BEAMS

Situation 2: The T- Beam shown resulted from

Situation 1: The T- Beam shown resulted from monolithic construction of the beam and slab.
monolithic construction of the beam and slab. The effective flange width is 900mm and the
The effective flange width is 1100mm and the uniform slab thickness is 120 mm. Width of
uniform slab thickness’ is 120 mm. Width of beam is 300 mm, total depth of the T- Beam is
beam is 340 mm, total depth of the T- Beam is 500 mm. The centroid of steel is 65 mm from
590 mm. The centroid of steel is 70 mm from the extreme fiber, concrete strength F`c = 21
the extreme fiber, concrete strength F`c = 21 MPa and steel strength
MPa and steel strength Use the strength
design method

1.Find the depth of compression block “a”

considering the effect of compression steel.
ANS: 60mm
1.Calculate the nominal strength of the beam 2.Calculate the nominal strength of the beam
for positive moment neglecting the contribution considering the effect of compression steel
of the top reinforcement. ANS: 503.2 KN ANS: 411.93 KN-m
2.Calculate the nominal strength of the beam 3.Calculate the nominal strength of the beam
for negative moment. ANS: 289.88 KN neglecting the effect of compression steel ANS:
412.12kN-m
3.Calculate the required nominal shear strength
of the beam if it is subjected to a factored shear
of 220 KN. ANS: 258.8KN
Situation 3: The floor framing plan of a SITUATION 4: The floor system shown in the
reinforced concrete is shown in the Figure figure is acted on by a uniform live load of 3.5
C100-21. Beam DEF is poured monolithically KPA and superimposed dead load of 2.1 KPA.
with the slab making it to be considered as T- Given the ff: s=2.5m L=6m t=100mm h=540mm
beam. The columns are each 350mmX350mm. bw=250 mm column = 400x400 mm unit wt of
The NSCP Coefficients for continuous beam is concrete = 23.5 kn/m3 The beams and slabs
also given in Figure CODE-523. For this problem, are poured monolithically so that the beam can
t=100mm, h=500mm, bw=350mm, fy=415 MPa, be considered as T-beam. Centroid of bars from
fc’=28 MPa, fyh=275 MPa. extreme concrete fiber is 65 mm. use f’c = 20.7
MPA and fy = 415 MPA.

a. Calculate the factored uniform load Wu that 10.What is the factored shear at F in beam EF?
the beam can carry based on the design Vf =109.97 KN
strength of the beam at support. 63.3 kN
11.What is the factored shear at critical section
b. Calculate the factored uniform load Wu that near F in beam EF? V=93.41 kn
the beam can carry based on the design
strength of the beam at midspan. 65.2 kN 12.What is the factored critical moment in
beam EF near the support F? M=107.1 kn-m
c. If the factored uniform load Wu=60kN/m,
determine the required nominal shear strength
at critical section near the support E. 199 kN
SITUATION 5: The section of a T-beam is shown Situation 6: The section of a reinforced concrete
in Figure C096-4502. The beam is reinforced beam is shown.
with six 28-mm-diameter tension bars and four
Given: Beam width, b = 400mm
28-mm-diameter compression bars with fy= 415
MPa. Clear concrete cover is 40 mm. f’c = 21 Effective depth, d = 500mm
MPa. The nominal shear stress of concrete
section is 0.88 MPa. Slab thickness, t = 100mm

Concrete cover to 12mm stirrups = 40mm

Concrete strength, fc’=27.5 MPa

Steel strength, fy = 415 MPa

Balanced reinforcement ratio = 0.028

1. What is the minimum value of “a” according

to NSCP?. Answer: a = 53 mm

2. Calculate the nominal shear strength (MPa)

provided by concrete if the effective depth d =
520 mm. Answer: Vc = 160.16 kN

3. If the stirrups are spaced at 100 mm on

centers, calculate the design shear strength of
the beam. Answer: Vn= 0.85(384.67) = 327 kN a. Using 28mm diameter tension bars, calculate
the nominal moment capacity of the beam, kN-
m. 551

b. If Mu=550 kN-m and d=500mm, find the

required diameter (mm) of tension steel
reinforcement as shown. 32

c. What is the minimum value of bw according

to the provisions of code for the concrete cover
of bars? 356 mm
Situation7: The section of a T-beam is shown. SITUATION 8: Bw=350mm, Thk=100mm,
The beam is reinforced with eight 28 – mm- a=56mm, D1=25mm, D2=28mm, Tie dia=12mm,
diameter tension bars and four 28-mm- CC=40mm, Allowable shear stress=0.66 Mpa,
diameter compression bars with fy = 415 MPa. fc=21Mpa, Longitudinal bars fy=415, Lateral
The stirrups provided are 12 mm in diameter bars=275 Mpa.
with fyh = 275 MPa. Clear concrete cover is 40
mm. f’c = 21 MPa. The nominal shear stress of
concrete section is 0.88 MPa. h1 = 143 mm, h2
= 457 mm, a = 55 mm. (May 2017)

4. Effective depth when h=600mm.

1. What is the minimum value of bw (mm)
Ans.515.3mm
according to NSCP? Answer: bw = 300 mm
5. If the effective depth is 600mm, compute the
2. Calculate the nominal shear strength (kN)
shear strength provided by concrete. Ans. 138.6
provided by concrete. Answer: Vc = 133.716 kN
Kn
3. If the stirrups are spaced at 100 mm on
6. If the effective depth is 600mm, compute the
centers, calculate the design shear strength (kN)
nominal moment of the section. Ans.808.8 Kn-
of the beam. Use = 0.75 Answer: = 336.58 kN
m
Situation 9 Given: As = 8 – 28mmϕ As’ = 4 –
28mmϕ ds= 12mm diam. Ties h1 = 125mm h2 =
475mm a = 55mm f’c = 28 MPa fyb= 415 MPa
(longitudinal bars) fyv = 275 MPa (ties) Shear
strength reduction factor = 0.75 Clear concrete
cover = 40mm Specified maximum aggregates
size in the concrete mixture = 20mm

1. Find the minimum width of the beam “b”

required to satisfy on cover requirements. Ans.
300mm

2. Find the minimum width of beam “b”

adequate for a factor shear force Vu = 600 kN if
the spacing of 12mm diameter ties is 50mm.
Ans. 370mm

3. If Vu = 450 kN and spacing of 12mm diameter

ties is 70mm what is the required minimum
width of the beam “b” mm? Ans. 330mm
FLOOR FRAMING PLAN
Situation 1: A Reinforced Concrete beam having Situation 2: The floor framing plan of a
widths of 400 mm and overall depths of 600 mm reinforced concrete structure is shown in the
are spaced 3 meters on centers as shown in the figure. The beams are 280 mm wide and 520 mm
figure. These beams support a 100 mm thick deep and the slab is 110 mm thick. Other than
slab. The superimposed loads on these beams concrete weight, the floor is subjected to an
are as follows. additional (superimposed) dead load of 3 kPa
Deadload…. 3.2 kPa and live load of 5.2 kPa. Unit weight of concrete
Live load…...3.6kPa is 23.5KN/𝑚3
The columns E and H are omitted such that the
girder BEHK supports the beams DEF at E GHI at Due to Space consideration, The Columns at E
H. Assume EI = constant for all beams. Unit and H are to be removed. This will make girder
weight of concrete is 24 kN/𝑚3 BEHK support the beams DEF at E and GHI at H.
1. Determine the factored Uniform load on beam
GHI, in KN/m Use the tributary area method.
ANS: 47.71 1. Determine the Uniform service dead load on
beam DEF ANS: 17.38kN/ m
2. Determine the maximum factored shear (in
KN) in beam GHI assuming that G and I are fixed 2. Determine the Uniform service live load on
and H is Hinge. beam DEF ANS: 13kN/ m
ANS: 178.9
3.Determine the factored concentrated load E
3. Determine the maximum factored positive due to loads on beam DEF.
moment (in KN) in beam GH assuming that G and ANS: 287.9 kN/ m
I are fixed, and H is Hinge.
ANS: 112
Situation 3: The floor framing plan of a Situation 4: The floor framing plan of a
reinforced concrete structure is shown in the reinforced concrete structure is shown in the
figure. When columns E and H are deleted, girder figure. Girder ADGJ, BEHK, and CFIL are 300 mm
BEHK carries the reaction of BEF at E and GHK at wide and 570 mm deep and the slab is 110 mm
H. The girder may be considered fixed at B and K. thick. Other than concrete weight, the floor is
The uniform load on this girder is 5 kN/m and the subjected to an additional (superimposed) dead
concentrated loads at E and H are each 270 kN. load of 3 kPa and live load of 5.2 kPa. Unit weight
of concrete is 23.5KN/𝑚3
1.Calculate the maximum shear at B due to
uniform and concentrated loads. The Columns at E and H are deleted. Thus girder
ANS: 289 KN BEHK support the beams DEF at E and GHI at H.

