AROMATIC PLANTS

Prof. S. N. Naik
 AROMATIC PLANTS
• Aromatic plants are defined as those plants which
possess essential oil in them. These essential oils
are the odoriferous steam volatile constitutes of
aromatic plants
• Volatile oils are secreted by oil glands, oil cells,
secretary ducts, glandular hairs, modified
parenchyma cells, oil tubes (vittae), lysigenous or
schizogenous passages
• Therapeutically - administered by inhalation
(eucalyptus oil), orally (peppermint oil), gargle and
mouthwash (thymol oil), transdermal (lavender,
rosemary, bergamot).
Essential oils secreted in oil glands
• Essential oils are complex mixtures of odorous
compounds immiscible with water. Among early
Volatile/ essential oils were those of camphor,
cloves, cedar wood ,turpentine, cinnamon, and
sandalwood. Clove oil is used for toothache

• Some essential oils are known for their antimicrobial,

antioxidant and antifungal activities.

• Currently the biggest market for essential oils is for

perfumes, flavors, cosmetic, aromatherapy
 Some of the important features of essentials oils:
• They are usually present in the aerial part of plants such as
leaves, stem, flower, fruits, barks. Occasionally they also
accumulate in the roots rhizomes.

• The nature and proportion of various mono & sesqui

terpenoids in the essential oil is a characteristic not only of the
genus but also of specific as well.

• Most of the commercial essential oil bearing plants belongs to

the Labiate, Myrtaceae, Compositae, Rosasceae, Umbeliferae,
Graminae, Rutaceae and Zingiberaceae.

• Essential oil content and composition are influenced by

climatic conditions.
 Aromatic Plants in traditional literature of India
As early as 3000 BC in the Gita “Lord Krishna said to Arjun that God
represents the fragrance of this world”.
In India, Hindus worship their gods and goddesses daily with various odored
flowers, fruits, leaves and woods to please the minds of gods and goddesses.
Today, the aroma Chemistry studies of the flowers,fruits,woods and leaves
which has been used since time immemorial to cure either the body and
mind.
There are innumerate references on flowers in mythology and puranas
signifying their importance. It is evident from ancient literature that Indian
flowers have been associated in social life since times immemorial and used
for diverse purposes such as offerings to God, floral ornamentals for ladies,
decoration on auspicious ceremonies and for preparation of perfumes.
Lotus flower associated with Hindu and Buddhist Gods

The flower that holds the most obvious meaning is the “lotus” or “Kamal”
in Hindi or “Padma” in Sanskrit, the national flower of our country, the
eternal symbol of spirituality, fruitfulness, wealth, knowledge and
illumination. The flower is auspicious for Hindus, Buddhists, and Jains.
The flower is associated with Goddess Saraswati, Lakshmi, Brahma,
Vishnu, Ganesh, Pārbati
History of Aromatic Plants in India
• Several literary works in Sanskrit, described about use of
aromatic plants and their products. Ayurveda explains the
processes of distillation of Gandha Dravyas ( mentioned in
Charka & Substrata Samhitas ,(1000 B.C.)
• Traditional literature like Ghandhashastra- the Science of
Odors deals with Cosmetics and Fragrances.
• Gandhayukti –The Science and Strategies to make
odoriferous substances discusses all technicalities of
perfumery and fragrance creation and method of
manufacturing.
• Varahamihir’s Ghandhayukti- Practical of Perfumery
describes two important aspects (1) Preparation (2)
Information on botanical identity of aromatic plants and
uses.
• Fragrances earlier were made up of wholly natural
ingredients. Perfumers used essential oil, resins, absolute,
extracts from plants and obtained from animal origin.
Separation of Essential Oils from Aromatic Plants
• Produce by steam distillation process
• The distilled oil is chemically and physically different from
fixed oils /Vegetable oil
– Fixed oil contain Glyceryl esters of fatty acids and
saponified with alkali
– essential oil do not leaves permanent grease spot in paper
– not become rancid but on exposure to air and light
becomes oxidized and resinify
• frequently associated with other substances like gums, resins
• Essential oil constituents are derived from Terpenes and there
oxygenate compounds of plant.
 Terpenes

Terpenes are hydrocarbons, but oxygen-containing

compounds such as alcohols, aldehydes or ketones are also
found in plants.
These derivatives are frequently named terpenoids.
Their building block is the hydrocarbon isoprene,
CH2=C(CH3)-CH=CH2 .
Terpenes hydrocarbons therefore have molecular
formulas (C5H8)n.
 Terpene – In Organic Chemist

Mid-1800’s - Germany came a new breed of Chemist that

would revolutionize industry and bring an end to “Alchemy”.
This type chemist used the scientific method to unravel
chemical structures and create materials from coal,
petroleum and other materials.

