector unit in the country’s mining sector
• Recent discovery of Diamond resources in the Nuapada district &
gold deposits in Deogarh, Keonjhar & Mayurbhanj districts, just
adds on to the mineral wealth of Odisha.

MINERALS FOUND IN ODISHA

As per Geological formation, the minerals of Odisha can be grouped as
follows:
• Archean Sedimentary: Iron ore, building stone, manganese ore,
quartzite, slate, ochre
• Granite Gneiss China clay, building stone, road metal
• Pegmatite (Igneous rocks) Mica, feldspar, quartz.
• Other Veins in Archeans Graphite, lead, quartz.
• Cuddapah System Limestones, clay, shale, sandstone.
• Gondwana System: Coal, fire clay, China clay, Sandstone, ochre.
• Laterite Soil Building stone, bauxite, iron ore, manganese ore,
ochre.
• Alluvium Soil Kankar, brick, potter's clay, sand, gold, iron ore,
manganese ore.
DISTRIBUTION OF MINERALS OVER

ODISHA
METALLIC MINERALS
IRON ORE
• According to Economic Survey 2020-21, Odisha ranks first in iron
ore production in India.
• The iron ore was first discovered in Odisha by PN Bose in 1904 in
Mayurbhanj district.
• The Odisha-Jharkhand iron-ore belt is situated along the Northern
border of Odisha. It stretches from the Gorumahisani mines of
Mayurbhanj to Keonjhar and Sundargarh district of Odisha and
Singhbhum district of Jharkhand.
• Iron-ore is also found in the districts of Jajpur, Dhenkanal &
Nabarangpur

• The iron-ores found in Odisha belong to the Pre-Cambrian age

varying from magnetite to haematite in quality
• The iron-ore deposits of Odisha occur in five distinct geographical
zones:
o Bonai (Sundargarh district)- Keonjhar (Keonjhar district) Belt

o Gandhamardan of Bargarh district
o Tomka- Daitari of Jajpur district
o Gorumahisani-Badampahar of Mayurbhanj district
o Hirapur of Nabarangpur district Manganese Ore
MANGANESE ORE
• Odisha ranks second in India in manganese ore production.
• Odisha accounts for about 30% of India's total manganese ore
production.
• The important low phosphorus manganese ores in Odisha occur in
Pre-Cambrian rocks. which makes it valuable for industrial use.
• They are distributed across the state as:

BONAI-KEONJHAR AREA
• Odisha's manganese
production is
dominated by a
single region, which
accounts for about
90% of the state's
total output with
about 200 individual
manganese deposits
• The region covers an area of 500 square kilometres and is centred
around the towns of Barbil in the north, Bhuban in the south, and
Bhutura in the southwest.
SOUTH ODISHA BELONGING TO EASTERN GHAT (KORAPUT-KALAHANDI-

BOLANGIR AREA)
• Manganese deposits in Bolangir district occur in north-south

direction, with an area of 30 km long and 3 km wide.
• Most deposits are of poor grade due to the presence of quartz, but
a few have 40% manganese.
• The rest of the ores are ferruginous, with phosphorus content
varying from 0.1% to 0.36%.
GANGAPUR AREA
• Manganese deposits in
Odisha are associated
with gonditic rocks in a 64
km long belt. Other
deposits are located near
Kesinga ⑰
(Koraput),
Nishikhal (Kalahandi),
Champasar(Bolangir), and

Amsdigi (Sundargarh), Ghoriajor (Sundargarh).

• Deposits also occur in Dhenkanal, Ganjam, and Phulbani districts.
• Ores of Kalahandi, Koraput, and Bolangir are slightly high in
phosphorus content. Large reserves of low-grade ore containing
less than 30% manganese occur in Sundargarh and Keonjhar
districts.
CHROMITE
Odisha is the largest producer of chromite in India & exports to
countries like USA & Japan. Chromite ore is found in three
districts of Odisha: Jajpur, Dhenkanal, and Keonjhar.
Major locations of chromite deposits in odisha:
• Jajpur district: Sukinda Boula-Nuasahi ultramafic field. (90% of

India's reserves). This ore is early magmatic in origin
• Keonjhar district: in
nausahi & baula areas
having 98% of the
chromite reserves in
india
• Dhenkanal district:
Katapal area for about
0.3 sq. km.
NICKEL ORE
• Sukinda area of jajapur district & the Similipal area of Mayurbhanj
district are rich in nickel ore.
• Odisha is the largest producer of Nickel in India.

• In the sukinda region, the ores are divided into 4 sectors: Kansa,
Kumardah-Sarubil-Sukerangi,Kalipani & TISCO Sector
NICKEL
MAGNETITE
• Vanadiferrous and titaniferous magnetite deposits occur in Odisha
• These deposits are distributed in five belts:
o Bisoi-Rairangpur belt- it includes Kumardubi, Betgharen,
Amdabede, Garjari, Kunjakocha, Bhangapahar and Hatichar
deposits.
o Bisoi-Joshipur belt- It includes Mayurbeka, Keshem, Sialnoi,
Asanbani, Bariadihi and Kundabari deposits.
o Baripada-Podadiha belt- It includes Bahalada, Andipur and
Chitrabania deposits.
o Rangethatia-Betli (Goda Sahi)- It includes Rangamatia and
Godasahi deposits.
o Nuasahi-Boula- It includes Nuasahi and Boula deposits

PLATINUM ORE
• Platinum ore deposits have been discovered in the laterites of
Bhuban-Baripada region of Dhenkanal and Keonjhar districts.
• The metal content is 220-520 grams per tonne of ore, which is the
highest recorded value of platinum occurring in nature in the
world.
• The platinum ore deposits occur in 450 km² area, which is only
one-sixth of the 3000 km of the laterite rocks in Odisha.
BASE METALS
Base Metal include Copper and Lead ore. Odisha has three main regions
where base metals are found: Sargipali belt, Kesarpur area, and Adash
copper ore deposits.
• Sargipali belt of Sundergarh District is the most important region,

with significant reserves of lead as well as zinc.

• Kesarpur area of Cuttack district has potential for copper mining,

but the reserves are smaller.
• Adash area of Boudh, copper ore deposits have a high graphite
content, which makes them less valuable for copper mining
GOLD
The gold deposits in Odisha are reported in the alluvial river valleys
& flood plains, especially around the Subarnarekha, Brahmani &
Baitarani River i.e., Deogarh, Keonjhar & Mayurbhanj
TIN ORE
In Odisha, the Malkangiri district contributes towards cassiterite
(tin ore) production. Boudh district has tin ore in less quantity.

NON-METALLIC MINERALS
BAUXITE ORE
• Odisha has the largest bauxite reserves in India
• Bauxite occurs in laterite cappings (upper layers) on plateaus in
Koraput, Kalahandi, Bolangir, and Sambalpur districts.
• Some of the lateritic cappings over Khondalitic rocks at 900
meters and above are bauxitic, consisting predominantly of
gibbsite.
• In Pottangi, bauxite and aluminous laterite occur as extensive
cappings over an area of 4 km².
• Bauxite deposites in Odisha occur in areas of:
EASTERN-GHAT SUPER GROUPS:
a) East Coast Bauxite cappings occur over Khondalite rocks at

altitudes above 900 meters above mean sea level
b) Some of the notable locations include Ballada, Maliparbat,
Pottangi, Panchpatmali, Kodingamali, Kamapadikonda,
Baphilimali, Sijimali, and Lanjigarh.
c) Panchpatmali and Baphlimali have the largest areal extent
(10-15 km²), while Maliparbat is the smallest (<1 km²).
d) The total area covered by these bauxite cappings is about
4000 km² in the Kandhamal Hills.
e) Other notable locations include Barepat Dongar, Sandbahal,
and Sainipara Hills of Khariar Plateau, and Gandhamardan
plateau in Balangir, Sambalpur districts.
SIMILIPAL GROUP:
Similipal complex of Mayurbhanj district occur above 1000 metres
KEONJHAR AND SUNDERGARH GROUP:

a) Kusumudhi of Sudergarh district.
b) Dholkata Pahar of Keonjhar district.

CHINA CLAY
• China clay is located in Badampahar-Karanjia and Joshipur in

Mayurbhanj district, Kukuda in Sundergarh, Lukopali in Sonepur,
and Sorispadar in Nowrangpur district.
• About 157.40 million tonnes of reserves up to a maximum depth of
20-40 metres.
COAL
• Odisha has significant coal reserves and is a 2nd major coal
producer in India.
• The state's coal is used in the steel industry, thermal power
generation, and other industries.
• Coal mining companies in Odisha are South Eastern Coalfields
Limited (SECL) & Mahanadi Coalfields Limited (MCL).
• Coal deposits in Odisha are found in:
o Talcher coalfield.
▪ Location: Brahmani Valley, Anugul, Dhenkanal, and

Sambalpur districts.
▪ Size: 1,813 km²
▪ Coal quality: Medium-to-high volatile, non-coking
▪ Reserves: 4,907.1 million tonnes (proved)
▪ Usage: Thermal power generation
o Ib Valley coalfield.
▪ Location: Jharsuguda and Sundargarh districts
▪ Size: 1,460 km²
▪ Coal quality: Low-grade
▪ Reserves: 21,041.5 million tonnes (estimated)
▪ Usage: Thermal power generation
o Other coal deposits

▪ Cochhapara and Katnangda in Phulabani district
▪ Naraj in Cuttack district.