2.Calculate the maximum shear at E due to Use the tributary area method.
concentrated load only 1. Determine the Uniform service dead load on
ANS: 270 KN beam GHI ANS: 17.21kN/ m

3.Calculate the maximum positive moment in 2. Determine the Uniform service live load on
the girder due to uniform load only. beam GHI ANS: 13kN/ m
ANS: 11.72kN
3.Determine the factored concentrated load
Edue to loads on beam GHI on girder BEHK in kN.
ANS: 277 kN/ m
Situation 5: The floor framing plan of a SITUATION 6. In the floor framing plan shown
reinforced concrete structure is shown in the in figure, beams AE, BF, CG, and DH are
figure. The beams GHI is poured monolithically subjected to storage live load of 6 KPA and
with the slab making it to be considered as T- superimposed dead load of 2.4 kPA. The slab is
beam. The columns are each 400mm x 400mm 100 mm thick (unit wt of cone = 24 kN/m3).
The NSCP coefficients for continuous beam is These beams are supported by girders AD and
also given in figure. For this Problem, t= 110mm EH, which are also supported by columns A, D ,
E, and H, respectively. Beams AE, BF, CG, and
h= 480 mm, bw= 280 mm 𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑝𝑎, f`c =
DH weighs 86 kg/m and girders AD and EH
21MPa
weighs 97 kg/m. In this problem, s=2.5 m and
Use the tributary area method. L=8 m.

1. Determine the nominal moment strength of

the beam at support
ANS: 349kN/ m

2. Determine the nominal moment strength of

the beam at midspan
ANS: 309kN/ m

3. Determine the safe factored uniform load that

the continuous beam can carry.
ANS: 783.55kN/ m

4.Using the maximum factored load determine

the required nominal shear strength at critical
section near the support H.
ANS: 280.5kN/ m

13.Determine the total uniformly distributed

service dead load of beam CG, in kN/m. wDS= 12
kn/m

14.Determine the total uniformly distributed load

of beam CG in kN/m. wT=27.843 kn/m

15.Determine the total axial load supported by the

column H in KN. Column load=172.31 kn
SITUATION 7. For the floor framing plan Situation 8 – The flor framing plan shown in the figure
shown in the fig., L=6m & s=2.8m. The beams carries service load of 4.8 kPa (including slab and
are 280 mm wide & 450 mm deep with effective beam weight and service live load of 2.9 kPa. Loads
are computed using the tributary area method. Use
cover of 65 mm from the centroid of bar. The slab
FIGURE CODE – 523. (Nov. 2015 )
is 110 mm thick. Use f’c = 21 MPA and fy = 415
L1 = L2 = 8 m
MPA. Beam FG may be treated as T beam. S = 3m
Slab thickness = 100 mm
Beam dimension,b x h = 300 mm x 400 mm
Column dimension = 400 mm x 400 mm
Concrete strength, f’c = 20.7 MPa
Steel yield strength, f’y = 415 Mpa
U = 1.4 D + 1.7 L

19.What is the effective flange width bf of beam

FG? Bf = 1.50 m

20.If bf = 1000 mm and b = 0.0216, find the

nominal moment of beam FG if it is reinforced
with 2-28 mm bars at the top and 4-28 mm bars
at the bottom at midspan.
1. Calculate the factored uniform load on beam
GHI in kN/m. Answer: wu = 34.95 kPa
21.Compute the nominal shear stress provided by
2. What is the factored moment of beam GH at G
concrete at midspan of FG. in kN.m? Answer: MG = -126.169 kN.m
3. What is the factored moment of beam GH at H
in kN.m? Answer: MG = -224.301 kN.m
Situation 9: Situation 10 – Refer to the floor framing plan
A reinforced concrete beam with width of shown in the figure. (Nov.2017)
Given:
300mm and overall depth of 420mm are spaced
Beam dimensions, b x h = 250 mm x 400 mm
at s=3m as shown. The slab is 100mm thick. The
Slab Thicknss, t = 100 mm
superimposed dead load (including floor finish, Concrete cover to centroid of reinforcement = 75
fixtures, ceiling, etc.) is 2.6 kPa and the live load mm
is 4 kPa. Columns E and H are omitted such that L1 = L2 = 5. m
S = 2.6 m
girder BEHK support the beams DEF at E and GHI
Loadings:
at H. Unit wt of concrete = 23.5 kN/m3. Dead load = 2.6 kPa (not including slab weight)
L1=L2=6m. Live load = 3. 6 kPa
a. Calculate the uniform service dead load Load Combonation , U = 1.4D + 1.7 L
on beam DEF kN/m. 17.1 Unit weight of concrete = 23.6 kN/m^3
Concrete strength,f’c = 27 MPa
b. Calculate the uniform service live load
Steel strength, fy = 415 MPa
on beam DEF kN/m. 12 Use FIGURE CODE – 523
c. Calculate the factored (ultimate) load at
E induced by beam DEF using the
tributary area method. 266

1. What is the minimum required number of 25-

mm bars at end H of beam GH?
Answer: N = 2 bars

2. What is the shear force at end H of beam GH?

Answer: Vu = 98.63 kN

3. If end H is reinforced with 3-25 mm diameter

top and bottom bars, what is its moment
capacity in kN.m?
Answer: ∅Mn = 152 kN.m
Girder
Situation 1: Situation 2:
A reinforced concrete girder is subjected to
The girder AB shown in the figure is subjected to torsional moment from the loads on the
torsional moment from the loads on the cantilever frame. The following factored forces
cantilever frame. The following factored forces are computed from this beam:
are computed from this beam: Factored moment, Mu = 440 kN-m
Factored moment Factored shear, Vu = 280kN
Factored shear Factored torque, Tu = 180 kN-m
Factored torque Girder dimension, b x h = 400mm x 500mm
The girder has a width of 400 mm, and an overall Concrete cover to centroid of tension steel =
depth of 500 mm. Concrete cover is 40mm. The 95mm
centroid of longitudinal bars of the girder are Concrete cover to centroid of compression steel
placed 65 mm from the extreme concrete fibers. = 65mm
Concrete Strength f’c = 20.7 MPa and steel yield Allowable shear stress of concrete at factored
strength for longitudinal bars is loads = 0.76 mPa
Use 12 mm U-stirrups with Balanced steel ratio, ρ = 0.021
Allowable shear stress in concrete is 0.76 MPa. Concrete Strength, f’c = 20.7 mPa
Steel Strength: Lateral ties, fyh = 275 mPa
1.Determine the required area of tension
Longitudinal bars, fy = 415 mPa
reinforcement of the girder, in
Determine the required area (mm2) of tensile
ANS: 3,313
reinforcement for the factored moment Mo?
2.Determine the transverse reinforcement due
Ans. 3600
to,
Determine the spacing (mm) of 12 mm diameter
ANS: 137
transverse reinforcement due to factored shear
3.Determine the additional area of longitudinal
Vu.
reinforcement to resist torsion in
Ans. 120
ANS: 3,420
Determine the additional area of longitudinal
reinforcement to resist the required torsion Tu,
in mm2. Assume clear concrete cover of 40mm to
lateral reinforcement.
Ans. 3,420
Situation 3:
A girder is simply supported on a span of 12 m.
The girder supports a total dead load of 86 kN
and live load of 74 kN at midspan.
Given the following data: Girder Section
Properties:
Area, A = 19,226 mm?
Depth, d = 540 mm
Flange Width, br = 312 mm Flange Thickness,
bf= 20 mm Web Thickness, tw = 12 mm Elastic
Section Modulus, Sx=3.72 × 10^6 mm^6 Plastic
Section Modulus, Zx = 4 14 x 10^6 mm^6 = 83
mm Steel Yield Stress, Fy = 344 MPa Cb= 1.0
Factored load, U = 1.2 D + 1.6 L
If the compression flange of the girder is
supported only at midspan, compute the
allowable flexural stress, Fb (MPa). Ans. 170.7
Mpa
Determine the flexural stress (MPa) at service
loads. 129.03 Mpa
What is the maximum flexural stress (MPa) at
ultimate loads? 178.7 Mpa
REINFORCED CONCRETE
BEAM
Situation 1: A reinforced concrete beam has a
width of 300 mm and an overall depth of
480mm. The beam is simply supported over a
span of 5m. Steel strength and concrete strength
f`c = 28 MPa. Concrete cover is 70 mm from the
centroid of the steel area. Unit weight of
concrete is 23.5 kN/. Other than the weight of
the beam, the beam carries a superimposed
dead load of 18kN/m and a live load of 14kN/m.
Use the strength design method.
1.Determine the maximum factored moment on
the beam.
ANS: 168 KN-m
2.If the design ultimate moment capacity of the
beam is 280 kN-m, determine the required
number of 20mm tension bars.
ANS: 7
3.If the beam will carry an additional factored
load of 240 kN at midspan, determine the
required number of 20 mm tension bars.
ANS: 12
PRESTRESSED
Situation 1: A pre-pressed concrete beam has a Situation 2: A 6m long pre-pressed cantilever
width of 300mm and an overall depth of 600 beam shown in the figure carries a concentrated
mm. The prestressing tendons are placed at a live load of 18KN at the free end and a uniform
distance “e” below the neutral axis of the beam deadload due to its own weight. Unit weight of
and the applied prestressing force is P in KN. concrete is 20KN/. The strands are 12 mm in
There is 15% loss of prestress diameter with total prestressing force of 540 KN
1.Determine the Values of P and e when the applied at an eccentricity “e” above the neutral
compressive stress in the entire cross section is xis of the Gross-section.
21MPa 1.What is the maximum stress (MPa) in the
ANS: P=3780 kN; e= 0 bottom fiber of the beam at the free end when
the eccentricity e= 0?
2. Determine the Values of P and e when the ANS: -2.25
compressive stress at the Top and bottom of the 2.What is the stress in the top fiber of the beam
beam are 2 MPa and 12 MPa, respectively. at the fixed end when the eccentricity e=100mm.
ANS: P=1260 kN; e= 63.21mm ANS: +3.6 MPa
3. Determine the Values of P and e when the 3.What is the required eccentricity e such that
compressive stress at the Top and bottom of the the stress in the top fiber of the beam at the fixed
beam are 0 MPa and 16 MPa, respectively. end is Zero? ANS: 260 mm
ANS: P=1440 kN; e= 100mm
CRACKING MOMENT
Nov2013
Situation 1: The section of a solic concrete beam
is shown in the figure. Unit weight of concrete is
23.5 kN/m3. Fc = 27.5 mPa. The beam is simply
supported over a span of 5m.