1855 – First synthesis of cinnamaldehyde

1868 – Commercial production of coumarin – the first
synthetic fragrance chemical
1874 – Chemical structure of vanillin determined.
1876 – Synthetic vanillin production starts.
1850 to 1900 – Significant advances in elucidating
major chemicals in Essential oils.
Terpene – in Fragrance & Flavor

Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1910 – Otto Wallach

Helps elucidate many of the C10H16 group terpene
structures present in essential oils utilizing common
reagents such as hydrogen chloride and hydrogen
bromide. In 1909 he published the results of his extensive
studies in the book Terpene und Campher, a volume of
600 pages dedicated to his pupils.
CH3
CH3 CH2
CH3 H3C
H3C

alpha-Pinene beta-Pinene

CH3
H3C
CH2
CH3

H3C CH3
Camphor O Camphene
Isoprene units in Terpenes are usually linked head to tail
– Dashed lines can be used to delineate the isoprene units
comprising a terpene
 A rational classification of the terpenes has been established based
upon the number of isoprene (or isopentane) units incorporated in the
basic molecular skeleton:

Terpenes Isoprene Units Carbon Atoms

Monoterpenes 2 10

Sesquiterpenes 3 15

Diterpenes 4 20

Sesterpenes 5 25

Triterpenes 6 30

Tetraterpenes 8 40

Rubber >100 >500

Limonene – a cyclic terpene

H3C CH2
C

CH
H2C CH2

H2C CH
C

CH3

Limonene
(skin of citrus fruits)
 Terpenes
• Terpenes and Terpenoids (oxygenated derivatives of terpene)
are found in all volatile oils/ essential oils of plant or animal
origins

• Essential oils are soluble in alcohol, ether and other lipid

solvent and practically insoluble in water. They possess
characteristic odors of plants and have high refractive indices,
optically active. They are commonly found in the following
species:

• Labiate; Peppermint, Basil, Patchouli

• Rutaceae: Lemon, Orange Lime
• Zingiberaceae: Ginger, , Eucalyptus
• Mystaceae: Nut mage / Mace, Clove
 Monoterpene
OH
O

Benzyl acetate P-cymene Sabinene

Linalool

Sesquiterpene

(E,E)-a-farnesene Germacrene-D E-b-ionone

b-elemene
 Terpenoids

• Terpenoids are dimers and polymers of 5 carbon

precursors called isoprene units (C5 H8).

• Terpenoids often evaporate from plants and

contribute to the mist we see on hot sunny days.
They are expensive to make; they often take 2% of
the carbon fixed in photosynthesis; carbon that
could otherwise be used for sugars.
Essential oils Constituents
 Sources of Essential oils
Plant sources

Plants have long been used in perfumery as a source of essential

oils and aroma compounds. The essential oils are usually
secondary metabolites produced by plants as protection against
insects, infections, as well as to attract pollinators. The main
sources of essential oils are:

BARK - Cinnamon and Cassia

LEAVES & TWIGS - Lemongrass, Patchouli
FRUITS - Grape, Olive & Passion fruit
FLOWERS- Rose, Jasmine & Champaka
SEEDS- Cumin, Celery & Fennel
WOODS- Sandalwood & Cedar wood
LICHENS- Charila & Collema
RHIZOMES- Nagarmotha, Turmeric, etc.
 Dental Care
• World’s consuption of essential oils and its
fractions such as
menthol,anethol,thymol,eugenol,carvone,
 Classification of Aromatic Plants

• Spices: Anise, Basil, Cardamom, Clove, Dill

Fennel, Ginger, Nutmeg
• Grasses: Citronella, Palmarosa, Lemongrass,
• Flowers: Jasmine, Rose, Tuberose
• Wood: Sandal, Agar,Cedar
• Root: Vetiver,Agelica,Valerina
• Resins: Sal,Asafoetida,Pine
 Animal sources

Musk: Originally derived from the musk sacs from the

Asian musk deer.

Civet: Also called Civet Musk, this is obtained from the

odorous sacs of the civets.

Ambergris: It is fatty compounds and precursors were

secreted and expelled by the Sperm Whale Ambergris is
commonly referred as "amber" in perfumery.

