READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-13, which are based on Reading
passage 1 on pages 2 and 3.

Starting school later has positive effects on teens

A grow body of evidence demonstrates that descents benefit from more sleep.
When school districts push back the start of the school day, good things
happen.

With classes that start as early as 7 am and buses that pull up long before
sunrise some 80% of Us children in grades 6 through 12 are not getting the
recommended amount of sleep during the school year, according to research by the
National Sleep Foundation, a sleep advocacy group. These early start times
contribute to a myriad of problems. Exhausted children, studies suggest, not only
struggle with mutability, but also with depression, They gain weight and their
grades suffer, and many turn to caffeine, with questionable results for
productivity and unknown effects on the development of young brains.

Now, fueled by accumulating research designed to sleep late and that

delaying school start times even by just 30 minutes makes a huge difference in
how well teens feel and perform, an increasing number of schools around the
United States are starting the school day later than they used to. Many more are
thinking about it. At the same time, however, there are strong pockets of
resistance to change from administrators and parents who think that bus schedules
will get too complicated, that starting later will interfere with after-school
programs or that children will simply stay up later if they know they can sleep in
a little more.

According to Kyla Wahistrom, director of the Center for Applied

Research and Educational Improvement at the University of Minnesota, even
though the two districts could not be more different in terms of race
socioeconomics and other factors, changes in both places appeared immediately.

Some of the outcomes were quite significant. For instance, students were
noticeably more alert in the first two periods of the day. In addition, the cafeteria
was calmer, and there were fewer fights in the halls. Students, who were now
getting nearly an hour more sleep each night, said they felt less depressed. Even
parents told teachers they thought their kids were easier to live with.
 The melatonin shift

Blame biology, not laziness, for making teens reluctant to get up in the morning.
As children grow older and approach puberty, a period of important biological
change, their bodies circulate melatonin, the hormone that brings on sleepiness, two
hours later than before. As a result, teens find it impossible to fall asleep until
about 11 p.m., even if they try to go to bed earlier. Yet teenagers still need an
average of 9.25 hours of slumber each night. On top of the shift in natural sleeping
and waking times, there is also another factor. This is related to a period of intense
sleepiness which hits both adults and adolescents during the early morning hours.
In adults this low point in alertness hits. between 3 a.m. and 5 a.m.; in adolescents,
it falls between about 5 a.m. and 7.a.m. That means that, while their alarm clocks
are telling teens to get out of bed and demanding that their brains perform, their
bodies signal to them to keep sleeping.

In addition to the mood behavior and learning issues, scientists are starting to
uncover more subtle ways in which such chronic lack of sleep can hurt children.
Some studies, for example, show that sleep deprivation compromises the immune
system. Other's suggest that, with too little sleep, the body releases higher levels of
hormones that induce hunger, possibly contributing to growing rates of obesity.

To stay awake, young people often tum to coffee, soda and other caffeinated
beverages. In a public high school in the eastern Us state of Massachusetts, 95% of
polled students reported drinking caffeine in the prior two weeks, mostly in the
form of soda as opposed to coffee and most often in the afternoon and evening
hours, Dr Amy Wolfson and a colleague reported in Health Education and Behavior
According to Dr Wolfson, there are no published guidelines for how much caffeine
is too much for adolescents. However, the substance stays in the body for up to five
hours, which is three hours longer than originally thought, and is costing teens
unknown hours of sleep. Even if caffeinated teens manage to fall asleep caffeine
worsens the quality of their sleep. Finally, no one knows how caffeine might affect
developing brains, although plenty of experts are concerned about the link between
sugar in soda and weight gain.

School respond
As the sleep research piles up, a growing number of schools are moving toward
later start times. No one has kept track of how many schools have made the change,
but experts say they are fielding a growing number of calls from districts around
the US asking for advice about whether and how to switch to later start times.
Whatever it takes, teenagers need to get enough sleep. Changing school start times
has proven to be one way to achieve this.
Questions 1-5
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading
Passage 1? In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1 Sleep deprivation among children in the US is a result of current school

starting. times.
2 Research indicates that most overweight children need more
sleep.
3 Concerns about re-arranging bus timetables make some people oppose later
school start times.
4 The two school districts in the Minnesota experiment had similar groups
of students.
5 Parents and children in the two Minnesota school districts which were
studied got along better than before.