1. Calculate the cracking moment of the beam.

Answer: Mcr = 58.93 k N.m
2. Calculate the compressive stress in the beam due
to this cracking moment. Answer: fc = 3.119 MPa
3. What additional weight can the beam support
without cracking? Answer: wadd = 9.2 kN/m

Situation 3: A concrete beam with cross section

in the figure is simply supported over aspan of
4m. The cracking moment of the beam is 70 kN-
m.

- What is the cracking moment of the

beam?
Ans. 55.55 kN-m
- If the cracking moment of the beam is 40
kN-m, what is the maximum superimposed
uniform load can the beam carry?
Ans. 8.86 kN/m
- If the beam is reinforced with 3-25-mm-
Find the maximum uniform load that the beam
dioameter bars placed 435 mm from the top, can carry without causing the concrete to crack
what is the new cracking moment? Assume n = 8 Ans. 35kN/m
Ans. 60.87 kN-m Find the modulus of rapture of the concrete used
in the beam.
Ans. 3.52 mPa
Situation 2. The section of a concrete beam is shown
in the figure. The beam is simply supported over a If the hollow portion is replaced with a square
span of 6 m. Unit weight of concrete is 24 kN/m^3. section of side 300mm, what is the cracking
Concrete compressive strength f’c=28 Mpa and moment of the new section?
concrete tensile strength fct = 2.8 MPa. In this Ans. 66.74 kN-m
problem, b1=250 mm, b2 =350 mm, h = 600, and D =
150 mm. (May 2015).
COLUMNS 2. Determine the required nominal punching
shear strength. Ans. 2490 kN
SHEAR STRESS
3. Determine the required nominal moment
SITUATION 1: capacity. Ans. 1013 kN-m

SITUATION 3:

A 400 mm x 600 mm column with f’c = 21

MPa and longitudinal steel and ties having fy =
275 MPa is subjected is subjected to factored
axial forces, moments, and shears as shown in
Figure 007.
The column shown in the figure is subjected to
The factored forces and moments are as 480 kN shear parallel to the short side. The
follows: nominal shear strength of concrete for shear
parallel to the short side is 0.88 MPa. Use 2001
Axial force, 𝑁 = 370 kN
NSCP.
Positive moment, 𝑀 = 1350 kN-m
Negative moment, 𝑀 = 450 kN-m Given the following data:
See Section 5.11 of 1992 NSCP. b = 450 mm f’c = 27.5 MPa fyh = 275 MPa
h = 600 mm fy = 415 MPa
1. Determine the shear strength provided by
concrete using the simplified calculation given 1. Calculate the nominal shear strength that
in Section 5.11.3.1 Ans. 180 kN must be provided by lateral reinforcement.
362 kN
2. Determine the shear strength provided by
concrete using the detailed calculation given 2. What is the required spacing of lateral
in Section 5.11.3.2. Ans. 148 kN reinforcement? 130 mm
3. Determine the required spacing of ties. 3. If the spacing of lateral reinforcements is 100
Ans. 102 mm mm, what is the ultimate shear strength of the
column for shear parallel to the short side? 578
kN
SITUATION 2:
The column shown in Figure 004 rests on a
pile cap with five piles. The piles are each 300-
mm in diameter with load capacity of 320 kN.

1. Determine the required nominal wide-

beam shear strength. Ans. 1340 kN
SITUATION 4: Dimension, b x h = 450 mm x 600 mm
Ax = 10 – 28 mm diameter
Ties = 12 mm diameter
f’c = 27.5 MPa
Main bar, fy = 415 MPa
ties, fyh = 275 MPa
Spacing of ties = 90 mm
Reduction factor (shear), φ = 0.75
Concrete cover to centroid of main
bar=65mm
Factored axial load = 1250 kN

1. Compute the maximum value of Vux (kN)

using the simplified calculation for VC. 625kN

2. Compute the maximum value of Vuy (kN)

The column shown is reinforced with ten 28-
using the simplified calculation for VC. 600kN
mm-diameter longitudinal bars (fy = 415 MPa)
and 12-mm-diameter lateral ties (fyh = 275 3. Compute the maximum spacing (mm) of
MPa). Concrete strength f’c = 28 MPa, clear lateral reinforcement for maximum value of
cover is 40 mm. Allowable shear strength of Vux. 130mm
concrete is 0.88 MPa.

1. Calculate the nominal axial strength of the

SITUATION 6:
column. 6497 kN

2. If the ties are spaced at 100 mm on centers,

calculate the nominal shear strength Vnx of the
column. 686 kN

3. If the ties are spaced at 100 mm on centers,

calculate the nominal shear strength Vny of the
column. 591 kN

SITUATION 5:

A reinforced concrete column is reinforced

with eight 32-mm-diameter bars with clear
concrete cover of 40 mm to the 12 mm ties.
Due to the reversal of lateral forces, the design
axial load due to dead, live, and wind loads are
as follows;

Along the positive x-axis:

Mu = -420 kN-m, Nu = 1320 kN, Vu = 370 kN

Along the negative x-axis:

Given the following data for the column Mu = +420 kN-m, Nu = 450 kN, Vu = 370 kN
section shown.
f’c = 28 MPa, fy = 415 MPa
b = 400 mm, h = 600 mm

1. Calculate the nominal shear strength (kN) of

concrete along the positive x-axis using the
simplified calculation. 261

2. Calculate the nominal shear strength (kN) of

concrete along the negative x-axis using
simplified calculation. 212

3. Calculate the required spacing (mm) of shear

reinforcement. Use fyh = 275 MPa. 220

SITUATION 7:

Given the following data for a circular column.

Column diameter = 800 mm

Clear concrete cover to 12 mm ties
bar=40mm
Main longitudinal bars = 8-28 mm
Spacing of ties = 70 mm
Reduction factor, φ = 0.75
Factored axial load = 800 kN

1. Calculate the nominal shear strength (kN)

provided by concrete using the simplified
calculation. 519

2. Calculate the nominal shear strength (kN)

provided by shear reinforcement. 568

3. Calculate the design shear strength (kN) of

the column. 815
FACTORED SHEAR FORCE The 400 mm x 600 mm column shown in Figure
C56.38 is reinforced with eight 25-mm-
SITUATION 1 diameter bars and 10-mm-diameter ties, both
of which have f = 415 MPa. Concrete strength
f′ = 28 MPa. The column I subjected to a
factored moment M = 300 kN-m, factored
shear parallel to long side V = 380 kN, and
factored axial force N = 430 kN. Use the
simplified formula in computing the shear
strength provided by concrete.

