Hort 243 (Notes+Obj)

Hort.
243
Production Technology for Fruit and Plantation Crops
Credit hours: 2 (1+1)
Theory
Importance and scope of fruit and plantation crop industry in India; High density planting; Use of
rootstocks; Production technologies for the cultivation of Major fruits-mango, banana, citrus,
grape, guava, papaya, apple, pomegranate, Sapota, Custard apple Minor fruits: jackfruit,
strawberry, pineapple, Ber and Jamun plantation crops- Major coconut, arecanut, cashew Minor :
tea, coffee & rubber.
Practical
Description and identification of important varieties of fruit and plantation crops. Seed propagation.
Scarification and stratification of seeds. Propagation methods for fruit and plantation crops
including Micro-propagation. Description and identification of fruit. Preparation of plant bio
regulators and their uses, and physiological disorders of above fruit and plantation crops, Visit to
commercial orchard.
Reference Books :
➢ Fruits tropical and sub tropical Vol. I,II by T.K.Bose, S.K.Mitra, D.Sanyal
➢ Principles of fruit culture by B.S.Chundawat and N.L.Sen
➢ Propagation of tropical and sub-tropical horticulture crops by Bose, Mitra and Sadhu
➢ Plant propagation principles and practices by Hatman and Kester
➢ Basic Horticuture by Jitendra Singh
➢ Fruit culture in India by Sham Singh, Krishnamurti and Katyal
➢ Fruit by Ranjit Singh
➢ Basic concept of fruit science by Neeraj Pratap Singh
➢ Text book on fruit and plantation crops by V.Ponnuswami and M.Kumar
➢ Spices and plantation crops by Jitendra Singh
➢ Plantation crops Vol.2 by V.A.Parthwarathy and P.K.Chattopadhyay
➢ A2Z solutions horticulture at a glance Vol.I by Dr.A.S.Salaria and Dr B.S.Salaria
➢ Fruit production technology by P.K.Yadav
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IMPORTANCE OF FRUIT GROWING
Fruit growing is one of the important and paying branches of horticulture. The standard of
living of the people of countries is judge by the production and per capita conservation of fruits.
Fruit growing has several economic advantages.
Economic Importance
1. Per Unit Yields are High

Well maintained and established orchards bring better returns than many of the field crops.
From a unit area of land more yield/ income is realized than any of the agronomic crops.
2. High Net Profits

Though the initial cost off establishment of an orchard is high. It is compensated by higher
productivity or due to high value of produce.
Following table illustrates the yielding ability of crops.

Av. Yield Harvest Production
Name of crop
kg/ha value Rs/ ha value Rs/ha
Wheat 3000 to 4000 6.00 18000-24000
Groundnut 2500 8.0 20000
Grapes 20000 12.0 240000
Banana 35000 3.0 105000
Sweet orange 12000 5.0 60000
3. Source of Raw Material for the Agro Based Industries

Fruit farming provides raw material for various agro based industries like canning and
preservation (fresh fruits).
4. Efficient Utilization of Resources

Agronomic crops are seasonal in nature and hence, farmers have to engage themselves in
other occupations during slack seasons, but fruit growing being perennial in nature, enables grower
to remain engaged throughout the year in farm operations and utilize full the resources and assets
like machinery, in farm, land, water for production purpose through the year.
5. Utilization of Waste and Barren Lands for Production

Although most of the fruit crop requires perennial and good soils for production, there are
many fruit crops of hardy in nature like mango, ber, cashew, custard apple, aonla, phalsa, jamun
etc.
6. Ability of Earning Foreign Exchange

Many fresh fruits and processed products and spices are exported to several countries
earning good amount of foreign exchange.
7. One Time Capital Investment:

Most of the fruit crops are perennial in nature and hence, there is no recurring expenditure
of planting and layout of a fruit orchard.

8. Continuous Flow of Money:
Harvesting of most of the fruit is of continuous in nature and being highly perishable, need
to be marketed immediately after harvest. This provides a source of continuous flow of inputs and
for other expenses of immediate nature as against agronomic crops which are harvested at home
time.
i. Fruit growing in kitchen garden helps to reduce family budget on purchase of fruits.
ii. Planting of trees helps to maintain ecological balance and to increase precipitations of the
locality. Fruit trees for such planting programmers also generate economy.
iii. Fruit tree farming also reduce soil erosion, silting tanks and air pollution.
iv. Generate employment: Fruit tree farming being highly intensive and skilful enterprise,
v. Generate employment even for trained persons.
IMPORTANCE OF FRUIT AS FOOD

Importance of fruits in human diet is well recognized. Man cannot live on cereals. Fruit and
vegetables are essential for balance diet and good health. Nutrionist advocate 60- 85 g of fruits and
300 g vegetable per capita per day in addition to cereals, pulse, egg etc.
Fruits and vegetable are good source of vitamins and minerals without which human body
cannot maintain proper health and develop resistance to disease. They also contain pectin, cellulose
which stimulates intestinical activities and energy giving substances like oils, fats, and proteins.
Many fruits have medical purpose.
A. As a Source of Vitamins:
1. Vitamin A:
It is a fat soluble and essential for growth and reproduction deficiency cause cessation of
growth, night blindness, roughness and crouton of skin in children formation of stones in kidney
and bladder and pimping. Carotene which is a precurescer of vitamin A is found in different fruits
e.g. Mango, papaya, fruit, dates, banana.
2. Vitamin B:
Deficiency causes berry berry disease, loss of appetite, loss in weight, fall in body
temperature, sore throat etc. It is found in fruit like cashew nut, almond, banana, apple, bale, litchi,
papaya and pomegranate.
3. Vitamin C:
It is water soluble and essential for general good health. Deficiency cause unhealthy gums,
tooth decay, bleeding of gums, swelling of limbs, scurvy disease delay in wound healing,
enlargement of heart and damage to heart muscles. It is available in fruits like aonla, guava, citrus
fruits, ber, strawberry, pineapple, etc.
B. As a Source of Minerals:
At least 10 different mineral elements are required for proper growth and development of
human body. Out of these, calcium, iron and phosphorus are required on large scale ca is badly
lacking in Indian diet.
1. Calcium:

Needed for development of bones, absence causes rickets, pigeon chest, and retarded
growth.
2. Iron:
It is an essential of blood cell and best known O2 carrier.
3. Phosphorus:
Required for cell multiplication and oxidation of CHO, liberating energy.
Sources: Almond, cashew nut, guava, jamun, fig, kronda, mango.
C: As Source of Energy
Carbohydrate and fats provide energy, while proteins besides providing energy are also
responsible for building body tissues. Most of the fruits are good source of CHO.
Sources: Banana (36%), grapes (20%), custard apple (25%), apples, ber, cashewnut to meet the
annual calorific requirements one would need to be cultivate cashew.
D: Fruits have Medicinal Value:

The fruit like Aonla, pomegranate, kokum, jamun, bihada etc. have great medicinal value.
SCOPE OF FRUIT PRODUCTION
1. Need to Increase Production to Meet Dietary Requirements:

The per capita consumption of fruits in India is very low e.g. USA 202kg/capita / year,
Pakistan 100 kg/ capital/ year and India 10 kg / capita/ year. The low consumption of fruits is only
due to very small fraction of the total cropped area under fruits.
2. Increasing Irrigation Facilities in Maharashtra

Most of the commercial fruit tress requires perennial irrigation. The area receiving perennial
irrigation which was 6% in 1960 reached a level of 12.5 - 13% today. By exploiting all the resources
the maximum area that can be brought under irrigation would be 25% of the total cropped area.
Thus, there is still scope to increasing irrigated area in near future as government is giving priorities
to such to works. This would be definitely help to increase area under fruit crops.
3. Scope for Increasing Area Under Dry Land Fruits

It is not entirely true that all the fruits require perennial irrigation. There are many fruit trees
like ber, custard apple, cashew nut, aonla etc. which are hardly in nature and can be grown purely
under rain fed condition.
4. Increasing Urbanization and Change in Food Habits

Increasing urbanization due to industrial growth has increased demands for fruits. Change
in food habits is also being noticed due to education and assured income which has also helped in
increasing demands for fruits.
5. Increased Transport Facilities

Most of the fruits are highly perishable, having less storage life and need quick disposal
after harvest. Lack of good transportation system was one of the major constraints in are expansion
of fruits.
6. Increasing in Cold Storage Facilities and Pre- Cooling Center

Fruits have highly perishable and have less shelf- life. During the peak harvest periods, the
market gluts reduce prices of fruits. Cold storage facilities help to regulate market supply and

stabiles the rates. Similarly, to extend shelf life, pre cooling after harvest is necessary. This would
help to increase more area under fruit in the year to come.
7. Scope for Agro- Based Industries

Even after much of industrial progress, country depends on agricultural sectors for
employment is going to come from agricultural sectors.
8. Development of New Techniques

Use of growth regulators, in situ grafting, drip irrigation for water economy, tissue culture
special horticultural practices like ringing, girdling, notching, Bahar treatment, high density
planting etc. have helped to increase productivity and also bring more lands under cultivation.
9. Evaluation of New High Yielding Varieties and Introduction of New Crops

Development of high yielding of fruit like pomegranate, Ganesh, P-23, P-26, G-137 , mango
– Ratna, Amravati, Mallika, Sindhu, grapes- Thompson seedless , guava- Sardar, (L-49, cashewnut-
Vengurla No. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 have to bring more area under fruits. Similarly, introduction of
commercial cultivation of some of the new crops like ber aonla etc. would also indicate scope for
area expansion.
10. Availability of Loan Facilities

Fruit crops being capital intensive, lack of capital was one of the major bundles in the
expansion. Now a days there are several cooperative and commercial banks providing finance for
fruit farming which has increased the scope for it.
11. Government Incentive

Realizing the need for area expansion of fruit crops, the governments of Gujarat started a
very ambitious programme of fruit development
12. Scope for Export of Fruits

Market surveys in Europe and other markets have revealed that is a good scope or export of
grapes, mango, banana, pomegranate, citrus, ber, cashew to gulf and European markers. The
availability of these markets would be increase area under these fruits.
13. Availability of cheap labor
14. Very high production of fruits
15. Suitability of climate for fruits are some of the other factors indicating scope for fruits

IMPORTANCE AND AREA OF PLANTATION CROPS
IMPORTANCE OF PLANTATION CROPS
The term Plantation crops refers to “Those crops which are cultivated on an extensive
scale in a large contiguous area, owned and managed by an Individual or a company.” The
crops include tea, coffee, rubber, cocoa, coconut, arecanut, oil palm, palmyrah palm, cashew,
cinchona etc. These plantation crops are high value commercial crops of greater economic
importance and play a vital role in our Indian economy.
The Economic Importance of these Crops are
1. They contribute to national economy by way of export earnings. These crops occupy less than 2
per cent of the total cultivated area but they generate an income of around Rs. 16,000 million
or about 12.72 per cent of the total export earnings of all commodities or 75 per cent of total
earnings from the export of agricultural produces.
2. India is the leading country in the total production of certain plantation crops in the world. For
instance, our production meets the share of 47 per cent in tea and 66 per cent in each of cashew
and arecanut.
3. Plantation industry provides direct as well as indirect employment to many millions of people.
For instance, tea industry offers direct employment to 10 lakhs and indirect employment to 10
lakh people.
4. Plantation industry supports many by-product industries and also many rural industries. For
example, coconut husk is used to produce coir fiber annually to a 2,19,600 tones in India.
5. These crops help to conserve the soil and ecosystem. Tea planted in hill slopes and cashew in
barrel and waste lands protect the land from soil erosion during the rainy season or due to heavy
winds.
Area of Plantation Crops in India
The area and production is more in Kerala (9,97,710 ha and 43,07,170 MT) followed by
Karnataka (8,70,560 ha and 39,01,000 MT), Tamil Nadu (6,34,550 ha and 48,42,330 MT), Andhra
Pradesh (3,29,590 ha/and 13,64,680 MT).

HIGH DENSITY PLANTING
High Density Plantation (HDP) is one of the technologies for increasing the fruit yield per
unit area. High Density Planting can be defined as planting fruit trees at a density in excess of that
which suffices to give maximum crop yield at maturity if individual tree grows to its full normal
size. In other words, it is the planting at a closer spacing to accommodate more number of plants
per unit area. The concept of HDP has drowned considerable attention of the fruit growers all over
the world.
The technology for HDP is based on the principle of maximum utilization of solar energy
and other natural resources per unit area.
Vorteile
1. Maximum utilization of land and space
2. Higher nutrient and water use efficiency
3. Higher interception of solar radiation
4. Higher efficiency of fungicidal and pesticidal spray due to greater degree of spray
interception
5. Effective control of weed growth
6. Allows mechanization of fruit production
High Density planting is already a success story in fruit crop like apple, banana, pineapple, mango
etc. which is evident from the table:
Spacing Yield (t/ha)
Crop Traditional Traditional
HDP HDP
method method
Mango 10m X 10m 2.5mX2.5m 7.5 19.2
Apple 7.5m X 7.5m 3mX3m 4.5 15.2
Kinnow 5m X 4.5m 1.8mX1.8m 8.2 17.75
Banana 2.4m X 2.4m 1.8mX1.8m 37.9 52.4
Pineapple 20000 P/ha 72000 P/ha 59.4 102.4
METHODS OF HDP
The only way to increase the plant density in an orchard is by planting at a closer spacing.
But the limit of closeness depends on plant growth habit which in turn, is determined by a complex
of integration of factors like cultivar, management level, soil status and economic considerations.
High Density Planting can be achieved by:
(a) Controlling the size of the tree
(b) Improved planting system
Tree size control
The size of the tree can be controlled by the following methods.
➢ Planting of genetically dwarf varieties like Amarpali in Mango, Pusa Nanha in Papaya,
Dwarf Cavendish in Banana, PKM1 in Sapota etc.

➢ Use of dwarfing rootstocks like M9, M27 for apple, Jhar ber (Zizyphus rotundifolia) for ber;
Karna Khatta for Kinnow mandarin; Chinese guava, Aneuploid 82 for guava; Olour,
Velloicolumban for mango etc.
➢ Use of growth retarding chemicals like AMO 1618, CCC, Ancymidol, Paclobutrozol, etc.
Paclobutrazol (Cultar) has gained commercial application in mango.
➢ Pruning to remove the apical portion which results in a compact and bushy tree trough
stimulation of lateral bud growth. This has been successfully done in grape, apple and
mango.
➢ Various training systems like spindle bush, dwarf pyramid, espaliers has been proved to be
effective for HDP of apple and other temperate fruit crops.
➢ Controlling root growth for reducing vegetative growth e.g. peach.
➢ Use of viral infection in crops like citrus and apple.
Improved planting system
The various planting systems adopted in fruit crops are square, triangular, quincunx,
rectangular, hexagonal, hedgerow and cluster planting. Out of these, triangular and square systems
ore followed for HDP of mango, kinnow, banana, papaya.
Constraints
✓ Higher incidence of some diseases like leaf-spot and finger tip of banana
✓ Poor quality of the fruits e.g. skin colour in apple
✓ Higher initial cost of orchard establishment
✓ Lower longevity of the plants

PACKAGE OF PRACTICES OF FRUIT CROPS
MANGO
B.N.:-Mangifera indica L. Family:- Anacardaceae Origin :- Indo-Burma region
Introduction:
It is national fruit of India. No other fruits can compete with mango in respect to area,
production, nutritive value and popularity. For this reason mango is known as king of fruits.
In India mango cultivation is 4000-6000 yrs old. Area in India – 2208.56 thousand hactor
hectares. Growing states are U.P. followed by Bihar and A. P., and to some extent in all the rest
states.
Area in Gujarat – 1,42,690 hectares. Growing districts are Valsad, followed by Junagadh,
Surat, Bhavnagar, Kheda, Amreli, Bharuch, Sabarkantha and Kutch.
Uses and Composition:
Unripe fruits are used for culinary purpose, pickles, powder and chutney.
Whereas ripe fruits are used for squash, nectar, jam, toffee, juice, slices and for canning of pulp and
slices.
Soil :- Soils from alluvial to laterite type are best. 2.0 to 2.5 m deep. Well drained and well fertile
having good water holding capacity soils are best. Black cotton soil as well as saline and alkaline
soils is not good. pH between 5.5 to 7.5 is desirable.
Climate :- Mango is tropical crop. Does well within temperature range from 24-27 0C, during fruit
development and maturity period, It tolerate up to 48 0C.
Cultivars (Varieties)
Dashehari, Langra, Chausa and Bombay green.
Himsagar, Langra, Fazli, Lakhshman Bhog, Krishna Bhog and Gulabkhas
Alphanso, Rajapuri. Kesar, Jamadar, Langra, Sardar, Dadamio, Karanjio, Totapuri,
Neelum, Dashehari and Amrutang
Bangalora, Neelum, Swarnarekha, Pairi, Baganpalli, Mulgoa and Alphanso
Hybrids
Centre Hybrids Parents
IARI New Amrapali Dashehari x Neelum
Delhi Mallika Neelum x Dashehari
IIHR Arka Aruna Beganpalli x Alphanso
Bangalore Arka Anmol Alphanso x Janardhan
Arka Neelkiran Alphanso x Neelum
Arka Puneet Alphanso x Baganpalli

