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Instant Download Chemistry 13th Edition by Raymond Chang Ebook PDF PDF Scribd
Instant Download Chemistry 13th Edition by Raymond Chang Ebook PDF PDF Scribd
v
vi Contents
Gases 174
5.1 Substances That Exist as Gases 175
5.2 Pressure of a Gas 177
5.3 The Gas Laws 180
5.4 The Ideal Gas Equation 186
5.5 Gas Stoichiometry 195
5.6 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures 197
CHEMISTRY in Action
Scuba Diving and the Gas Laws 202
Thermochemistry 230
6.1 The Nature of Energy and Types of Energy 231
6.2 Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions 232
6.3 Introduction to Thermodynamics 234
CHEMISTRY in Action
Making Snow and Inflating a Bicycle Tire 240
Periodic Relationships
Among the Elements 326
8.1 Development of the Periodic Table 327
8.2 Periodic Classification of the Elements 329
8.3 Periodic Variation in Physical Properties 333
8.4 Ionization Energy 339
CHEMISTRY in Action
The Third Liquid Element? 340
Chemical Bonding I:
Basic Concepts 366
9.1 Lewis Dot Symbols 367
9.2 The Ionic Bond 368
9.3 Lattice Energy of Ionic Compounds 370
CHEMISTRY in Action
Sodium Chloride—A Common and Important
Ionic Compound 374
CHEMISTRY in Action
Why Do Lakes Freeze from the Top Down? 473
©Anna Kireieva/Shutterstock
11.4 Crystal Structure 474
11.5 X-Ray Diffraction by Crystals 480
11.6 Types of Crystals 482
CHEMISTRY in Action
High-Temperature Superconductors 484
CHEMISTRY in Action
And All for the Want of a Button 488
Contents xi
CHEMISTRY in Action
Liquid Crystals 500
CHEMICAL MYSTERY
The Wrong Knife 554
xii Contents
13.4
Activation Energy and Temperature Dependence
of Rate Constants 582
13.5 Reaction Mechanisms 588
13.6 Catalysis 593
©Per-Andre Hoffmann/LOOK-foto/
Getty Images CHEMISTRY in Action
Pharmacokinetics 600
CHEMISTRY in Action
©yodiyim/Shutterstock
The Haber Process 646
CHEMISTRY in Action
The Thermodynamics of a Rubber Band 789
©Feng Wei Photography/Getty Images
17.6 Free Energy and Chemical Equilibrium 791
17.7 Thermodynamics in Living Systems 795
Learning Objectives 796
Key Equations 797
Summary of Concepts & Facts 797
Questions & Problems 798
Electrochemistry 806
18.1 Redox Reactions 807
18.2 Galvanic Cells 810
18.3 Standard Reduction Potentials 812
18.4 Thermodynamics of Redox Reactions 818
18.5 The Effect of Concentration of Cell Emf 821
18.6 Batteries and Fuel Cells 826
CHEMISTRY in Action
Bacteria Power 831
©GeneChutka/Getty Images
18.7 Corrosion 832
CHEMISTRY in Action
Dental Filling Discomfort 835
CHEMISTRY in Action
Boron Neutron Capture Therapy 885
CHEMICAL MYSTERY
A Story That Will Curl Your Hair 1078
Glossary G-1
Answers to Even-Numbered Problems AP-1
Index I-1
List of Applications
xix
List of Videos
xx
so on.
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Preface
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informati
The thirteenth edition follows the long tradition of sus- content. Students now have ac- Student Hot Spot In this pa
nificant f
taining a firm foundation in the concepts of chemical cess to over 1,000 digital learn- Student data indicate you may
struggle with significant figures. significan
principles and instilling an appreciation of the important ing resources throughout the Access your eBook for additional
Learning Resources on this topic.
Example
®
role chemistry plays in our daily lives. We believe that it SmartBook version of this
is our responsibility to help both instructors and students text. Included in these learning
in their pursuit of this goal by presenting a broad range of resources are over 200 videos of chemistry faculty solving
Example
chemical topics in a logical format. At all times, we strive actual problems or explaining concepts.
to balance theory and application and to illustrate princi- In the electronic version of this text, all the learning Determine th
ples with applicable examples whenever possible. resources for the Student Hot Spots are readily available. (b) 5.03 g, (c
(ΔSvap)
Liquid Modeling & Estimating.
Many of the examples and end-of-chapter problems
present extra tidbits of knowledge and enable the stu-
dent to solve a chemical problem that a chemist would
Solid solve. The examples and problems show students the
Melting real world of chemistry and applications to everyday
(ΔSfus)
life situations.
Temperature (K)
Æ. xi. 451.
January 2nd.
I went this afternoon, for the second time to-day, to the Soldiers’
Hospital. One of them asked me whether Paris was in Turkey. He
said the Turks were nice. Another asked me whether there wasn’t a
place where it was all water. I described Venice as best I could. On
my way to the hospital I went to the Hôtel Dresden. Metrofan has
been killed. His sister and his wife arrived in tears and in a terrible
state. He was shot by a shell.
January 3rd.
In the hospital a soldier told me two fairy tales; one was about a
wizard, and the other was in octosyllabic verse. It took twenty-five
minutes to tell. When he alluded to the “cloak of darkness” he called
it a “waterproof” cloak.
January 4th.
A cabman who drove me home last night drove me again to-day.