1. If the nominal shear strength provided by

lateral reinforcement is 220 kN, determine
the maximum factored shear V that the
The column shown in the figure is subjected to column may be subjected. Ans. 369 kN
shear force parallel to the 600 mm side.
Allowable concrete shear stress for shear 2. If the ties are spaced at 200 mm on centers,
parallel to the 600 mm side is 0.816 MPa. determine the nominal shear that must be
Concrete Strength f′ = 21 MPa and steel provided by concrete. Ans. 184 kN
strength for both longitudinal and confining 3. What is the required spacing of ties? Ans.
reinforcements is 415 MPa. The ties are all 12 225 mm
mm in diameter with clear cover of 40 mm.

1. Determine the factored shear force V that

the column can resist if the nominal shear SITUATION 3:
strength provided by the ties is 375 kN. Ans.
467 kN

2. If the ties are spaced at 225 mm on centers,

what is the maximum value of V , in kN?
Ans. 335 kN

3. If the factored shear force parallel to the

600 mm side is 400 kN, determine the
required spacing of transverse reinforcement
in accordance with the provisions for seismic
design. Ans. 100 mm

The column shown in the figure Is subjected to

SITUATION 2: shear force parallel to the 600 mm side.
Allowable concrete shear shear stress for shear
parallel to the 600 mm side is 0.816 MPa.
Concrete strength f′ = 21 MPa and steel
strength for both longitudinal and confining
reinforcements is 415 MPa. The ties are all 12
mm in diameter with clear cover of 40 mm.
1. Determine the factored shear force V that
the column can resist if the nominal shear
strength provided by the ties is 375 kN.
Ans. 486

2. If the ties are spaced at 230 mm on centers,

what is the maximum value of V in kN? Ans.
446

3. If the factored shear force parallel to the 600

mm side is 400 kN, determine the required
spacing of transverse reinforcement in
accordance with the provisions for seismic
design. Ans. 112.5 mm
CENTROID 25-mm-diameter bars with f = 415 MPa. Use
f′ = 21 MPa.
SITUATION 1:
1. Determine the location of the geometric
centroid measured from the line 1. Ans.
248.5 m

2. Determine the location of the plastic

centroid measured from the line 1. Ans. 257
mm

3. Given that the plastic centroid is 280 mm

from the line 1 and that a load P = 6500 kN is
located 400 mm from the line 1, what is the
moment due to P? Ans. 780 kN-m
The section of a column is shown in the figure.
For this problem, b = 300 mm, b = 180 mm,
d = 250 mm, d = 350 mm. f′ = 28 MPa, f =
SITUATION 3:
414 MPa.
y
1. Determine the location of the centroid of
the gross concrete area measured from y-axis. x1 x2
Ans. 262 mm

2. Determine the location of the plastic

y1
neutral axis of the column measured from the
y-axis. Neglect the area of concrete occupied
by the steel. Ans. 292 mm

y2
x

3. Determine the factored moment M due

to a factored load P = 3200 applied 400 mm y1
from the y-axis. Assume that the column is
reinforced such that plastic neutral axis is 290
mm from the y-axis. Ans. 352 kN-m

The column of a non-sway frame is shown in

SITUATION 2 the figure, Concrete strength f’c = 28 MPa and
steel strength fy = 415 MPa. The diameter is
10mm with clear cover of 40mm. Consider
bending parallel to line 1 and neglect the
concrete area displaced by steel.

Given the following dimensions:

x1 = 250 mm y1 = 150 mm

x2 = 350 mm y2 = 200 mm

1. Determine the location of the geometric

centroid from line 1. 233 mm

The section of a concrete column is shown in 2. Determine the location of the plastic
the Figure. The column is reinforced with ten centroid from line 1. 255 mm
3. If the column is reinforced such that the
plastic centroid is located 270 mm from line 1
along the x-axis, determine the moment due to
a factored load of 3500 kN acting at 460 mm
from line 1 along the x-axis. 665 kN

SITUATION 4

x1 x2
y1
y2

x
y1

The column of a non-sway frame is shown in

the figure above, Concrete strength f’c = 28
MPa and steel strength fy = 415 MPa. The
diameter is 10mm with clear cover of 40mm.
Consider bending parallel to line 1 and neglect
the concrete area displaced by steel.

Given the following dimensions:

x1 = 250 mm y1 = 150 mm

x2 = 350 mm y2 = 300 mm

1. Determine the location of the geometric

centroid from x-axis.. 0

2. Determine the location of the plastic

centroid from x-axis. 268 mm

3. Determine the moment due to a factored

load of 4600 kN acting at 26 mm from the x-
axis. 119.60 kN-m
NOMINAL AXIAL LOAD CAPACITY A 350 mm x 300mm rectangular concrete
column is reinforced with three 25-mm-
SITUATION 1: diameter bars in each short side with their
centers 665 mm from extreme concrete.
Concrete strength f′ = 21 MPa and steel yield
strength is 415 MPa. The column is subject to
axial load and moment about its strong axis.

1. Determine the nominal axial load P when

the eccentricity e = 0. Ans. 2,435 kN
The 800 mm x 600 mm reinforced concrete 2. Compute the balanced nominal load P .
column shown in the Figure is reinforced with Ans. 698 kN
twelve 28-mm-diameter bars. Concrete
3. If the eccentricity e = 200 mm, find the
strength f′ = 21 MPa and steel yield strength
nominal load P . Assume f ≠ f . Ans. 976 kN
f = 415 MPa.

1. Find the location of the plastic centroid from

the Y-axis. Ans. 400 mm SITUATION 3:
2. Find the nominal axial load capacity of the A 600-mm-diameter spiral column is
column. Ans. 300 mm reinforced with six 28-mm-diameter bars and
3. Which of the following gives the minimum 12-mm-diameter spiral. Clear protective
clear spacing of longitudinal bars of this covering is 40 mm. Use f′ = 21 MPa, f = 275
column according the 2001 NSCP: Ans. 42 mm MPa, and f = 415 MPa.

1. Determine the location of the plastic

centroid from the outer face of the column.
SITUATION 2: Ans. 300 mm

2. Compute the nominal axial load capacity of

the column. Ans. 5210 kN

3. What is the maximum spacing of lateral

reinforcement (spiral) Ans. 74.6 mm

SITUATION 4:
The column shown in the Figure has b = 400
mm and h = 550 mm and subjected to a shear
parallel to the 550-mm side. The column is
reinforced with eight 25-mm-diameter bars
(f = 415 MPa) and 10 mm ties (f = 275 MPa).
Concrete strength f′ = 21 MPa. Allowable
concrete shear stress for shear parallel to the
550 mm side is 0.82 MPa.

1. Compute the nominal axial load capacity of

the column. Ans. 4,390 kN

2. Compute the Euler critical buckling load

assuming EI = 25,200 kN-m . Ans. 27,635 kN

3. If the ties are spaced at 90 mm on center,

computer the maximum value of 𝑉 . Ans. 434
kN
REINFORCEMENT lateral reinforcement steel strength fyh = 275
MPa.
SITUATION 1:
h

12 mm Ø

25 mm Ø

12 mm Ø
b
1. Which of the following gives the required
The column shown in the Figure (b = 500 mm, spacing of lateral reinforcement for shear
h = 700 mm) is subjected to shear force to the parallel to the short side of the column? 70 mm
500 mm side. The column is reinforced with 8-
28 mm longitudinal bars. Allowable concrete 2. Which of the following gives the required
spacing of lateral reinforcement for shear
shear stress for shear parallel to the 500 mm
parallel to the long side of the column?
side is 0.88 MPa. Concrete strength f′ = 24
MPa and steel strength for both longitudinal 3. Which of the following gives the maximum
and confining reinforcements is 415MPa. The spacing of lateral reinforcement? 112 mm
ties are all 12 mm in diameter with clear cover
of 40 mm. V = 580 kN.

1. Calculate the spacing of transverse

reinforcement based on shear parallel to the
500-mm side. Ans. 147 mm

2. What is the spacing of transverse

reinforcement in accordance with the
provisions for seismic design for shear parallel
to the 500-mm side. Ans. 93 mm

3. What is the maximum spacing of transverse

reinforcement in accordance with the
provisions for seismic design. Ans. 80 mm

SITUATION 2:
The lateral reinforcement of the column shown
in the figure is to be designed based on the
special provisions for seismic design. The
column dimension is b = 450 mm and h =
600mm. Concrete strength f’C = 27.5 MPa,
longitudinal steel strength fy = 415 MPa and
DIAMETER = 27.5 MPa and steel strength fy = 415 MPa.
The required strength is U = 1.2D + 1.6L. use a
SITUATION 1: reduction capacity factor, φ = 0.65.
A circular spiral column supports a factored 1. Using 3% vertical steel ration, what is the
axial load of 2900 kN. Concrete strength f’c = 21 required column width of the column in one
MPa and steel yield strength is 415 MPa. direction to 350 mm? 550
1. Using a steel ration of 0.025, what is the 2. If the column dimension is 400 mm x 500
minimum diameter of the column? 457 mm mm and using 3% steel ration, which of the
2. Using six longitudinal bars and a steel ratio following gives the required diameter of 16
of 0.02, find the minimum diameter of main vertical bars? 25
reinforcement. 28 mm 3. Using a column section of 400 mm x 500 mm,
3. If the column is 500 mm in diameter and calculate the maximum nominal moment (kN-
reinforced with six 28 mm longitudinal bars, m) about the strong axis of the column. 252
what is the design strength of column? 3169
kN
SITUATION 4:
A 3-m-long steel pipe column with an outside
SITUATION 2: diameter of 260 mm supports an axial load of
Given the following data for a circular spiral 800 kN. The column can be considered hinged
column. at both ends and side sway is prevented.