▪ Significance: Not important in the immediate future.
Bodid
Made
Talcher
FIRE CLAY
• Odisha is a leading producer of fire clay in India
• The fire clay deposits of odisha can be grouped into three
occurences:
o Talcher coalfields- Dhenkanal & angul district
o Ib river coalfields- Jharsuguda & Sundargarh districts
o Upper Gondwana athgarh formations- barki sub-division of
cuttcak district
GRAPHITE
• The graphite deposits in the Eastern Ghats in the rocks of Pre-
Cambrian era are found in four main regions:

o Sargipali Belt- Bargarh, Bolangir, Kalahandi

o Titlagarh Belt- Bolangir Kalahandi
o Tumdibandh- Kandhamal, Rayagada, Ganjam
o Dandatopa- Dhenkanal, Angul
• The carbon content of the graphite in the Eastern Ghats varies
from 40 to 70%. Some of the graphite can be beneficiated to
achieve a carbon content of 70-90%.
LIMESTONE & DOLOMITE

• Odisha is endowed with vast resources of limestone and dolomite,
occurring in the Gangpur series of Pre-Cambrian age, the
Cuddapahs and Dharwar systems.
• The state has estimated reserves of 932.8 million tonnes of
limestone and 489.6 million tonnes of dolomite.
• Odisha is one of the leading producers of limestone in India, with
Sundergarh district being the largest producer, accounting for
about 50% of the total production in India.
• The Biramitrapur deposits in Sundergarh district are estimated to
have 398.5 million tonnes of limestone and 324.5 million tonnes of
dolomite, constituting the principal source of flux-grade limestone
and dolomite in India.
• Other sources of limestone in Sundergarh district include Hatibari,
Purnapani, Gatitanagar, Dublabera and Lanjiberna (571.5 million
tonnes).
• Dolomite also occurs in Sundergarh district at Raiboga, Kiringsera,
Lifripara, Litibera, etc.
KYANITE& SILLIMANITE
• Occurrences of kyanite and sillimanite are associated with quartz
veins, quartz mica schists, and talc-tremolite schists of pre-
Cambrian age.

• The ores are of low quality, containing less than 50 percent of

Aluminum trioxide.
• They occur at 12 places in Dhenkanal, Mayurbhanj, Sundargarh,
Ganjam and Sambalpur districts.
PYROPHYLLITE
These are hydrous aluminium silicate found in the districts of
Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar & Sundargarh districts.
HEAVY MINERALS
• These minerals are Beach sand minerals spread across an

average width of 1.5 km
• These deposits occur along the coast from Rushikulya mouth to
Gopalpur.
• They contain appreciable amounts of ilmenite, garnet, sillimanite,
rutile, monazite, and zircon. Other minor constituents include
staurolite, spinel, sphene, hypersthene, and magnetite.
• The entire export of ilmenite is done by Gopalpur port
PRECIOUS MINERALS
• Diamonds are found in the gravel beds of the Mahanadi River,
particularly at the Hirakud River Island in Sambalpur district.
• Other gemstones are mostly found in the Granulite belts of the
Eastern Ghats, and in the Deogarh-Pallahara-Mahagiri group of
rocks in Deogarh district.
• Garnet, topaz, and cat's eye are also found in the iron-ore Super
Group, Quaternary sediments, and gravel beds of the Mahanadi
River.
• Odisha also produces emerald, ruby, sapphire, aquamarine,
cheliodor, chrysoberyl, alexandrite, tourmaline, zircon,
moonstone, amethyst, smoky and quartz.

• These gemstones occur in the districts of Angul, Sambalpur,

Deogarh, Jharsuguda, Bolangir, Sonepur, Boud, Kalahandi,
Nuapada, and Rayagada.
• The mining, production, and sale of gemstones in Odisha are
controlled by the Odisha Mining Corporation, Government of
Odisha.

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SOCIO-ECONOMIC
FEATURES OF ODISHA

AGRICULTURE
Syllabus points covered in the chapter

• LAND USE PATTERN OF ODISHA, 2020-21
• CROPPING SEASONS OF ODISHA
• MAJOR CROPS OF ODISHA
• HORTICULTURE IN ODISHA
• FLORICULTURE IN ODISHA
• AGRICULTURAL POLICY, 2020
• GOVERNMENT SCHEMES FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
• INSTITUTIONS FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
• LIVESTOCK REARING IN ODISHA
• STATE INITIATIVES & INTISTITUTES FOR LIVESTOCK
DEVELOPMENT
• FISHERIES IN ODISHA
• STATE INITIATIVES & INSTITUTES FOR FISHERY DEVELOPMENT
• FORESTRY IN ODISHA
• STATE INITIATIVE & INSTITUTES FOR FORESTRY
DEVELOPMENT
• AGRICULTURAL PROBLEMS IN ODISHA

INTRODUCTION
• Odisha’s economy is primarily agrarian through which people earn
their livelihood
• Agriculture and allied sector in Odisha contributed about 20.61 per
cent to total Gross State Value Added (GSVA) in 2021-22(AE)
• Agriculture contributes about 20% to the GDP of Odisha
• Around 65% of the state’s workforce is engaged in agriculture
• About 40% of the state’s geographical area is suitable for cropping
• The core sub-sectors of the broad agriculture sector include crop,
livestock, fishery and forestry.
• During 2021-22, the contribution of crop sub-sector to total GSVA
in Odisha was 12.25 %, livestock 3.26 %, fishery 2.43 % and forestry
2.66%
• Odisha’s total gross cropped area in2021-22 was 85.6 lakh ha
• Cropping intensity of Odisha has increased from 150 in 2015-16 to
158 in 2021-22
• According to State Focus Paper (2022-23) by NABARD, the net
sown area of Odisha is 53.30 Lakh ha.
LAND USE PATTERN OF ODISHA ,2020-21

CROPPING SEASONS OF ODISHA
KHARIF SEASON
• Begins with pre-monsoon rain in June-July

• Crops are harvested by September-October
• Major Kharif crops: paddy, jowar, millets, maize, groundnut, jute,
cotton, pulses, etc.
RABI SEASON
• Starts in November and ends around April

• Rabi crops depend on soil moisture and artificial irrigation
• Major Rabi crops: wheat, gram, oilseeds
ZAID SEASON
• Intermediate summer season for short-duration crops like moong,

urad, watermelon, etc.
MAJOR CROPS OF ODISHA



HORTICULTURE IN ODISHA
• Odisha’s agro-climatic conditions
support the cultivation of
vegetables, fruits, and spices
• Major production districts of
horticulture crops: Gajapati,
Kandhamal & Keonjhar
• Organic farming in horticulture is gaining importance due to its

societal benefits
FRUIT CULTIVATION
• Long-duration fruits: mango, coconut, litchi, and jackfruit.
• Short-duration fruits: banana, papaya, and pineapple.
• Puri district, primarily known for banana cultivation
• The fruit production in the state has increased by 1.82% in 2020-21
especially lemon & banana
• The state has introduced Jackfruit mission to promote cultivation
& marketing of jackfruit
• Othe fruits with increased production includes jackfruit, mango,
guava, papaya, sapota
VEGETABLE PRODUCTION
• Odisha ranks 6th in vegetable production in India
• Major vegetables produced: brinjals, cabbage, and tomatoes.
• major districts for vegetable cultivation: Koraput, Keonjhar,
Gajapati, Kandhamal

• Ranks 1st in production of sweet potato contributing to 25% of

India’s total production
• One of the leading onions producing state of India i.e., 3.5 lakh MT
per annum
MEDICINAL PLANTS
• Odisha’s forests contain numerous plants with medicinal value:
Tulsi, Amla, Aswagandha, Bilva, Brahmi, Chiraita, Gudmar, Guggul,
Kalmegh, Makoi, Sarpagandha, Bhringraj etc
• Major location: the Gandhamardan Hill Range in Baragarh &
Bolangir
• Ekamravan- medicinal plant garden at Bhubaneswar
FLORICULTURE IN ODISHA
• Growing demand for flowers in Odisha has made the state self-
sufficient in floriculture business
• Key regions for flower cultivation:
Khordha (majorly Bhubaneswar),
Berhampur, Rourkela, Jharsuguda,
Boudh, Sambalpur, Koraput
• Flowers are grown in open fields
or polythene-protected shades
(polyhouse).
• Success in rose flower cultivation in the state
• Cultivation of Kewra flowers in Ganjam district
• Marigold, lilies, jasmine, roses, tuberoses, gladiolis, orchids and
lotuses are popular flowers in Odisha
• Cold storage units help farmers for longer preservation duration
of flowers

AGRICULTURAL POLICY, 2020

• Approved by state govt in December 2019 for better agricultural
productivity
• Objective of the policy:
o Ensuring continuous growth in farmers’ income
o Making the growth inclusive for small & marginal farmers &
landless farmers
o Ensuring sustainable, stable, & scalable agricultural growth
SAMRUDHI: EIGHT POINT STRATEGY

• Sector-specific strategy on eight pillars for agricultural growth
• Key Components of the SAMRUDHI strategy:
o Leveraging science and technology
o Adaptation to climate change
o Markets (domestic and global), physical and financial, spot and
future
o Resource use efficiency ensuring higher productivity
o Upscaling appropriate infrastructure
o Diversification of production to high value agriculture
o Human resource upgrading and skilling
o Strengthening institutions

GOVERNMENT SCHEMES FOR

AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
• National Mission on Agriculture Extension and Technology
(NMAET), 2014-15
• Mini Mission-1 on Oilseeds, 2014-15
o Part of the National Missions on Oilseeds and Oil Palm
(NMOOP).
• National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA), 2014-15
• Biju Krushak Kalyan Yojana (BKKY), November 2014
o Objective of providing health and accidental insurance to
farm families.
• Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY)
o Operational in Odisha since 2007-08.
• National Horticulture Mission (NHM)
o Operational in all 30 districts for developing horticultural
crops since 2005-06
• Rajya Beej Evam Krishi Vikas Nigam Limited
o A public company involved in seed production and research
since 2004
• Fruit Orchard Development (a part of National Horticulture
Mission)
o Encouraging farmers to establish fruit orchards with
financial assistance
• BALARAM agricultural credit scheme
• AMA KRUSHI service, 2018
• State Potato Mission (Implemented During 2015-16)
• Kalinga Kissan Gold Cards (KKGC) by the Odisha State Cooperative
Bank
• Odisha Organic Farming Policy, 2018
• Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY): Protection against
calamities such as drought, floods, cyclones etc