RFRS, Paria, Neeleshan Neelum x Baneshan
Gujarat
Neeleshwari Neelum x Dashehari
Neelphanso Neelum x Alphanso
Sonpari Alphanso x Baneshan
Maharashtra Ratna Neelum x Alphanso
Sindhu Ratna x Alphanso
Other Varieties
Dashehari:
Alphanso:
Pairi:
Kesar:
Jamadar:
Neelum:
Beganpali:
Propagation:
I. Seed
II. Vegetative propagation:
1. Inarching 2.Veneer grafting and side grafting
3. Softwood grafting
Inarching
For the actual inarching operation, the stock is brought close to the scion. A thin slice of
bark about 6-8 cm long about 8mm in thickness at a height of about 20 cm above ground level is
removed with a sharp knife from the stock. A similar cut is made in scion. Thus the cambium layer
of both stock and scion are exposed. These cuts area brought together and tied firmly with the help
of poly ethane strip.
Softwood grafting
In this technique, grafting is done with mature, procured scion on the emerging soft coppery
red shoot of rootstock. The leaves on the stock must be retained while grafting to high success. The
technique is effective on dry, hot weather or in area of low ppt.
Arid and semi arid regions inarching grafting are not well established due to disturbing of tap root
system so that in situ soft grafting is recommended. Dr. R. S. Amin retired professor GAU Anand
developed this.
Planting
Systems of planting
1. Square 2. Rectangular 3.Quincunx 4. Hexagonal and 5. Contour. Of these, square system is
the most popular in mango the planting distance will vary with the vigor of the cultivar and the
location ranging between 10-12 m.

High Density Planting:- Cv. Amrapali could be planted at a spacing of 2.5 m x 2.5 m with a
density of 1600 plants per ha.
Preparation of pits and planting:-

Planting distance will vary according to vigor of variety and type of soil. Generally it ranges
from 10 to 12 meters.
Pits of 1×1×1 meters are dug during summer (two months before monsoon). Kept Open
under the sun. Pits filled with mixture of 50 kg FYM and soil. Mix 100 g termite killing dust.
Planting is done during the rainy season when the soil in the pits has already settled while
planting one should be careful that earth ball does not break and graft union remains well above the
ground level. The planting should preferably be done during cloudy weather and in the evening.
The plants should be irrigated immediately after planting.
Irrigation
Non-bearing trees:- 7-8 days interval during winter and 4-8 days interval during summer.
There should not be stagnation of water in the pit or basin.
Bearing trees:- 10-15 days interval during fruit development period. This will be helpful in
improving size of fruit and in reducing fruit drop.
For good flowering, irrigation must be stopped for 2-3 months before flowering.
Manuring:
Manure’s and fertilizers :- (per tree per year).
Chemical fertilizer (kg)
FYM
Sr. Year A.S. N2 S.S.P. P2O5 M.P. K2O
(kg)
(kg) (g) (kg) (g) (kg) (g)
1. First year 10 0.375 75 0.100 16 0.125 75
2. Two to nine (increase same doze in each Year)
3. Tenth year 100 3.750 750 1.000 160 1.250 750
and above
Adult tree 100 3.750 750 1.000 160 1.250 750
Pruning and training

The mango, being an evergreen plant, hardly needs any pruning. The only pruning that it required
is periodic removal of the dead and diseases branches, as and when one notices them. Training
however is an essential practice in initial 2-3 years. This is done with a view to providing good
framework for the future so that the branches are spaced properly and these do not break with the
crop loads of the bearing stage. These branches are not encouraged too low on the trunk or too high
from the ground level.
Flowering
Nov –Dec in A. P. and states of S. India.
Feb -March in Northern India.
Jane -Feb in Eastern parts of India.
Dec -Jan in Gujarat
Generally period of flowering is of two weeks. Low temp extend it, and higher temp shorten
it.
Two types of flowers in each panicle (Male and Perfect). Number of flowers/panicle -1000-
6000. Only 0.001% fruits reaches to maturity. Highly cross pollinated crop. Pollination through
insects & wind.

Biennial bearing or Alternate Bearing
It is most burning problem in mango crop. Yield is in alternate years i.e. heavy or optimum
fruiting in 1st year called on year: followed by little or no fruiting in next year called off year:
Factors responsible or Causes: (1) Climate (2) Age & size of shoot: most varieties do not
differentiate until shoots are of certain age & girth. (3) C:N ratio. High C:N ratio favors bud
formation. (4) Hormonal imbalance: High level of auxins and low levels of inhibitors as well low
level of GA3 favors flowering.
Control of biennial bearing problem

Control:- (1) Proper maintenance of orchard. (2) Deblossoming in ‘On year’. (3) Smudging &
chemical regulation. Smudging (smoke) is age old practice in Philippines. In India not followed.
Spraying of 200 ppm Etheral during ‘off year’ induce flowering. Auxins, KNO3 also beneficial. (4)
Pruning (5) Planting of regular varieties like Bengalora, Totapuri, Neelum, Romania, Redsmall,
Rumani, Mallika, Amrapali
Pests
(1) Mango Hopper (Madhio):- Nymph & adult suck sap from tender fruit, Panicle etc. seen
throughout year. But damage during flowering & in rest period hibernate under the dried bark
of stem. They secrete honey-dew on which sooty mold develops. Dusting carbaryl 50 % WP
0.20% at time of October, Deltamethrin 2.8 EC – 3 ml or Cypermethrin 25 % EC – 1.2 before
flowering.
(2) Mealy Bug: Nymph emerge from soil in Dec-Jan. & climb. Suck juice from tender shoot,
panicle etc. Affected part dry. Controlled by (1) Mixing 10 % BHC in soil around trunk. (2)
Stick 30 cm wide Greece band at 30 cm above on the trunk in Dec-Jan. (3) Spray
monochrotophas 0.04 % or melathion 0.08 %.
(3) Mango Stem Borer:- It tunnels trunk & branches. Controlled by (1) Any wound on
branch/trunk should not be kept open. (2) Clean the tunnel with hard wire & pour petrol or
kerosene or endosulfan & seal the hole with mud.
(4) Fruit fly: Fly lays eggs under the rind of fruit, before fruit matures. The affected fruit begins to
rot & drop down. Controlled by (1) Keep the orchard clean. (2) Collect & destroy damaged
fruits. (3) Spray Fenthion 10 ml in 10 lit of water. (4) Use Methyl euginol trap.
(5) Termites: Destroy galleries of termites from trunk. Mix 10 % BHC at planting in soil mixture.
Diseases
(1) Powdery mildew: Fungal disease. Favoured by high humidity, cloudy weather and low night
temperature during panicle development & fruit-setting period grayish white powdery bloom
on flower buds & fruits. Which results failure of crop. Controlled by (1) Spray wettable sulphar
0.2 %, Bavistin 0.1 %, Benlate 0.1%. First spray at pre-bloom stage & two sprays at full bloom
& fruit set stages.
(2) Anthracnose: Fungal disease more in humid & high rainfall regions. Panicles, leaves, tender
shoots etc. are affected with black necrotic areas & die back. Controlled by pruning affected
dead twigs. Spray B. M. (3:3:50) Bavistin 0.1 %, Benlate 0.1 % in Feb, April & September.
(3) Bacterial canker or bacterial spot : Affected fruit crack & gum ooze out. Spray BM (3:3:50)
or streptocycline.
Physiological Disorders

(1) Black Tip : More in pujab, UP, Bihar & W.Bengal. The distle end of fruit becomes black &
hard. Premature ripening of fruit which is not marketablae.It is due to fumes of brick klines near
630 m. perifery of orchard.CO2, SO2 & acetylene are constituents of this fume. Spray Borax 0.6
& Caustic soda 0.8 %.
(2) Leaf scorch: Due to excess chloride in the soil, which makes potash unavailable. It is common
in saline soils or where Mureate of potash is used. It can be controlled by use of potassium
sulphate in place of Mureate of potash.
(3) Spongy tissue: Ripe fruit look normal, but on cutting, spongy development found in flesh,
which is bed in odor, ceramic white in color & unpalatable. It is due to accumulation of radiant
heat in fruit tissues during April-May. Commonly found in Alphonso (30 %) and Jamadar.
Controlled by (1) Mulching dry leaves, straw etc. under the tree. (2) Avoid harvesting during
hot period of day. (3) Harvest fruit at ¾th maturity
(4) Mango malformation: Widely found in Punjab, Delhi, U.P. & some extent in Gujarat & M.S.
Southern region of country are free.
(A) Vegetative Malformation: Common in young nursery plant. Leaves become rosette in
shape.
(B) Floral Malformation: Panicles show suppression of apical dominance. Hang on the tree
throughout the year. They suck nutrients and live at the cost of other panicles. It is due to
(1) Lack of cultural practices (2) Nutritional imbalance (3) Attract of mites (4) Attack of
virus and fungus (5) Low temperature. Controlled by (1) Single spray of 200 ppm NAA in
1st week of Oct. (2) Deblossoming at bud burst stage (3) Cutting and removing of affected
panicles. Variety ‘Bhadauran’ if free but fruits inferior.
(5) Fruit Drop: Natural fruit drop is 99 %. Highest drop during initial 4 weeks. Different fruit drop
stages are (1) Pin drop: It is at fruit set stage (2) Pea stage: It is after fruit set (3) Premature drop: It
is before harvest (April-May)
Causes:
[A] Internal factors (1) Lake of pollination (2) Low stigmatic receptivity
(3) Defective perfect flowers (4) Self-incompatibility (5) Drought or lack of irrigation.
[B] (1) External factors: (1) Unfovourable soil & climatic conditions (2) High incidence of
diseases like powdery mildew, anthracnose, (3) High incidence of insects like mango
hopper, mealy bugs etc.
Control: (1) Regular irrigation during fruit development. (2) Timely & effective control of insect
pest & diseases. (3) Spray 20 ppm NAA + 2% urea at pea stage or20 ppm 2, 4-D.
Method of harvesting:
Most satisfactory method available at the moment is the one which makes use of a bamboo hand
tool, called mango picker locally known as VEDO. Consists of long bamboo pole fitted with a
cutting shear at the distal end, and under which a fruit collecting net is tried.
Yield:- Seedling tree after 8-10 yrs. Grafted tree after 4-5 yrs. Av. yield = 80-100 kg. & up to 200
kg/tree.
BANANA

B.N.: (1) Musa paradisiaca L.
Family: Musaceae Origin: South-East Asia (Assam, Burma etc.)
One of the oldest fruits in India. It is second in importance next to Mango in India. Rich
source of energy. All parts of plant are useful. Unripe fruits are used for powder and ripe fruits are
used for jam, fruit salad and religious purpose.
Soil: Deep, well drained, fertile, loamy soil with adequate organic matter is ideal for its cultivation.
Shallow rooted crop, so depth & drainage are essential. Can grow in slight alkaline but not in saline
soils.
Climate:- Banana is well adapted to tropical climate in the warm and humid parts in Asia. It can
grow in temperature range 10-40 0C, frost sensitive. Wind breaks necessary.
Varieties :- Basrai, Harichhal, Gross Michel- (best all over world.), Grand naine, Poovan, Nendran,
Lal kela, Safed Velchi etc. wild species found in Assam & Arunachal, whose pseudo stem is used
for paper & rope making.
Propagation:- vegetatively propagated.

Suckers
Sword suckers Water suckers
Leaves are pointed, narrow & upright Leaves are Broader, spreading with
roundish tip.
Rhizome is conical with sound heart Rhizome flat with non-sound heart
Growth is vigorous & fast Growth slow
Bearing is early (11 months.) Bearing late (15 months.)
Sword suckers are best.
Planting of suckers: Sword suckers of 3-4 months old separated from mother rhizome & planted.
Planting of Rhizome:- Pseudo stem of sucker is completely removed from rhizome. Such rhizomes
are stored under shade in cool & dry place for 2 months. The conical rhizomes with sound heart &
few side buds are used for Planting.
Distance of Planting
Tall varieties – 2.5 x 2.5 m
Dwarf varieties – 1.8 x 1.8 or 1.2 x 1.2 m. 31.6 tones of rhizomes i.e. 3000 numbers required per
ha.
Planting Season: - 15 June to 15 July. If early planting, bunch will emerge during severe winter,
which reduce the yield. High temp. of Sept-Oct. and severe cold of winter reduce the growth of
bunch. Pits of 30 x 30 x 30 are dug during summer.
Irrigation :- Banana need plenty of water throughout the life. Summer- 7-8, winter 10-12 days
interval. Total 40-50 irrigations.

Manures & fertilizers: Nutritional requirement is very high.
Time of Apply FYM (kg) 10-15 /Plant at the time of filling the pits
AS (N) (g) SSP (P2O5) (g) MP (K2O) (g)

125 (60)
3rd month 300 (60) 190 (30)
4rth month 300 (60) 190 (30) 125 (60)
5th month 300 (60) 190 (30) 125 (60)
Total 900 (180) 570 (90) 375 (180)
For more improvement 2% urea can be sprayed.

Intercropping:- Radish, cauliflower, cabbage, spinach, chilli, brinjal, colocasia, yam, dioscorea,
lady's finger, basella, cucurbitaceous vegetables, marigold, tuberose are grown as intercrops. Mixed
cropping with arecanut and coconut is a common practice in South India
Essential operations
1. Weeding : weed free condition is necessary to control pest & diseases.
2. Desuckering :- Removal of unwanted suckers is one of the most critical operations in banana
cultivation and is known as de-suckering. Removal of unwanted suckers. Only 2 are kept.
3. Earthing up : During rainy season to give the support, to provide drainage & to avoid water-
logging.
4. Propping :- The lodging of banana plants particularly at mature stages results in heavy loss. The
falling of the pseudostem may occur due to strong winds, rhizome rot, burrowing nematode or
tall cultivar. There is no doubt that strong wind is one of the important limiting factors in banana
production. Supporting with bamboo at bunch emergence period.
5. Wrapping :- Covering of bunches with gunny cloth or dry leaves to protect from sunburn, hot
wind, dust etc which improves colour of fruit.
6. Removal of dried & decayed leaves: - Pruning of surplus leaves is a common operation in
banana production. Leaf removal helps to reduce the disease spreading through old and
senescent leaves. The micro climate is changed by leaf pruning, especially light and temperature.
7. Nipping off : of male flower head.
Economic life of plant is 2-3 years.
Flowering & Fruit Development: Flowering starts after 6-8 months of planting. Inflorescence has
hermaphrodite flowers. Edible banana are parthenocarpic, where as wild are having seeds. Banana
plant is monocarpic (having only one flower bud). Therefore, plant produce only one bunch in it’s
life.
Harvesting & Yield : The fruit is harvested when maturity sign was observed.
Signs of maturity of fruit :-(1) Drying of leaves. (2) Change of colour of fruit skin from deep
green to light green. (3) Ridges of the fruit turn round from angular.
The dwarf varieties of bananas are ready for harvest within 11 to 14 months after planting. Tall
varieties ready to harvest after 14-16 months. Main harvesting season is sept. to April Bunch yield
90-120 t./ha. but if good management 40-60 t./ha. tall-15-20 t./ha. (5-10% loss during transport.