Concrete Strength, f’c = 34 MPa 1. Calculate the minimum thickness (mm) of

Steel yield strength, f’y = 413 MPa the column if the allowable compressive stress
Steel Ratio = 2.5% of the column is 55 MPa. 20
Nominal Strength = 4500 kN 2. Calculate the minimum diameter (mm) of
Spiral bar diameter = 10 mm the circular base plate supporting the column
Clear Concrete Cover = 40 mm if the allowable bearing stress of concrete
1. Determine the minimum required column pedestal is 10 MPa. 320
diameter in mm. 420 3. Calculate the effective slenderness ratio of
2. If the column diameter is 600 mm and is the column if its thickness is 10mm. 33.9
reinforced with six 28-mm-diameter bars,
compute the design axial strength (kN) of the
column. Use φ = 0.75 6113

3. What is the minimum pitch of spiral (mm)

according to the provisions of the NSCP? 35

SITUATION 3:
An axially loaded rectangular tied column is to
be design to support a service dead load of
1600kN and service live load of 845 kN. The
effective cover to centroid of steel
reinforcement is 70 mm. Concrete strength f’c
ETC A box column is formed by welding two
channel sections at the tip of their flanges. The
SITUATION 1: column has an unsupported length of 4 m and
is hinged at both ends (K=1.0)

The property of each channel section is as

follows:
b = 90 mm t = 12 mm x = 21.4 mm

t = 10 mm I = 38.1 x 10 mm

A = 4560 mm d = 250 mm

I = 2.91 x 10 mm

1. What is the compressive stress in the

column due to an axial compressive load of
700 kN? Ans. 76.75 MPa

2. What is the maximum bending stress in the

column due to a moment of 60 kN-m about
the x-axis of the section? Ans. 98.43 MPa

3 What is the critical (maximum) effective

slenderness ratio of the column? Ans. 54.72
A pile cap is shown in the Figure. The column is
400 mm x 400 mm and carries a sevice dead
load of 900 kN and sevice live load of 1300 kN.
Centroid main reinforcing bars are located 85
mm from the bottom of the footing. Use f′ = SITUATION 3
21 MPa and f = 345 MPa.
A rectangular tied column is reinforced with
eight 28-mm diameter bars. If the bars are to
be replaced with 25-mm, how many bars are
1. Calculate the required footing thickness “t” required if it is to be distributed equally on all
based on wide beam shear. Ans. 721 mm four sides of the column? Ans. 12
2. Calculate the required footing thickness “t”
based on punching shear. Ans. 681 mm

3. What is the factored moment at the critical

section for moment? Ans. 694 kN-m

SITUATION 2:
SLAB
A. FIBER

Situation 29: Nov 2012: The section of a

prestressed hallow core slab is shown in Figure
C3.563.8. The slab is simply supported over a
span of 7.5 m and carries a superimposed dead - Determine the stress at the bottom fibers at
load of 1.5 kPa and live load of 2.1 kPa. The L/4 due to total load in mPa
total pressing force is 550 kN at eccentricity of
Ans. 1.29
38 mm. Assume loss of prestress of 20% at - Determine the stress at the top fibers at the
service loads midspan due to total load in mPa
Ans. -11.16
The properties of the section are as follows: - What maximum uniform load (in kN/m) can
Cross-sectional area = 120 x 103 mm2, Moment the slab carry if the maximum allowable tensile
of inertia, Ix = 312 x 106 mm4, Weight of beam = stress in concrete is 3.2 mPA and the minimum
2.30 kPa allowable compressive stress is 18.5 mPa?
Ans. 6.44
- Determine the stress at the bottom fibers at
L/4 due to total load, in MPa. Sit #14:
a. -6.32 b. -8.62 The figure shows a prestressed hallow core slab
c. -8.62 d. -12.58 used for the flooring of a library.
- Determine the stress at the top fibers art Given the following properties of the slab:
midspan due to total load, in mPa. A = 1.4 x 105 mm2 a = 1.20mm St = Sb = 6.8 x 106
a. -10.22 b. -9.87 mm3 b = 200mm Slab weight = 2.7 kPa Live load
c. 4.28 d. -11.61 = 2.9 kPa Superimposed dead load = 2 kPa
- what maximum uniform load (in kN/m) can Prestressing force = 820 kN at e=63mm below
the slab carry if the maximum allowable tensile N.A.
stress in concrete is 3.2 mPa. And the maximum
allowable compressive stress is 18.5 mPa? The slab is simply supported on a span of 8m.
a. 6.44 b. 6.87 Allowable stresses at service loads are 2.0 MPa
c. 5.63 d. 7.12 in tension and 15.5 MPa in compression.
Consider 15% loss of prestress at service loads.
Sit 30: May 2013: The section of a prestressed Calculate the ff:
hollow core slab is shown in the figure. The slab a) The stress (in MPa) at the top fiber of the slab
is simply supported over a span of 7.5 m and at the ends due to initial prestress force. = 1.74
carries a superimposed dead load of 1.5 kPa and T
live load of 2.1 kPa. The total pressing force is
b) The stress (in MPa) at the top fiber of the
550 kN at eccentricity of 38mm. Assume loss of
slab at midspan due to loads and prestress force
prestressed of 20% at service loads.
= 9.25 C
The properties of the section are as follows. c) The maximum total load (kN.m) including its
Cross-sectional area = 120 x 103 mm2 own weight, that the slab can be subjected to if
Moment of inertia, Ix = 312x106 mm4 the allowable stresses at service loads are not
Weight of beam = 2.30 kPa to be exceeded. 11.4
B. MOMENT Sit #9:
From the figure shown:
Sit 19: Nov 2015: The floor framing plan of a
reinforced concrete structure is shown in the
figure. The columns are 400mm x 400mm and
the beams are 320mm wide with h = 350mm,
the section at support for beam EFGH is also
shown in the figure. Assume fc = 28 mPa and fy
= 415 mPa. The NSCP coefficients for continuous
beams and slabs is given in Figure code-523.

- Calculate the nominal moment strength of the

beam.
Ans. 247.5 kN-m
- Calculate the maximum factored uniform load
Wu that can be supported by beam EFGH
Ans. 71 kN/m
- If h = 500 mm, calculate the nominal moment
strength of the beam.
Ans. 404 kN-m

SIT # 7:
The figure shows a one-way slab having a total
depth of 200mm with a 25mm clear covering at
the bottom. The steel reinforcement is 20mm Given:
diameter. Spacing of steel reinforcement is 125 L1=6m L3=7m L2=6m S=2.5m
mm on centers. fc’=20 MPa, fy=400 MPa. Beam section b x h= 350mmx450mm
Considering 1m width of slab. Determine the Slab thickness, t = 100mm
moment capacity of a strip of slab. Material Strength:
fc’ = 27.5 MPa fy = 415 MPa

Loads: U = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL

Dead Load: WD = 5.0 kPa (including slab and
beam)
Live Load: WL = 3.6 kPa
Ans. Mu=131. 46 kN.m All beams are 350mm wide.