Questions 6-13
Complete the notes below
Choose ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for ach
answer.
White your answers in boxes 6-13 on your answer sheet

The melatonin shift

Biological changes

 Melatonin is released two hours later than before when teens start
reaching 6………….
  Melatonin causes 7……………

Sleep and awake time

 Big drop in 8.............. occur later in the night.
 5am-7am for teens
 3am-5am for
adults

Sleep loss
 leads to a weakened immune system.
 hormones that are released increase 9............. causing risk of obesity.

Caffeine
 teens in the Massachusetts study usually get caffeine by drinking
10……………
 effects can last for a maximum of 11......
 makes sleep 12...... worse
 no information on its impact on how the young peoples
13............mature

READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Read
Passage 2 on pages 7 and 8.

Questions 14-18

Reading Passage 2 has five sections, A-E.

Choose the comet heading or each section from the list of headings
below.

Write the correct letter, i-vii in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet .

List of Headings
i The desire to make expensive jewellery
ii The clues that indicate ancient items were decorative
iii Querying the changes in the value of traded items.
iv A natural human talent
v How status can be gained from ownership of goods
vi Recent finds alter theories about when consumerism started
vii hanges in research methods
14 Section A
15 Section B
16 Section C
17 Section D
18 Section E

Born to trade
Long before our ancestors had any trappings of citation, they had a taste or
material goods. Kate Douglas discovers where this ancient obsession has led
us.

A. Humans are born to trade and we don't need shops or money to do it-
the heart of commerce is an instinctive ability for what anthropologists
call reciprocity. This is an ability to exchange goods of equal worth
and it evolved as the brains of our ancient ancestors and societies
became more complex, allowing individuals to keep a running tally
their interactions with others. Evidence from modem hunter- gatherers
leaves little doubt that the exchange of food and flavors is innate, as is
the ability to keep track of the credits and debits that accrue as a
result. Combine this skill for mental book-keeping with even the most
basic material culture, and trade inevitably follows.

B. Once trade gets off the ground, the economic benefits quickly make it
irresistible, But exchanging tools, food and other essentials of life in a
barter economy is a far cry from the shopping mall. Modern
consumerism sway beyond subsistence and utilitarianism to encompass
everything from Gucci handbags and BMW convertibles to valuable
paintings dearly, the worth of such goods is not inherent but resides in
certain intangible qualities that we invest in them. When did humans
start holding these goods in such high esteem?
C. All the archaeological evidence for the flowering of consumer culture has
up to now pointed to a date of around 40,000 years ago. that's when early
modern humans started making increasingly intricate bone and stone tools,
carving patterns into rocks and creating representational art such as
carved figurines, jewellery and cave painting. However, discoveries in
Africa are pushing the origins of consumerism much further back into
human prehistory. A few years ago, reports began to emerge of
discoveries made at the Blombos cave, a site of ancient human habitation
in South Africa. Christopher Henshilwood and colleagues from the
University of Bergen in Norway dated thousands of pieces of ochre from
the cave and many of them proved to be more than 100,000 years old -
before the time that early humans moved out of Africa. Ochre, a coloured
clay that comes in various shades from red to black, does not occur
naturally around Blombos and must have been imported from quarries at
least 30 kilometers away, either directly by Blombos residents or through
trade. Although ochre can be used to dry and preserver cure'- animal
hides, the researchers are convinced the Blombos ochre had a symbolic
purpose. For a start, it is predominantly red. Any of the other colours
available would have done for curing -and the surfaces of the clay had
been scraped in a way that indicates they were used to yield pigment for
dyes.
D. An even more intriguing discovery from Blombos was of 41 beads dating
from 76,000 years ago, found in clusters and made from the shells of a
tiny mollusc. These cannot be natural deposits, argue the researchers, as
each cluster contains shells of a similar size and colour with consistently
placed holes. What's more, all the beads display a pattern of wear
suggesting friction from rubbing against thread, clothes or other beads.
The previous oldest find of beads in Africa dates back to just 45,000
years ago. And it seems the Blombos people's taste for beautiful items
was not an isolated phenomenon. Jessica Thompson of Arizona State
University in Tempe has described finding shell fragments from a site in
Tanzania that she believes may represent debris from bead manufacture.
They are at least 45,000 and possibly 280, 000-years old. Although there
is no evidence of how the ancient beads were used, their modern
counterparts are often traded. So, it looks as though our taste for
jewellery and art is much older than we thought.
E. But why did we come to value these objects in the first place? In many
animal species, individuals signal their genetic fitness by showing off
with attention-grabbing adornment. Some researchers think that in
humans, consumer products play a similar role. Archaeologist Aimee
Plourde, from the University of California, also argues that even in
egalitarian societies, some people are more successful than others. Among
our ancestors, superior skills in areas such as hunting, crafts,
environmental knowledge and contact with neighbouring groups would
have brought respect-in other words, prestige. And because prestige
 brings social benefits, people would want to show off their talents. The
best way to do this would be through demonstrating possession of material
items that are hard to fake. “A good hunter, for instance, could advertise
his skills by wearing the tooth of an animal that is elusive or dangerous,
says Plourde. The benefits of prestige would also lead to competition to
acquire it. As a result, the value and variety of prestige goods would
spiral and there would be a parallel increase in the ranking of social
systems. If Plourde is correct, prestige goods form a direct link between
our innate drive for trade and the development of structured, hierarchical
societies. They are arguably the first step on the road to modern
civilisation, paving the way for agriculture and urbanisation. We may not
be impressed by beads any more, but their modern equivalents have the
same fascination. Nobody believes the guy who spends E670,000 on a
Bugatti Veyron car does so because he needs to travel at 250mph. We all
know in today's consumer society he's buying an exclusive status symbol.

