SRI VENKATRAMANA PU COLLEGE

KUNDAPURA

Important Questions(For average and below average students)

PASSING PACKAGE
SUBJECT: II PU CHEMISTRY (2023-2024)
Prepared By:

Sandeep Ganiga M.Sc (Organic Chemistry)

HOD of Chemistry
Sri Venkatramana PU College Kundapura, Udupi Dist.
Mob. 9902628785
Email: [email protected]

1.Solutions

1. Problems on Colligative properties.

𝑝°−𝑝 𝑤2 ×𝑀1
Relative lowering of vapourpressure: =
𝑝° 𝑀2 ×𝑤1

𝐾𝑏 ×𝑤2×1000
Elevation of boiling point: ∆𝑇𝑏 =
𝑀2 ×𝑤1

𝐾𝑓 ×𝑤2×1000
Depression in freezing point:∆𝑇𝑓 =
𝑀2 ×𝑤1
𝑤2×𝑅𝑇
Osmotic pressure: 𝜋 =
𝑀2 ×𝑉

2. Write any two differences between ideal and non-ideal solutions.

Ans:
Ideal Non-ideal
1. They obey Raoults law 1. They obey Raoults law
2. ∆𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑥 = 0 2. ∆𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑥 ≠ 0
3. .∆𝐻𝑚𝑖𝑥 = 0 3. ∆𝐻𝑚𝑖𝑥 ≠ 0

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3.Write any two differences between positive and negative deviation.
Ans:
Positive Negative
1. ∆𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑥 > 0 1. ∆𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑥 < 0
2. ∆𝐻𝑚𝑖𝑥 > 0 2. ∆𝐻𝑚𝑖𝑥 < 0
3. Solvent –solute interaction is 3. Solvent –solute interaction is
weaker than solvent-solvent and stronger than solvent-solvent and
solute –solute interaction solute –solute interaction

4. What is reverse osmosis ?Mention any one of its use.

Ans: Flow of solvent out of a solution, through a semipermeable membrane, when pressure larger than
the osmotic pressure is applied to the solution side.
Use: Desalination of sea water

5. State Raoult’s law.

Ans: In a solution of volatile liquids, the partial pressure of each component of the solution is directly
proportional to its mole fraction.

6. State Henry’s law.Write its mathematical form.

Ans: “ Mole fraction of gas in the solution is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas over the
solution
P=KHX

7. What do you expect to happen when RBC is placed in (i) 1% NaCl solution and (ii) 0.5% NaCl
solution.
Ans: (i) In 1% NaCl solution RBC will Shrink.
(ii) In 0.5% NaCl solution RBC will Swell

8. What are azeotropes?

Ans: Binary liquid mixtures having the same composition in liquid and vapour phase and boil at a
constant temperature are called azeotropic mixtures.
Minimum boiling azeotropes: Mixture of ethanol(95%) and water(5%)
Maximum boiling azeotropes: Mixture of nitric acid(68%) and water (32%)

9. What are isotonic solutions?

Ans: Two solutions having a same osmotic pressure at a given temperature.

10.What is the value of vantHoff factor (i) for K2SO4 (ii) MgSO4 (iii) Ethanoic acid in benzene ?
Ans: (i) 3 (ii) 2 (iii) 0.5

11. Define molarity? How does it vary with temperature?

Ans: Number of moles of solutes present in one litre of solutions.
Inversly or as temperature increases, molarity decreases

12. How solubility of gas in liquid varies with (i) Temperature (ii) Pressure
Ans: (i) Temperature increases solubility of gas in liquid decreases.
(ii) Pressure increases solubility of gas in liquid increases

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2.Chemical Kinetics

1. Derive an integrated rate equation for the rate 2. Derive an integrated rate equation for the
rate constant for a zero order reaction rate constant for a first order reaction .