• Odisha millet mission, 2017: To promote & procure millets

especially ragi from tribal districts
• Krushak Assistance for Livelihood and Income
Augmentation (KALIA), 2018
Odisha Farmer Producer Organisation (FPO) Policy, 2018

• Mukhyamantri Krushi Udyog Yojana (MKUY), 2018
INSTITUTIONS FOR AGRICULTURAL

DEVELOPMENT
• Department of Agriculture and Farmers’ Empowerment
• Odisha State Cashew Development Corporation Limited (OSCDC),
Estb-1979
• Agricultural Promotion and Investment Corporation of Odisha
Limited (APICOL)
• Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack
• Biju Patnaik Medicinal Plants Garden and Research Centre,
Jeypore

• Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar

(OUAT)
Odisha Agro Industries Corporation (OAIC)
• Odisha State Seeds Corporation (OSSC)- Mo Bihana Yojana
• Odisha State Seed and Organic Products Certification Agency
(OSSOPCA)
• Odisha State Agricultural Produce Marketing (OSAM) Board
LIVESTOCK REARING IN ODISHA

• Animal husbandry plays crucial role in livelihoods, income, and
employment in Odisha’s rural areas
• As per the Livestock Census 2019, Odisha has 3.39 per cent share
of India’s total livestock and 3.22 per cent of the total poultry
• Odisha ranks 10th in egg production & 6th largest producer of goat
meat.
• Increase in poultry population according to the Livestock Census,
2019 from 19.9 million in 2012 to 27.4 million in 2019
• Odisha ranks 10th in cattle & poultry population, 9th in sheep and
goat population, according to the Livestock Census, 2019
• Livestock subsector accounts for 3.26 % of total GSVA and 15.83 %
of agriculture and allied sector GSVA in 2021-22
• Odisha produces 65 lakh litres of milk every day with more than
7O% marketable surplus
• Milk products especially Rasgulla has a GI Tag with greater
demand across India
• The state has nearly 540+ Veterinary hospitals and 3800+
livestock aid centres

STATE INITIATIVES & INSTITUTES FOR

LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT
• Promotion of Dairy Entrepreneurship (PDE)

• Small Animal Development for better meat production
• National Mission for Protein Supplementation, 2011-12 i.e.,
subsector under RKVY
• Integrated Livestock Development Programme (ILDP), Kalyani
• Odisha State Cooperative Milk Producers Federation
Limited (OMFED), Est- 1985
• Odisha State Poultry Producers Co-operative Marketing

Federation Limited (OPOLFED), Est-1984
• Poultry development policy,2015-16

• Livestock sector policy by government of Odisha’s fisheries and
animal resources development (FARD) department, 2002-03
• Odisha Bovine Breeding Policy 2015
• Artificial insemination- Frozen Semen Bank (FSB), Cuttack
• Livestock healthcare services- Animal Disease Research Institute
(ADRI), Phulnakhara, Cuttack & State Veterinary Laboratory (SVL)
at Chipilima, Sambalpur

• There exists two Livestock Vaccine Production Institutes (LVPI) in

the state
FISHERIES IN ODISHA
• Being a coastal state, fish is a major food item of Odisha
• 4th largest fish producing state in the country
• Per capita fish consumption per annum- 16.2 kg (2019-20), as per
economic survey 2020-2021
• Inland Fisheries-Two major Categories of inland fisheries in
Odisha i.e., fresh water fisheries & brackish water fisheries
• Chilika lake- Major source of brackish water fisheries with 200+
fish species, herrings, tiger prawns, hilsa, crabs, mullets, shrimps
etc
• Marine Fisheries- Nearly 73 marine fish landing centres across 6
coastal districts of the state
• Fishery subsector constitutes 2.43% of total GSVA and 11.81% of
agriculture and allied sector GSVA at current prices in 2021-22

FISHERY DEVELOPMENT
• Odisha Fishery Policy, 2015

• Fishery Development Policy, 2008
• Fish Farmers Development Agency (FFDA)
• Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA)
• State Reservoir Fishery Policy
• Brackish-Water Fisheries Development Agencies (BWFDA)
• Odisha Maritime Fishing Regulation Act, 1981

• Odisha Pisciculture Development Corporation Limited (OPDC),

Estb-1998
• Accident Insurance Scheme Coverage and benefits for fishermen.
• Matsyajibi Basagruba Vijana
• Matsya Pokhari Yojana, 2017-18
• Matsyajibi Unnayan Yojana
• Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana- Group Accident
Insurance Scheme (GAIS)
FORESTRY IN ODISHA
• Nearly 39% of the state is covered with forests of which 61% is
under the control of Forest, Environment and Climate Change
Department, 38% is under the control of Revenue & Disaster
Management Department & 1% or less is under Private control
• Odisha has the 4th largest forest cover in India, Forest Survey of
India
• The forest cover in Odisha in 2021 increased by 537 sq. km. (1.04
per cent) over 2019 the assessment, which is the third highest
increase in the country
• Odisha has also recorded 8 sq km increase in mangrove forest
cover i.e., 1st in the country
• Major produce- timber, honey & tamarind
• Odisha is Well known for Kandhamal turmeric & Similipal honey
• Odisha is the third largest producer of kendu leaf
• Forestry accounted for 2.66 % of GSVA & 12.90 % of agriculture and
allied sector GSVA at current prices in 2021-22


FORESTRY DEVELOPMENT
• Green Mahanadi Initiative, 2018-19
• Ama Jangala Yojana (AJY) implemented through Odisha Forestry
Sector Development Society (OFSDS)
• Joint Forest Management (JFM)
• Forest Protection Units
• Vana Surakshya Samitis (VSS)
• Eco-development Committees (EDC)
• Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning
Authority (CAMPA)
• Forest Fire Prevention under CAMPA
• Kendu Leaves Organization
• Odisha Bamboo Development Agency (OBDA)
• Odisha Forest Development Corporation Limited (OFDC)
AGRICULTURAL PROBLEMS OF ODISHA

• Low yield per hectare
• Sub division & fragmentation of holdings
• Natural calamities such as drought, floods, cyclones, rainfall
variability etc
• Extensive rural indebtedness & lack of credit access
• Lack of high yielding varieties, pest & disease control
• Modernization of farming & irrigation techniques
• Infrastructural gaps & inadequate extension services
• Lack of agricultural diversification
• Climate change impact & land degradation
• Post-harvest loss
• Tribal farming challenges

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INDUSTRIES & POWER

RESOURCES

• MAJOR INDUSTRIES OF ODISHA
• THERMAL & HYDRO POWER PLANTS OF ODISHA
• NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY IN ODISHA
• ENERGY & POWER DEPARTMENTS OF ODISHA
GOVERNMENT

INTRODUCTION
• Odisha, located on the eastern coast of India, boasts a diverse

industrial landscape and abundant energy resources. Odisha
accounts for country’s 96 per cent Chromite, 92 per cent of Nickel,
51 per cent of Bauxite, 33 per cent of Iron ore, 43 per cent of
Manganese ore and 24 per cent of Coal.
• The “New Odisha Industrial Development Plan 2020” of Odisha
government has opened new avenues for investment &
employment opportunities in manufacturing sector
• As per Economic Survey 2020-21, 48.4% of the GVA of Odisha
comes from manufacturing
• Additionally, Odisha harnesses its energy potential through
various sources, including coal, natural gas, and renewable
energy.
• The state is a significant contributor to India's coal production and
houses several thermal power plants.
• It has also been actively promoting renewable energy, particularly
wind and solar power, to meet its growing energy demands while
reducing environmental impact.

MAJOR INDUSTRIES IN ODISHA

IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY
• Odisha is the largest producer of stainless steel in India.
• Odisha contributes about 20% of India’s steel production because
of its iron ore rich reserves
• Odisha is also home to the largest integrated steel plant in India,
the Tata Steel plant in Kalinganagar.
• The iron and steel industry employs over 1 lakh people in Odisha &
plays an important role in the economy of Odisha, contributing to
the state's GDP, exports, and employment.
• The state has attracted a number of major investments in the iron
and steel industry in recent years.
• Odisha is expected to become the largest producer of steel in India
by 2025.

• The prominent steel plants of Odisha are:

o Rourkela Steel Plant o Vedanta Resources
o Nilachal Ispat Nigam o Essar Steel
Limited o Jindal Steel & Power
o TATA Steel Limited
o POSCO o Jindal Stainless Steel
ROURKELA STEEL PLANT
• Rourkela Steel Plant is a public sector, integrated steel plant in

Rourkela, Odisha, India.
• It was established in 1959 with German collaboration.
• Rourkela is strategic location due to its proximity to raw materials,
power sources, and markets.
• It operates as an ore-based plant with efficient transportation
links between coal and ore sources.
• Rourkela Steel Plant is the first steel plant in India to incorporate
LD technology of steel making.
• It is also the only steel plant in SAIL that produces silicon steels
for the power sector and high-quality pipes for the oil & gas sector.
• Rourkela Steel Plant has a production capacity of 4.5 million
tonnes of Hot Metal and 4.2 million Tonnes of Crude Steel.