Honeycomb: Distilled from the honeycomb of the Honeybee.

 Fixatives

• Various animal products

– Ambergis, musk, castoreum, civet
– synthetics often used now
– e.g. ambergris compound from
sage
 Oakmoss

• Evernia prunastri
• A lichen found in
much of Europe
• Some constituents
now synthesized
 Olibanum (incense tree)

• Resin from a Boswellia

tree
• Resinous, woody smell
• Used in some perfumes
(Opium, Jicky)
 Global Scenario of Essential oils
• The aromatic plants and aroma chemicals contained in
them play a vital role in our day to day living.

• India has varied climatic conditions and suitable soil exists

in one or other part of country. Historically, India has
enjoyed a pre eminent position as the supplier of natural
perfumes the world over. At present India is the major
supplier of essentials oil like Sandalwood, Lemongrass,
Palmarosa, Vetiver, Mentha & Cedarwood.

• At present India produced 18,000 – 20,000 tons of essential

oils out of 150,000 tons world production. This accounts for
about 20% of world’s total production.
Indian Scenario of Essential oils
• Use of aromatic plants and their products is as old as our
history that distillation of rose flowers is mentioned in
Charaka & Sushrita Samhitas (1000 B.C.)

• The aromatic plants and aroma chemicals contained in

them play a vital role in our day to day living.

• India has varied climatic conditions and suitable soil exists

in one or other part of country. Historically, India has
enjoyed a pre eminent position as the supplier of natural
perfumes the world over. At present India is the major
supplier of essentials oil like Sandalwood, Lemongrass,
Palmarosa, Vetiver, Mentha & Cedarwood.

• At present India produced 18,000 – 20,000 tons of essential

oils out of 150,000 tons world production. This accounts for
about 20% of world’s total production.
AROMATIC PLANT PRODUCTION AREA IN INDIA
 Australien
Argentinien
45000
Brasilien
40000 China
35000 France
Haitti
30000 India
25000 Indonesia
20000 Israel
Italien
15000 Madgaskr
10000 Maxico
5000 Paraguay
Spanien
0 Sri Lanka
USA
World Estimated production of Essential oil is 1,20,000 Tons
Others
 World Trade in Essential Oils

Major oils Minor oils

Large Quantity Small Quantity High
Low Price Price
10 Oils 150 Oils
80% Trade 20% Trade
 World’s 20 Top Most Utilized
Essential Oils

Orange Spearmint
Corn mint Cedarwood (Chinese)
Eucalyptus Cineole-type Lavandin
Citronella Sassafras(Chinese)
Peppermint Camphor
Lemon Coriander
Eucalyptus citronella type. Grapefruit
Clove leaf Patchouli
Cedar wood Sassafras(Brazil)
Litsea cubeba Lime distilled(Brazil)
Major Essential Oil Produced in India
Ajowan Cornmint
Angelica Cumin
Artemisia Frankincense
Caraway Ginger
Celery seed Lemongrass
Cinnamon Bark Patchouli
Citronella Rose
Coriander Sandalwood
 Demand of Essential oils

• The essential oils are used in food, perfumery, soaps,

cosmetics, insect repellants, disinfectants and
pharmaceutical industries,
• The essentials oils obtained from spices which impart
the flavor and improve the taste of food.
The world’s demand of essential oils increasing
day by day for the following uses:
• Dental care / Soap / Detergents
• Flavours and Fragrances
• Aromatherapy
• Cosmetic and other industrial products
• Pharmaceutical
• Agarbatti, Pan masala, Gutka
• Cultivation and processing of aromatic plants on waste-land
will create large employment in rural areas.
• Example: For production of 1kg of Essentials oil Five Mandays
is required.
1 ha land of Palmarosa cultivation & processing will
generate 1000 to 1500 man days.
 Current status spices in India
 India- Land of spices

 India- Largest producer, consumer and exporter of spices

 China - second largest producer

 >90% for domestic consumption

 109 spices- all over world

 India-produced 63 spices

 Share of spices in total agricultural export- 6%

 India’s share of world spice trade- 45-50% by volume and 25-

30% by value
 Classification of Spices

Spices are those plants, the products of which are

made use as food adjuncts to add aroma and flavours.
There are 63 spices grown in India
• Major: cardamom, black pepper,turmeric,ginger
• Seeds :ajowin,fennel, cumin, dill, fenugreek,
• Herbs :rosemary,thymes,parsely
• Others:vanilla,saffron,garlic,asafoetida,clove,cinnamon
.
 Usages of Spices in India