Storage :- Banana can be stored at a temperature slightly above 55°F (13°C) and with a relative
humidity of 85 to 95 per cent for about three weeks, and is ripened in a week or two at 62"-70°F (16.5°-
21°C). Banana fruit becomes blackened at lower temperatures and should not be placed in a refrigerator.
Pests
1. Banana stem borer: Larva feeds on corm. Leaves turn yellow, weather & plant dies. Controlled
by clean cultivation.
2. Banana Aphids: They are the vectors of virus of ‘bunchy top’ disease. Can be controlled by
spraying Dimethoate or Melathion, (10 ml in 10 lit water).
3. Nematodes: Affected plants do not respond to fertilizers, irrigation, cultural practices etc. Root
become reddish & rot. It can be controlled by (1) Treating plant material with Furadon granular
insecticide. (2) Use nematicide.
Diseases
(1) Panama disease OR Banana wilt:- Soil borne fungal disease. Gets entry through roots. Serious
in poorly drained soils. Yellow leaves hang on the stem. Not serious in Gujarat. Can be
controlled by (1) Planting of resistant varieties like Basrai or poovan. (2) Uproot the affected
plant & burn.
(2) Bunch Top: It is a viral disease transmitted through vector Aphid. Plant remain stunted &
produce poor bunch. Can be controlled by. (1) Destroying affected plants with rhizome. (2)
Spray insecticide to control aphids.
(3) Leaf spot OR Sigatoka disease:- It is a fungal disease. Light yellow spots which become dark
brown on the leaf. Killing of large part of leaf. Gross Michael & Cavendish are highly
susceptible. Can be controlled by. (1) Improving drainage & reducing humidity in plantation.
(2)Remove affected leaves (3) Spray Dithane M-45.
Premature ripening of fruits:- Observed in Kheda, Bharauch & Surat regions. Leaves become
yellowish, red spots on leaves. Fruit ripen earlier. Can be controlled by. (1) Dusting 300 mesh
sulphur (16 kg/ha.) (2) Spray 0.025 % Carbendazim at one months interval.
CITRUS SPECIES
They are third in importance next to mango and banana.

Four gropes of major citrus.
1. Mandarin (Citrus reticuleta Blanca)
2. Oranges (Citrus sinensis Osback)
3. Pummelo (Citrus grandis) and grape fruits (Citrus paradisi)
4. Limes (Citrus aurantifolia). Lemons (Citrus limon) and citrons (Citrus medica)
Kagzilime :-
B.N. Citrus aurantifolia swingle. F. Rutaceae. O. Probably India.
Spur lime (Kagzi lime, Acid lime, Mexican lime) in Hindi is known as 'Neebu'. It is a profusely
branched thorny shrub or small tree. The leaves are small with narrowly winged petioles. The flowers
are small, pure white and are borne in clusters. The fruits are more or less round or oval, smooth having
thin rind (papery) attached lightly. The immature fruits are dark green in colour which changes to
light yellow when ripe. The colour of the pulp is light greenish-yellow; taste is acid, aromatic; cells
fine and shiny. The number of segments is 9-11. The number of seeds per fruit is 9-10.
Uses
✓ Lime is a good source of vitamin-C and is extensively used for culinary purposes.
✓ It is used for flavouring jams, jellies, marmalades and alcoholic drinks.
✓ It is used as a garnish for fish and meat.
✓ It is also used for preparing beverages such as limeade and lime rocky.
✓ Important products made from lime are: lime juice, lime cordial, lime oil and calcium citrate,
dried or dehydrated lime peel, lime powder and pickle.
✓ Dried lime feed powder and lime sediment obtained when lime juice is clarified, are
utilized for cleaning metal ware.
✓ Lime is also used as citric acid, cosmetics
Climate :- Frost free, tropical to sub-tropical, Free from strong winds & frost. Do well in Dry
climate. In high rainfall area, susceptible to bacterial canker.
Soil :- Deep, uniform, loamy, well drained, slight acidic, free from lime. Ph 5.5 to 7.5 good drainage
susceptible to salty & saline-alkaline soils.
Varieties :- Kagzi lime, Vikram (Ms), Pramalini (Ms)

Propagation:-
1. Seed. Sour lime is mainly propagated by seed. Propagation by seeds is followed due to
polyembryonic nature of it. In sour lime about 78 per cent seeds possess polyembryos. Each
polyembryonic seed produces three to four seedlings.
2. Vegetative. Layering. Budding on Rough Lemon.
Raising of seedling :- Freshly extracted seeds are sown on well prepared nursery bed at the distance
of 20 x l0 cm and 1.5 to2cm deep. Germination completes within 3 weeks. The sexual seedlings, which
are usually stunted and poor in growth compared to apogamic or nucellar seedlings, are uprooted
carefully. Removal of sexual seedlings is essential because they do not breed true to type. The apogamic
seedlings are identical to the parent in growth and production. Seedlings are ready for transplanting

6 to 9 months after sowing. However, usually one year old seedlings are preferred for transplanting.
Seeds are sown in seedbed during July- August.
Transplanting :- One year old seedling transplanted in another bed at 30 x 15 cm. After one year
they planted in the field. Weak seedlings avoided.
Planting :- Pits of 60 x 60 x 60 cm. dug & filled with 25 kg FYM + 1.5 kg SSP + 2 kg castor cake
+50 g BHC + soil. Planting at 6 x 6 m in monsoon.
Manuring :- 50 kg FYM, 900 g. N, 750 g P & 500 g K after 5th year onwards in 2 splits.
1 = FYM + ½ N + Full P + ½ K in Aug-Sept
2 = ½ N + ½ K in March-April
Irrigation :- Shallow rooted crop, hence regular irrigation. Very essential during flowering &
fruiting. In summer at 7 days & in winter 10 days interval.
Intercropping :- During first 2 to 3 years, vegetable crops.
Other cares :-
1. Weeding & hand digging.
2. Spraying of mixture of 500 g ZnSO4 + 1 kg FeSO4 + 1 kg CaCO3 + 100 lit. water, 2 to 3
times/year.
3. Protection against winds & frost.
4. Pasting Bordeaux Paste (1:1:10) on the trunk to avoid gummosis & sun burn.
5. Remove water shoots & dead woods.
6. No pruning to bearing trees.
Fruiting :- Flowers throughout the year after 4th year. Fruit takes 6 months to mature. 60 % in July-
Sept 30 % in Oct-Jan & 10 % in summer.
Harvesting :- The fruits mature in six months after flowering. In Gujarat, about 60 per cent of the
total crop is harvested during July to September, 30 percent from October to January and 10 per cent
from February to May. In north India, the main harvesting season is in the months of August-
September. Non climacteric fruit. Greenish yellow fruits picked by hook. 6-8 pickings/season.
Yield :- 1000 to1200 fruits & maximum 3000-6000 fruits. (40-70 kg) per tree. Packed in gunny
bags.
Pests :-
1. Citrus leaf miner. Serious pest in all species. Larvae mine the leaves resulting curling. Spray
monocrotophos (0.03%) weekly during flush.
2. Lemon Butterfly. Larvae feed on leaves. Fruit drops. Dusting of BHC (5 %) or spraying carbaryl
(0.1%).
3. Fruit sucking moth – Suck juice from fruit, fruit drops, unmarketable. Spray monocrotophos
(0.03%).
Diseases :-

1. Citrus canker (Bacterial):- Wide spread in India. Serious in Acid lime. Leaves, twigs, fruit &
thorns affected. Fruits of poor quality. Controlled by pruning & burning, diseased parts. Spray
Bordeaux mixture (10:5:100) to new flushes. Spray 500 ppm streptomycin sulphate.
2. Greening :- Caused by mycoplasma. Chlorosis of leaves, thickening of leaf, shortening of
internodes, off season blooming. & die back. Fruits small. Spread by vector Citrus psylla.
Controlled by removing infected trees. Control Citrus psylla by pesticide.
3. Phytophthora Rot:- (Root rot, collar rot, crown rot, gummosis, etc. ) fungal. Most serious, soil
inhabitant. Controlled by raising nursery in disease free condition, avoid water logging, paste
bordeaux paste 60 cm on the trunk. Use tolerant root stocks like Sour Orange, Trifoliate Orange,
etc. Apply qurofunsin (1 g in 10 lit water)
4. Citrusdecline:- Throughout the world. Complex problem.
Factors-responsible for citrus decline:-
1. High soil pH 5. Nematodes
2. Insect pest & diseases 6. Nutritional
3. Greening diseases 7. Soil management.
4. Judicious intercropping 8. Lack of plant protection.

SAPOTA
B.N.:Achras sapota L. or Manilkara achras- (Mill.) Fosberg
Origin: Mexico (America) Family: Sapotaceae
Climate:- Tropical fruit. Prefer warm & moist weather. Coastal climate is best. Temp. 11-34 0C
is best. Above 41 0C causes flower drop and scorching.
Soil :- Hardy natured tree. Deep alluvial, sandy loom, red laterite to medium black soil are best.
Varieties:-
State Cultivars
Andhra Pradesh Pala, Kirtibarthi, Cricket Ball, Dwarapudi and Guthi Jonavalasa
Gujarat Kalipatti, Bhuripatti, Pilipatti, Dhola Diwani, Jhumakhia
and Cricket Ball
Maharashtra Kalipatti, Cricket Ball and Murraba
Karnataka Kalipatti, Cricket Ball, Kirtibarthi, DBS 1 and DHS 2
Tamil Nadu Guthi, Kirtibarthi, Pala, Co 1, Co 2 and PKM 1
Others Cricket Bal], Calcutta Special, Round, Oval and Baramasi
Propagation:-
1. Seeds: not commercial.
2. Vegetative:
❖ Air layering - during rainy season. Ground layering only in Maharashtra. Pot layering in
Maharashtra & Karnataka.
❖ Grafting- (Inarch Grafting) is best. Rootstocks of Sapota, Khirnee (Rayan) or Mahuda are
used. Grafting period is Jan-Feb. Khirnee is best because of (1) Hardy plant & seed is easily
available. (2) Tolerant to salt. (3) Deep root system. (4) Tolerant to adverse climate.
Different root stocks are Sapota, Rayan (Khirni), Mahuda, Mee tree (Srilanka), star apple,
etc.
❖ Budding:- Not adopted in Gujarat.
Planting : As per Mango square system. Pits of 1x1x1m are dug. Filled with 40 kg FYM + soil.
Planting 10 x10m during early monsoon.
Irrigation: Can tolerate draught, but respond well to irrigation. 8-10 days interval. Regular
irrigation reduce the flower drop.
Manures & Fertilizers:

For bearing trees - 50 kg FYM per tree Fertilizers
1000 g N + 500 g P + 500 g K per tree per year. ½ in June and ½ in October. Fertilizers applied 2
m away of trunk in 30 cm wide & 15 cm deep trench.
Intercropping: Vegetable crops, Banana, Papaya and pulses etc.
Flowering & Fruiting: Under tropical conditions-throughout the year. However July- November
& Feb-March. 20 ppm NAA is sprayed for higher fruit set & yield. Cross pollinated crop.
Protogynous in nature (Female is receptive before male.)

Harvesting & Yield : Grafted plant-after 4th yr & seedling 6-8 yrs. Harvesting during Mar-Apr &
Sept-Oct. 6-7 months to reach at maturity. Climacteric fruit. 10-12 t/ha. Fruit ripens after 5 days at
room temp. 1000 ppm ethephon is used for early ripening.
Maturity Sign: 1. Develop dull potato colour. 2 Yellow scratch instead of green. 3. Brown sandy
material disappear from surface. 4. Milky latex reduce. 5. Stigma drop off easily.
Pests:
1. Flower bud eating caterpillar: 1-2 sprays of Monochrotophos. (10ml + 10 lit. water.)
2. Bark eating caterpillar: (Inderbella) : Bore under the bark. Pour petrol or kerosene into the
hole & plug. (3) Fruit Borer : Spray Dimethoate (30 ml + 181 lit. water)
Disease:
1. Leaf spot: Fungal disease. Kalipatti & CO-2 are tolerant. Cricket Ball susceptible. Monthly spray
of 0.2% Dithane M-45.
2. Wilt of Sapota: Tree dry from bottom.
Roots damaged. Drench 1% Bavistin 5-6 buckets/tree.
GUAVA
B.N. – Psidium guajava L. Family- Myrtaceae Origin- Tropical America
Guava is a very popular fruit. It is available throughout the year except during the summer
season.
Climate:- Owing to its hardy nature, guava is grown successfully in tropical and subtropical regions
up to 1,500m above mean sea-level. Best quality guavas are obtained where low night temperatures
(10°C) prevail during winter season. Opt. Temperature 15 to 30 0C. It tolerates high temperatures
and drought conditions in north India in summers but it is susceptible to severe frost as it can kill
the young plants.
Soil- Guava is cultivated on varied types of soils—heavy clay to very light sandy soils. Nevertheless,
very good quality guavas are produced in river-basins. It tolerates a soil pH of 4.5-8.2. Maximum
concentration of its feeding roots is available up to 25cm soil depth. Thus the top soil should be quite
rich to provide enough nutrients for accelerating new growth which bears fruits.
VARIETIES
Lucknow-49 (Sardar)
Allahabad Safeda
Chittidar
Apple Colour
Seedless
Arka Mridula

Allahabad Surkha
Red flesh
Propagation –
Seed. Takes 3 weeks to germinate.
Vegetative. Air layering, budding, inarching.
Planting – The field for planting is prepared during summer season by ploughing, leveling and
removing weeds. The pits of 1m x 1m x 1m size are dug and filled with a mixture of farmyard manure
and soil. If soil is good and irrigation facilities are available, the preparation of land and digging of
pits are not required. The planting is done during the rainy season by adopting square planting
system.
Guava is commercially planted at a distance of 5-8m. The exact planting distance is, however,
decided according to variety, soil fertility and availability of irrigation facilities. Guava Lucknow 49
needs more spacing than Apple Colour and Allahabad Safeda. Under irrigation and high soil fertility,
the plants become very vigorous requiring more spacing. In normal conditions, a planting distance of 6
x 6 to 8 x 8 m is optimum.
Intercropping – Pulses & vegetable crops during rainy season.
Manuring-
After 6th year 50 kg FYM;
200 g N + 240 g P + 300 g K before monsoon 200g N in October.
Spraying: ZnSO4 + FeSO4 (0.5 %) in June-July & Sept-Oct
Irrigation
Guava is mostly grown under rainfed condition and irrigation is rarely practiced wherever
this facility is available. However, irrigation enhances the yield of guava by making the plant more
vigorous and increasing the fruit set. Irrigation is especially desirable after planting for survival of
the plants and thereafter for 2-3 years to obtain early good growth. Irrigation of fruiting plants
depends upon the adoption of a particular cropping pattern
Normally, winter season cropping pattern is adopted in north India which requires
fortnightly irrigation during October—November. Irrigation is given to make the soil of root zone
moist; thus heavy irrigation is unnecessary. The fruit quality of guava is adversely affected by high soil
moisture content during harvesting.
Training & Pruning- The plants should be trained as low headed trees to facilitate multiple hand
pickings. The open centre or delayed open centre system may be adopted. The scaffold branches in
young plants are to be tipped back to encourage secondary branching. The root suckers, water sprouts
and criss-cross branches are to be removed altogether. In Maharashtra, bending of horizontal
branches is practiced to some extent by tying the branches of 2 adjoining plants to increase fruiting
in young plants but it is labour-intensive and creates hindrances in cultural operations. Allow single
stem up to 90 cm height, followed by four-five scaffold branches.
Light annual pruning after harvest. In Gujarat. Pruning in May gives high quality large fruits
in winter.