Questions 19-21
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 19-21 on your answer sheet.

19 In section A, reciprocity' refers to our ancestors ability to

A keep written records of different goods traded.
B monitor the balance between goods given and received.
C produce more materials for trading purposes
D make money from trading goods and services
20 What is said about the ochre found around Blombos?
A It is of a type only found in this reticular area.
B It has all been dyed to give the same shade of red.
C It has been perfectly preserved despite its age.
D It appears it was selected for its colour.
21 What made the researchers realise the purpose of the beads found at the
Blombos caves?
 A They are a great variety of shapes and sizes
B They were found in large numbers all grouped around each other.
C They have patterns in many different colours.
D They have holes and markings suggesting they were joined together.

Questions 22-26
Complete the summary below.

Why certain objects are

valued?

Some researchers argue that we may use ownership of desirable goods to

demonstrate our strength and fitness as other 22 ............... uses their attractive
physical features. Showing off one's superiority is not a new phenomenon and even
in ancient times successful people would have gained 23............. from this. A
desire for status could have led to an increase in the worth of prestige goods and to
24 ..........among people wishing to achieve this status.

It is thought that our natural desire to trade provided a basis for organised
farming and 25............. development and finally resulted in the complex
societies which can be seen today. Whilst we do not value things such as beads
nowadays, other items hold the same appeal for us and bring the same status as
owing beads did for our 26………….

A. competitiveness
F. respect
H. ancestors
I. species
J. city

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 mines on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading
Passage 3 on pages 11 and 12.
 New Zealand home textile crafts of the 1930s to 1950s
Objects made by previous generations of women should be valued more highly

Domestic crafts do not build monuments to their makers, nor do they create
wealth, and too often they have not survived. In consequence, the domestic crafts
produced by mothers grandmothers and great grandmothers in New Zealand are
often overlooked. But needlework should be preserved, for it helps to convey a
sense of people's identity and past beliefs in these remote island in the Pacific
Ocean.

Women of previous generations expected to sew; they had to dress their families
in a item when few people could afford to buy what they were capable of making.
For some women this work may have been unwelcome drudgery, but for others it
was an opportunity to explore their identities, beliefs and dreams with the only
means readily at hand-a needle, some thread, and a piece of fabric.

Textiles are frustrating to collect. They are fragile; they stain; they develop rust
marks; they fray and rot. If they are used, they deteriorate; yet if they are merely
stored, the owner does not fully enjoy the pleasure of possession. That is probably
why they have not been a popular thing to collect compared, for example, to
antique furniture or fine china which are more durable investments. It is also true
that domestic crafts are seldom signed. We like signatures because we can more
readily assign value-and high prices-if we can identify the marker. But most
women at this time would never have considered signing their work. They were not
expecting it to be seen outside their homes, where the creator's identity was never
in doubt. And they probably did not even expect it to last very long.

It does not help that such work falls into the category of crafts either, rather than
fine arts, because crafts are looked on too often as a poor cousin to true creativity.
Worse, they are made in a domestic context, so do not belong in the consciously
elevated tradition of craft objects which compete with the arts, such as furniture.
If things are made to be useful, especially only within the home and by ordinary
housewives, we seem to have agreed they cannot be art. Why not?

It might be argued that the collector of textiles is a little like an archaeologist.

Archaeology is a combination of history and detective work, and it involves
treasure that is often beautiful. Likewise, digging for the past is what textile
collectors do in junk shops, and the objects they find are a way of understanding
the past through physical evidence.