3. What is pseudo first order reaction ? Give an example.

Ans: Reactions of higher order which are made first order by taking the relative concentration of all the
reactants very high except one called pseudo first order reaction.
H+
C12 H22 O 11 + H 2O C 6H12 O 6 + C 6H12 O 6
Example: Inversion of cane sugar

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4. Write any two differences between order and Molecularity.

Ans: Order Molecularity

1.It may be whole number , 1. It cannot be fraction or
fraction or zero zero
2. May or may not depends 2. Depends on balanced
on the balanced equation equation

5. What are two criteria for effective collision according to the collision theory?
Ans: (i) proper orientation of reactant (ii) Activation energy.

6. Draw a graph of potential energy versus reaction co ordinate to show the effect of a catalyst on
activation energy.

0.693
7. Problems on: 1.𝑡1⁄ =
2 𝑘
𝑘2 𝐸𝑎 𝑇2 −𝑇1
2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 =
𝑘1 2.303×𝑅 𝑇2 𝑇1

8. Write the Arrhenius equation and mention what each term stands for.
𝐸𝑎
Ans: 𝑘 = 𝐴. 𝑒 −𝑅𝑇 k- rate const , T- temperature
A- Arrhenius const, Ea – Activation energy

9. Unit of rate constant of a reaction is the same as unit of rate of reaction . What is the order of the
reaction ?
Ans: Zero order

10. What happens to the half life period of a first order reaction, if the initial concentration of the
reaction increased ?
Ans: Half life period of a first order reaction independent of initial concentration (or remains same).

SANDEEP GANIGA ,HOD CHEMISTRY ,SRI VENKATRAMANA PU COLLEGE KUNDAPURA

11. The unit of rate constant of a reaction is mol-1 L s-1 . Predict the order of the reaction.
Ans: Second order.

12. For a reaction ,A + B Product, rate law is given by r = k [A]1/2 [B]2 .What is the order of the
reaction ?
Ans: Order of the reaction = ½ +2 =5/2

3. Electrochemistry
1. Problems on:
0.0591 [𝑃]
a. Ecell = E˚cell - log
𝑛 [𝑅]

b. ∆G = -nFEcell
2. Draw a labeled diagram of standard hydrogen electrode (SHE). Write its half-cell reaction and E̊
value.
Ans: The standard hydrogen electrode consists of a platinum electrode coated with platinum black. The
electrode is filled with hydrogen gas at one bar pressure. It is dipped in one molar acidic solution. Then
equilibrium present between the adsorbed hydrogen and hydrogen ions in the solution.
2H+(aq) + 2e- ↔H2(g)

The Standard electrode potential of hydrogen electrode is 0V. so it can act as reference electrode.

3. State Kohlrausch law. Write any two applications

Ans: It states that the molar conductance of an electrolyte at infinite dilution is equal to the sum of
the ionic conductances of cation and anion
Applications: (i) It is used to determine the molar conductivity of a weak electrolyte.
(ii) Used to determine the degree of dissociation and dissociation constant for a
weak electrolyte

4. What is corrosion? Mention any two methods for prevention of corrosion.

Ans: The process of deterioration of a metal as a result of its reaction with air or water in its
surroundings is called corrosion.
Prevention methods:(i) painting (ii) Electroplating

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5. State Faraday’s first law of electrolysis. Write its mathematical form using usual notation.
Ans: It states that, the amount of substance deposited or liberated at any electrode during
electrolysis is directly proportional to the quantity of electricity passed through the electrolyte
w =Z I t

4.d and f block elements

1. How is potassium dichromate is prepared from the chromite ore?
Ans: Step 1: Chromite ore is mixed with soda ash and burnt in excess of air gives sodium chromate.
4FeCr2O4 + 8Na2CO3+ 7O2 8Na2CrO4 + 2Fe2O3 + 8CO2
Step 2: Sodium chromate is treated with acid gives sodium dichromate.
2Na2CrO4 + 2H+ Na2Cr2O7 + 2Na+ + H2O
Step 3: Sodium dichromate is treated with potassium chloride gives potassium dichromate.
Na2Cr2O7 + 2KCl K2Cr2O7 + 2NaCl

2. How is potassium permanganate is prepared from MnO2 (pyrolusite) ?

Step 1: fusion of MnO2 with KOH and an oxidising agent like KNO3 it produces the dark green
K2MnO4 solution

2MnO2 + 4KOH + O2 2K2MnO4 + 2H2O

Step 2: dark K2MnO4 disproportionates in a neutral or acidic solution to give purple colour of
permanganate.