Crop Regulation (Bahar Treatment) - Only for tropical region. In west & south India, guava
flowers thrice. June, October. & February (Mrig Bahar, Hast Bahar & Ambe Bahar). Mrig Bahar
is taken in all over India, become of quality & rich in Vit-C.
Why only one Bahar? Flowers throughout year without rest. It is not desirable. So only one best
bahar is taken. For Bahar treatment, special resting treatment is given. Stop irrigation two months
before flowering. After leaf shedding, cultivate orchard. Give manures & irrigation. After 3 weeks
tree flowers.
Type of Bahar-
1. Mrig Bahar : Flowering in June. Fruit ripening in Non-Jan. quality is best as no infection
of fruit fly. (Gujarat prefer Mrig bahar)
2. Hast Bahar : Flowering in October. Fruit ripening in Feb.- April. Taken if late rains fail
& clear weather in Sept- Oct. Gives good price.
3. Ambe Bahar : Flowering in February. Fruit ripening in June-Sept. Quality poor, insipid
& watery. No keeping quality.
Harvesting – Climacteric fruit. Fruit ripen after 5 months. Change in colour from green to
yellowish. Bearing at 4-5 yr. age. Economic life. 20years.
Yield- 12 t /ha up to 25-37 t/ha in UP.
Pests
1. Fruit fly- Rainy season crop more affected. Dark greenish patches on fruit surface. Fruits drop.
Spray Malathion, Demecron 10 ml/10 lit water. Destroy affected fruits. Avoid Ambe Bahar crop.
2. Mealy Bug- Small white tiny bugs suck sap from tender parts. Treat soil with aldrin, Thimet etc.
3. Shoot & Bark Borer or Inderbella: Bore the bark.
Diseases
1. Guava wilt: Serious during monsoon. Occurs where soil pH is above 7.0. Branches weather &
die. Uproot & remove affected trees. Drench soil with 0.3 % coercion.
2. Anthracnose: Pin head dry spots observed on unripe fruits during monsoon, which is hard.
Flowers & buds shed. Leaves also affected. Prune affected twigs. Destroy fallen leaves & fruits.
Spray 0.2% Dithane M-45.
Zinc deficiency:- leaves turn brownish. The fruits become small & hard. Spray 0.2% ZnSO 4 at 15
days interval or apply 220 g./tree
Fatio : Old branches & trunk splits. Common in Bhavnagar
PAPAYA
B.N. : Carica papaya L. Family. Caricaceae. Origin: Tropical America.

Einführung
Papaya (Carica papaya) produces fruits throughout the year. It requires less area for tree,
comes to fruiting in a year, is easy to cultivate and provides more income/ha next to banana. It
has a high nutritive and medicinal value. Papain prepared from dried latex of its immature fruits
is used in meat tendering, manufacture of chewing gum, also use in cosmetics. Fifth most
important crop of India. Papaya is most popular because (1) Short duration (2) High yield (3) More
income (4) High palatability (5) Continuous bearing. It is rapidly growing, hollow stem, short lived,
perennial, herbaceous plant. Grown largely in Bihar, Assam, MS, MP, AP & TN. In Gujarat, all
regions except Dang & Banaskantha.
Uses:- The ripe fresh fruits of papaya are eaten throughout the tropics and subtropics. They are
used in preparation of jam, soft drinks, ice-cream flavouring and crystallized fruits and in syrup.
The seeds are also used for their medicinal value. Unripe fruits are commonly used as vegetable for
cooking. Ochse (1931) reported that young leaves are eaten in Java as vegetables. Papain, prepared
from the dried latex of immature fruits is a proteolytic enzyme similar in action to pepsin and is used
as meat-tendering preparation; in manufacture of chewing gum and cosmetics as drugs for digestive
ailments; in the tanning industry for bating hides; for degumming natural silk and to give shrink
resistance to wool
Climate: Papaya is a tropical fruit. However, it also grows well in the mild subtropical regions of the
country up to 1,000m above mean sea-level. Temperature is one of the most important climatic factors
which determine the success of papaya cultivation. Night temperature below 12°-14°C for several
hours during winter season affects its growth and production severely. It is very much sensitive to
frost, strong winds and water stagnation. Cannot tolerate very hot or frost. Dry, warm climate
increase sweetness.
Soils: Sandy loam soil, well fertile & well drained is best adequate drainage & aeration are two
important factors for successful cultivation. 45 cm deep soil is adequate. It cannot stand water
logging.
Varieties: A large number of varieties are cultivated. As a matter of fact many of these are not real
varieties since these cannot be relied upon to reproduce the parental characters in all their progenies.
However, well-known varieties with certain specific plant and fruit characters are described below.
Washington, Madhubindu, Coorg Honey Dew, Co-1, Co-2, Co-3, Co-4, Pusa Delicious, Pusa
Majesty, Pusa Giant, Pusa Dwarf.
Pusa Delicious
It is a gynodioecious variety with 100% productive plants with good fruit yield and quality
having excellent taste and good flavou.
Pusa Majesty
This is also gynodioecious variety with high productivity and better keeping quality of
fruits. This is also one of the highest papain yielders.
Pusa Giant

This is a vigorous variety and is dioecious in nature. The plants are sturdy and tolerant
to strong winds. The fruits are suitable for tooty-fruity and candies like petha.
Pusa Dwarf
It is a dwarf-statured dioecious variety with good yield. Fruits are medium-sized with
oval shape and are preferred by consumers.
Pusa Nanha
An extremely dwarf variety, it is suitable for kitchen gardens, pot and roof-top cultivation.
This is ideal for high-density orcharding.
Co 1
A dwarf and dioecious variety. Fruits are medium-sized with spherical shape.
Co 2
It is medium-tall, dioecious variety, having good fruit quality with high papain content. It is
predominantly cultivated for papain production.
Co 3
It is a gynodioecious variety with tall, vigorous trees. The fruits are medium-sized, with high
sugar content and red coloured flesh. This is preferred for dessert.
Co 4
It is a dioecious variety with medium-tall, vigorous trees. There are purple tinges on the
stem, petiole and leaf. It is suitable for home-gardening.
Co 5
It is a selection from Washington variety, cultivated mainly for papain production. It yields
l,500-l,600kg/ha of dried papain.
Co 6
A selection from Pusa Majesty, it is dioecious having dwarf stature. It produces large-sized
fruits. It is recommended both for papain and dessert purposes.
Coorg Honey Dew
A selection from Honey Dew, it is a gynodioecious variety having excellent fruit quality
under south Indian conditions.
Pink Flesh Sweet
It is a selection with excellent-quality fruits. Fruits are medium sized with pink flesh, The
TSS is 12-14° Brix. It is a good dessert variety.
Pant-1
Its plants are dioecious providing medium-sized fruits. It is recommended for tarai area in
Uttar Pradesh.
Red lady 786: Taiwan
Propagation:
Seeds: Most common. Collected from well matured, ripe, selected fruits. Washed & dried under
shade & stored in bottle or plastic bag. Immediate sowing give maximum germination.
Patch Budding:- is possible with very less success.

Raising of seedlings: 500 g/ha. Raised beds prepared. Seeds are sown 1cm depth at 15 x 2.5 cm
spacing. Covered with fine mixture of FYM + soil. Immediate watering. Mulching with dry leaves.
Covering thorny material. Seed will germinate in 15-20 days. Seedling ready in 60 days. Bordeaux
mixture (3:3:100) is sprayed against damping off.
Plantig : At 2.5 x 2.5m distance. Pits of 30x30x30 cm are dug in summer, filled with soil + FYM
(3:1). Planting in July-August. For Saurashtra, May is best. 3 seedlings are planted at each pit at 20
cm apart. Provide support & irrigation. For, dioecious varieties (Co-1, Co-2, Washington.) 3
seedlings are planted. While for hermaphrodite varieties 2 seedling (Coorg Honey Dew, Pusa
majesty, Pusa dwarf, Pusa giant). Weeding & hoeing as and when required. Earthling up after 15
days. Light digging after 3-4 irrigations.
Removal of male plant:- Male plants are only for pollination. So one male plant is kept for every
9 females. Other males are removed after flowering.
Irrigation:- respond well to irrigation. Sensitive to water logging. Double basin system is best to
prevent collar-rot. Winter 10-12 & summer 6-8 days interval.
Manure’s & fertilizers: For continuous fruiting & heavy yield, FYM is best.
Time of Appl. FYM (kg) N (g) P (g) K (g)

At planting 10-15 - 100 125
1 month - 50 - -
3 months - 50 100 125
4 ½ months - 50 - -
6 months - 50 - -
-------------------------------------- -- -----
Total 10-15 200 200 250
Intercrops: vegetable, pulses etc.
Harvesting:-
(1) Fruit colour green to yellowish green. (2) Latex becomes watery. Fruit becomes ready after 10-
12 months of TP & remains continue throughout life. 40-60 t/ha. (Av. 25-30 fruits/Plant, each of
0.500 to 2.000 kg)
Packing, Storage & Ripening : For local consumption, stored in single layer on straw. For distant
market, packed in basket with straw. Sometimes wrapped in news papers. 20 0C is optimum.
Ethephon treatment 1000 ppm increase ripening.
Pest
1. Nematodes : highly susceptible. Apply carbofuran 3g & Aldicard 10g per pit.
Diseases:
(1) Collar Rot: soil borne fungus. During rainy season. Swollen collar of stem which cracks. Spray
B.M. (6:6:50) thrice in monsoon. Provide drainage. Infected trees removed.
(2) Root Rot: Occurs in nursery. Spray Formaldehyde 2 Weeks before sowing. Treat seeds with
Captain or Ceresan. Viral disease.

(3) Papaya Mosaic: plants stunted. Yellowing, mottling & distortion of leaves, bending of petiole.
Control vector aphid. Remove affected plant. Spray phosphomidon 3ml. in 10 lit. water.
(4) Papaya leaf curl: Viral disease. Curling cracking of leaves. Leaf size reduced. Remove affected
plants.
Sex expression:- Dioecious plant. 3 types of flowers. Pistillate, Staminate & Hermaphrodite. Sex
change can be accelerated by environmental factors. (1) Low temp. produce perfect flowers on the
male tree. (2) Pistillate flowers show maleness in summer & femaleness in winter. (3) February
planting show more females, March & April produce equal (4) Spray GA3 at 25 ppm after 100-125
days produce more females.
Papain
The immature papaya fruit contains a milky latex. The dried latex called ‘papain’ is in great
demand in the international markets particularly in the UK and USA. Papain has several uses in the
industry as an essential ingredient in pharmaceutical, textile and tanning industries. Papain is used
in tendering meat, for clearing beer; in the manufacture of cosmetics like snow and face creams and
also dental paste; in degumming silk and rayon, in the pre-shrinking of wool. It has also several
uses in the medical field in the treatment of necrotic tissues, dyspepsia and other digestive ailments,
ring worm and round worm infections, skin lesions and ulcers, eczema and other skin diseases and
in kidney disorder. Papain is used in detecting stomach and intestinal cancers and also in correcting
diphtheria.
Papain production is influenced by several factors

1. Fruit size 2.Fruit maturity 3. Season 4. Cultivars (CO-2 is the best) 5. Effect of growth
regulators
Papain extraction: Papaya fruits, which arc about 90-100 days old (fully mature but not ripe), are
selected for tapping. In the morning hours before 10.00 am., four longitudinal incisions arc given
on the four sides of the selected fruit from the stalk end to the tip. The depth of the incision should
be about 0.3 cm. On incising, the latex starts flowing and this is collected in suitable containers
(arecanut spathes. aluminium trays or glass vessels).
Care should be taken not to use any other container for papain collection, since it will react
with papain rendering it unfit for any use. The latex that solidifies in the cuts should also be scrapped
carefully and added to the liquid latex. This process of making four incisions in the untapped fruit
surface at 3 to 4 day intervals is repeated thrice or four times over a period of 12 to 16 days. The
latex thus collected every time should be dried in the sun or in driers at temperatures ranging
between 40° and 60°C. The time taken for the fresh latex to dry (solar drying) varied from about
1.5 to 36 hours. Potassium metabisuiphite (0.05%) is added to the liquid latex in small quantities
before it is dried, since this helps to extend the storage life of papain. The drying of papain is
continued until it comes off in flakes having a porous structure. The dried papain is powdered sieved
in a 10-mesh sieve and stored in polythene bags or in any other suitable container. The latex whether
dripped or congealed dried as pale yellow flakes which could easily be powdered and had a
proteolytic activity slightly higher than that of the fresh latex.
The biochemical analysis of fruits revealed that latex extraction has no effect on the quality of fruits.

Papain yield
Crude papain from a plant yield - 250-300 kg/ha.
PINEAPPLE
B.N. Ananas comosus Mirr. Family:-Bromeliaceae Origin:-Brazil
Introduction
Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is an important fruit crop in India. Originated in Brazil,
it has spread to other tropical parts of the world. A good source of vitamins A and B,
pineapple is fairly rich in vitamins C, calcium, magnesium, potassium and iron. It is also a
source of bromelin, a digestive enzyme.
The cultivation of pineapple is confined to high rainfall and humid coastal regions in
the peninsular India and hilly areas of north-eastern region of the country. It can also be grown
commercially in the interior plains with medium rainfall and supplementary protective
irrigations. At present pineapple is grown commercially in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura,
Mizoram, West Bengal, Kerala, Karnataka and Goa, and on a small scale in Gujarat,
Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
Origin and distribution

Experimental evidences indicate two main regions in which Ananas and Pseuda-nanas
species grow spontaneously after critical analysis reported that one region covers the south-east
extremity of Brazil Paraguay and northern Argentina.
In India, the area under pineapple is about 72.000 ha. It is grown mostly in West Bengal,
Karnataka. Kerala, Manipur, Meghalaya. Assam and Tamil Nadu.
Climate and Soil
The pineapple is a crop of humid tropics. The fruit grows well near the sea coast as well
as in the interior, so long as the temperatures are not extreme. The optimum temperature for
successful cultivation is 22°-320C. Leaves and roots grow best at 32°C and 29°C respectively.
Their growth ceases below 20°C and above 36°C. A high temperature at night is deleterious and
a difference of at least 4°C between day and night temperatures is desirable. It can be grown up
to 1,100m above mean sea-level, if the area is frost-free. Although optimum annual rainfall for
its commercial cultivation is 100-150cm, it grows remarkably well under a wide range of
rainfall. In areas where the rainfall is less, supplementary protective irrigations are necessary
during dry season.
The plants come up well in any type of soil except on very heavy clay soil. Sandy loam
soils are ideal. The soil should be 45-60cm in depth without hard pan or stones. Low-lying areas
with high water table should be avoided. The plants prefer a soil pH of 5.0-6.0.
VARIETIES
Kew
It is a leading commercial variety valued particularly for canning. Its fruits are big-
sized (1.5-2.5kg), oblong and tapering slightly towards the crown. The fruit with broad and

shallow eyes becomes yellow when fully ripe. The flesh is light yellow, almost fibreless and
very juicy. The leaves often have a short sector of small margin of spines just behind the tip,
and irregularly on the base near its attachment to the stem.
Giant Kew
Cultivated in certain regions of West Bengal, it is synonymous to Kew except the size of plant
and fruit which are larger than Kew as the name signifies.
Charlotte Rothehild
It is partially cultivated in Kerala and Goa. The fruit is similar in taste and other
characters to that of Kew.
Queen
Widely grown in Tripura, and partly in Assam and Meghalaya, its fruits are rich yellow in
colour, weighing 0.9-1.3kg each. The flesh is deep golden-yellow, less juicy than Kew, crisp
textured with a pleasant aroma and flavour. Eyes are small and deep, requiring a thicker cut
when removing the skin. The leaves are brownish-red, shorter and very spiny.
Mauritious
A mid-season variety of the Queen group, it is grown in some parts of Kerala. Medium in
size, its fruits are deep yellow and red. Yellow fruits are oblong, fibrous and medium sweet
compared with red ones. This is ideal for table purposes.
Jaldhup and Lakhat
These are 2 indigenous types grown in Assam, both being named after the place of their
production. Both are under Queen Group with fruits smaller than Queen. Lakhat is markedly
sour in taste, whereas Jaldhup has its sweetness well-blended with acidity. The fruits of Jaldhup
again have a characteristic alcoholic flavour of their own and can be easily distinguished from
other fruits of the Queen group on the basis of this character alone.
Propagation
Pineapple is easily propagated by vegetative methods. It can be propagated by shoot
suckers, ground suckers, slips, crowns, stem-bits and from splitted crowns. Slips were found to be the
best planting materials followed by side suckers and crowns. Suckers from main stem bear little
earlier than slips, but slips produce larger and uniform fruits. Flowering is delayed by about 70 days
in plants from crown and about 350 days from stem-bits compared with that from slips
Flowering
Pineapple plant generally flowers after attainment of certain vegetative growth and ripeness-
to-flower stage is attained 11-12 months after planting and formation of at least 40 leaves. A pineapple
plant produces only one fruit during its life time and it is often observed that even after 15 to 18 months
of growth under optimal nutritional and environmental conditions only 50 to 60 per cent plants come
to flowering. Therefore, for induction of flowering, besides optimal nitrogen and potash nutrition, use of
growth regulators is considered necessary.
Planting