• It produces a wide range of products, including flat, tubular and

coated products.
• Rourkela Steel Plant is a major contributor to the economy of
Odisha and India as it provides employment to over 19,000 people.
• Rourkela Steel Plant is also a major exporter of steel products.
·
ALUMINIUM INDUSTRY
• Odisha is the largest producer of aluminum in India, with over 50%
of the country's aluminum smelting capacity.
• The state has abundant reserves of bauxite, which is the raw
material used to produce aluminum. The state produces about 20
lakh tonnes of aluminum per year.

• In 1975, bauxite deposits were discovered on flat topped hills

called Panchpatmali in Koraput district.
• Odisha is also home to the largest aluminum smelter in the world,

the Vedanta smelter in Jharsuguda.
• Prominent aluminium industry in Odisha
o National Aluminium Company Limited (NALCO)
o Hindustan Aluminium Corporation Limited (HINDALCO)
o INDALCO
o Vedanta Alumina
o Utkal Alumina
• The aluminum industry employs over 1 lakh people & contributes to
Odisha’s GDP
• The state government is committed to promoting the growth of the
aluminum industry and has taken a number of initiatives to do so.
• Odisha is expected to remain the largest producer of aluminum in
India for the foreseeable future.
• Port facilities for export of alumina and aluminium are available at
Visakhapatnam and Paradip port
National Aluminium Company Limited (NALCO)
NALCO is National Aluminium Company Limited, a public sector

undertaking under the Ministry of Mines, Government of India.

• It was set up at Damanjodi in 1981 in collaboration with the

Aluminium Pechiney of France. It is an integrated alumina
/aluminium complex.
• This plant is one of the most modern plants in the world and the
biggest in Asia and is also located in Angul.
• The second aluminium plant of NALCO in the state runs in
Damanjodi for smelting/refining bauxite ore, with a plant capacity
of 0.8 million tonnes per annum.
• It is located at the foothills of the Panchpatmali. NALCO's captive
power plant is located at Angul to which 2.4 million tonnes of coal
is being supplied from Talcher.
• It is headquartered in Bhubaneswar, Odisha.
• NALCO is one of the largest integrated aluminium producers in the
world.
• It has a production capacity of 2.3 million tonnes of aluminium per
annum.
• NALCO operates two bauxite mines, two alumina refineries, and an
aluminium smelter in Odisha.
• Port facilities for export of bauxite, alumina and aluminium are
available at Visakhapatnam and Paradip.
• NALCO is a major contributor to the economy of Odisha and India
as it provides employment to over 15,000 people.
• NALCO is also a major exporter of aluminium products.
CEMENT INDUSTRY
• Odisha is the second-largest producer of cement in India, after
Andhra Pradesh.
• The state has over 20% of India's total cement production
capacity. The state produces about 50 million tonnes of cement
per year.
• Odisha has abundant reserves of limestone, which is the raw
material used to produce cement.

• The first cement factory in Odisha was established in 1948 at

Rajgangpur, named as the Odisha Cement Limited (OCL) by the
state of Odisha and M/s Dalmia Jain Agencies Limited.
• Some of the leading cement companies operating in Odisha
include ACC-IDCOL, Ultra-Tech-Grasim, Shiva Cement, Chariot
Cement, Sita Cement, OCL India UltraTech Cement, and Ambuja
Cements.
• The cement industry plays an important role in the economy of
Odisha, contributing to the state's GDP, exports, and
employment.
• Odisha is expected to remain the second-largest producer of
cement in India for the foreseeable future.
PAPER INDUSTRY
• Odisha produces about 10% of India's total paper production, with a
production capacity of over 4 million tonnes per annum (TPA)
• The state is home to about 20% of India's paper mills & Odisha's
paper industry consumes about 10% of India's total forest produce.
• The state has a number of large paper mills, including Orient
Paper Mills, Ballarpur Industries, and Utkal Speciality Industries.
• The paper industry of Odisha is a major contributor to the state's
economy, employing over 100,000 people.
• Odisha's paper mills produce a wide range of paper products,
including writing and printing paper, tissue paper, and specialty
papers.
• The state's paper products are exported to various countries
around the world, including the Middle East, Africa, and Southeast
Asia.
• Odisha is also home to a number of research and development
institutions that are working on developing new and innovative
paper products.

HANDLOOM INDUSTRY
• Odisha produces about 20% of India's total handloom production,

with over 2 million weavers engaged in the trade.
• The state is home to about 25% of India's handloom weavers &
Odisha's handloom industry consumes about 10% of India's total
cotton production.
• The state has a number of cotton mills, which are a key source of
raw material for the handloom industry.
• The state's handloom products are known for their intricate
designs and vibrant colors. Some of the most popular Odia
handloom products include Sambalpuri ikat sarees, Bomkai
sarees, and Bargarh sarees.
• The handloom industry of Odisha is a major contributor to the
state's economy, employing over 10 million people.
• Odia handloom products are exported to various countries around
the world, including the United States, Europe, and Japan.
• The state has implemented a number of initiatives to promote the
industry, such as providing subsidies to weavers and organizing
trade fairs and exhibitions.

SILK INDUSTRY
• Odisha is the second-largest producer of Tasar silk in India, after

Jharkhand.
• It produces about 10% of India's total Tasar silk production & the
state has over 1.5 lakh Tasar rearers.
• Tasar silk is produced in the districts of Sambalpur, Bargarh,
Jharsuguda, Sundargarh, and Deogarh.
• Odisha has over 200 silk reeling units and 100 silk weaving units.
The value of the state's silk exports is estimated to be around ₹100
crore per year.
• The state government has taken a number of initiatives to promote
the silk industry, including providing subsidies to farmers, setting
up silk processing units, and organizing training programs for
rearers and weavers.
• The silk industry plays an important role in the rural economy of
Odisha, providing employment to thousands of people.
• Odisha silk is known for its beautiful designs and vibrant colours &
used to make a variety of products, including sarees, dress
materials, scarves, and stoles.
• Odisha silk products are exported to a number of countries,
including the USA, Europe, and Japan.

• The state government has set a target of doubling tasar silk

production by 2025.
TEXTILE INDUSTRY
• Odisha is one of the leading textiles producing states in India. The

state has over 200 textile mills and 500 handloom clusters.
• The textile industry produces about 10% of the state's GDP,
employs over 1 million people & the state exports textile products
worth over ₹1,000 crore per year.
• Some of the popular handloom products from Odisha include
Sambalpuri sarees, Bomkai sarees, and Ikkat fabrics.
• Major cotton spinning mills of the state are operating at
Jharsuguda, Bargarh, Khordha, Tistol, Tara, Govindpur, Cuttack
SUGAR INDUSTRY
• Odisha is not a major sugar producing state in India. The sugar
mills in Odisha operate at an average capacity utilization of 60%,
which is lower than the national average of 75%.
• It has only eight sugar mills, of which only two are currently
operational.
• The state produces about 2 lakh metric tonnes of sugar per year,
which is less than its own annual consumption of 2.21 lakh metric
tonnes.

• The sugar industry in Odisha is facing a number of challenges,

including low cane prices, high production costs, and outdated
technology.
• The state government is taking steps to revive the sugar industry,
such as providing subsidies to farmers and sugar mills, and
promoting the use of ethanol.
• The sugar industry plays a minor role in the economy of Odisha,
accounting for less than 0.1% of the state's GDP & employs about
10,000 people in the state.
• The oldest sugar mill of the state was established at Aska. The
main sugar producing districts in Odisha are Ganjam, Bargarh,
Ryagada Nayagarh, and Khordha
CERAMIC GLASS INDUSTRY

• Odisha is one of the leading ceramic glass producing states in
India. The state produces about 10% of India's total ceramic glass
production.
• The value of the state's ceramic glass exports is estimated to be
around ₹200 crore per year.
• The ceramic glass industry is one of the major employment
generating sectors in Odisha, providing employment to over 10,000
people, including a large number of women and skilled workers.
• The main ceramic glass producing districts in Odisha are Khurda,
Cuttack, and Angul.
• The industry produces a wide range of ceramic glass products,
including tableware, sanitaryware, tiles, and glass bottles.
• Odisha is known for its high-quality ceramic glass products, which
are exported to a number of countries, including the USA, Europe,
and Japan.
• The state has abundant raw materials for the ceramic glass
industry, such as clay, feldspar, and quartz.
AERONAUTICAL INDUSTRY
• Odisha is one of the emerging aeronautical hubs in India.

• A number of aeronautical companies have already set up their

operations in Odisha, including Larsen & Toubro (L&T), Hindustan
Aeronautics Limited (HAL), and BEL.
• These companies are manufacturing a variety of aeronautical
components, such as aircraft structures, landing gear, and aircraft
engines.
• The state government has set a target of creating 50,000 jobs in
the aeronautical sector by 2025 & contribute to the state's GDP.
• The state government is providing a number of incentives to
aeronautical companies, such as tax breaks and subsidies.
• The state government is also working to develop the
infrastructure required for the growth of the aeronautical
industry, for instance, MRO (maintenance, repair, and overhaul)
facility for aircraft in Odisha.
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
• The state produces about 10% of India's total chemical production.
• The state has over 200 chemical units, employing over 1 lakh
people. The value of the state's chemical exports is estimated to
be around ₹1,000 crore per year.
• The industry produces a wide range of chemical products,
including fertilizers, petrochemicals, inorganic chemicals, and
organic chemicals.
• Odisha is known for its high-quality chemical products, which are
exported to a number of countries, including the USA, Europe, and
Japan.
the chemical industry, including providing subsidies to units,
setting up chemical parks, and organizing training programs for
workers.
• The chemical industry plays an important role in the rural
economy of Odisha, providing employment to thousands of people.