3MnO42-+ 4H+ 2MnO4-+ MnO2+ 2H2O

3. What are interstitial compounds? Write any three characteristics of interstitial compounds?
Ans: Interstitial compounds are those which are formed when small atoms like H,C or N are trapped
inside the crystal lattice of metals
Characteristics:
(i) They are very hard
(ii) They have high melting points
(iii) They are chemically inert

4. Transition elements show variable oxidation states. Give two reasons

Ans: (i) Because both (n-1)d and ns electrons involved in bonding
(ii) Energy gap between (n-1)d and ns orbital is very small.

5. Transition metals(3d) and their compounds are good catalysts. Give three reasons.
Ans: (i) Variable oxidation states
(ii) Presence of partially filled d orbitals
(iii) Ability to form complexes.
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6. Transition element forms complexes(co-ordination compounds). Give three reasons
Ans: (i)Presence of partially filled d-orbitals
(ii) High ionic charge
(iii) Small size of metal ion.

7. What is lanthanide contraction ? Write two consequences of lanthanide contraction.

Ans: The regular decrease in atomic and ionic size along lanthanide series is called Lanthanide
contraction.
Consequences: (i) Similarity in size of second and third transition series.
(ii) Difficulty in separation of lanthanides
8. What is the common oxidation state exhibited by lanthanides and actinides?
Ans: +3
9. Give reason: Actinides show variable oxidation states than lanthanides.
Ans: Due to comparable energies of 5f, 6d and 7s orbitals.

10. Give reason: Actinide contraction is greater from element to element than lanthanide contraction.
Ans: Due to poor shielding effect of 5f electrons than 4f electrons.

11. Give reason: Zr and Hf have almost same atomic radii

Ans: Due to Lanthanide contraction.

12. Transition metals are generally form colored compounds.

Ans: Due to the presence of unpaired d-electrons and ability to undergo d-d transition.

13. Name the transition element which does not exhibhit variable oxidation state?
Ans: Scandium

14. Calculate spin only magnetic moment (any transition ion)

5.Co-ordination Compounds
1. Explain the hybridisation , geometry and magnetic property of the complex
using VBT theory
a. [Co(NH3)6]3+complex:

Co( Z= 27) electronic configuration is -[Ar] 3d7 4s2 and

Co3+ electronic configuration is –[Ar] 3d6 4s0

↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
NH3 ligand can act as strong ligand. It causes the pairing of the unpaired 3d electrons
Co3+ electronic configuration is –[Ar] 3d 4s 4p

↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓

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 3d6 d2sp3 hybrid orbitals

↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
2 3
Hybridization: d sp
Shape: Octahedral
Magnetic character: diamagnetic

b) [CoF6]3- complex:
Co( Z= 27) electronic configuration is -[Ar] 3d7 4s2 and
Co3+ electronic configuration is – 3d6 4s0
↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
fluoride ligand can act as weak ligand. Hence 3d electrons are not paired
3d 4s 4p 4d
↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑

sp3d2 hybridisation
3d6 sp3d2 hybrid orbitals

↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓

Hybridization: sp3d2
Shape: Octahedral
Magnetic character: paramagnetic

c)[Ni(CN)4]2- complex:
Ni( Z= 28) electronic configuration is -[Ar] 3d8 4s2 and
Ni2+ electronic configuration is –[Ar] 3d8 4s0

↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑
-
CN ligand can act as strong ligand. It causes the pairing of the unpaired 3d electrons
Ni2+ electronic configuration is –[Ar] 3d8 4s0 4p0

↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓

3d8 dsp2 hybrid orbitals

↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓

Hybridization: dsp2
Shape: square planar
Magnetic character: diamagnetic.