Time of planting is dictated by the season in which the first plant crop is required.
Planting time is very important for natural flowering period, which differs from region-to-
region. By the time of natural flowering, if the plant does not attain the optimum physiological
maturity, either it escapes flowering the next season or if flowering induced in the season the
plant bear a very small fruits hence the ideal time of planting 12 to 15 month before the peak
flowering season under natural condition is varies from December to march in different
regions time of planting also varies from place to place depending on time of the monsoon
and the intensity of its precipitation in Gujarat May-June, Assam planting should be done
during August-October while in kerala and Karnataka the best time of planting is April to
June delaying in planting as late as September delays crop at least 7 to 9 months the peak
flowering under this condition comes during January to March. The ideal time of planting in
north-west Bengal is October to November and June to July for other part.
System of planting varies according to land and rainfall. There are 4 planting systems—
flat-bed, furrow, contour and trench. Plant density of pineapple depends on growth of the plant
and system of planting. Adoption of low-planting densities has been the major constraint in
India, contributing to high cost of production. The plant density of 63,400 plants/ha (22.5cm x
60cm x 75cm) is ideal for subtropical and mild humid conditions, whereas for hot and humid
conditions a plant density of 53,300 plants/ha spaced at 25cm from plant-to-plant within a row,
60cm from row-to-row and 90cm from trench-to-trench (25cm x 60cm x 90cm) provides high
yield. In rainfed, high fertile and hilly areas in north-eastern states, a plant density of 43,500
plants/ha spaced at 30cm x 60cm x 90cm is recommended. The yield of 70-105 tones/ha may be
obtained under high-density planting, the increase in yield/unit area being 45-85 tones/ ha.
Adoption of high-density planting does not have much adverse effect on fruit size, quality and
canning recovery. Less weed infestation, protection of fruits from sun-burn, increased production
of propagules (suckers and slips)/unit area and non-lodging of plants are added advantages of
high density planting.
Manuring and fertilization
Pineapple is a shallow feeder with high N and K requirement. Since these nutrients are
prone to heavy losses in soils, practices relating to time of application and form of fertilizer
determine their efficient use.
Application of 12g N/plant for Kew pineapple is ideal to obtain high yield at Bangalore,
Chethalli (Karnataka) and Thrissur (Kerala). A dose of N, P 205 and K 2O at 12, 4 and
I2g/plant/year respectively is optimum under Jorhat conditions. No response to P application has
been observed. However, in the ratoon crop 4g P205/plant increases fruit weight and yield. Plants
receiving 12 g K2O/plant/crop give higher yield without any adverse effect on fruit quality both
under irrigated and rainfed conditions. For medium-fertile soils in West Bengal, N (12-16g), P205,
(2-4g) and K 2O (10-12g)/plant are optimum.
It is thus advisable to apply N and K20 each ® 12g/plant. There is no need for P application.
However, if the soils are poor in P, 4g P2O5/plant can be applied. The N should be applied in 6 split
doses. The first dose of N can be given 2 months after planting and the last one 12 months after
planting. The K should be given in 2 split doses. Entire P and half of K can be given at the time
of planting and the remaining K 6 months after planting. Application of fertilizer under rainfed
conditions should be done when moisture is available.

Interculture
Earthing up
This is an essential operation in pineapple cultivation aimed at good anchorage to the plants.
It involves pushing the soil into the trench from the ridge where trench planting is a common practice.
As its roots are very shallow, the plants are eventually lodged especially under flat-bed planting in
heavy rainfall areas. Lodging of plants at the time of fruit development results in lopsided growth, uneven
development and ripening of fruits. It is more important in ratoon crop as the base of ratoon plants
shifts up, crop after crop. High-density planting minimizes its necessity as the plants prop each other
preventing lodging.
Weed control
Weeds could be effectively and economically controlled by application of Diuron (3 kg/ha) or a
combination of Bromacil + Diuron @ 2kg/ha each as pre-emergent spray and repeated with half of the
dose, 5 months after first application. The quantity of each herbicide should be mixed in 1,000 litres
of water for a hectare of crop.
Mulching
It is essential to conserve soil moisture. Though mulching is not a common practice in India,
use of dry leaves or straw is in practice in south India. Mulching with black polythene and saw-
dust results in better growth of plants than white polythene and paddy-straw.
Removal of suckers, slips and crowns

Suckers start growing with the emergence of inflorescence, whereas slips grow with the
developing fruits. The fruit weight increases with increasing number of suckers/plant, while the
increased number of slips delay fruit maturity. Crown size has no bearing on the fruit weight or
quality. Hence desuckering can be delayed as much as possible, while the slips are recommended
to be removed as soon as they attain the size required for planting. Removal of crown is not
required as it mars the appeal of the fruit and also makes handling difficult. Partial pinching of
crown consisting of the removal of the innermost whorl of leaflets along with growing tips 45
days after fruit set is ideal to get fruits of better size and shape.
Irrigation
Although pineapple is cultivated mostly under rainfed conditions, supplementary irrigation
can help produce good-sized fruits in areas having optimum rainfall. Irrigation can also help
establish an off-season planting to maintain its year-round production. In scanty rainfall and during
hot weather irrigating pineapple once in 20-25 days is advisable.
Harvesting
Pineapple plants flower 10-12 months after planting and fruits become ready 15-18
months after planting. Irregular flowering results in the harvesting spread over a long period.
Under natural conditions, pineapple comes to harvest during May-August. Fruits which mature in
winter are acidic. There is a scope of altering fruit size and maturation with the use of chemicals
or plant growth regulators.
With a slight colour change at the base of developing fruits, it could be harvested for
canning purpose. But for table purpose, the fruits could be retained till they develop golden yellow
colour. The fruits with the crown, can be kept without damage for 10-15 days after harvesting.

Ratooning in high-density planting reveals that the average fruit weight in the first and
second ratoon is 88% and 79% respectively of the plant crop. The plant stand is also reduced
resulting in the reduction of fruit yield by 49.3 and 46.2% in first and second ratoon crops
respectively. Prolonged ratooning results in the reduction of flowering plants, consumer appeal of
the fruit, fruit size and number of fruits suitable for canning, but in the increase of fasciated fruits.
It is also not possible to prevent the reduction of fruit yield in ratoon crop by increasing the
irrigation or by higher doses of nitrogenous fertilizers.
Yield:- 40-50 tonnes / ha.
Ripening and Storage
Pineapple has been reported to be a non-climacteric fruit. Ripening of pineapple could be
considered as the terminal period of maturation during which the fruit attains the most desirable
quality; one aspect of this concerns fruit shell colour which generally develops with an unmasking
of the carotcnoid pigments through a decline in chlorophyll content
Storage
In tropical climate pineapple could be stored for more than 10 days when refrigerated and
at 10-13°C fruits could be stored well for 20 days
Pests: Mealy bug, Fruit eating beetle, Termites
BER
B. N.: Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk. Family: Rhamnaceae Origin: India.
Introduction
Ber or Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauriticzna) is indigenous to India. The fruits are rich in
vitamin C, A and B complex. The composition varies in different varieties. Its leaves contain 5.6%
digestible crude protein and 49.7% total digestible nutrients, making it a nutritive fodder for
animals. Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra,
Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu are major ber-growing states. Hisar, Rohtak, Jind, Panipat,
Mohindergarh and Gurgaon (Haryana), Bharatpur. Jaipur and Jodhpur districts (Rajasthan), Sangrur
and Patiala districts (Punjab), Banaskantha and Sabarmati (Gujarat), Bijapur and Bellary
(Karnataka), and Tirunelveli, Ramanathapuram, Dharmapuri and Salem (Tamil Nadu) are growing
areas.India 22000 ha. MP alone 50 %. Others are Punjab, UP, MH. Rajasthan & Gujarat. In Gujarat
ber is grown Sabarkantha, Banaskantha, Mehsana, Bhavangar, Junagadh, Ahmedabad etc.
Climate :- Hardy plant. Can do well in unfavorable climate. Prefers hot & dry climate & adequate
moisture during fruiting. It is extremely drought hardy owing to its deep root system and other
xerophytic characters. The tree prefers atmospheric dryness for development of good quality fruits.
Excessive atmospheric humidity is not good for satisfactory fruiting. Grown up to 1000m. height.

Soil :- Deep sandy loam is better. Thrives under adverse conditions of salinity, drought and water
logging.
Varieties : Maximum in China. 125 Varieties in India. Umran, Gola, Seo, Mehroon, Kaithali,
Kantha etc.
Classification according to ripening period:-

(A) Early ripening (February) : Gola, Seb, Safeda,
(B) Mid season (Ist- IIIrd week of March.): Kaithali, Reshmi.
(C) Late ripening (IVth week of March-mid April.): Umran, Kantha, Elaichi.
Propagation
Seed: Main drawback of seed propagation is bear heavy, fruits small & poor quality.
Vegetative: Most common method of propagation of ber is by I or T (shield) budding. Rootstock
seedlings are raised by sowing seed kernels extracted by breaking the stone
(endocarp). These germinate in about one week. The seed stones can also be sown as such but take
nearly one month to germinate. Seeds of any locally adapted and vigorous ber trees can be used for
raising rootstocks in the field during July—August for in-situ budding or can be budded in the
nursery beds. Budding is done during May-June on Zizyphus mauritiana rootstock.
Planting:
Spacing Rainfed- 6 x 6m. Irrigated- 8 x 8m.
Pits of 60x60x60 cm size are dug & filled with 50 kg FYM + soil + Aldrin or BHC or Methyl
prathion power. Planting in June-Aug.
Irrigation: Immediately after planting. 4-5 days up to 3 months. Most part of year no irrigation.
Irrigation after fruits set (Oct.-Feb.)
Intercropping: Intercrops are taken up to 2 years. Mung, Guar, during Kharif. Methi during Rabi.
Training and pruning

During the first 2-3 years after planting, ber trees should be trained to develop a strong
framework. After that old growth is to be headed during March keeping 1—2 nodes above the graft
union to induce vigorous new growth. One upright growing vigorous shoot is retained to develop
into main trunk which is kept clean of secondary branches up to 30cm height from the ground level.
On the main trunk, 3 or 4 well-spaced and favourably located main branches are allowed above
when it is headed back. During the second year, these main branches are also clipped retaining 3 to
4 secondary branches on each of them. This process is continued to develop tertiary branches.
Upward growing shoots are retained at each stage to develop an upright tree stature. Not more than
one upright growing shoot is retained at a node so that narrow crotches are avoided. This basic
frame of the tree is maintained by removing of water sprouts as and when they emerge. Correction
in the framework is done at the time of annual pruning.
Annual pruning in ber is essential to induce maximum number of new healthy shoots which
would bear good quality fruits. It is also essential to remove the undesirable, weak, intercrossing,
diseased and broken branches to avoid crowding and to encourage healthy growth for maximum
fruit bearing. Pruning is done during the hot and dry season when the tree sheds leaves and enters
into dormancy. In Tamil Nadu, the trees are pruned during January - April, in Maharashtra and

Gujarat pruning must be completed by the April-end and in Haryana by the May-end. Severity of
pruning also differs at different locations. In general, light pruning, at about 25 buds, is the best.
However, pruning could be done at 15 to20 buds under more moderate climatic conditions. All the
secondary shoots should be completely removed. Spraying of 3% thiourea or potassium nitrate once
in 2 days before pruning induces bud sprouting from maximum number of nodes.
Manures & Fertilizers: Bearing tree/yr.

FYM (Kg) N2 (g) P2O5(g) K2O(g)
Rainfed. = 30 100 50 50
Irrigated. = 60 500 400 400
For rainfed, full dose given in July & for Irrigated crop FYM, P, K & ½ N given in July.
Remaining ½ N in Sept.
Flowering: Flower buds born mostly on current growth. Flowering starts from 1 st week of Sept-
Mid of Nov. Cross pollinated crop.
Harvesting & yield: Yield starts after 3-4 yrs. Harvesting Feb.-April. Non-climacteric fruit. So
neither under ripe nor over ripe fruits are plucked up. Proper ripened fruits become soft & acidity
decreases & sweetness increases.
Yield:- Early variety : 100 kg/tree. Mid season variety: 150 kg/tree. Late variety: 200 kg/tree.
(Umran)
Pests
1. Fruit Fly: Controlled by- (1) Collect & remove dropped fruits. (2) Deep ploughing & apply
10% BHC on the basin. (3) spray monocrotophos or phosphomidon + Carbaryl.
2. Bark eating caterpillar: as per guava crop.
Diseases
1. Powdery mildew: Most dangerous. Spreads in Oct.-Nov. White powdery mass on flowers,
fruits & leaves. Fruit cracking at maturity. It is a fungal disease. Two sprays of 0.1% malathion
at 15 days interval after fruit set.
GRAPE
B.N. : Vitis vinifera L. Family.: Vitaceae

Origin: Asia (Iran, Afganistan & Asia minor)
Introduction
Grape (Vitis vinifera) is a deciduous crop. Its natural habitat is temperate climate. It was
introduced into north India from Iran and Afghanistan in 1300 AD by the Muslim invaders; and
into south India in 1832 by the Christian missionaries from France. However, grape was known in
ancient India though it was not commercially cultivated until the 14th century. Wild grapes grown
in Himachal Pradesh were used to prepare local wine. Presently grape cultivation is concentrated
in the peninsular India, accounting for 90% of the total area. Major grape-growing states are
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and the north-western region covering
Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, western Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh
Climate:- Temperature, humidity and light are important for grapes. Hot and dry climate is ideal.
Areas with high humidity and high rainfall are not suitable. Mild temperature, not exceeding 35°C

in summers, impairs the fruiting of vinifera grapes, particularly, in Thompson Seedless. Higher
night temperatures (above 25°C) during ripening hamper the colour development in coloured
grapes. Cool nights and hot days even though congenial for coloured grapes, pink pigmentation
develops in green grapes if the diurnal differences are more than 20°C during ripening. The total
amount of rainfall is not the criterion, but the timing, frequency and duration of rainfall are
important considerations for grape cultivation. Rainfall during flowering, and berry ripening cause
enormous damage to grapes. If rains coincide with flowering, the panicles are destroyed by downy
mildew. Rains during ripening cause berry cracking and rotting.
Soil:- Grapes are grown on a variety of soils in India, alluvial in north, heavy black clay in
Maharashtra and north Karnataka, red loam in southern Karnataka and Tamil Nadu and very light
sandy soils in Andhra Pradesh. Soil with good drainage and water-holding capacity in a pH range
of 6.5—7.5 is ideally-suited for grapes.
Varieties:- More than 20 varieties are under cultivation. However, some varieties are commercially
grown. i.e. Thompson Seedless, Beauty seedless, Bengalore Blue, Anab-E-Shahi. Some hybrids are
Arka Kanchan,Arka Shyam,Arka Hans.
Currently, Thompson Seedless is the ruling grape, occupying 55% of the area with its
clones. Bangalore Blue occupies approximately 15% of the total area while Anab-e-Shahi and
Dilkhush (15%), Sharad Seedless (5%), Perlette (5%) and Gulabi and Bhokri together (5%).
Propagation:- Grape is mostly propagated by hardwood stem cuttings. Four-noded cuttings from
well mature canes on proven vines are made. The diameter of cuttings should be 8—10mm. Cuttings
are mostly obtained from October pruning in the peninsula. Rooting of cuttings is not a problem.
To increase the rooting of stem cuttings, they should either be soaked or dipped to cover the basal
buds in IBA solution. For overnight soaking, 500ppm IBA solution is used, while 2000ppm solution
is used for quick dipping for 10 sec. before planting the cuttings. Quick dip method is preferred.
Cuttings after treating with IBA should be planted in the nursery or directly in the field.
Spacing :-Depends on training system. Bower, Telephone, Kniffen & Head. 4.5 x 3 or 3 x 3 or 3
x1.5 m.
Planting :- January to March in North .Monsoon in South.
Pruning:- In north India, vines are pruned in winter (December—January). In Maharashtra, Andhra
Pradesh and north Karnataka, vines are pruned twice (April and October). The April pruning is
generally termed as back pruning or foundation pruning, while October-November pruning is called
fruit pruning or forward pruning.
Manures:- FYM 25 t/ha and