a.) What is the moment (kN.m) at the end of F

of beam EF? M = -93.85 kN.m
b.) What is the moment (kN.m) at mid-span of F
of beam FG? M = 67.04 kN.m
c.) What is the shear (kN) at the end of F of
beam EF?
V = 95.51 kN
Sit #12: Sit # 20:
Given beam: Given the following data for the floor framing
B x h = 300mmX450mm plan shown.
Slab thickness, t = 100mm Dimensions:
S = 2.8m L1 = L2 = L3 = 8m L1 = L2 = 6m L3 = 7m
Super imposed loads: S = 2.5m
DL = 2.6 kPa LL = 3.6 kPa Beam, b x h = 350mmX450mm
Concrete fc’ = 20.7 MPa Slab thickness, t = 100 mm
Steel fy = 415 MPa Columns = 400mmX400mm
Concrete unit weight = 24 kN/m3 Loads:
Clear concrete cover to stirrups = 50 mm Dead Load = 5.2 kPa (including slab and beam
Stirrups = 10 mmϕ weight)
Concrete column = 300mmX300mm Live Load = 3.8 kPa
Load combination = 1.2DL+1.6LL

a.) Compute the total ultimate load Wu (kN/m)

to design beam I-K-J-L. Ultimate load;
U=1.4DL+1.7LL
Wu = 40.3 kN/m
b.) If the design ultimate load, Wu=32 kN/m,
find the negative moment (kN.m) at the end of
K of span JK. M = -172.5 kN/m
c.) How many 25mmϕ bars are required at the
end K of span KL if the design ultimate load, Wu
= 32 kN/m. M = -189.73 kN.m
 Sit 28. May 2014: Given the floor slab framing in
a.) Compute the moment (kN-m) at end G in the figure. The slab is subjected tot total
beam GH. 114.6 factored load of 12 kN/m2. The beam width is
b.) Compute the moment (kN-m) at the 300mm. slab thickness is 100 mPa. Assume ρ =
midspan beam of GH. 95.8 20.7 mPa and clear cover to reinforcing bars of
20mm. Use figure code-523
c.) Compute the shear (kN) at end G in beam
GH. 117

C. SPACING

Situation 27: may 2013: The column shown in

the figure is subjected to shear force Vu parallel
to the 550mm side. Allowable concrete shear
stress for shear parallel 550 mm side is 0.85
mPa, concrete strength P = 25 mPa and steel
strength for longitudinal reinforcement is 4.14 - Determine the maximum positive moment in
mPa. The ties are all 12 mm in diameter with the slab FGJK
clear cover of 40 mm. Ans. 4.69 kN-m
- Determine the required spacing of the slab
reinforcing bars near beam FG.
Ans. 200mm
- Determine the maximum spacing of the slab
reinforcing bars as prescribe by the NSCP 2001
provisions.
Ans. 300mm

D. FACTORED LOAD

Situation 9: May 2011: The floor framing plan

of a reinforced concrete slab is shown in Figure
- Calculate the required spacing of hoop 006. It is required to determine the stirrup
reinforcement due to a factored shear force of spacing if beam BE. The slab carries a dead load
Vu = 490 kN of 4.9 kPa (including its own weight) and a live
Ans. 210mm load of 4.8 kPa. Unit weight of concrete is 23.5
- Determine the maximum spacing of transverse kN/m3. Use fc = 21 mPa and fy = 275 mPa.
reinforcement in accordance to section Concrete cover is 70mm from the centroid of
5.21.4..4.2. tension steel area. Use 10mm diameter vertical
Ans. 134.2 U-stirrup.
- Calculate the required spacing of transverse Refer to CODE section 5.11.1 (1992 NSCP) or
reinforcement in accordance with the special Section 411.2 (2001 NSCP)
provisions for seismic design
Ans. 85mm
- What is the factored uniform load on beam
BE?
a. 42.7 kN/m b. 34.8 kN/m
c. 53.2 kN/m d. 48.3 kN/m
What is the factored shear at critical section in
beam BE?
a. 125 kN b. 112 kN/m
c. 137 kN/m d. 154 kN/m
What is the required stirrup spacing in beam
BE?
a. 140 mm b. 95 mm
c. 190 mm d. 275 mm

Sit 19: Nov 2015: The floor framing plan of a

reinforced concrete structure is shown in the
figure. The columns are 400mm x 400mm and
the beams are 320mm wide with h = 350mm,
the section at support for beam EFGH is also
shown in the figure. Assume fc = 28 mPa and fy
= 415 mPa. The NSCP coefficients for continuous
beams and slabs is given in Figure code-523.

- Calculate the nominal moment strength of the

beam.
Ans. 247.5 kN-m
- Calculate the maximum factored uniform load
Wu that can be supported by beam EFGH
Ans. 71 kN/m
- If h = 500 mm, calculate the nominal moment a. Calculate the uniform service dead load on
strength of the beam. beam DEF kN/m. 17.1
Ans. 404 kN-m b. Calculate the uniform service live load on
beam DEF kN/m. 12
Sit #19: c. Calculate the factored (ultimate) load at E
A reinforced concrete beam with width of induced by beam DEF using the tributary area
300mm and overall depth of 420mm are spaced method. 266
at s=3m as shown. The slab is 100mm thick. The
superimposed dead load (including floor finish,
fixtures, ceiling, etc.) is 2.6 kPa and the love load
is 4 kPa. Columns E and H are omitted such that
girder BEHK support the beams DEF at E and GHI
at H. Unit wt. of concrete is 23.5 kN/m3,
L1=L2=6m.
FOOTING 2. Calculate the nearest value to
minimum soil pressure in kPa.
>>PRESSURE Ans. -209.6 kPa
3. What should be the minimum
SITUATION 1 allowable soil pressure in kPa?
The Rectangle footing shown is Ans. 386.1 kPa
subjected to an axial load P=1200 kN and SITUATION 3
a moment of M=360 kN-m. It is required
to determine the safe gross bearing The rectangular footing shown in figure
capacity of the soil to support the given C57-550 is subjected to the following
loads. The unit weights of concrete and service axial loads and moments.
soil are 23.5 kN/m3 and 18 kN/m3 , Axial loads: PDL = 600 kN, PLL = 440 kN
respectively.
Moment about x-axis: MDL = 112 kN-m
1. What is the maximum foundation
pressure in kPa? Ans. 256 kPa MLL = 50 kN-m
2. What is the minimum foundation Moment about y-axis: MDL = 160 kN-m
pressure in kPa? Ans. 64 kPa
3. What is the minimum required MLL = 130 kN-m
gross allowable soil bearing
The base of the footing is 2.2 m below the
capacity to carry the given loads?
natural grade line. The soil above the
Ans. 299.45 kPa
footing has a unit weight of 17 kN/m3, and
the unit weight of concrete is 24 kN/m3.
Depth of footing is 700mm.

SITUATION 2
A concrete pedestal is supported by a 2.5
m x 3 m footing. The top of the pedestal
is subjected to a vertical force of 2100 kN
and horizontal force of 120 kN parallel to
the long side of the footing. The footing is
0.6 m thick and its depth below the 1. Determine the maximum soil
ground is 1.8 m. The top of the pedestal pressure in kPa. Ans. -267.84
is 2.2 m from the top of footing. Unit kPa
weights of concrete and soil are 23.5 2. Determine the minimum soil
kN/m3 and 18 kN/m3 respectively. pressure in kPa. Ans. -9.49 kPa
3. Determine the allowable soil
1. Calculate the nearest value to the bearing capacity in kPa.
maximum soil pressure in kPa. Ans. 310.14 kPa
Ans. -350.4 kPa
SITUATION 4 SITUATION 6
A gravity dam is acted upon by the forces A rectangular footing 3 meters along the
(per meter length) shown in the figure. y-axis and 4m along the x-axis. The
For this problem, F1 = 275 kN, F2 = 600 footing has a total thickness of 900mm
kN, F3 = 165 kN, a = 1.8m, b = 2m, c = and supports the following loads:
1.2m, angle θ= 60o.
Axial loads: D = 1080 kN
1. Calculate the maximum
L = 480 kN
foundation pressure.
Ans. -185.28 kPa E = 140 kN
2. Calculate the minimum foundation
pressure. Ans. -87.72 kPa Moment about y-axis:
3. If the coefficient of friction between D = 240 kN-m
the base and the soil is 0.35, what
is the factor against sliding. Ans. L = 60 kN-m
1.808 E = 88 kN-m
The height of the fill above the footing is
1.8m, unit weight of soil is 17 kN/m3 and
of the concrete is 23.6 kN/m3. Determine
the following:

SITUATION 5
An isolated rectangular footing is
subjected to a vertical load of P and a
horizontal force of H as shown in the
Figure. For thus problem, P = 2100 kN
and H = 120 kN.
1. What is the maximum soil 1. The eccentricity of the load
pressure at the base of the measured from the y-axis.
footing? Ans. -366.4 kPa Ans. 288mm
2. What is the minimum soil pressure 2. The maximum soil pressure due
at the base of the footing? Ans. to loads. Ans. -190.167 kPa
-193.6 kPa 3. The minimum required allowable
3. What is the minimum permissible soil bearing pressure.
foundation pressure? Ans. 408.7 Ans. 226.71 kPa
kPa
SITUATION 7 Unit weight of concrete = 24 KN/m3
The section of a retaining wall is shown Unit weight of soil = 17 KN/m3
in the Figure. In this problem, H1 = 6.5m,
Loads:
H2 = 6m, t1 = 0.25m, t2 = 0.55m, B = 2.8m.
Neglect the effect of the soil at the right P (KN) My (KN-m)
side of the wall and consider 1 meter
length of wall. Determine the following: D 800 48
L 740 28
E - 180