• The state has abundant raw materials for the chemical industry,
such as limestone, bauxite, and coal.
• Jayshree Chemicals (Ganjam), Fetilizer Corporation of India
(Talcher), Paradip Phosphate Limited (Paradip) are major
chemical producing centres in Odisha
SALT INDUSTRY
• Odisha is the second-largest producer of salt in India, after
Gujarat.
• The state produces about 10% of India's
total salt production which is about 20
lakh tonnes of salt per year.
• The main salt producing areas in Odisha
are Kendrapada, the Chilka Lake, the
Puri coast, and the Ganjam coast.
•
• The state's salt is produced using a variety of methods, including
solar evaporation, vacuum evaporation, and pan evaporation.
• The state has over 100 salt processing units, employing over
10,000 people.

• Odisha produces a wide range of salt products, including edible

salt, industrial salt, and specialty salts.
• The state's salt products are known for their high quality and
purity.
• Odisha exports salt products to a number of countries, including
the USA, Europe, and Japan.
• The salt industry of Odisha is expected to grow further in the
coming years, driven by increasing demand for salt products from
both domestic and international markets.
COIR INDUSTRY
Odisha is the second-largest producer of coir in India, after Kerala.
• The state produces about 20% of India's total coir production.

• The state produces about 10 lakh tonnes of coir fibre per year. The
value of the state's coir exports is estimated to be around ₹100
crore per year.
• The coir industry in Odisha is mainly concentrated in the coastal
districts of Jagatsinghpur, Kendrapada, and Bhadrak.

• The state has over 100 coir processing units, employing over
10,000 people.
• The coir industry plays an important role in the rural economy of
Odisha, providing employment to thousands of people.
• Odisha produces a wide range of coir products, including mats,
carpets, ropes, and geotextiles which are high quality and
durability.
• Odisha exports coir products to a number of countries, including
the USA, Europe, and Japan.
• The coir industry of Odisha is expected to grow further in the
coming years, driven by increasing demand for coir products from
both domestic and international markets.
INFORMATION & TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY

• Odisha is one of the fastest-growing IT sectors in India.
• The state has over 200 IT companies, employing over 1 lakh
people.
• The IT industry contributes about 5% to the state's GDP.
• The state has over 20 IT parks and SEZs. Odisha is the home to the
largest IT park in eastern India, the Infocity in Bhubaneswar.
• Odisha is home to a number of leading IT companies, including

Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Infosys, Wipro, and Mahindra
Satyam.


the IT industry, such as providing subsidies to companies, setting
up IT parks, and organizing training programs for workers.
• The IT industry of Odisha is expected to grow further in the coming
years, driven by increasing demand for IT services from both
domestic and international markets.
• The state government has set a target of doubling the IT industry's
contribution to the state's GDP by 2025.
• Odisha's IT industry is also focusing on emerging technologies
such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and blockchain.
• The state government is also working to develop a strong startup
ecosystem for the IT industry.
• Odisha is emerging as a major destination for IT outsourcing and
IT-enabled services.
• The state government is also working to develop a skilled
workforce for the IT industry through its Odisha Skill Development
Authority (OSDA).
Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are geographically designated areas in

India which have been granted special economic and trade regulations
in order to promote exports, boost investment, and generate
employment. The Odisha govt plans to setup 18 SEZs across the state.
Important SEZs in Odisha:
• Infovalley SEZ, Bhubaneswar: This SEZ is dedicated to the IT and

ITES sector.
• Infocity Bhubaneswar SEZ, Bhubaneswar: This SEZ is also
dedicated to the IT and ITES sector.
• IDCO Bhubaneswar IT/ITES SEZ, Bhubaneswar: This SEZ is
dedicated to the IT and ITES sector.

• Kalinga Nagar Industrial Complex SEZ, Jajpur: This SEZ is a

multi-product SEZ, with a focus on steel, minerals, and
downstream industries.
COTTAGE INDUSTRY
• The cottage industry sector in Odisha is estimated to be worth
over ₹10,000 crore.
• The cottage industry provides employment to over 10 lakh people
in Odisha.
• The state has over 100 craft villages, which provide a platform for
artisans to showcase and sell their products. They also playing an
important role in preserving Odisha's rich cultural heritage.
• The state government also organizes a number of exhibitions and
trade fairs throughout the year to promote cottage industry
products.
• Odisha's cottage industry products are exported to a number of
countries, including the USA, Europe, and Japan.
TYPES OF COTTAGE INDUSTRY IN ODISHA

Handlooms and textiles: Odisha is known for its beautiful handloom
and textile products, such as Sambalpuri sarees, Bomkai sarees, and
Ikkat fabrics.
• Handicrafts: Odisha has a rich tradition of handicrafts, which are

made from a variety of materials, including wood, stone, bamboo,
and clay. Some of the most popular handicrafts from Odisha
include stone carvings, wood carvings, and bamboo handicrafts.
• Food products: Odisha is also known for its delicious food
products, such as rasagola, badhi chhena poda, and dalma.
• Traditional medicines: Odisha has a long history of traditional
medicine, and many cottage industries produce traditional
medicines from a variety of herbs and plants.

• Fire cracker cottage industry
INDUSTRIAL REGIONS OF ODISHA
• Rajgangpur Area (Iron & Steel, Sponge Iron, Cement, Secondary

steel. Melting and rolling mill & refractories and chemicals).
• Ib valley area (Thermal power, Sponge iron, refractories, and coal
mines)
• Hirakud area (Aluminum & rolling mills)
• Talcher-Angul area (Thermal power, Aluminum, Coal washeries,
Ferro alloys, Coal mines).
• Choudwar area (Ferro alloys, Thermal power, pulp and paper,
coke oven)
• Balasore area (pulp and paper, ferro alloys, rubber industries)
• Chandikhol (stone crusher, coke oven)
• Duburi (Integrated steel, ferro alloys, rubber industries)
• Paradeep area (fertilizer, sea food processing, petroleum coke)
• Khurda – Tapang area (stone crusher)
• Joda – Barbil area (iron, sponge iron, ferro alloys, iron ore
crusher, mineral processing).
• Rayagada area (pulp and paper, ferro alloys)

MAJOR THERMAL POWER PLANTS IN ODISHA
⑰
TALCHER THERMAL POWER PLANT
• The TTPP are owned and operated by the National Thermal Power
Corporation (NTPC) & is situated in Angul district of Odisha
• The TTPP have a total installed capacity of 4,600 MW, making them
the largest thermal power plant complex in Odisha and one of the
largest in India.
• The TTPP generate electricity using coal from the nearby Talcher
Coalfields.
• The TTPP play a vital role in meeting the electricity demand of
Odisha and other states in eastern India.
• The TTPP also contribute to the economy of Odisha, providing
employment to thousands of people and generating revenue for
the state government.

IB THERMAL POWER PLANT

• The IB Thermal Power Plant is a coal-fired thermal power plant
located in JHARSUGUDA district, Odisha, & was established in 1994
• The plant is owned and operated by the Odisha Power Generation
Corporation (OPGC).
• The plant has an installed capacity of 1,320 MW, making it one of
the largest thermal power plants in Odisha.
• The plant generates electricity using coal from the nearby Talcher
Coalfields.
• The plant plays a vital role in meeting the electricity demand of
Odisha.
• The plant also contributes to the economy of Odisha, providing
HIRAKUD THERMAL POWER PLANT

• The Hirakud Thermal Power Plant (HTPP) is a coal-fired thermal
power plant located in Hirakud, Sambalpur district, Odisha.
• The plant has an installed capacity of 300 MW, making it one of the
smaller thermal power plants in Odisha.
• The plant generates electricity using coal from the nearby Talcher
Coalfields.
• The plant plays a vital role in meeting the electricity demand of
Odisha.
• The plant also contributes to the economy of Odisha, providing

MAJOR HYDEL POWER PLANTS IN ODISHA

HIRAKUD HYDEL POWER PLANT
• The Hirakud Hydel Power Plant is the first major hydroelectric

power plant in Odisha located in the Sambalpur district & built on
Mahanadi River
• The plant was commissioned in 1956 and was the largest
hydroelectric power plant in India at the time.
• The construction of the plant was a major undertaking and
involved the construction of a dam, a reservoir, and a power plant.
• The height of the Hirakud Dam is 60.96 meters (200 feet) and its
width is 4.8 kilometers (3 miles) at the main section.
• The Hirakud Dam is the longest major earthen dam in the world
and is one of the largest dams in India. It is a multipurpose dam
that provides irrigation, flood control, and hydroelectric power
generation.
• The plant has been instrumental in providing electricity to Odisha

and other states in eastern India.

• The Hirakud Hydel Power Plant has an installed capacity of 294

MW.
• The plant generates electricity using water from the Hirakud
Reservoir.
• The reservoir is one of the largest artificial lakes in India and has
a storage capacity of 8.136 cubic kilometers.
• It is operated by Odisha Hydro Power Corporation
• The plant also contributes to the economy of Odisha by generating
revenue and providing employment opportunities.
• The Hirakud Hydel Power Plant is also a popular tourist
destination. The plant offers a number of recreational activities to
visitors, such as boating, fishing, and bird watching.
OTHER MAJOR HYDEL POWER PLANTS IN ODISHA ARE:

HYDEL POWER PLANT RIVER
Hirakud Hydro Electric Project Mahanadi River
Balimela Hydro Electric Project Sileru River
Rengali Hydro Electric Project Brahmani River
Upper Kolab Hydro Electric Project Kolab River
Upper Indravati Hydro Electric Project Indravati River
Chiplima Hydro Electric Project Ib River
Machkund Hydro Electric Project Machkund River
NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY IN

ODISHA
SOLAR ENERGY
• Odisha has a high solar potential with an average of 180-200
sunny days in a year.
• The state has an installed solar capacity of over 1,000 MW &
aiming to achieve 10,000 MW of solar capacity by 2030.