T.seedless = 300 kg N + 500 kg P + 100 kg K/ha (IIHR)
Anab-e-Shahi= 500 kg N + 500 kg P + 1000 kg K/ha (IIHR)
Irrigation
Grape is a shallow feeder. Light and frequent watering is better for grapes. Water
requirements of grape are very high during berry growth. This period coinciding with hot and dry
weather, more water is required at this stage. Least water is required during fruit-bud formation.
This period if coincides with cloudy weather and rains, watering are totally to be stopped. Reduced

irrigation during ripening, i.e. (one month prior to harvesting) improves the quality of grapes and
hastens the ripening.
Production:- 15-20 t/ha (Highest of world)
Diseases:- Powdery Mildew, Downy Mildew, Anthracnose.
Physiological disorders
Of physiological disorders, uneven ripening, post-harvest berry drop, flower-bud and flower
drop and pink berry formation are major ones.
1. Uneven ripening
Presence of green berries in a ripe bunch of coloured grapes is called uneven ripening. It is a
varietal character and a problem in Bangalore Blue, Bangalore Purple, Beauty Seedless and
Gulabi grapes. Within a variety this problem varies from bunch-to-bunch. Generally
inadequate leaf area, and non-availability of reserves to a developing bunch is the reason.
Cultural practices like cluster thinning, girdling and use of growth regulators can reduce
uneven ripening. Application of Ethephon (250 ppm) at colour break stage is recommended
to reduce the problem.
2. Postharvest berry drop

This is due to weak pedicel attachment to the berries. This is common in Anab-e-Shahi,
Cheema Sahebi and Beauty Seedless. Spraying of NAA (50ppm), a week prior to harvesting
can minimize the post-harvest berry drop.
3. Flower—bud and flower drop
When panicles are fully expanded, the flower-buds drop before the fruit set. This is common
in north India but not in the south. The reasons for this disorder are not known. Stem girdling
about 10 days prior to full bloom can reduce the problem.
4. Pink berry formation
It is a common disorder in Thompson Seedless and its clone Tas-A-Ganesh in Maharashtra.
Pink blush develops on a few ripe berries close to harvesting. The pink colour turns to dull
red colour and the berries become soft and watery. They do not stand for long after harvesting.
Although the definite cause of the disorder is not known, it is recommended to spray a mixture
of O.2% ascorbic acid and 0.25% sodium diethyl dithiocarbamate at fortnightly intervals
commencing berry softening.
CUSTARD APPLE
B. N. : Annona squamosa L. Family: Annonaceae Origin : Tropical America
Introduction
Edible fruits of genus Annona are collectively known as annonaceous fruits. Of the 40
genera of the Annonacae family, genus Annona has 120 species, 6 of them having pomological
significance. Annona is a large fleshy aggregate fruit. The edible annonas have important features
which are given in Table 1.

Among annonaceous fruits, custard-apple is the most favourite in India. Its plants come up
unattended in parts of Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bthar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh,
Orissa, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu and Gujarat. India-40,000 ha. In Gujarat, Bhavngar region has
organised orchards. Fruit is consumed as fresh, ice cream etc. rich in sugar (14.5%), proteins (0.8
1.5%), minerals (0.7%).
Climate : - Most annonaceous fruits are acclimatized to tropical climate. Although custard- apple
withstands heat and drought conditions, high atmospheric humidity is necessary during flowering
to improve fruit set. But continuous rains during fruit set are not desirable. It cannot stand frost or
a long cold period. Ideal plant for Arid-Horticulture.
Soil :- Shallow & poor class soils can be preferable. Well drained and fertile soils give good
response. Do not tolerate alkalinity. They can grow well even on calcareous soils containing lime
as high as 50%.
Varieties: Sindhan, Mammoth, Balanagar, Red sitaphal, etc

Two natural hybrids (mostly between custard-apple and cherimoya), Israeli Selection and Israeli
Hybrid, have been introduced. Fruits of both are less seeded. A hybrid Arka Sahan has slow ripening
(6—7 days), better shell-life (2—3 days),
Propagation:-
Seed:-Most of the annonas are traditionally propagated by seeds.
Vegetative:- Seed originated plants are not true-to-type, lack precocity and vigour, whereas grafting
(soft wood grafting) or budding helps largely to overcome these drawbacks. A. squamosa, A.
reticulata, A. cherimola and A. atemoya are grafted or budded on their own species and each other.
A. muricata can be grafted on A. reticulata and A. glabra. However, A. reticulata which promotes
vigour and shows good graft congeniality is commonly employed as a rootstock for most of the
annonas.
Planting : Pits of 60x60x60 cm are dug at 4.5x4.5 or 5x5m. planting distance during summer.
Planting in June-July.
Training & Pruning : Newly planted plants trained for proper shape. Pruning of bearing plant give
better size fruits. It requires little pruning. It is essential to develop a good crown and better yields
over a long period of time. Without pruning, the plants become bushy and their bearing efficiency
comes down. Hence, timely removal of misplaced limbs is necessary to build a strong framework.
Intercropping : During rainy seaon, vegetables.
Irrigation :, Most of the annonas produce a moderate crop even in the absence of irrigation. Do
not need Irrigation. Irrigating plants at least during flowering and fruit development is essential.
Fruit quality is superior in irrigated plants with more edible pulp/ segment. however in postmonsoon
period 2-3 irrigations is given..
Manures & fertilizers : 10-15 kg FYM, 500g Castor cake, 50g N, 50g P and 50g K per plant in
the beginning of monsoon. Grow green manuring crops such as green gram and sunnhemp
incorporate at flowering

Fruiting :-Starts from 3rd years. Flowering from Feb.-March to rainy season. An average plant
bears about 2000 flowers, but only 2-3% set. Dichogamy exists. Fruitset is better in high humidity.
50 ppm GA3 or 30 ppm NAA at bloom, increase fruit set.
Harvesting & yield :- Climacteric fruit, so mature fruits (having full developed segments) are
plucked up from sept. to Nov. Yield 6 to 7 t/ha ( 100-150 fruits per tree)
Fruit Cracking : It is due to poor water regulation.
Pets & Diseases : (1) Anthracnose : Spray Bavistin 0.05%. (2) Leaf Spot :- Spray copper fungicide
1%. (3) Mealy Bug :- Spray Nuvacron (10 ml. in 10lit water.)
Other Annonaceous fruits:-

(1) Ramphal ; Annona reticulata (2) Laxman phal : Annona cherimoya. (3) Mam phal : or
Hanuman phal : Annona Muricata. (Largest fruit among the Annona.)
JACK FRUIT
B. N. : Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Family : Moraceae Origin : India
Introduction
Jackfruit is popularly known as the poor man’s food in the eastern and southern parts of
India. A rich source of vitamin A, C, and minerals, it also supplies carbohydrates. Tender jackfruits
are popularly used as vegetable. The skin of the fruit and its leaves are excellent cattle feed. Very
popular in U.P., Assam, Bihar, & Southern India. Fruit is largest in size & weight among edible
fruits. (upto 40 kg/fruit). It is a monoecious tree. Female flowers born on main stem & branches.
Climate :- Tropical to subtropical. It grows well in a warm, humid climate up to an elevation of

l,500 m. In south India, it performs satisfactorily in arid and warmer plains. However, it cannot
tolerate cold and frost.
Soil :- Deep, fertile, well drained. Can not tolerate moisture stress & high water table.
Varieties :- Kathal, Kathali, Barmasi. ‘Gulabi’ (rose-scented), ‘Champa’ (flavour like that of
champak) and ‘Hazar’ (bearing a large number of fruits).
Propagation & Planting :-. It is commonly propagated through seed.. Seeds should be sown
immediately after extraction since they lose their viability during storage. Soaking seeds in 25 ppm
NAA for 24hr improve, their germination and seedling growth.
Air-layering, grafting (inarching and epicotyl) and budding (forkert, chip and patch) are
means of its vegetative propagation.
Planting:- 10 x 10m in monsoon.

Manures :- 75g N +6 0g P + 50g K/tree/yr till 8th year
and then 9th year onward 600g N+480g P+400g K/tree/yr.

Irrigation :- Hardly irrigated, but sensitive to draught during summer.
Yield :- 10-12 tonnes/ha. (March-June.)
POMEGRANATE
B.N.:- Punica granatum. L. Family. : Punicaceae Origin :- Iran
Introduction
Cultivated in Spain, Egypt, Iran, Afghanistan etc. In India, maximum in Maharashtra,
followed by AP, UP, TN, Karnataka and Gujarat. Gujarat occupy 850 ha. with production of 5780
t. Dholka, Bhavnagar, Mehsana etc.
Sugar –14-16 %, minerals-0.7-10 %, Acidity 0.5-3 ml/100 ml. Used as salad and beverages.
Root, rind & seed has medicinal value. Dry seeds of sour varieties used as Anar dana.
Climate :- Subtropical crop. Hot and dry climate during fruit development & ripening is good.
Humidity lowers the quality. In tropical & sub tropical region, it is evergreen or partially deciduous.
In temperate, it is deciduous. Drought resistant.
Soil :– All type of soil. Tolerate alkalinity & salinity. Deep, loamy, well drained & fertile is best.
Sensitive to moisture fluctuation.
Propagation :- 1. Seed, 2. Cutting, i.e. Hardwood cutting, IBA 3000 ppm used, 3. Air layering in
monsoon.
Varieties :- Bhagwa, Pusa ruby, Ganesh, Dholka, Bhavnagari,
Planting :- 5 x 5 or 6 x 6 m. pit size 60 x 60 x 60 cm. Planting in June-July.
Training & Pruning : Trained on single stem, but multi-stem is good because if one stem lost,
though it survive. Fruit born terminally on short spurs of mature shoots, so limited pruning. Remove
suckers.
Intercropping : Pulses and vegetables.
Irrigation : Regular during fruiting season. Irregular irrigation results fruit cracking. 7-10
days in summer and 15-20 days in winter.
Manuring :- 50 kg FYM + 500 g N + 250 g P + 500 g K. per tree per year. ½ in June and ½ in
Sept.-Oct.
Fruit Cracking :- Serious physiological disorder. Young fruits crack due to boron deficiency.
Larger fruits crack due to soil moisture fluctuation and day-night atmospheric moisture.
Control :- 1. Maintain soil moisture. 2. Cultivate tolerant variety- Bedana, Bosec and Khog. 3.
Harvest early. 4. Spray Ca(OH)2 after fruit set. & fruit initiation. 5. Spray borax.

Harvesting : Fruits ready after 5-7 months. Harvest when skin turn yellowish and give metallic
sound.
Yield:- 100 fruits or 40 kg/tree. Economic life. 30 yrs.
Pests
1. Anar Caterpillar (fruit Borer.) : Dangerous in all over India. Female lay eggs on calyx and small
fruits. Larvae bore fruit. Fruit rots by bacteria and Fungi & fall down. Extent of damage 50-90 %.
Spray Metacid 1 ml/lit. Water or phosphamidon 3ml/10 lit. water at fortnightly.
2. Barkeating caterpillar :- (Inderblella) Bore the bark of tree. Older tree and unmanaged trees
have more attack, gives poor yield. Keep the orchard clean. Clean the bore & pour petrol or
kerosene & seal with cotton wool.
Diseases
1. Fruit spot: By Fungus. Fruits become small. Irregular spots turn into strips and ring become
brownish. Pruning dead and affected branches. Spray Dithane M-45. 500g in 200 lit. water, after
fruit setting.
2. Fruit Rot: Fungal disease, during monsoon. Poor fruit setting. Immature, soft & rotted fruit.
Remove infected twigs and fruits. Spray Dithane M-45 at 15 days interval.
Bahar Treatment:-
1. Mrig Bahar- June-July Flowering
2. Ambe Bahar- Feb-Mar Flowering
3. Hast Bahar- Sept-Oct Flowering
Only one bahar is taken on the basis of availability of water and market prices. Mrig Bahar
is not preferred because fruit available in winter, but flower and fruit development in monsoon, so
attack of insect peasts & diseases are more therefore, in Gujarat, Hast Bahar is preferred. Hast Bahar
fruits available in summer and at that time no other fruits in market. Fruit develop in winter so less
pest and diseases and good quality fruits.
PLANTATION CROPS
Plantation: A large contiguous area in which a forest crop raised either by direct sowing or
transplanting.
What is a plantation crop?
In horticulture sense the term plantation crop refers those crops grown on a large contiguous area
which managed by an individual or a company, the produce of which consumed only after processing.
The crops include coconut, tea, coffee, rubber, cocoa, areca nut, oil palm, cashew nut, and
pineapple. These crops are high valued commercial crops of greater economic importance and play a
vital role in Indian economy.

Criteria or Requirements of a crop to be categorized under plantation crop:
1. It should be a woody perennial (palm, tree, shrub or vine).
2. It should be grown on a large contiguous area (estate or plantation)
3. It should be managed by an individual or company.
4. The produce is suitable for consumption only after processing.
Economic importance of plantation crops:
• They are export oriented. Ex: cashew nut, betel vine, tea comprise of 75% of total export
earnings from the export of all agricultural produce.
• They provide gainful employment: Cashew cultivation employs 2 lakh people; processing
industry employs 3 lakh people. Areca nut crop employs 6 million people. Coconut crop
employs 10 million people. They occupy only 2% of total cultivated area, but generate 36,000
million rupees per annum.
• Plantation industry supports many by-product industries and also many rural industries. For
example coconut husk is used to produce coir fiber annually to a tune of 2, 19,600 tones in
India.
• They conserve soil and eco system.
• They utilize the waste land and hilly land. e. g. Tea and coffee are cultivated over hill slopes;
cashew nut is cultivated on waste lands.
• They protect soil from erosion losses.
Scope of plantation crops
Scope for plantation crops:
1. Expansion in non-traditional areas: As population and spice crops have restricted geographical
distribution, the possibility of expansion in the traditional areas is limited. However, there is
ample scope for expansion of area in non-traditional regions such as North Eastern States where
there is irrigation potential. Due to the development of drip irrigation technology new area/ non-
traditional area under plantation crops is increasing.
2. Export potential: Plantation crops earn foreign exchange e.g. Coir based products, Coir export
and Coffee .Main products and by -products not only have export prospects but also have
considerable internal demand in several ancillary industry. Earning from export of plantation
crops accounts to 27% of total agri cultural Commodities and 4.8% of total export.
3. Employment generation: Cultivation of plantation crops provide year round gainful employment
on the farm and factories e.g. Coconut provides for 78 man days/ha/yr. Amounting to 70 million
man days/ year in Kerala alone.
4. Crop diversification: These crops provide ample scope for diversification and thereby it creates
sustainable agriculture.
5. Availability of technology and yield gap: Considerable information on recent technologies are
available on these crops e.g. CPCRI Kasargod, Kerala. NRC on Cashew, Shantigod, Puttur
(D.K) and Various Agril. Universities, Res. Stations etc.

• Certain plantation crops are sun loving (coconut, cashew nut, rubber, oil palm, areca nut), others
are shade loving (cocoa, tea, coffee, betel vine).
• In general coconut and cashew nut are cultivated in coastal belt.
• The sun loving plantation crops should always be raised under mono culture as sole crop, while
the shade loving plantation crops (cocoa, coffee) may be raised as inter crop in the inter spaces
of grown up sun loving plantation crops (coconut, oil palm and areca nut) or grown along with
shade or nurse trees (silver oak) to have either shade (coffee, tea) or support (betel vine) or both
(betel vine)
COCONUT
B.N. : Cocus nucifera L.
Family : Palmae / Aracaceae
Origin : South East Asia
Introduction: The crop is essentially tropical, monocot, and evergreen, monoecious and highly
cross pollinated. On account of this the palm has been regarded as kalpavriksha or Tree of heaven.
Edible Part: Endosperm.
Mesocarp-Husk is used for coir making.
Endocarp: Used for making toys, buttons etc.
Area and production: India ranks 1st in production and 3rd in area after Philippines and Indonesia.
In India, it is cultivated in an area of 18.96 lakh ha with 10.8 Million tones.