1. The total lateral force on the wall.

Ans. 119.708 kN
2. The overturning moment.
Ans. 259.368 kN-m
3. The resisting overturning moment
(righting moment)
Ans. 436.47 kN-m 1. Determine the location (m) of the
resultant column force on the footing
measured from B. xB = 2.084 METERS
SITUATION 8
2. Determine the maximum net soil
Refer to the footing shown. pressure in KPa. qmax = -104.52 KPA
Given: 3. Determine the minimum net soil
pressure in KPa. qmin = -66.59 KPA
Footing dimension, L x W = 4 m x 4.5 m
Column dimension, a x b = 0.6 m x 0.75
m
Footing thickness, h = 0.75 m
Soil thickness, H = 1.5 m
>> FACTORED SHEAR, NO. OF 3. The required number of 22mm
BARS, SHEAR STRESS bars in each direction. Assume
f’c=21 MPa and fy=414 MPa.
SITUATION 1 Ans. 19 bars
A square footing is shown in the figure. SITUATION 3
The footing is to support a 350 mm x 400
mm column that carried an axial dead A 2.4 m square footing concentrically
load of 740 kN and an axial live load 460 supports a 350mm x 400mm rectangular
kN. Use f’c = 20.7 MPa and fy = 275 MPa. column. The footing has an effective
Main bar diameter is 20mm, concrete depth of 650mm. Use f’c= 20.7 MPa and
cover from centroid of main bars = fy=275 MPa.
90mm. 1. Calculate the maximum factored
load that the footing can support
considering the wide beam shear
stress. Ans. 6435.13 kN
2. Calculate the maximum factored
load that the footing can support
considering two-way (punching)
shear stress. Ans. 4201.3 kN
3. Using the load in the second part,
calculate the required number of
1. Calculate the factored shear on 22mm diameter reinforcing barss
footing at critical section for wide to resist moment at critical section
beam action. Ans. 503.74 kN along the 400mm side of the
2. Calculate the factored shear on column. Ans. 21 bars
footing at critical section for two-
way action. Ans. 1647.7 kN SITUATION 4
3. Determine the required number of A combined footing is shown on the
20mm bars. Ans. 15 bars figure.
SITUATION 2 Dimension distance between
A 2.4-in square footing with a thickness columns = 3.9 m
of 0.80 m supports a 450 mm square Effective depth of footing = 500 mm
column. The base of the footing is
situated 2.2 m below the ground level Reduction factor for shear  = 0.75
with a soil back fill above its footing with
Reduction factor for moment  =
unit weight of 17 kN/m3. The column
0.90
carries a service dead load of 2800 kN
and live load of 4200 kN. Concrete cover f’c = 27.5 MPa
to the center of the reinforcement is
fy = 413 MPa
100mm. determine the ff.
1. Determine the max punching
1. The required nominal wide beam
shear stress. p = 1.0 MPA
shear strength. Ans. 0.887 MPa
2. The factoral punching shear 2. Determine the wide beam shear
stress. Ans. 2.65 MPa stress.  = 0.38 MPA
 3. Determine the number of 12 mm The footing is subjected to a moment of
 bars parallel to the length of 126 KN-m and a total vertical load of 280
footing within the length of d1. N = KN. Find the minimum width (m) of the
17 BARS footing to prevent uplift. L = 2.7 METERS

>>MINIMUM WIDTH TO 2. Given:

PREVENT UPLIFT Resisting moment, Mr = 440 KN-m
SITUATION 1 Overturning moment, Mot = 260 KN-m
A footing supports a 250 mm thick Total vertical load = 265 KN
concrete wall. The footing is 350 mm
thick and the allowable soil bearing Find the minimum width (m) of the footing
pressure is 192 kPa. Concrete strength to prevent uplift. L = 4.1 METERS
f’c = 27.5 MPa and steel yield strength fy 3. Given:
= 415 MPa. Consider 1-m length of
footing. Footing width = 3 m

1. If the footing is subjected to a Resisting moment, Mr = 500 KN-m

moment of 126 KN-m and a total Overturning moment, Mot = 265 KN-m
vertical load of 280 KN, find the
minimum width (m) of the footing to Total vertical load = 335 KN
prevent uplift. B = 2.7 m
Which of the following gives the
2. If the footing is subjected to a maximum soil bearing pressure (MPa)?
resisting moment of 440 KN-m, Fmax = 318.59 KPa or 319 KPa
overturning moment of 260 KN-m,
and total vertical load of 265 KN, find
the minimum width (m) of the footing >> NOMINAL WIDE BEAM
to prevent uplift. B = 2.04 m
SITUATION 1
3. If the footing is 3 m wide and
subjected to a resisting moment of The pile cap shown in the figure supports
500 KN-m, overturning moment of a 400-mm square column. In this
265 KN-m, and total vertical load of problem, x1 = 2 m, x2 = 0.6 m and d = 0.6
335 KN, compute the maximum soil m.
bearing pressure in KPa. q = 318.4 Loads:
KPa
Axial dead load, PD = 430 KN
SITUATION 2
Axial live load, PL = 380 KN
A footing supports a 250 mm thick
concrete wall. Axial earthquake load, PE = 220 KN

1. Given: Moment due to earthquake, ME = 170

KN-m
Allowable soil bearing pressure = 192
KPa Load combinations:

Thickness of footing = 350 mm DEAD & LIVE LOAD: U = 1.4D + 1.7L

Concrete, f’c = 27.5 MPa DEAD, LIVE & EARTHQUAKE LOAD:

Steel, fy = 415 MPa U = 1.32D + 1.1L + 1.1E

 SITUATION 2
A 1.75 m wide strip footing supports a
250 mm thick wall. Analyze 1 m length of
wall.

Given:
Thickness of footing, t = 300 mm
Concrete cover to centroid of
reinforcement = 100 mm
Dead load, D = 175 KN
Live load, L = 89 KN/m
Load combination, U = 1.2D + 1.6L
Concrete strength, f’c = 27.5 MPa
Steel yield strength fy = 415 MPa
Unit weight of concrete = 23.6 KN/m3
Allowable soil pressure = 96 KPa
1. Calculate the required nominal wide
beam shear stress at critical section. n =
1. Calculate the required spacing (mm) of
0.358 MPA
16 mm diameter main bars. s = 250 mm

2. Calculate the required nominal

2. Calculate the critical nominal wide
punching shear stress at critical section.
beam shear stress in MPa. Use  = 0.75
n = 0.489 MPA
n = 0.738 MPA

3. Calculate the required moment at

3. Determine the required width (m) of
critical section. Mu= 467.632 KN-m
footing without exceeding the allowable
soil pressure, assuming a footing
thickness of 250 mm. B = 2.93 m
PRE-STRESSED Situation 3. – The section of a pre-stressed
double-tee concrete floor joist is shown in the
Situation 1. - The 6 m long pre stressed figure. The pre-stressing force in each tee is 750
cantilever beam shown in the Figure carries a kN. Unit weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/m³
concentrated live load of 18kN at the free end
and a uniform deadload due to its own weight.
Unit weight of concrete is 20 kN/m³. The strands
are 12 mm in diameter with total pre-stressing
force of 540 kN applied at an eccentricity “e”
above the neutral axis of the gross section.

The properties of the double-tee section are:

Area = 200,000 mm y₂ = 270 mm
I = 1890 x 10⁶ mm⁴ y₃ = 75 mm
1. What is the maximum stress (Mpa) in the Y₁ = 90 mm Simple span, L = 8 m
bottom fiber of the beam at the free end when
the eccentricity e= 0? Fbot = -2.25 MPa Service load son floor: Dead load = 2.5 kPa
Live load = 6 kPa
2. What is the stress in the top fiber of the beam
at the fixed end when the eccentricity e= 7. Determine the initial stress at the bottom
100mm? Ftop = +3.6 Mpa fibers due to pre-stressing force along?
Fbot = -48.604 MPa
3. What is the required eccentricity e such that
the stress in the top fiber of the beam at the 8. Determine the stress at the bottom fibers due
fixed end is zero? e= 260 mm to service load and pre-stressing force. Assume
that there is a loss of pre-stress of 20% at service
loads. Fbot = -8.689 MPa
Situation 2. – A pre-stressed concrete beam has
width of 300mm and an overall depth of 600mm. 9. Calculate the additional load can the floor
The pre-stressing tendons are placed at a carry so that the stress at the bottom fibers at
distance “e” below the neutral axis of the beam the midspan is zero. P= 3.04 kPa
and applied pre-stressing force is P = 1500 kN.
There is 15% loss of pre-stress. Situation 4. – The section of a pre-stressed
hallow core slab is shown in Figure C3.563.8. The
4. Determine the compressive stress in concrete slab is simply supported over a span of 7.5 m and
when P is applied at the centroid of the beam. carries a superimposed dead load of 1.5 kPa and
Fc = -7.08 MPa live load of 2.1 kPa. The total pre-stressing force
is 550 kN at eccentricity of 38 mm. Assume loss
5. What is the maximum compressive stress in of pre-stress at 20% at service loads.
the bean web e = 120mm? Fc top = -15.583 Mpa