• Spices are used as ingredients in

incences,preservatives,perfumes,cosmetics, and
medicines.
• Sushruta: recommended that operating rooms be
fumigated with the vapours from white mustard and
aromatic plants.
• Spices helps bridge the gap between the east and
west.
• The usages of spice oil, oleoresin, extractives are in
food and pharmaceutical industries.
 Advantages of Essential oils & Oleoresins
over raw spices
• Hygienic, free from bacteria and enzymes.
• Can standardised for flavour strength
• Contain natural antioxidants and colour
• Long shelf life under ideal condition
• Less storage space
• Flavour quality consistent with the source of
raw material.
 Ajowan

Synonym: Carum capticum

Origin: dried seeds of Trachyspermum ammi
(Apiaceae)
Constituent: Thymol
Uses:
carminative, diuretic, stomach disorder, chest
infections
 Cardamon
Synonym: Ceylon or Malabar cardamon
Origin: dried nearly ripe fruit of Elettaria
cardamomum
- dried ripe seeds recently removed from
the capsules of Elettaria
cardamomum
(Zingiberaceae)
Constituents:
linalool and terpenes
- cineol ,  - terpenyl acetate
Use:
- flavoring agent in curries, cake,
manufacture of liqueurs
-
 Pepper
Synonym: Black pepper, Malisa, Paminta
Origin: dried unripe fruits of Piper nigrum
(Piperaceae)
Constituents:
- terpene – limonene, sabinene,
camphene, β – bisabolene, β –
caryophylene, β – pinene, thujone
- alkaloids – piperine and piperitine
(pungency)
Use: once used in the treatment of
gonorrhea and chronic
bronchitis
 Coriander oil
Synonym: culantro, Uansoy, Fruto de
Cilantro, Chinese parsley
Origin: dried nearly ripe fruit of Coriandrum
sativum (Apiaceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains (+) linalool
(coriandrol),
small amts of α - pinene, γ- terpinene,
limonene, p-cymene
Use:
spice, flavoring agent, carminative,
enhance appetite, treat dyspepsia, diarrhea
treatment of cough, chest pain, fever and
measles
 Clove
Synonym: Clavo de Especia, Clavo
aromatico, Clavillo
Origin: the dried flower buds of Syzygium
aromaticum (Eugenia caryophyllus)
(Myrtaceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains eugenol(phenol) with
acetyl eugenol, sesquiterpene (α, and β -
caryo - phyllene), eugenyl acetate
Use: flavoring agent, stimulant, aromatic and
antiseptic
dental analgesic, antibacterial (gm + and -
)
 Active ingredients from cloves

• Clove oil contains..

– Eugenol
• mixed with zinc oxide and used
for dental cement
• derivatives used as analgesics,
a variety of other things
• can be used to make vanilla
 Cinnamon

• Cinnomomum verum
(zeylandicum)
• True cinnamon
• Native to Sri Lanka, India
• Lauraceae family
• Confusion with other
Cinnamomum species
– C. cassia has a stronger flavor
– both can be called cinnamon in
the US
– C. camphora used for camphor
• Bark is stripped; only the inner bark is
used
 Chemicals in cinnamon

• About 90% of the essential

oil is cinnamaldehyde
• Eugenol, other compound
also in cinnamon and
cassia
Cinnamaldehyde
• Can be used as an insecticide,
fungicide
• Can be synthesized, but it’s
cheaper to extract it from the bark

eugenol
 Cinnamon
Origin: dried bark of the stem and branches of
Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Ceylon Cinnamon), C.
cassia or aromaticum (Cassia Cinnamon), C.
Laureirii (Saigon Cinnamon) (Lauraceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains cinnamic aldehyde, limonene,
p-cymene, linalool, β - caryophylene, eugenol and
mannitol
Use: flavoring agent, carminative, pungent aromatic,
antiseptic, powerful germicide against
Aspergillus
 Mustard seed
• Several species, today mostly
Sinapis alba (white or yellow
mustard) and Brassica juncea
(brown or Chinese mustard)
• Crucifer (mustard) family
• Cheapest of spices
• Mustard taste comes from sulfur
glycosides (sinigrin and sinalbin)
• When seed is broken, enzyme
thioglycosidase breaks down the
sulfur glycoside, releasing the sharp
smelling sulfur compound
• Maximum taste in 10 minutes
• Heat or acid (vinegar) will preserve
the flavor
 Turmeric
• Curcuma longa, in the ginger
family
• Long history in India
• Color and flavor
• Contains volatile oil curcumin
• Recent interest in medicinal use
 Fennel