• Odisha has a number of solar parks and power plants, including

the 150 MW Grid-Connected Solar Power Plant at Dhamra and the
50 MW Grid-Connected Solar Power Plant at Lanjigarh.
• Odisha is also a hub for solar manufacturing, with a number of
companies such as Tata Power Solar and Vikram Solar having
manufacturing plants in the state.
WIND ENERGY
• Odisha has a good wind potential with wind speeds of over 6
meters per second in some areas.
• The state has an installed wind capacity of over 500 MW & aiming
to achieve 2,000 MW of wind capacity by 2030.
• Odisha has a number of wind farms, including the 100 MW Wind
Farm at Ganjam and the 50 MW Wind Farm at Puri.
• Odisha is also a hub for wind manufacturing, with a number of
companies such as Suzlon Energy and Vestas Wind Systems
having manufacturing plants in the state.
BIOGAS
• Odisha has a large potential for biogas production due to its
abundance of agricultural and livestock waste.
• The state has over 7 million livestock and produces over 14 million
tonnes of agricultural waste per year.
• This waste can be used to produce biogas, which can be used to
generate electricity, cook food, and power vehicles.
• Odisha has over 250,000 biogas plants installed, which provide
cooking fuel to over 1 million households.
• The state government is promoting the use of biogas through a
number of initiatives, such as the Odisha Biogas Policy 2022 and
the Odisha Biogas Development Program.

BIO-DIESEL
• Odisha has a large potential for biodiesel production due to its
abundance of oilseed crops such as jatropha, mustard, and castor.
• The state produces over 1 million tonnes of oilseed crops per year.
• This oil can be used to produce biodiesel, which can be used to
power vehicles and generate electricity.
• The state government is promoting the use of biodiesel through a
number of initiatives, such as the Odisha Biodiesel Policy 2016 and
the Odisha Biodiesel Development Program.
• This biodiesel can reduce diesel consumption by over 10%. & Can
also create jobs and boost the rural economy.
ODISHA GOVERNMENT INSTITUTES FOR ENERGY

& POWER RESOURCES
• Odisha Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation
(IDCO)
• Industrial Development Corporation of Odisha Limited
(IDCOL)
• Grid Corporation of Odisha (GRIDCO)
• Industrial Promotion & Investment Corporation of Odisha
Limited (IPICOL)
• Odisha Hydro Power Corporation (OPHC)
• Odisha Power Generation Corporation (OPGC)
• Odisha Small Scale Industries Corporation (OSIC)
• Odisha Power Transmission Corporation Limited (OPTCL)
• Odisha Renewable Energy Development Agency (OREDA)

THE WAIT IS OVER
Governance & Social

Justice
# OP for OPSC
TRANSPORT

• ROAD TRANSPORT
• RAIL TRANSPORT
• AIR TRANSPORT
• WATER TRANSPORT
• MARINE TRANSPORT

INTRODUCTION
ROAD TRANSPORT
• As per economic survey 2020-21, the total road length in Odisha is
2,69,799 km.
• The road density in Odisha in 2019-20 per 100 sq. km area was 173
km
• NATIONAL HIGHWAYS: According to the National Highways
Authority of India (NHAI), the length of national highways in Odisha
is 6,968 km as of December 2022. This is the 6th longest
network of national highways in India.
• GOLDEN QUADRILATERAL: The Golden
Quadrilateral runs about 400km in the
state covering the major towns/cities
of Balasore, Cuttack, Khordha, Capital
Bhubaneswar & Berhampur
• STATE HIGHWAYS: According to
Economic Survey 2020-21, the total length of state
highways in Odisha is 4173 km. It is managed by Public Works
Department of Government of Odisha
• EXPRESSWAYS: The Biju Expressway of 650 km connects
Chanditi at Koraput district to Rourkela city. It crosses the districts

of Sundargarh, Jharsuguda, Sambalpur, Bargarh, Nuapada,

Kalahandi, Nabarangpur & Koraput.
• URBAN ROADS: According to Economic Survey 2020, the total

length of urban roads in Odisha is 18591 km
• DISTRICT ROADS: According to Economic Survey 2020, the total
length of district roads in Odisha Is 21622 km
• RURAL ROADS: These roads connect various villages & tehsils
of the state and are managed by Rural Development Department.
According to Economic Survey 2020, the total length of district
roads in Odisha Is 43011.34 km.
• ODISHA STATE ROAD TRANSPORT
CORPORATION(OSRTC):
o Odisha State Road Transport Corporation (OSRTC) is the state-

owned road transport company of Odisha, India.
o It is headquartered in Bhubaneswar, the capital of Odisha.
o OSRTC was founded in 1948 and is one of the oldest road
transport corporations in India.

o OSRTC operates a fleet of over 3,500 buses and provides

services to all districts of Odisha.
o OSRTC also operates inter-state bus services to neighbouring

states such as West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and
Jharkhand.


RAIL TRANSPORT
• As per economic survey 2020-21, by 2019-20 Odisha had 2652 km

Railway lines
• The first train to run in Odisha was from Khordha to Bhubaneswar
on 20th July, 1896
• 24 districts of the state are connected to rail network
• Odisha is served by three zonal railways: East Coast Railway
(ECoR), South Eastern Railway (SER), and South East Central
Railway (SECR).
• The major railway junctions in Odisha include Bhubaneswar,
Cuttack, Puri, Berhampur, and Sambalpur.
• Railways in the state are a boon for both freight & passenger
• The coastal line of railways in Odisha is eight feeder
• The recently launched Vande Bharat express connects Puri to
Rourkela, merging the gap between eastern & western Odisha

AIR TRANSPORT
• As per economic survey 2020-21, out of 20 airstrips in Odisha,
12 are owned by Government of Odisha. There are 16 helipads in
Odisha
• The air transport in Odisha is managed by Directorate of Civil
Aviation
• The Biju Patnaik International Airport is located at capital
Bhubaneswar
• Odisha also has six domestic airports: Jharsuguda Airport,
Rourkela Airport, Jeypore Airport, Savitri Jindal Airport (Angul),
Hirakud Airstrip, and Berhampur Airport.
• The Odisha government is planning to develop new airports in
Rayagada, Paradip, Dhamara, Angul, and Kalinganagar.
• Air transport plays an important role in the economy of Odisha
by promoting tourism and trade
• The Odisha government is also promoting the use of helicopters
and seaplanes for air transport in the state.
WATER TRANSPORT
• The government has launched a number of initiatives to
promote water transport in Odisha, such as the Odisha Inland
Water Transport Policy 2017 and the Odisha Inland Water
Transport Development Programme.
• As per the National Waterways Act, 2016, Odisha has 6 Inland
National Waterways
o National Waterway 5: It has a total length of 623 km which
covers Odisha and West Bengal. It stretches over the
following rivers:
▪ Talcher - Dhama stretch of Brahmani river - Kharsua
river - Tantighai river- Pandua Nalla - Dudhei Nalla -
Kani Dhamra river.
▪ Geonkhali-Charbatia stretch of East Coast Canal.
▪ Harbatia Dhamra stretch of Matai River and Mahanadi
delta rivers.

o National Waterway 14: It has a total length of 49 km. It is

stretches over Baitarani River.
over Birupa river - Badi river - Genguti river - Brahmani
river.
o National Waterway 23: It has a total length of 56 km. It
stretches over Badbhabalanga river.

over Mahanadi River. • National Waterway 96 It has a total
length of 314 km. It covers Jharkhand, West Bengal and
Odisha states and stretches over Subarnarekha River.
MARINE TRANSPORT
PARADIP PORT
Paradip Port is a major port located in Jagatsinghpur district

of Odisha
• It is the largest port in Odisha by cargo volume
• Paradip Port was commissioned in 1966 & is managed by the
Paradip Port Trust.

• Paradip Port is a major exporter of iron ore, coal, and

finished steel products.
• The port also handles a significant volume of import cargo,
such as fertilizers, petroleum products, and chemicals.
• Paradip Port is well-connected to the hinterland by rail and
road.
• The port is also connected to the international maritime
network through regular shipping services.
• Paradip Port is a major contributor to the economy of Odisha
as it provides employment to over 100,000 people.
• Paradip Port is committed to sustainable development and
has adopted a number of green initiatives.
OTHER SIGNIFICANT PORTS OF ODISHA

GOPALPUR PORT: Established in 2017, it is located in the Gan jam
district of Odisha & managed by TATA group
DHAMRA PORT: Established in 2011, it is located in the Bhadrak district

of Odisha

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TRIBES

▪ THE MAJOR TRIBES OF ODISHA

INTRODUCTION
• In the thick forested & steep slopes of the eastern ghats & high
raised plateaus of Odisha, live its indigenous people. The
Scheduled Tribes of Odisha, make the state rank in 3rd position in
the country
• The census 2011, records 95,90,756 tribal population in Odisha
which accounts 22.8% of the state’s population & 9.17% of the
country’s population
• Odisha has almost 62 scheduled tribe communities out of which 13
belong to the Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVGTs) of
India
• District with highest tribal population is Mayurbhanj (58.7%) & the
district with lowest tribal population is Puri (0.4%)
• The sex ratio of tribes of Odisha is 1029 females per 1000 males &
literacy rate is 52.24%
• The scheduled tribe population in scheduled area is about 68.09%

of the total tribal population of the state
• Under the fifth schedule of the Indian constitution, the schedule
areas of Odisha include:
o Mayurbhanj district

o Sundargarh district
o Koraput district (which now includes the districts of Koraput,
Malkangiri, Nabarangapur, and Rayagada)
o Kuchinda tahasil of Sambalpur district
o Keonjhar, Telkoi, Champua, Barbil tahasils of Keonjhar district
o Khondamal district
o Balliguda and G. Udayagiri tahasil of Khondamal district
o R. Udaygiri tahasil, Gumma and Rayagada block of
Parlekhemundi tahasil in Parlekhemundi Sub-division and
Suruda tahasil (excluding Gazalbadi and Gochha Gram
Panchayats), of Ghumsur sub-division in Ganjam district
o Thuamul Rampur and Lanjigarh blocks of Kalahandi district
o Nilagiri block of Balasore district
MAJOR SCHEDULE TRIBES OF ODISHA

THE KHONDS
• The Khonds, also known as Kandhas, are the largest tribal group
in Odisha.
• They are found primarily in the districts of Kandhamal, Rayagada,
and Koraput.
• The Khonds speak the Kui language.
• Malua Kondhs are majority among the Kondh sub-groups. They are
divided into different clans like Hansa, Beck, Hembram, Bedia etc.
THE SAURAS
• The Sauras are a tribal group found primarily in the districts of

Gajapati, Koraput, Rayagada, and Ganjam.