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d)[NiCl4]2- complex:
Ni( Z= 28) electronic configuration is -[Ar] 3d8 4s2 and
Ni2+ electronic configuration is –[Ar] 3d8 4s0

↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑
chloride ligand can act as weak ligand. Hence 3d electrons are not paired

Ni2+ electronic configuration is –[Ar] 3d8 4s0 4p0

↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑

3d8 sp3 hybrid orbitals

↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓

Hybridization: sp3
Shape: Tetrahedral
Magnetic character: paramagnetic.

2. Write any three postulates of Werner’s theory.

Ans: (i) In co ordination compounds metals show two types of linkages- primary and secondary.
(ii) The primary valences are normally ionisable-satisfied by negative ions
(ii) Secondary valences are not ionisable-satisfied by neutral or negative ions

3. What are homoleptic complexes? Give an example.

Ans: Complex formed of only a single type of ligand are called homoleptic complexes
Ex: [Cu(NH3)4]2+, [NiCl4]2-. Etc

4. What are heteroleptic complexes? Give an example.

Ans: Complex formed of different type of ligands are called homoleptic complexes
Ex: [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ , [Pt(NH3)2Cl2] etc

5. Draw the structure of cis and trans isomer for

a. [Pt(NH3)2Cl2] b. [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+

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6. Draw a figure to show the splitting of d orbitals in a Octahedral crystal field

7. What is ambidentate ligand? Name the type of structural isomerism that arises in the co-ordination
compound containing such a ligand.
Ans: Ligands which can ligate through two different atoms are called ambidentate ligand.
Linkage isomerism

6. Haloalkanes and Halo arenes

1.Explain SN1 mechanism with an example.

Order=1
Order=1

2. Explain SN2 mechanism with an example

The reaction between CH3Cl and sodium hydroxide yields methanol . It is second order reaction. The
rate depends on the concentration of both chloro methane and sodium hydroxide.

Order =2

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3. Explain Wurtz, reaction with an example.
Ans: Wurtz reaction
ether
2 R -X + 2Na R -R + 2NaX
alkyl halide alkane
ether
Ex. 2CH 3 -Cl + 2Na CH3 - CH 3 + 2NaCl
methyl chloride ethane

4. Explain Wurtz-Fittig reaction with an example.

W urtz - Fittig reaction
R
X
Ether

+ 2Na + R -X + 2NaX
alkyl halide
alkyl benzene
halo arene

Cl CH3
Ex:

Ether 2NaCl
+ 2Na + CH 3 -Cl +
methyl chloride
chlorobenzene Toluene

5. Explain Fittig reaction with an example.

Fittig reaction
X

Ether
+ 2Na
2 + 2NaX
Halo arene
diphenyl
Ex. Cl

Ether
2 + 2Na + 2NaX

chlorobenzene diphenyl

6. Why aryl halides are less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reactions ? Give reasons.
Ans: (i) Phenyl cation is not stabilized by resonance
(ii) Due to electron rich benzene ring , nucleophiles are not easily approach.

7.Explain Swarts reaction with an example

CH3Br + Ag F CH 3F + AgBr
methyl bromide silver fluoride methyl fluoride

8. Explain Finkelstein reaction with an example.

dry
CH3Br + NaI acetone
CH 3I + NaBr
methyl bromide sodium iodide methyl iodide

9.What are enantiomers ?

Ans: Stereo isomers related to each other as non super imposable mirror images.

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10. What is chirality?
Ans: The object which are non-superimposable on their mirror images are said to be chiral molecule
and the property is called chirality.

11. A racemic mixture is optically inactive. Give reason.

Ans: Because optical rotation by one enantiomer is cancelled by the other.

12. What are freons ?

Ans : The chloroflurocarbon compounds of methane and ethane are collectively known as freons.