• Foeniculum vulgare
• Parsley family
• Called marathon in ancient
Greek
• Sweet fennel most
common for seed
 Fennel
Synonym: Sweet Fennel fruit, Haras, Anis
Origin: dried ripe fruit of Foeniculum vulgare
var. dulce (Apiaceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains anethole, fenchone
Use:
aromatic stimulant, corrective of purgatives
Adulterant: Bitter Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare
var. vulgare) a, small fruit with no anethole
but with fenchone and phellandrene
• Anethole is active
ingredient
• Also found in anise, star
anise
• Closely related to
compounds found in
tarragon and basil
 Uses of Essential oils
• The essential oils are used in food, perfumery,
soaps, cosmetics,insect repellants,disinfactants
and pharmaceutical industries,
• The essentials oils obtained from spices which
impart the flavour and improve the taste of
food.
The world’s demand of essential oils increasing
day by day for the following uses:
• Dental care / Soap / Detergents
• Flavours and Fragrances
• Aromatherapy
• Cosmetic and other industrial products
• Pharmaceutical
• Agarbatti, Pan masala, Gutka
• Cultivation and processing of aromatic plants on waste-land
will create large employment in rural areas.
• Example: For production of 1kg of Essentials oil Five Mandays
is required.
1 ha land of Palmarosa cultivation & processing will
generate 1000 to 1500 man days.
 Major Aromatic crops of India
• Agar wood, cedarwoods,nagarmotha,
eucalyptus,sandalwood,pine,basil,celery,
citronella,davana,dill,fennel,geranium,
hops,lemongrass,mint,spearmint,peppermint,
bergamotmint,scotchmint,palmarosa,cinnam
on,vetiver,sofia.
• Flowers
Absolutes:jasmine,rose,tuberose,keora,tagets
,champaca
 Eucalyptus
Synonym: Blue Gum leaves, Gum wood, Fever Tree
Origin: the dried scythe - shaped leaf of Eucalyptus
globulus (Myrtaceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains, cineole, phellandrene
Use:
alleviate symptoms of nasopharyngeal infections,
treat coughs and decongestant
internally and externally - expectorant
externally : treat sore muscles and rheumatism
Major Aromatic Grasses of India

Aromatic grasses Major Constituents

1. Lemon grass ( Cympogan flexuosus) Citral
Oil yield(1.0 to 1.2) % (80%)
2. Citrtonella (C. nardus) Citronellal
Oil yield(0.7 to 1.0) % (20 – 25%)
3. Palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii ) Geraniol
Oil yield(0.43 – 0.5) % (80 – 90%)
4. Ginger grass (Cymbopogon Citratus) Geraniol
Oil yield(0.7 %) (35 – 50%)
5. Vetiver (Khus) (Vetiveria zizanioides) Vetiveryl acetate
Oil yield (1%)
 Lemon grass ( Cympogan flexuosus)

( Cympogan flexuosus) Citral

Oil yield (1.0 to 1.2) % (80%)
 Lemongrass
Synonym: tanglad, citronella, fevergrass
Origin: whole plant of Cymbopogon citratus /nardus
(Poaceae)
Constituents:
citral, citronellal, myrcene, geraniol
cymbopogol
Use:
flavor, antispasmodic, analgesic, treatment of nervous and
GI disorders
Mosquito repellant, mask fishy odor
Food additive
Palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii )

Geraniol (80 – 90%)

Oil yield (0.43 – 0.5) %
Citrtonella Grass (C. nardus)

Citronellal (20 – 25%)

Oil yield (0.7 to 1.0) %
Ginger grass (Cymbopogon Citratus)

Geraniol (35 – 50%)

Oil yield(0.7 %)
Vetiver (Khus) (Vetiveria zizanioides)

Oil yield (1%)

Aromatic Plants Cultivation and Processing
Lemon grass harvesting for distillation
Lemon grass cultivation and processing
Aromatic Herbs

1. Geranium (Pelargonium graveolen)

2. Mints species
– Japanese mint (M. arrensis) – Menthol
– Peppermint (M. piperata) – Cineole
– Spear mint (M. spicata) –-carvone
– Bergamost mint (M. Citrata)
3. Ocimum Species, O. Sanctum, O. basilicum, O. Canum, O.
Gratissimum
Japanese mint (M. arrensis) – Menthol Bergamost mint (M. Citrata)