Uses :
• It produces 60% of edible oil, consisting of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. The oil is used
in the industry for the manufacture of detergents, cosmetics and other related products.
• The hardened white endosperm which is called as white meat is used for the manufacture of
different products like copra, copra flour and it is being used extensively in the confectionery
and food industry.
• The liquid endosperm which is a source of minerals and vitamins forms a delightful nourishing
drink. The hard endocarp is called as shell and it is used as a fuel and also for the extraction of
tannins.
• The coconut leaves are used for covering the thatched houses.
• From the midrib of the leaf, fibre is extracted and is used for making ropes.
• The thick endo carp of coconut is used for making attractive, decorative products and the dust
being used for making coco peat which is a media for growing hi- tech floricultural plants and
for hardening tissue culture saplings.
Varieties :
Tall: West Cost Tall, East Cost Tall,
Dwarf: Chowghat Green Dwarf, Chowghat Orange Dwarf, Gudanjali, Bona Batki, Lotan,
Hybrides: T x D, D x T,

Soil: Adaptable to wide range of soil conditions from light sandy to heavy clays.
Climate: A tropical plant. Requires humid warm climate with an average annual temperature of 270
C with a diurnal variation not exceeding 70 C. When temperature is less than 220C, palms does not
flourish. Temperatures below 150C, impair fruiting.
Propagation - 1. Sexual - seeds 2. Asexual - Tissue culture

It is commercially propagated through sexually (seed nut). Seeds are selected from elite mother palm
because the crop is cross pollinated; variation is there in sexual propagation. To avoid variation up
to some extent or to get genetically superior material it is required to select the mother palm and
selection of seed nut and seedlings.
Selection of Mother palm:

✓ Crown should be spherical, drooping. Erect crown should be avoided.
✓ Length of petiole and Bunch stalk should be short and stout.

✓ Nut should be round and spherical medium in size.
✓ Trees producing barren nuts should be avoided
✓ Palm should have 30 to 40 fully opened leaves and 12 to 15 bunch with a high setting of
female flowers.
✓ Palm should be in age group of 25 to 40 years, yield is more than 80 nuts/ year
✓ Palm growing close to house, cattle sheds compost pit should be avoided.
✓ Mother palms selected should be free from pest and diseases.
Collection of nuts:
1. The nut should be 11 to 13 months old with full maturity.
2. Nut should be oblong in shape medium in size.
Selection of seedling for planting:

1. Early germination 2.Rapid growth, 3. Early splitting leaves 4.Vigour of growth 5.
Free from pests and disease. 6 Thick collars 7. Seedling is of 9 to 12 months old.
Planting:
• Planting time: Monsoon - July/ August
• Planting Distance : Dwarf - 6 M x 6 M, Tall & Hybrid - 7.5 M x 7.5 M
• Planting method: 1 x 1 x 1 meter pit should be dug out, if soil is black sticky than add sand in
pit media. At planting collar should not be buried in the soil.
• Pit mixture - Soil + 20 kg; FYM + 250g DAP + 500g MOP.
Irrigation
Required large quantity of water for normal growth and function (30-24 lit/day) Irrigation
improves bunch production and copra yield, increases no. of female flowers, decrease immature and
mature nut drops. Irrigation twice a week in summer and once in a winter should be done.

Manurring:
Application: Two meter away from the trunk and 30 to 45 cm depth.

Intercropping : Papaya, Tapioca, Pineapple, Pepper, Bettlevine, Ginger, Turmeric,
Yam, Suran, Banana can be taken
Harvesting: Tall start flowering 5-7 years after planting. Dwarfs flower from 3rd year. Full bearing
is attained after 2-3 years. Once enters bearing, continuously produce flowering. 12 bunches are
expected in a year. They take 11-13 months from flowering to maturity. Hollow, sound on tapping,
brown coloration of husk are the maturity indices.
However coconuts are harvested at different ages for different purposes are as follows.
1. Tender nuts for drinking purpose --- 6-7 months old
2. For green husk --- 10-11 months old
3. For copra and oil --- 11-12 months old
4. For seed purpose --- 12 months old
Monthly harvests are made for tender nuts. For copra and oil matured nuts are harvested at 45 days
interval during summer and 60 days interval during rainy season. 8 – 10 harvests are made per year.
For seed only one harvest is taken per year.
Yield
Tall varieties - 60 to 80 Nuts / palm /year
Dwarf - 70 to 80 Nuts / palm/year

Hybrid - TXD / DXT 100 to 120 Nuts / palm /year
Pest
1. Rhinoceros beetle - ( Oryctes rhinoceros)
The adult bore un open fronds and spathes. When un open fronds fully open shows geometric shape
cut. Beetle breeds in FYM , decaying debris , dead coconut stumps, compost pits
Control :Sanitation in garden
By extracting beetles by hook and pore 5% BHC dust and sand in equal proportion. 3 time -
April/Sept./Dec.
Treatment to all breeding sites with 0.01% carbaryl. Use light trap.
2. Leaf eating caterpillar / Black Headed cater pillar - Serious pest caterpillar live under surface
of leaf lets in side silkon galleries feed functional tissues. This affects the health of palm
adversely & results in reduction of yields.
Control - spray Monocrotophos 0.05 % Endosulphan 0.07% on the lower surface with thorough
coverage so as the larval gallories are destroyed. It should be repeated as march / June /
September.
3. Red palm weevil - Most dangerous pests (5 to 20 years age group affected) Pest is tissue borer
detection in early stage is difficult.
Symptoms
Presence of hole
Oozing out a viscous brown fluid on trunk
Extrusion of chewed fiber from holes
Longitudinal splitting of leaf base and wilting of inter leaves.
Control
By injection of pyrethrin piperonyl butomide (pyrocon - E) 10 ml in 1 liter of water/ palm should
be introduced in to the trunk through a hole above infection portion. All the hole plug before
injection. If infection is from crown then insecticide pore though crown
4. Rat - Most destructive pest infection 5 to 20 %. Bore immature nuts and drink the water & eat
immature meat then Nuts shed.
Control : Use of traditional trap, Poison Baits, A piece of steel sheet kept to check climbing on
tree, Rearing of cats.
Diseases
Parasitic fungus / phytophthpra palmivora - Yellowing of one or two leaves fronds are drop down.
Tender leaf bases & soft tissues of crown rot.

Control: Bordeaux paste 1% applied on crown after removing the infected tissue Badly affected
trees should be cut and burnt. All trees sprayed with 1% Bordeaux mixture.
Production of Barren nuts and their control
Barren nut: Refers that without or with imperfectly developed kennel is as ancient as the coconut
cultivation. Nut generally oblong in shape and the quality of the flask produced is very much less
compared to normal fruit. The embryo in the Barren nut is mostly absent or when present it is in
running stage of decay, often these nuts are seen with the shell and kernel improperly developed.
Fungal infection in the embryo is also noticed.
Cause: Defective fertilization.
• Malformation of Embryo, female flowers unfertilized.
• Nutritional deficiency
• Potash / Boron deficiency
• Excessive bearing.
Reasons for shedding of buttons and immature nuts
• Diseases and pests infection
• Nutritional deficiency, immaturity of trees. 'N' has good effect on setting of fruits yield, nos. of
female flowers, mechanical strength etc.
• Unfavorable soil and climatic factors, moisture stress
• Hormonal imbalance more severe in heavy soil / than light
• Defective pollination - Heredity, lack of pollination.
• Formation of abscission layer at attachment place due to severe drought.
Control: Of the several hormones tried to control fruit drop at C.C.R.S, Kasargod ( Kerala)
2-4-D at 20 ppm when sprayed on female flowers at weekly interval for a month starting just after
completion of fertilization proved very useful and resulted more than double the setting of buttons.
Processing:
• Post Harvest Management of coconut involves its conversion into copra and coconut oil.
• Coconut husk is used to manufacture coir mat, cushion and other products.
• Two forms of copra are manufactured. There are copra and milling copra. However, milling copra
is manufactured commercially. Milling copra is most popular coconut is southern states. In
Kerala, 60-65% of the total coconut produced is converted into milling copra.

Arecanut
B.N. : Areca catechu L Family : Palmae/ Arecaceae
Origin: Philippines & other East Indian Islands. Economic Plant part: Kernel
Introduction:
It is popularly known as betel nut or Supari. Palm is monoecious, evergreen, monocot and
cross pollinated. Areca is Cultivated for kernel, which is chewed. In India it is extensively grown
in Kerala occupying 68% area, Karnataka occupy 28% area. Areca nut has three alkaloids namely
Arcoline, Arcolidine and Guracine. The fruit type is berry.
Chemical Constituents: The kernels yield tannin, catechin (70% in the young fruit, 15 - 20% in
the over-ripe fruit).
Uses:
• It is extensively used in India by all sections of the people as a masticatory purpose in its tender
ripe or process form.
• It is an essential requisite for several religious and social ceremonies.
• They help in control of worms in digestive tract. In India, it is being used for chewing along with
Betel leaf and offerings in ceremonial function.
• It is also used as medicinal purpose like leucoderma, leprosy, cough, worms, anaemia and
obesity, purgative and stimulant and appetizer.
Varieties:
Main Varieties are:
Variety Recommended for Area
Mangala Coastal Kerala and Karnataka
Sumangala Coastal Kerala and Karnataka
Sree Mangala Karnataka and Kerala
Mohitnagar Northern parts of West Bengal, coastal Karnataka and Kerala
CAL 7 Andaman and Nicobar Islands
SAS 1 Hilly area of Karnataka. The most important trade types of arecanut.
Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Regional Station, Vittal has released three varieties.
Name of Cultivar Special attributes.
1. Managala : An introduction from China (VTL- 3), Early bearing, high fruit set,
higher yield (10 kg ripe nuts /plam) Semi tall variety.
2. Sumangala A selection from Indonesia ( VTL-11), yield 17.5 kg nuts /palm at
the age of 10 years.

3. Sreemangala A selection from Singapore (VTL-17), yield 16.5 kg/palm. at 10
years age
Climate: It is tropical plant. So. Warm and humid climate is suitable for growth and development.
It grows well up to 1000 M above MSL. It requires well distributed rainfall. It cannot withstand
extreme temperatures with wide diurnal variations. Optimum temperature is 15 to 38 0 C.
Soil: Deep well drained soils are suitable. Laterites and red loams and alluvial soils are preferable.
Does not stand water stagnation. Drainage is more important in high rainfall areas.
Propagation:
It is propagated through sexually (seed). Seeds are selected from elite mother palm because
the crop is cross pollinated; variation is there in sexual propagation. To avoid variation up to some
extent or to get genetically superior material it is required to select the mother palm and selection
of seed nut and seedlings.
Selection of mother palm:
• It is necessary to select the mother palm which has high productivity.
• Higher per cent of fruit set
• The mother palm which is early and give high percentage of fruit set more than 50 % should
be selected.
• Stability in yield
• Early bearing
• More than 10 open healthy leaves.
• Four or more than four inflorescences per year.
• Free from pest and diseases.
Selection of seed nut: Nuts should be fully ripe, should be heavier (above 35 g) to get high
percentage of germination and high vigour. Medium to heavy nuts are selected and are soaked in
water. Lighter nuts which float on water are rejected and heavier nuts are used for multiplication.
Raising of seedling in nursery:
Seed nuts are sown immediately in the nursery beds raised 5 to 6 cm apart in sandy soils.
Their stalk ends pointing upward. Germination commences in about 40 days after sowing and the
sprout are ready for transplanting, when they are three months old. 2-3 months old sprouts with 2
to 3 leaves are transplanted to the secondary nursery.
Secondary nursery beds of 150 cm width and convenient length are prepared. Sprouts are planted
at 30 x 30 cm spacing with the onset of monsoon. Provide shade by erecting pandal or by growing
banana. Beds should be supplied with basal dress of well decomposed cattle manure @ 5 t per acre.
Irrigate the beds; provide facility for draining excess water. Weeding, mulching should be done as
per the requirement. Seedlings are transplanted at 12-18 months old. Seedlings with good number

of leaves (5-7) and having minimum height are selected as they are high yielder. Seedlings are lifted
along with a ball of earth.
Characters of seedling to be selected for planting:
• Age 12 to 18 months old.
• Having more than 5 leaves.
• Dwarf seedling with more number of leaves.
• Free from pest and diseases.
Planting :
Seedlings are planted from the beginning of monsoon up to the end of rainy season. The pits
of 90 cm x 90 cm x 90 cm dug out at 2.7 m apart. The seedlings are protected from sun scorching.
Rows may be arranged by North – South line, deflected at 35 degrees towards west. On South,
South West side tall quick growing shade trees may be raised to provide shade.
Spacing: 2.7 m x 2.7 m.
Manurring and fertilizers:
Annual application for bearing trees.
N P K (g/ palm/ year)
100 40 140
Organic manures are applied once in September – October. 12 kg green leaf and compost is
recommended. Above doses should be applied in two equal parts i.e. in September-Oct. & second
in February. If the crop is in rainfed condition then second dose of fertilizer may be given during
March/April or during the rainy season. Application of manures & fertilizer should be done in
basins at 1 m radius to depth & width of 20 cm.
1/3rd of the above dose should be applied during the first year. 2/3rd of the above dose should be
applied during the second year. Full dose should be given from 3rd year onwards. First split is
broadcasted around the base after weeding and forked in. Second split is given in a trench (20-30
cm) dug around palm at 75 –100 cm radius from the base of the palm.
Irrigation:
The palms are irrigated once in 4 to 7 days depending on the soil type. Most of the
plantations in southern & North eastern hill in rainfed condition.
Cover cropping: On slopes cover cropping is to be done to prevent soil erosion, weed growth, and
to add organic matter. Legumes such as Mimosa invisa, Stylosanthes gracilis and Calapogonium
mucanoides. Cover crops sown at the beginning of monsoon and applied in September.

Intercrops: Areca nut palm has long pre bearing period (5 – 7 years). Intercrops like Banana,
Tapioca, Dioscorea, Sweet potato, Ginger, Turmeric, and Elephant foot yam. Mixed cropping with
Cacao, Pepper, Pineapple, Betel vine, Nutmeg and Clove.
Pests:
1. Mites: All ages of palm infected with two types, white and red. They suck the sap from leaf, leaf
turn yellow.
Control - Spraying lower surface of leaf with dicofol 18 ml / 10 L water
2. Spindle bug: Serious pest, rapidly multiplied, live inside the top most leaf axil & suck the sap
from tender spindle fail to open and not get good size, loss of vigor of palm and later on death.
Control – Place 2 g of phorate granules taken in the inner most leaf axils.
Spraying of Carbaryl 50 % w/p 25 g/10 L
Diseases:
1. Koleroga / Mahali/Fruit rot- Direct loss of crop prevalent during south west monsoon in area
where high humidity with alternate rain and sunshine prevail Infected fruits shows water soaked
areas near calyx, lose natural colour & drop down
Control - 1. Can be control by spraying 1% Neutral B. Mixture Two spray required one just after
onset of monsoon & IInd after 40 days of first.
2. Bud rot
3. Anabe roga
4. Yellow leaf disease.
5. Sun's scorch Dieback / Collar rot of seedlings etc.
Harvesting: The stage of harvesting depends on the type of produce to be prepared for the market.
Yield start after 4 years and become mature at 8 years and gives regular yield up to 25 to 30 years.
I. For preparation of chali supari: Fully ripe, 9 month old fruits of yellow to orange red
colour are harvested from December to March.
II. For preparation of Kalipak supari: fruits of 6-7 month old are harvested from July to
December.
Yield: Average yield is 10 kg per palm per year at 10th year. Average yield in India is 1250 to 1500
kg per ha.
Processing of Areca nut:

(1) Dried ripe nuts or ‘Chali’ or ‘Kottapak’:

It is a dried nut. For preparation of chali supari 9-10 months old nuts at full maturity or ripe
stage are harvested. Ripe fruits are sun dried for 35 to 40 days. Husk loosens from the kernel. Nuts
are dehusked and kernels are cut into two halves transversely. In other method the nuts are cut
longitudinally along with husk and again dried in open field. With the help of a sharp pointed sickle,
the kernel is separated out and cut transversely. Again these kernels are dried to reduce the moisture
percentage to 10-12%. These kernels are cut into smaller pieces or whole kernels are used for
marketing process. The products are called chali supari. Chewing along with betel leaf is preferred
in North, North East, West and Central India.
(2) Kalipak:
This product is more popular in Karnataka, Kerala & A.P. It is mostly used for sweet supari
and also for ritual offerings. The nuts of 6-7 months old are harvested for this product. Outer skin
is dark green in colour at this stage. The processing consists of dehusking, cutting the soft nuts into
pieces, boiling, kali coating and drying. During the boiling operation, the same batch of water is
used for boiling 3-4 batches of cut areca nuts. The extract so obtained is concentrated to make a
thick ‘Kali’. Kali or cheguru is prepared by boiling broken pieces of chali supari, herbs and other
tuberous roots available in forest. By repeated boilings black colour syrup is obtained in which the
selected nuts are transferred and boiled. Milk is added to the boiling medium to remove astringency.
Boiled kernels are sun dried for 7-8 days and graded according to size and quality.
(3) ‘Scented Supari’:

It is made both from chali and kalipak. Chali supari is more popular. The dried nuts are
broken into bits, blended with spices and flavour mixture and packed in butter paper. Instead of raw
spices, essential oils are used for easy blending. Saccharin is occasionally used for sweetening. Rose
essence and menthol are commonly used for flavouring
Cashew nut
B.N.: Anacardium occidentale L. Family: Anacardiaceae Origin: South Eastern Brazil
It is introduced into Malabar Coast of South India in 16th century by Portugase. India stands
first both in area and production. Brazil, Tanzania, Kenya and Nizeria are the other important
cashew nut producing countries. India produces 40% of raw nuts of the world produce and exports
90% of the total production. Two lakh people were engaged in Cashew industry. Export earnings
from Cashew nut constitute 2% of total earnings from Agricultural commodities. Major cashew
growing states in our country are Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Orissa and Goa. Important cashew growing districts in Gujarat are Valsad and Dang.