13. Name the poisonous gas formed when chloroform is oxidized by air in the presence of light.
Ans: Phosgene (COCl2)

14. What is chiral (asymmetric) carbon atom?

Ans: Carbon which is bonded to four different atom or groups is called chiral carbon atom

7.Alcohols , Phenols and Ethers

1. Explain the mechanism of dehydration of ethanol to ethene.

13. How do you prepare phenol from Cumene ? Give equation

2.
2.How do you prepare phenol from Cumene ? Give equation

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Explain Kolbes reaction with an example.
ONa OH

1. CO2, 6 -7 atm COOH

Ans:
2. H+
sodium phenoxide Salicylic acid

4. Explain Reimer-Tiemann reaction with an example.

OH OH

1. NaOH + CHCl3 CHO

Ans:
2. H+
Phenol Salicylaldehyde

5. Explain Williamson’s ether synthesis with an example.

Ans: R -X + R -ONa R -O -R +NaX
alky l halide sodium alkoxide ether

CH 3 -Cl + CH 3 -ONa CH3 -O -CH 3 + NaCl

methy l chloride sodium methoxide dimethy l ether

6. What is the action of bromine in ethanoic acid on anisole? Give equation

OCH 3 OCH 3 OCH 3
Ans: Br
Br2

ethanoic acid
+
Anisole o -bromo anisole
Br
p -bromo anisole
(major)

7.What happens when anisole reacts with mixture of concentrated HNO3 and H2SO4 ? Give equation.
OCH 3 OCH 3 OCH 3
Ans: NO 2
Conc. HNO3

Conc. H2SO4
+
Anisole Δ
o -nitro anisole
NO 2
p -nitro anisole
(Major)

8. What happens when anisole reacts with methyl chloride (CH3Cl) in the presence of anhyd.AlCl3 ?
Give equation.
OCH 3 OCH 3 OCH 3
Ans: CH3
CH3 Cl

Anhyd. AlCl3
+
Anisole o -methyl anisole
CH3
p -methyl anisole
(Major)

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9. Complete the following reactions:
OH
Zn Ans:
a. ?
(or zinc dust)

Phenol benzene

H3C
CH3
b. H3C C O CH3 + HI ? Ans: H3C C I

CH3 H3C
t -butyl iodide

Conc.H2SO4
c. CH3CH 2OH ? Ans: C2H5 -O -C 2H5
413 K
ethanol diethyl ether

10. What is Lucas reagent ? Which alcohol reacts slowly with lucas reagent ?
Ans: Mixture of concentrated HCl and anhydrous Zinc chloride
Primary alcohol

8.Aldehydes , Ketones and Carboxylic acids

1. Explain the mechanism of addition of HCN to carbonyl compounds.

2. Explain Rossenmund reaction with an example.

COCl CHO

Ans: H2
+ HCl
Pd - BaSO4
Benzoyl chloride Benzaldehyde

3.Explain Gattermann-Koch reaction.

CHO

Ans: CO, HCl

Anhyd. AlCl3 /CuCl

Benzene Benzaldehyde

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4. Explain Clemmensen reduction reaction
Zn -Hg
Ans: C O CH 2
Conc. HCl
alkane
Carbony l compound

Ex. O
Zn - Hg
H3C C CH3 H3C CH2 CH3
Acetone Conc. HCl propane

5. Explain Wolf Kishner reaction

Ans: NH2 -NH2 KOH in
C O C N -NH2 CH2 + N2
ethylene glycol

hydrazone hydrocarbon
carbonyl compound

Ex: O H3C KOH in

NH2 -NH2
H3C C CH3 C N NH2
ethylene glycol
H3C CH2 CH3 + N2
H3C propane
acetone hydrazone

6.Explain Cannizzaro’s reaction with an example.