Peppermint (M. piperata) – Cineole Spear mint (M. spicata) –-carvone

 Peppermint
Synonym: Brandy Mint, Menta Inglesa
Origin: dried leaves of Mentha piperita (Lamiaceae)
Constituents:
- oil distilled with steam from the fresh leaves, partially
or wholly dementholized
- menthol, menthone, acetaldehyde, deimethyl sulfide,
isovaleric aldehyde, pinene, limonene, terpinene, piperitone,
pulegone, carvone
- 2 – acetyl – 4 – isopropenyl pyridine - odor
Use: Pharmaceutical aid(flavor), carminative, stimulant,
counterirritant
- commercial importance, flavor for
confectionery(chewing gum)
 Peppermint
– Antibacterial, antiviral
– Enteric – antispasmodic, antiflatulence
Interactions: Cal. Blockers -  effect
• Adverse:
– gallstones, obstructed bile ducts, gall bladder inflammation,
severe liver damage
– Face and nostrils of infants and children
Japanese Peppermint (Mentha canadensis var.
piperascens) contains 70-90% menthol
- higher in menthol yield but inferior in flavor
compared to peppermint oil
 Spearmint
Synonym: ordinary garden mint, Lamb or Mackerel
Mint, Hierba buena (Mentha arvensis)
Origin: dried leaves and flowering tops of Mentha
spicata (M. viridis), M. cardiaca (Lamiaceae)
Constituents:
(-) carvone, (-)limonene, phellandrene
Use:
carminative, stimulant, nervine, corrective,
flavoring agent
Note: oil formation depends on age, time of
collection, chemical varieties or hybridization
 Ocimum basilicum Ocimum Canum

Ocimum Gratissimum Ocimum Sanctum

 Geranium

• Pelargonium graveolens
• Oils distilled from leaves and
stems
• Much cheaper than rose,
similar fragrance in some
types
• Essence from Reunion island
especially fruity
• Also in drinks, insect repellent
 Geranium
Synonym: Malvarosa
Origin: the whole plant except the roots of
Pelargonium graveolens (Geraniaceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains geraniol, citronellol,
limonene
Use: antidepressant, antiseptic, fingicidal, styptic
flavoring agent
Note: - Indian or Turkish geranium (Palmarosa)
- citronella oil
- freshly cutted or partially dried leaves of
Cymbopogon winterianus, C. nardus
(Poaceae)
- citronellol, geraniol
- perfume, insect repellant
 Geraniol and related compounds

• Found in a variety
of plants
• Also produced
synthetically
 Patchouli

• Shrub in the mint family

• Pogostemon cablin
• Distilled dried leaves yield
several important
fragrances
• Distinctive strong odor,
but also mixes well
Aromatic woods
Sandal wood – Santalol
Agar wood – Karanones
Deodar wood – Himachalone

Aromatic leafs
Eucalyptus leaf oil – Cineole
Cinnamon leaf oil – Cinnamaldehyde
Tagetes leaf oil – Tagetone

Roots oil
Costus (kuth)
Valeriana ( Jatamansi)
Nagarmotha
Acorus Calamus (Bach)
Seeds
Abelmasehus moschatus (Kasturidana) Flowers
Keora, Champa, Rose
 Valerian
Synonym: Summer Heliotrope, All Heal Root
Origin: dried rhizome and roots of Valeriana officinalis
(Valerianaceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains bornyl acetate, bornyl
isovalerate, valerenic acid, valerenolic acid,
acetoxyvalerenolic acid, bornyl valerate valeric
acid
- lipo - iridoid principle - valepotriate
Use: tea, carminative, antispasmodic (nervous disorders,
perfume
Allied drugs:
1. Indian Valerian - Valeriana wallichii
2. Japanese Valerian - Valeriana augustifolia
 Orange

• Citrus species
• Flowers, leaves, fruits, even
bark all used
• Distillation or solvents used
• Wide range of compounds
isolated, including linalool
 Sweet Orange
Synonym: Naranja Dulce, Naranja de Valencia
Origin: fresh outer rind of the non-artificially
colored ripe fruit of Citrus aurantium var. sinensis
(Rutaceae)
Constituents:
violexanthin, D - limonene, citral, citronellal
Use: flavoring agent, carminative
Caution: do not use oil with terebinthinate odor

Orange Flower Oil – C. aurantium partially expanded

flower
Thank You