He said it was lucky I had taken him yesterday, because he had not
had another fare; and that he had told his comrades all about it, and
had said he would have been lost had not the Lord sent him a Barine,
and such a Barine too! (I had heavily overpaid him.) I said, “I
suppose you said, ‘God sent you a fool.’” “Oh! Barine, don’t offend
God,” he answered. The cabmen are a constant source of amusement
to me here. The other day, when I was driving, the cabman stopped
and made another one stop to admire his horse. After we drove on
again, we kept on meeting again, and every time we met we slowed
down, and the conversation about the horse and how much it had
cost was continued.
January 5th.
January 6th.
I came back to Moscow on the 10th. I saw the old year out (it is the
Russian New Year’s Eve) with the kind family who live on the floor
above mine, and with whom I always have my meals. They played
Vindt all night. When the New Year came “A happy New Year” was
drunk in champagne.
CHAPTER IX
THE BEGINNING OF THE REACTION
That is, they argue, the motto of the authorities, and that is exactly
the sentiment which arouses the indignation of the citizen. A cabman
asked some one the other day when they were going to punish “him.”
Who is “him”? he was asked. “Admiral Dubassov,” was the answer.
“Surely the Emperor will punish him for shooting at the houses.” The
energetic manner in which the rising was suppressed has, I am told,
produced a good effect in Europe; doubtless energetic measures were
not only necessary but imperative in the first instance; whether the
continuation of them now is a mistake or not only the future can
show. One fact, however, is certain, and that is that these measures
are being conducted with the same arbitrariness which has
characterised the action of the Russian police in the past, and are
causing intense exasperation. There is a word in Russian, “Proisvol,”
which means acting, like Wordsworth’s river, according to your “own
sweet will,” unheedful of, and often in defiance of, the law. It is
precisely this manner of acting which has brought about the
revolution in Russia. It is against the “Proisvol” that all the educated
classes and half the official class rebelled. And it is this very
“Proisvol” against which the whole country rose on strike, which the
Government promised should henceforth disappear, and which is at
the present moment triumphantly installed once more as the ruling
system.
Of course it may be objected that anarchy and lawless revolution
can only be met by severe repression; but the question is: Must it be
met by arbitrary and lawless repression? Hang the insurgents if you
like, but why shoot a doctor who has got nothing to do with it before
you know anything about him? To stop a newspaper like the Russkie
Viedomosti, for instance, is an act of sheer “Proisvol,” the reason
given being that it had subscription lists for workmen’s unions,
which it denies, saying that the money was for the wounded. Here I
point to my second text. All this repression seems to me utterly futile.
The future, however, can show whether this is indeed so.
In the meantime election programmes are appearing. That of the
Constitutional Democrats has come out, and is moderate in tone,
although its clauses are extensive. It insists, among other things, on
universal suffrage and an eight-hours’ day for the workmen. Here I
would point to text 3. Everybody whom I have seen in Russia in any
way connected with the working man is agreed in saying that an
eight-hours’ day is an absolute impossibility. That a Russian
workman’s eight hours means in reality about six hours. That no
factory in Russia could exist on these terms. The Constitutional
Democrats seem in this case to have omitted the factor of human
egoism and interest.
One of the gravest factors of the general situation is that Eastern
Siberia seems to be entirely in the hands of the revolutionaries, who
are apparently managing the railway and everything else with perfect
order, while the troops, anxious only to get home, are taking any
engines they can lay hands on and racing back, one train literally
racing another!
Altogether it cannot be said that the outlook is particularly
cheerful. There is one bright point so far, and that is that all parties
seem anxious to convoke the Duma. The Liberals want it, the
Conservatives want it, the Extreme Radicals sanction the elections.
The Radicals say it will be packed by the Government; but I do not
see how this is possible. They say they will let it meet, and that if it
proves “a Black Hundred Duma” they will destroy it. They call
everything which is not Radical “Black Hundred.” But, as I have said
before, and as I cannot tire of saying, it is useless to blame these
extreme parties for talking nonsense. They have been driven to this
nonsense by the still greater want of sense on the part of the
Government of Russia during the last twenty years, and in wanting to
wipe out this system altogether they are, after all, in the right. Unfair
they may be, hysterical, and absurd. So were the Jacobins; but the
absurdity, extravagance, and violence of the Jacobins were only the
logical result of the “Ancien Régime.” So it is here, although it is
misleading to compare the present movement in Russia with the
French Revolution.
And behind all the rumours and conflicts of various parties looms
the agrarian question; the ninety million peasants who till the land in
the same manner in which they tilled it four hundred years ago;
whose land from generation to generation dwindles by partition,
while the population increases. How and when is this question going
to be solved? It can only be solved by the education of the peasants
themselves; but the question is what can be done to gain time and to
make this education possible. My outlook is, perhaps, too
pessimistic. I do not know. I only feel that the whole revolutionary
movement is beyond all forces of control, and that no measures in
the world can put it back now; whether it could by wisdom be led
into safe channels is another question. Such a thing has seldom been
seen in the history of the world, and it is, after all, only out of the
past that we make the future.
To get rid of these gloomy ideas I went to the hospital, where New
Year’s Day was celebrated with great gusto; there was a Christmas-
tree, dancing and song, and it was delightful to see a little tiny boy
and a huge soldier dancing opposite each other. The Russian
peasants dance to each other, and separately, of course, like
Highlanders when they dance a reel or a schottische. It was gay and
yet rather melancholy; there were so many cripples, and it reminded
me a little of the Christmas feast described in Dostoievski’s “Letters
from a Dead House.”
January 18th.
January 20th.