• They are considered to be the most ancient tribal group having

mentions in Hindu scriptures & are also known by various names,
such as Sabara, Sora etc
• They speak the Munda language.
• They were classified as “Criminal Tribes” during British Raj
• The paintings done by Sauras are called as “Ikon”
• They are known for their unique culture and traditions & are
highly religious
‘IKON PAINTING BY SAURA TRIBE’
THE BHUMIAS
• The Bhumias are a tribal group found primarily in the districts of
Koraput, Malkangiri & Nabarangpur
• They speak the Desia language
• Balijatra is a significant festival of these tribes
• Martyr Laxman Naik belongs to this community
THE GONDS
• The Gonds are a tribal group found primarily in the districts of
Koraput, Rayagada, and Malkangiri
• The Gonds speak the Gondi & the Telugu language
• Their staple diets are Kodo & Kutki millets

• They grow tobacco fore smoking & make liquor from Mahua tree
• They are known for their unique culture and traditions, which
include their traditional dances and music
THE BONDAS
• The Bondas are a small Austro- Asiatic tribal group found
primarily in the Malkangiri district at 3000 feet near Machkund
River
• They are fierce, perform podu cultivation, practice barter system &
call themselves as Remo (men)
• They easily murder people on petty issues & their brides are older
than grooms
THE SANTHALS
• The Santhals are a tribal group found primarily in the Mayurbhanj
district.
• They speak the Santhali language & have their own olchki script
• Hunting, fishing, cultivation & making crafts like mats, baskets,
musical instruments etc are their uniqueness which is passed on
through generations
• They enjoy a vibrant cultural life
THE KOYAS
• The Koyas are a tribal group found primarily in the Malkangiri and
Rayagada districts.
• The Koyas belong to the Gond family & speak the Koya language of
Dravidian language family
• Their ideal drink is Mahula & Salapa
• The Koyas are famous for Koya revolution by leader Tama Dora
during British reign

THE MUNDAS
• They are majorly found in the districts of Sundargarh & Sambalpur
• These tribes sustain by basket making, weaving cultivating
• They have rich folk songs & traditional music instruments like
Mandara, Nagara & Kartal
THE BHUIYA
• The Bhuiya are a tribal group found primarily in the Mayurbhanj,
Keonjhar, and Dhenkanal districts.
• They were originally hunter-gatherers who changed to settled
cultivators & also worked in tea gardens
• But many tribes of this community still collect forest products for
livelihood
THE MATIAS
• The Matias are a small tribal group found primarily in the
Malkangiri, Dhenkanal, Balangir & Kalahandi districts
• They derive their name from word “Mati” meaning soil
• They cultivate maize& tabaco leaves
• They are treated as low among other tribes in various places
THE DHARUAS
• The Dharuas are a tribal group found primarily in the Malkangiri
district.
• They are also known as Dhur Gond & Naik
• They speak the Kudmali language & use Odia script
• Handia & mahua are their primary drinks
THE KISAN
• They reside in the districts of Sambalpur, Jharsuguda &
Sundargarh

• The Kisan speak the Kunha language & refer themselves as

Kunha, Nagbansis, Nagesar & Nagesia
• They earn livelihood through forestry, agriculture, casual labour,
animal husbandry & craft making
• They cultivate rice & gulji (minor millet)
THE PAROJA
• The Paroja are a tribal group found primarily in the Koraput,
Nabarangpur, Malkangiri and Rayagada districts.
• Their name is derived from Odia word “praja” meaning common
people
• The main sections of the tribes are Bada, Penga, Baeng, Jodia,
Selia
• The tribe mainly practices wet & dry cultivation & do not follow
shifting cultivation any longer
THE SOUNTI
• They are spread across the districts of Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj &
Khordha
• They speak Odia language
• The word sounti is derived from the word ‘saunta’ meaning
“gathered in”
• They are engaged in farming & labour activities
THE ORAON
• They are settled in the districts of Sambalpur, Sundargarh,
Jharsuguda, Deogarh & Keonjhar
• They speak the Kurkh & Sadri language
• They are one of the most modern tribes, as they are engaged in
carpentry, weaving date palm mats, tile & brick moulding,
manufacturing, quarrying etc

• They even promote widow remarriage & permit divorce in their

community


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DEMOGRAPHIC
FEATURES OF ODISHA

• POPULATION & ITS RELATED DEMOGRAPHICS
• LITERACY RATE
• SEX-RATIO
• SCHEDULE CASTE & SCHEDULE TRIBE POPULATION
• RELIGION-WISE CENSUS
• LANGUAGE-WISE CENSUS
• OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE

INTRODUCTION
Odisha is a predominantly rural state, with over 80% of the population
living in villages. The state has a young population, with over 40% of the
population under the age of 18.
• Population: 41.97 million (2011 Census)
• Population density: 270 people per sq. km (2011 Census)
• Sex ratio: 979 females per 1000 males (2011 Census)
• Literacy rate: 72.87% (2011 Census)
• Major religions: Hinduism (93.63%), Islam (2.50%), Christianity
(2.38%), Buddhism (0.96%), Jainism (0.14%)
• Major languages: Odia (75.06%), Sambalpuri (6.26%), Kui (2.24%),
Santali (2.05%), Urdu (1.60%)
POPULATION OF ODISHA
• As per census 2011, the total population of Odisha is 4,19,74,218
persons which is 3.47% of the Indian population.
• Odisha ranks 11th in terms of population in India.
• The male population is 2,12,12,031 and female population is
2,07,62,082
• Deogarh district has the lowest population of 3,12,520 & Ganjam
district has the highest population of 35,29,031
Districts of Odisha with high population (Top 5) as per 2011 census.
District Total population
Ganjam 35,29,031
Cuttack 26,24,470
Mayurbhanj 25,19,738
Baleshwar 23,20,529
Khordha 22,51,673
Districts of Odisha with Low population (Top 5 ) as per 2011 census.

Districts Total population

Deogarh 3,12,520
Boudh 4,41,162
Gajapati 5,77,817
Jharsuguda 5,79,505
Sonepur 6,10,183
POPULATION GROWTH RATE OF ODISHA

• As per Census 2011 the total population growth rate of Odisha is
14.05%.
• Rural growth rate is 11.8% and urban growth rate is 26.9%.
• The district with highest population growth is Balangir (23.32%).
The district with lowest population growth is Jagatsinghpur.
(7.50%)
Districts Having highest population growth rate. (top 5 )
S.I Districts Population Growth rate
no (in%)
1 Balangir 23.32
2 Malkanagir 21.62
3 Khordha 19.94
4 Nabrangpur 19.03
5 Boudh 18.16
Districts Having Lowest population growth rate. (top 5 )
Sl no Districts Population growth rate
(in%)
1 Jagatsinghpur 7.50
2 Bargarh 10.02
3 Kendrapara 10.63
4 Sambalpur 11.27
5 Nayagarh 11.37

POPULATION DENSITY OF ODISHA

• As per census 2011, the total population density of Odisha is 270
persons per sq. km.
• The district with highest population density is Khordha (800). The
district with lowest population density is Kandhamal. (91)
Five districts with high population density.
Sl.No Districts Population density
(person/sqkm)
1 Khordha 800
2 Jagatsinghpur 682
3 Cuttack 667
4 Jajpur 630
5 Baleswar 610
Five districts with low population density.
Sl no Districts Population density
(person/sqkm)
1 Kandhamal 91
2 Malkangir 106
3 Deogarh 106
4 Gajapati 134
5 Rayagada 137
CHILD POPULATION OF ODISHA (0-6 YEARS)

As per census 2011, the total child population (0-6 years) of Odisha is
52,73,194
The district with highest child population is Ganjam (4,20,158) & the
district with lowest child population is Deogarh (39,917)
Districts Having High Child Population . (top 5 )
SL no Districts Child population
1 Ganjam 4,20,158

2 Mayurbhanj 3,51,834
3 Baleshwar 2,88,672
4 Cuttack 2,71,816
5 Keonjhar 2,53,418
Districts Having Low Child Population . (top 5 )

Sl no Districts Child population
1 Deogarh 39,917
2 Jharsuguda 64,794
3 Boudh 61,847
4 Gajapati 86,984
5 Sonepur 74,821
RURAL POPULATION OF ODISHA

As per Census 2011, the percentage of total rural population of Odisha is
83.31% The district with highest rural population in the state is Boudh
(95.37%). The district with lowest rural population in the state is
Khordha (51.84%).
Top 3 districts with high rural population.
Districts Rural population (IN%)
Boudh 95.37
Nuapada 94.42
Kendrapara 94.20
Top 3 districts with low rural population.
Districts Rural population (IN%)
Khordha 51.84
Jharsuguda 60.11
Sundargarh 64.74
URBAN POPULATION OF ODISHA