6. Determine the value of the eccentricity “e”

such that the resulting stress at the top fiber of
the beam is zero. e = 100 mm
The properties of the section are as follows:
Cross-sectional area = 120 x 10³ mm^2 13. Determine the initial stress at the bottom
Moment of Inertia, Ix = 312 x 10⁶ mm⁴ fibers due to pre-stressing force alone?
Weight of the beam = 2.30 kPa Fbot = -48.604 MPa

10. Determine the stress at the bottom fibers at 14. Determine the stress at the bottom fibers
L/4 due to total load in MPa. Fbot = 1.289 MPa due to service load and pre-stressing force.
Assume that there is loss of pre-stress of 20% at
11. Determine the stress at the top fibers at service loads. Fbot = -8.689 MPa
midspan due to total load in MPa.
Ftop = -11.614 Mpa 15. Calculate the additional load can the floor
carry so that the stress at the bottom fibers the
12. What maximum uniform load in kN/m can midspan is zero. Pa = 3.04 kPa
the slab carry if the maximum allowable tensile
stress in concrete is 3.2 MPa and the maximum
allowable compressive stress is 18.5 Mpa? Situation 6. – A pre-stressed concrete beam is
W = 6.441 kN / m 250 mm wide by 450 mm deep. The initial pre-
stressing force is 600 kN. Assume that there is
loss of pre-stress of 15% at service loads.

Situation 5. – The section of a pre-stressed 16. What is the final compressive stress in the
double-tee concrete floor joist is shown in the beam if the pre-stressing force is applied at the
Figure. The pre-stressing force in each tee is 750 centroid of the beam?
kN. Unit weight of concrete is 23.5kN/m^3. Fc = -4.533 MPa

The properties of the double-tee section are: 17. What is the final compressive stress in the
Area = 220,000 mm^4 y2 = 270 mm beam if the pre-stressing force is applied at 100
I= 1890 x 10^6 mm^4 y3 = 75 mm mm below the centroid of the beam?
Y1 = 90 mm Simple span, L = 8 m Fc = -10.578 MPa
b = 2.5m
18. What is the maximum eccentricity at which
Service loads: Dead load = 2.5 kPa the pre-stressing force can be applied without
Live load = 6 kPa producing tensile stress in the beam?
e = 75 mm

Situation 7. – The section of a double tee (DT)

pre-stress concrete joist is shown in Figure C065-
4526. The joists are simply supported on a span
of 7.5 m and are pre-tensioned with total initial
force of 1100 kN from low-relaxation strands.
The joist supports a total dead load of 2.3 kPa
(including beam weight) and live load of 6.2 kPa.
There is loss of pre-stress of 20% at service loads.
Unit weight of concrete is 24 kN/m^3.

Properties of sections
A= 200,000 mm^2
Ina = 1.880 x 10^9 mm^4
 23. The stress (in MPa) at the top fiber of the slab
at midspan due to loads and pre-stress force.
Top Fiber = f₇ = -9.25 MPa (Compression)

24. The maximum total load (in kN/m) including

its own weight that the slab can be subjected to
if the allowable stresses at service loads are not
to be exceeded. Wmax = 11.421 kN / m

19. Calcuate the stress at the top fibers of the DT

at end span due to initial pre-stressing force
only. Ftop fiber = +4.386 MPa

20. Calculate the compressive stress at the

bottom fibers of the DT at midspan due to initial
pre-stressing force only. Fbot = -35.495 MPa

21. Calculate the additional load in kPa such that

the stress at the bottom fibers of the DT at
midspan (due to service loads and pre-stress
force) will be zero. Additional Load = 3.348 kPa

Situation 8. – The figure shows a pre-stressed

hallow core slab used for flooring of a library.

Given the following properties of the slab:

A = 1.4 x 10⁵ mm^2 a = 1.20 m

Sr = Sb = 6.8 x 10⁶ mm³ b = 200 mm
Slab weight = 2.7 kPa Super imposed
Live load = 2.9 kPa dead load = 2 kPa

Pre-stressing force = 820 kN at e = 63 mm

below N.A

The slab is simply supported on a span of 8 m.

Allowable stresses at service loads are 2.0 mPa
in tension and 15.5 MPa in compression.
Consider 15% loss of pre-stress at service loads.

Calculate the following:

22. The stress (in MPa) at the top fiber of the slab
at the ends due to initial pre-stress force.
Top Fiber = f₃ = +1.74 MPa (Tension)
Pattern Loadings moment (Kn-m) at span DE? Ans.
159.71
Sit 2 L=8m, S1=S3=2.5, S2=3m
Sit 1 L1=L2=7.5m, S=2.5m. SDL=
3.2 kPa, LL= 3.6 kPa, Conc Unit wt DL(including conc wt.)= 4.6 Kpa,
= 24 kN/m3. Beam DEF is simply LL= 4.8 Kpa
supported at D, E and F. For two
For max stresses, apply the ff.
spans loaded, the negative
moment at the interior support is • Use Pattern Loading for live
wl2/8. For one span loaded, the load
negative moment at the interior • 1.4DL+1.7L
support is wl2/16.
For max stresses, apply the ff.
• Use Pattern Loading for live
load
• 1.4DL+1.7L
4 Calculate the Max. Factored
reaction (kn) at L? Ans. 355.44
KN
5. Calculate the minimum factored
reaction(Kn) at O. Ans. 38.602
KN
6. Calculate the maximum
factored moment (Kn-m) at
L.Ans. 266.93 Kn.
Sit 3 L=6m, S1=S3=2.5, S2=2.6m
1. What is the moment (kn-m) at
the interior support E of beam Factored loads for span KLMNO.
DEF? Ans. 292.64Kn-m DL= 15 Kn/m , LL= 19Kn/m
2.What is the maximum reaction For max stresses, apply the ff.
(KN) at the interior support E? Ans.
390.19Kn • Use Pattern Loading for live
load
3. If the loads at ultimate conditions 7. Calculate the Max. Factored
are Wdu=24Kn/m and Wlu=12.2 moment (Kn-m) at L in beam
Kn/m,find the max. positive LM? Ans. -140.256 Kn-m
8. Calculate the maximum Sit 4.
factored shear in span KLMNO.
L1=6m, L2=6m,L3=7m, S=2.5m
Ans. 125.31 KN
9. Calculate the maximum Beam section : 350x450
factored reaction (KN) at span Slab thk=100mm
KLMNO .Ans. 242.29 Kn.
Fc=27.5 Mpa, fy=415 Mpa
U=1.2DL+1.6LL
DL= 5 Kpa including self wt of
beam and slab
LL=3.6 Kpa
Sit 3. All beams are 350 mm wide.
A 3 span beam is simply supported 13. Moment at the end of F of
at A, B, C and D as shown. DL=18 beam EF? Ans. -93.85 Kn-m
Kn/m, LL=12.5 Kn/m. Span L=8m. 14. Moment at the midspan of
beam FG? Ans. 67.04 Kn-m
Use pattern loading of live load for 15. Shear at the end F of beam
maximum stresses. EF? Ans. 95.51 Kn
10. Find the maximum reaction
(kN) at C. Ans. 278.4Kn
11. Maximum shear at C? Ans.
148.1 Kn
12. Maximum Moment at C?
208.56 Kn-m
 S
PATTERN LOADING

Sit 5.
Beam ABCDE is to be analyzed for
maximum forces at ultimate
conditions. The beam is simply
supported at A, B, C, D. DL=
15Kn/m, LL=19Kn/m. Use pattern
Loadings Diagram.
16. Maximum reaction at D?
Ans.233.17kn
17. Maximum shear at D?
Ans.169.24
18. Maximum moment at D?
Ans. 131.09Kn-m.
Situation 35 – Given the following data for the flooring framing plan shown. (May 2017)
Dimensions:
L1= L2 = 6 m Beam b x h = 350 mm x 450 mm
L3 = 7 m Slab thickness, t = 100 mm
S = 2.5 m Columns: 400 mm x 400 mm
Loads:
Dead load = 5.2 kPa (including slab and beam weight)
Live load = 3.8 kPa
Load combination, U = 1.2D + 1.6L

1. Compute the moment (kN-m) at end G in beam GH. Answer: MG = 114.607 kN.m
2. Compute the moment (kN-m) at the midspan of beam GH. Answer: MGH = 95.832 kN.m
3. Compute the shear (kN) at end G in beam GH.
Answer: VG = 116.89 kN