CHO COONa CH2OH

2 Conc. NaOH
Δ +
Ans: Benzaldehyde sodium acetate benzyl alcohol

7.How do you prepare carboxylic acid from Grignard reagents? Give equation.
O O
dry H 2O
Ans: O C O + RMgX
ether
R C
- +
R C +Mg(OH)X
dry ice Grignard reagent O Mg X OH
addition product carboxylic acid

8. What is the action of ammonia on benzoic acid? Give equation.

COOH CONH2

1.NH3
Ans:
H2 O
2. Δ +
Benzoic acid Benzamide

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9. What is the effect of following groups on acidity of carboxylic acids?
(i) -CH3 (ii) -NO2
Ans: (i) Acidity decreases (ii) Acidity increases

10. Explain HVZ reaction with an example.

Cl
1. Cl2 /Red P
Ans: CH3COOH H2C COOH
2. H3O+
ethanoic acid 2 -chloro ethanoic acid

9.Amines
1. Explain Hoffmann degradation reaction with an example.
Δ
Ans: RCONH 2 +Br2 +4NaOH RNH 2 + Na 2CO 3 +2NaBr +2H 2O
o
amide 1 amine
Δ
Ex: CH 3CONH 2 +Br2 +4NaOH CH3NH 2 +Na 2CO 3 +2NaBr +2H 2O
ethanamide methyl amine

2. Explain carbylamine reaction with an example

Δ
Ans: CH3NH 2 + CHCl3 +3KOH CH3NC + 3KCl +3H2O
methanamine methyl isocyanide

3 Explain diazotization reaction with an example.

+ -
NH2 N2 Cl

NaNO2 + HCl
Ans:
+ NaCl +H 2O
0 -5°C

Aniline benzene diazonium chloride

4. How is aniline is prepared from nitro benzene ?

NO2 NH2
Fe/HCl
oder
Ans: Sn/HCl

Nitrobenzene Aniline

5. Between aniline and ammonia , which one is more basic and Why?
Ans: Ammonia because In aniline lone pair of electrons are involved in resonance and less available
for protonation.

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10. Biomolecules
1. Write the Haworth structure of maltose.

2. Write the Haworth structure of Lactose

3. Write the Haworth structure of Sucrose.

4. What are essential amino acid ?given an example.

Ans: Amino acids that are not synthesised in the body and must be supplied through diet are called
essential amino acids.
Ex :Lysine, valine etc

5. What are non-essential amino acid? Give an example.

Ans: Amino acids that are synthesised in the body are called non-essential amino acids.
Ex :Glycine, alanine etc

6.What is peptide bond? How many peptide bonds are present in tetraptide?
Ans: The CO-NH bond formed between two amino acid with elimination of water molecule is called
peptide bond,
3 bonds

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7.What is denaturation of proteins? Which level structure remains intact during denaturation?
Ans: The loss of biological and physical properties of protein by action of base, acid or any other
denaturating agent is called denaturation of proteins
Primary structure remains intact

8. Give an example for naturally occurring optically inactive α-amino acid.

Ans: Glycine

9. Give an example for globular protein.

Ans: Albumin, Insulin etc

10. Name the protein present in hair

Ans: Keratin

11. Name a hormone which regulates the blood-sugar (Glucose) level in the body.
Ans: Insulin

12. Which hormone is responsible for the hyperthyroidism? Or containing iodine?

Ans: Thyroxine

13. Name the vitamin, whose deficiency cause (i) Night blindness (ii) Scurvy (iii) Rickets
(iv) Pernicious anaemia (v) Beri-Beri
Ans: (i) Vitamin A (ii) Vitamin C (iii) vitamin D (iv) Vitamin B12
(v) Vitamin B1

14. Name a nitrogen base present in DNA but not in RNA.

Ans: Thymine

15. Name a nitrogen base present in RNA but not in DNA.

Ans: Uracil

16. Name the base which forms hydrogen bond with adenine in helix structure of DNA.
Ans: Thymine

17. Name the base which forms hydrogen bond with guanine in helix structure of DNA.
Ans: Cytosine

18. Give an example of water soluble vitamins. Ans: B and C

19. Give an example of fat soluble vitamins Ans: A,D,E and K

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