As per Census 2011, the percentage of total urban population of Odisha is

16.69% The district with highest urban population in the state is Khordha
(48.16%). The district with lowest urban population in the state is Boudh
(4.63%)
Top 3 districts with high urban population.
Districts Urban population (IN%)
Khordha 48.16
Jharsuguda 39.89
Sundargarh 35.26
Top 3 districts with low urban population.
Districts Urban population (IN%)
Boudh 4.63
Nuapada 5.58
Kendrapara 5.80
SEX-RATIO OF ODISHA
• As per Census 2011, the sex-ratio of Odisha is 979 females per
1000 males.
• The district with highest sex-ratio of Odisha is Rayagada (1051).
The district with lowest sex-ratio in the state is Nayagarh (915).
• The sex-ratio among the SC population in Odisha is 987 and
among the ST population is 1029.
• The urban sex ratio of Odisha is lower at 932, than the rural sex
ratio i.e., 989.
• The child sex-ratio of Odisha is 941 as per Census 2011.
Top 3 districts with high sex ratio
District Sex-ratio
Rayagada 1051
Gajapati 1043

Kandhamala 1037
Top 3 districts with low sex-ratio

Districts Sex-ratio
Nayagarh 915
Khordha 929
Cuttack 940
LITERACY RATE OF ODISHA

• As per Census 2011, the literacy rate of Odisha is 72.87%.
• The district with highest literacy rate in Odisha is Khordha
(86.88%). The district with lowest literacy rate in the state is
Nabarangpur (46.43%).
• The male literacy rate of the state is 81.59%, whereas female
literacy rate is 64.01%.
• The rural literacy rate of Odisha is 70.22%. whereas urban literacy
rate of Odisha is 85.75%.
• The literacy rate among the SC population in Odisha is 69.02%
while the literacy rate among the ST population is 52.24%.
• District with highest male literacy in urban area is Khordha
(94.29%) and lowest in Malkangiri (83.4%).
• Highest male literacy in rural area is Jagatsinghpur (92.5%) and
lowest is Koraput (54.19%). The districts with highest and lowest
female literacy rates in urban and rural areas are the same as for
males.
Top 3 districts with high literacy rate.
Districts Literacy rate (in%)
Khordha 86.88
Jagatsinghpur 86.59
Cuttack 85.50

Top 3 districts with low literacy rate.

Districts Literacy rate (in%)
Nabarangpur 46.43
Malkangir 48.54
Koraput 49.21
SCHEDULE CASTE POPULATION IN ODISHA

• As per Census 2011, the state of Odisha has the 11th rank in terms
of Scheduled Caste population among all the states of the country.
• The Scheduled Caste population in Odisha is 7,188,463 which is
17.1% of the total population of the state.
• Odisha accounts 3.56% Scheduled Caste population of India.
• The district with highest percentage of SC population is
Subarnapur/Sonepur (25.6%) and the district with lowest
percentage of SC population is Gajapati (6.8%)

Top 3 districts with High Schedule caste population.

Districts Schedule caste population.(IN%)
Sonepur 25.6
Boudh 23.8
Jajpur 23.7
Top 3 districts with low schedule caste population.
Districts Schedule caste population (IN%)
Gajapati 6.8
Mayurbhanj 7.3
Sundargarh 9.2
SCHEDULE TRIBE POPULATION OF ODISHA

• As per Census 2011, the state of Odisha has the second highest
percentage of Scheduled Tribe population after Madhya Pradesh
among all the states of the country.
• The Scheduled Tribe population in Odisha is 95,90,756 which is
22.8% of the total population of the state. Odisha accounts 9.17% of
Scheduled Tribe population of India.
• The district with highest percentage of ST population is
Mayurbhanj (58.7%) and the district with lowest percentage of ST
population is Puri (0.4%)
Top 3 districts with high schedule tribe population.
Districts Schedule tribe population (IN%)
Mayurbhanj 58.7
Malkangir 57.8
Rayagada 56
Nabrangour 55.8
Gajapati 54.3
Top 3 districts with low schedule tribe population.

Districts Schedule tribe population (IN%)

Puri 0.4
Kendrapara 0.7
Jagatsighpur 0.7
RELIGION WISE CENSUS OF ODISHA

As per census 2011, the following illustrates religion wise census of
Odisha
Religion Percentage
Hindu 93.63
Christian 2.77
Muslim 2.17
Sikh 0.05
Jain 0.02
Buddhist 0.03
Other religion and persuations 1.14
LANGUAGE WISE CENSUS OF ODISHA

According to the 2011 Census of India, the following are the top 13
languages spoken in Odisha, along with their percentage of the total
population:
• Odia -75.06% • Bengali -1.20%

• Sambalpuri- 6.26% • Ho-0.98%
• Kui - 2.24% • Sadan/Sadri- 0.83%
• Santali -2.05% • Munda-0.79%
• Urdu -1.60% • Savara -0.71%
• Telugu-1.59% • Desia- 0.54%
• Hindi -1.23% • Kisan-0.46%

• Others -0.76%
OCCUPATION STRUCTURE OF ODISHA

• About 65% of the population is engaged in agriculture and related
sectors. The majority of workers employed in the agriculture
sector are cultivators and agricultural laborers.
• while tertiary sector employment is growing in the urban Odisha,

agriculture remains the most employed sector in rural Odisha.
• The share of the agriculture sector has declined in recent years,
while the share of the non-agricultural sector has increased. This
is due to a number of factors, including economic growth,
industrialization, and urbanization.
• The non-agricultural sector is dominated by the services sector,
followed by the manufacturing sector and the construction sector.
• Tourism sector has seen a spike in employment opportunities due
to various govt initiatives


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REFERENCES:
GEOGRAPHY OF ORISSA, PROF.B.N. SINHA
GEOGRAPHY OF ODISHA, G.C.RAY
GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA, MAJID HUSAIN
INDIA, A COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY, D.R. KHULLAR
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, SAVINDRA SINGH
KNOWN YOUR STATE ODISHA, ARIHANT PUBLICATIONS
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha
https://odisha.gov.in/
https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/
http://www.desorissa.nic.in/pdf/abstract%20final%20-2012.pdf
https://odisha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-
03/Economic_Survey_2021-22_0.pdf
https://www.mapsofindia.com/
https://agri.odisha.gov.in/
https://www.odishaminerals.gov.in/
https://stsc.odisha.gov.in/
https://www.ostm.in/tribes-of-odisha/
https://eptrienvis.nic.in/All%20PDF%20Files/Tribal%20Communities%20o
f%20Odisha.pdf
https://www.worksodisha.gov.in/
https://www.worksodisha.gov.in/NH_orissa.html
https://odishaahvs.nic.in/upload/files/Agro-climatic-zones.pdf
https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/climate%20of%20orissa.pdf
https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/nov2005/engpdf/Soil_of_O
rissa_and_Its_Management.pdf
https://wildlife.odisha.gov.in/
https://www.ecotourodisha.com/
https://odishaforest.in/
https://odishaforest.in/admin/data/documents/publication_file_17352781
00.pdf
https://repository.tribal.gov.in/handle/123456789/74411?viewItem=brows
e
https://www.odishaminerals.gov.in/sites/Download/Compendium_of_Min
eral_Resources_in_Odisha.pdf
https://sandrp.in/2017/05/20/odisha-rivers-profile/
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Most-common-NTFP-produce-
collected-in-Orissa_tbl1_331223161
https://agri.odisha.gov.in/media-gallery/photo-gallery/odisha-map-
various-category
https://www.odishaminerals.gov.in/sites/Mines/Default.aspx?GL=Ghome
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-map-of-Odisha-showing-
various-river-basins-in-the-state_fig1_331299177
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THE Odisha

A Material Crafted by Odisha Preps

For OPSC OCS Prelims & Mains

We are thrilled to present to you this comprehensive study material on Odisha

We want to underline that no copyright infringement is intended in the creation

As you embark on your educational journey with this material, we hope it

- Team Odisha Preps

This book on Odisha geography is a must-read for upcoming exam preparation,

Prakash Kumar Parida

OCS 2021 – Rank 240

Geography as a subject helps us to understand where we live,how it was evolved and in

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Location & Extent of

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• The 82⁰30’ E meridian i.e., IST passes through the state

• The climate of the is characterized as tropical monsoon type climate

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• ‘Bhubaneswar’ also known as “Temple city” is the capital of the state

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• Odisha has 30 Districts, 03 administrative/revenue Divisions, 58 Sub-

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THE EASTERN COASTAL PLAINS

• Its narrow in the north, widest in the middle, narrowest in Chilika

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• On the basis of location, the coastal plains are further sub-divided

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THE NORTHERN COASTAL PLAINS (BALASORE

THE MIDDLE COASTAL PLAINS

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SOUTHERN COASTAL PLAINS

THE SALT TRACT

THE ARABLE TRACT

THE SUB-MONTANE TRACT

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• Red Soil is found here as blocks of laterites.

THE MIDDLE MOUNTAINOUS & HIGHLAND

• These mountains are morphologically sub-divided into 5 regions:

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THE BAITARANI-BRAHMANI INTERFLUVE

THE BRAHMANI- MAHANADI INTERFLUVE

THE COMMON INTERFLUVES OF THE MAHANADI,

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• The region experiences low annual precipitation, resulting in a

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THE CENTRAL PLATEAUS

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THE PANPOSH-KEONJHAR-PALA LAHARA

THE NABARANGPUR-JEYPORE PLATEAU

THE ROLLING UPLANDS

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o The rolling Uplands of the Brahmani Basin

THE RAIRANGPUR ROLLING UPLANDS

THE BAITARANI ROLLING UPLANDS

THE ROLLING UPLANDS OF THE BRAHMANI

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• The Rolling Uplands of the Brahmani Basin, also known as the

THE ROLLING UPLANDS OF MAHANADI BASIN

• The Rolling Uplands of the Mahanadi Basin covers the entire

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