The domestic crafts of this period, the 1930-1950, cannot be separated from the
women's magazines that were so popular at the time. The primary purpose of
these publications was to allow women to glimpse how more prosperous people
lived, by showing them photographs of the interiors of their houses. In these days
before television, magazines provided realistic and achievable inducements to
social betterment. I parallel to this, women were provided with much more down-
to-earth and useful means of improving their homes in the form of printed
patterns, which were readily available from fabric shops at low cost from the
1920s and 1930s onwards. Mostly, such patterns were for everyday items that
fulfilled some domestic often keep offcuts from their purpose - aprons, tea cosies,
curtains, bed-spreads, chair covers and the like. With the benefit of hindsight, it
is possible to distinguish this regulated tradition of needlework, governed by
printed patterns, from the more individual work that women dreamed up
themselves and whose form and execution were reflections of their own ideal and
imagination. Although both schools have their merits, it is surely the latter
tradition that will provide the collector with the greatest enjoyment. Most
intriguing of all is work which suggests serendipity, even a certain element of
chance, the piece having taken on a life of its own, determined perhaps by what
resources were available at the time and the skill levels of the items maker. When
it comes to needlework, flaws can be enjoyable, even failure may bring pleasure,
and in this respect needlework can be contrasted with other art forms, where
successful completion is paramount.

Some people collect out of a sense of nostalgia, a desire to evoke a comforting

time. that seems gentler than the present. But nostalgia should not always be
trusted as it can be a sanitised form of history that blots out harsh reality.
However, if a certain degree of nostalgia can be felt for the fabrics of the past, it
is because they remind us of the care and attention with which women selected
them. The texture of certain abstract patterned fabrics from the 1950s has the
power to transport us all back to the dress and fabric shops of that time where
women agonized over which choices to make, though they probably loved every
minute of it. Old patchwork quilts in particular are evocative, because they
represent an unknown family's compressed history: pyjamas ball gowns, smart
summer frocks, school dresses, all thrown together, a jumble of decorative
traditions, past ceremonies and dreams. Women of the past would often keep
offcuts their dressmaking and use them for patchwork, as a means of recording
their family's story for others to appreciate.

These may sound like nostalgic thoughts, but we should also remember how hard
women's lives were, that family life was not always idyllic, and that having no
money was no fun. Such fabrics, then, should be seen as a wish for ideals and
imaginations, although both something better, a way of daydreaming about a life
that would turn out well in the end.

Questions 27-32
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D
Write the correct letter in bores 27-32 on your answer sheet.

27 What does the writer say about domestic crafts in the first paragraph?
A They can be sold for high prices today
B They were used to tell stories in the past
C They are sources of information about society
D They have been well documented by historian
28 What is the writers main point in the second paragraph?
A Women sewed to make money.
B Women used to have larger families.
C Sewing was enjoyed as a social activity.
D Sewing could be a means of self-expression
29 According to the writer, domestic crafts are not frequently collected
because
A they are difficult to see
B they are easily damaged
C they provide little enjoyment
D they have no practical use today
30 What point does the writer make about signatures on textiles?
A Many women at that time could not sign their names
B The signatures have faded over time and cannot be seen
C The style of stitching served as an alternative to a signature D They were
unnecessary since everyone would know the maker
31 What is the writer doing in the fourth paragraph?
A suggesting that needlework is not a true art form.
B challenging the usual distinction between 'arts' and crafts
C arguing that functional objects were seldom made in the home
D criticising the attitude of women today towards domestic crafts
 32 Why does the writer compare textile collecting to archaeology? A They
both require hard work.

B They involve similar processes.

C They can both be done on a low budget.
D They are both undervalued in society today.

Questions 33-36
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-G below.
Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 33-36 on your answer sheet.

Needlework in the first half of the twentieth

century

Women's magazines in this period mainly influenced the domestic crafts because
of their aspirational character as they focused on the 33............element
of society. At the same time, more 34................. assistance came the form of
printed patterns. The resulting aprons, and so on, can be contrasted with work
that demonstrates the 35............side of the maker of the two traditions, work that
is less structured in nature is of greater interest to collectors. Most interestingly,
the writer points out that many appreciate work that is 36.............. characteristic
that is believed to distinguish needlework from other arts.

A. Skillful
B. Creative
C. Wealthy
D. Practical
E. Imperfect
F. Industrious
G. detailed

Questions 37-40

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage
3 in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet, write
 YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about
this

37. Nostalgia can promote an unreliable image of the

past.
38. In the 1950s, women chose fabric according to its
durability.
39. Patchwork quilts are only of interest to the makers'
family.
40. Needlework was a way for women to escape the
reality of their lives.