Tree is tropical, monoecious, and evergreen, highly cross pollinated and Dicot. Cashew
apple is fleshy peduncle. Nut is the real fruit. Nut is a drupe type. Kidney shaped and it is grey in
colour. Nut varies in size, shape, weight and shelling percentage. The cashew apple is juicy and
sweet when ripe. The apple is rich source of vitamin C and sugar. A single nut is 3-5 cm in length
and 2-3.5 cm in width. The weight of single nut usually varies from 3-20 g. The seed is surrounded
by a double shell containing an allergenic phenolic resin, anacardic acid which is allergenic. The
mucous membranes of the mouth and throat are severely affected when it comes into contact with
shell. Properly roasting cashews destroys the toxin.
Use and Importance:

• Cashew nut is rich in proteins and vitamins A, B and E.
• Kernel gives 40% oil.
• Testa rich in tannins used in leather industry. Testa with kernel pieces used as poultry feed.
• Cashew apple is a rich source of Vitamin C (5 times more than Citrus), contain 10-12% sugars.
• In Goa, Feni (liquor) is prepared from Cashew apple.
• Apple is dried and powdered into a meal and used as animal feed.
• Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) is a bi -product. It is phenol. It is used for resins, varnishes,
paints, insecticides, brake linings, wood preservatives etc.
Climate: It is a hardy tropical plant. It grows between 280 N and South latitudes. It grows to 1000
m elevation. It is profitable up to 600 m. It requires a well distributed annual rainfall of around 500
mm. It can stand 300 to 400 mm. Rainfall should spread over 5-7 months with 3-4 months of dry
period before flowering. It requires 15 to 400C temperature. Mean annual temperature should not
be less than 200C. It is sensitive to cold. If Relative Humidity is less than 10%, leaves scorched and
fruits drop. Excess humidity favours the incidence of pests and diseases. Proximity to sea is
favourable (160 km)
Soil: Cashew cultivated on wide variety of soil like laterite, red, coastal sandy, also grown on black
soil. It can also grow hills where soil is rich in organic matter. Water logged and saline soil is not
preferable
Varieties: Main Varieties

State Variety
Andhra Pradesh BPP 4, BPP 8 and VRI 2
Karnataka Chintamani 1, Sel. 1, Sel. 2, Ullal 1, Ullal 2, Ullal 3, Ullal 4, UN 50, VRI 2,
Vengurla 1 and Vengurla 4.
Kerala Dhana, K 221, Madakkathara 1, Madakkathara 2 and Priyanka
Madhya Pradesh T No. 40 and Vengurla 4
Maharashtra and Goa Vengurla 1, Vengurla 4 and Vengurla 6
Orissa Bhubaneswar 1 and VRI 2
Tamil Nadu VRI 1, VRI 2 and VRI 3
• Mainly two types, yellow skin & Red skin. At vengurla (Maharashtra) developed through
selection up to V1 to V7 & through hybridization V3 & V4 are also developed. Out of this
some are tested at FRS, NAU, Paria & V4 have performed better which have gave 11 to 12
kg/ tree nut yield on 10th year age.

Propagation : Asexual and sexual
It is propagated by seed and by vegetative means.
• Seed propagation: It is used to collect seed from high yielders. But, it is not recommended
because crop is cross pollinated.
• Vegetative propagation: Methods like air layering patch budding, veneer grafting, side
grafting, epicotyls grafting, soft wood grafting were found to be successful. However,
epicotyls grafting and soft wood grafting has become more suitable and commercial
method of propagation for cashew nut.
Planting
Pits digging: 60x60x60 cm.
Pit mixture: top soil +10kg FYM +1kg neem cake (5 kg FYM +250 SSP +250 MP)
Planting distance : 6 x 6, 7 x 7, 9 x 9 m
Planting time : June / July
Plant 2-3 month old seedlings or one year old grafts. Provide water and support.
Irrigation
In young stage orchard should be irrigated during long spell of rain & in summer & winter at an
interval of 5 to 7 days. Bearing trees are irrigation 3-4 times at an interval of 30 to 45 days.
Manure and fertilizers:
Age (Year) FYM (kg/tree) N P2O5 K2O ( g/tree)

1st 10 100 80 0
nd
2 20 200 80 60
3rd 20 400 120 125
th
4 30 500 125 130
The above dose is split in two equal parts 1. Half dose of fertilizer and all FYM should be
given in May -June & half in September-October with irrigation
Note- Fertilizer should be applied in 20 cm deep trench & attain 1 to 1.5 mt. radius of tree trunk.
Harvesting: Cashew tree commences fruiting after 3 to 4 years & attain full bearing age by tenth
year and live for 40 to 50 years. Flower commences from November & extends up to February.
Cashew nuts are harvested during February May. Only fully mature nuts should be harvested.
Usually, the nuts are picked after they fall of from the trees. Best quality nuts are obtained where
freshly fallen fruits are collected. The apples are removed and the nuts are sundries for 2-3 days to
reduce moisture from 25% to below 9%. Nuts should not be dried for more than 4 days since they
become brittle and break while processing causing damaging the kernels. With proper drying, the
kernels retain their quality, particularly the flavor. However, if cashew apples are used for
processing, it is better to harvest them from the without damaging the apples. The mature nuts sink
in water while the immature/unfilled once float. This test could be used to find out whether the nuts
are mature or not. The nuts should be collected at weekly interval in the season. Ripe apples for
fresh use should be picked almost daily. The area under trees should be weed free and swept clean
to facilitate nut collection.
Yield: Depends on many factors Soil, climate, variety, treatment, age. The tree yields more than 6
kg is considered as a good .The average yield is about 10 to 15kg / tree. The Hybrid cv. gives 20
kg/ tree Nut.
Processing: The edible part of the cashew tree is the “Kernel”. This is enclosed in a hard shell. The
extraction of this edible kernel from the hard shell is the “processing”. Cashew processing is mainly

done by manually in India and mechanically in other countries. Quilon in Kerala has the largest
number of processing units. In Gujarat, the processing units are located at Navsari and Valsad
districts.
Processing is consists of roasting, shelling, drying, peeling, grading & packing:
A. Roasting: Roasting make shell brittle, so making the extraction of kernel easier. Under or
over roasting affect the quality and Recovery. The roasting of the nut is done by one of the
3 methods viz. (1) open pan method, (2) drum roasting method,(3) Oil bath method.
B. Shelling: After roasting, shelling is done. The process of breaking of the roasted nuts to
extract the kernel is called “shelling. The roasted nuts are broken with wooden mallets. Great
care is taken in shelling to get whole and clean kernels as many as possible. After cracking
the kernels, are extracted with a wire or a needle. The percentage of shelling varies greatly
from 15-30%.
C. Drying: The shelled kernel is covered with the testa, the removal of testa is facilitated by
drying the shelled kernel. Drying causes shrinkage of the kernel, thereby allowing the testa
to be easily removed either mechanically, or by hand with a knife. Drying also protects the
kernel from pest and fungal attack at this vulnerable stage.
D. Peeling: The kernel has a thin reddish brown or pinkish outer skin or peel. Removal of thin
peel from the kernel is ‘peeling’. Peeling is done by hand. Removal of a thin outer layer is
done by hand with the help of a safety pin or small hand knife. Peeling is made easier when
the kernels are subjected to a heat treatment about 4 - hours in a drying chamber.
E. Grading: The process by which the peeled kernels are sorted out into different grades such
as wholes, splits, brokens etc. is called ‘grading’. The grading is based on the number of
kernels (whole, splits or pieces) per pound (count). Grading in India is mainly done
manually. There are as many as 25 grades. Scorched pieces, splits, blunts, small pieces and
each grade is separately packed.
The most common grades are:
1) 210 Count –Zamboo wholes (First quality)
2) 240 Count- Zamboo wholes (Best quality)
3) 280 Count – American Quiality
4) 320 Count – Standard quality
5) Splits (Halves)
6) Pieces
7) Baby Pieces
8) Broken butts
F. Sweating: The drying of kernels renders them brittle and liable for easy breakage during
packing and transit. To avoid this, the kernels are conditioned in humid chambers at 80%
humidity for 5-6 hours. Humidity is maintained by air coolers. During this process the
kernels absorb moisture and become less brittle.
G. Packing: The conditioned kernels are finally packed by Vita Pack method. Vita packing is
the process of vacuum sing and injecting inert gas viz. Carbon-di-oxide or Nitrogen into the
cashew kernel filled tins.
Process flow chart for processing of cashew nut

Coffee
B.N.: Coffea arabica L. (Arabian coffee) Coffea Canephora Linden (Robusta coffee)
Family: Rubiaceae. Origin: Ethiopia
It was originated from Ethiopia, but introduced in India during 1600 A.D. by Muslim
pilgrim Baba Badan on the hills near Chikmaglur. Their commercial plantations were started in
south India By British Entrepreneurs. Now coffee cultivation is mainly to the states of Karnataka
(54%), Kerala 28% and Tamil Nadu (16%) and on a limited scale to a Arunachal Pradesh, Assam,
M.P. Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, sikkim , Tripura and W.B. Among total
coffee area C. arabica occupies 60% and Robusta – C. canephora – 40%. More than 95% of
coffee area in A.P., is occupied by Arabica. Coffee contains- Naicin which is useful to cure skin
diseases. Coffee plants are evergreen perennial shrubs.
• It exported 60 % of the total production from India. It earns 300 crores from export.
• Consumed locally 40%
• Coffee cultivation employs about 3, 71,655 people in India.
Soil: Soil should be deep well drained slightly acidic in reaction and rich in organic matter. The
optimum soils & climatic requirement for Arabica & Robusta coffee are as under. Soil Deep
friable, porous, rich in O.M. moisture retentive, slightly acidic and ph ranges bet 6 to 6.5.
Varieties: Crop improvement work has been carried out at "Central Coffee Research Institute”
Balahanur (Karnataka) has resulted in the release of a number of superior selections in arabica
coffee and the popular ones are as under.
1. S.795 (Sln.3) (S-288 x kent): Most popular variety, occupy 70 % of total area.
2. Sln-7 (San Roman hybrids)
3. Sln-8 (D-Timor)
4. Sln -9
5. Sln-10
6. Cauvery. 7. Blue Mountain, 8. Agro.
Robusta coffee varieties:
i) Selection 1R(S-274)
ii) Selection 3R HybridR
The important species are:
C. arabica (Arbica coffea) – famous for; its aroma;
C . canephora (Robusta coffee) –popular for low cost of cultivation.
C . liberica (Tree coffee) and
C. excelsa are grown on limited scale
Among this Ist & IInd are extensively cultivated in the world.

Climate: Climatic factors like Rainfall, temperature, elevation influence economic production of
coffee more than soil factors. Coffee cultivation confined mostly to the hilly tracts of western and
Eastern Ghats. A well distributed Rainfall is preferable with dry months from December to March.
Summer showers are important for flowering & failure of blossom showers lead to crop loss.
Different species require different types of climate.
Climatic requirements for Arabica and Robusta coffee
No. Particular Arabica Robusta
1. Elevation 1000 to 1500 500-100 mts.
2. Annual Rain 1600-2500 1000-200 mm
3. Blossom Rain March - April Feb- March
2.5 to 4.0 cm 2.0 to 4.0 cm
4. Backing Rain April-May April- May
(5-7.5 cm) (5-7.5 cm)
5. Shade Medium to light Uniform thin shade
depending on
elevation & aspect
6. Temp 15 to 25oC ( ideal) 20-30oC (Ideal)
Cool equable
7. R.H. 70 to 80% 80 to 90%
8. Slops A gentle to moderate Gentle slops to fairly
slop is ideal level fields are to be
preferred

Propagation: Coffee is propagated both by sexually (seed) and asexually (cuttings).
By means of seed: Good shaped high and regular yielding, excellent quality beans, disease
resistant, are marked as mother plants. Healthy fully mature, ripe fruits are collected. Hand pulped
with ash and extracted seeds dried in shade. Seeds sown within two months of gathering or seeds
stored with dry powdered charcoal for 10 months without loss in viability. Raised beds (15 cm)
one meter width and convenient length are prepared. Seed treated with agrosan, sown in Dec-Jan
month. Seeds are sown at 2-5 cm space apart. Beds are watered daily, protected by direct sun light
by erecting an overhead pandal. Germination commences in four weeks and will be completed
within another 5 to 6 weeks. When the seedlings are 5 – 8 cm tall, shifted either secondary nursery
beds or to poly bags of 150 gauge during Feb –March. Secondary nursery beds are prepared in the
same way as in the case of seed beds. Seedlings are transplanted at a spacing of 15 –20 cm. Regular
watering and after care of the seedlings should follow. Overhead shade is gradually thinned –
removed before the onset of monsoon. Seedlings maintained in the secondary nursery beds for 16
– 18 months .Seedlings manure once in two months with Urea solution (@ 20 g in 4.5 liters water.
By means of cuttings: Cutting is obtained from bushes of outstanding performance and free from
pests and diseases. Normally cutting collected from 5 and 10 years old plant. Single node green
wood (semi hard wood) cuttings of 10 cm length and 3 – 6 months old, are planted in polythene
bags. To enhance rooting, the bases dipped in IBA@5000 ppm. Under south Indian conditions,
cuttings collected during June-July, recorded the highest percent of rooting. Cutting will root in
about 3-4 months after planting. Rooted cutting should be hardened by keeping them under shade
for 2-3 months and then transplanted to the main field.
Establishment of coffee orchard:

The 16-18 months old seedlings are planted. In the main field pits are prepared by digging
45-60 cm cube during January –February. The pits may be filled with top soil and forest soil.
Planting of seedlings is done during June-Sep. and the soil is well pressed around the plants. In the
initial stages, a stake is given to support the plant and shade provided.
Spacing: Arabian coffee – 2 to 2.5 m, Robusta 2.5 to 4 m in square system
Provision of Shade: In India – Coffee require partial shade where sunlight is intense. It conserves
the soil moisture and keeps soil temperature at optimum level. At high elevations shade may not
be required. High light intensities and temp prevailing during drought period are not condusive for
normal healthy growth of coffee plants. Therefore there is necessary for protecting the coffee
plants by providing both temporary & permanent shade trees.
Shade comprises two canopies lower (temporary) and upper (permanent).
• Temporary or Lower canopy: Dadep - Erythrina Lithosperma planted along with coffee at
4 m apart on either way.
• Permanent: Albezzia lebbek, Artocarus chtegrifolia Dalbergia latifolia Ficus formerate F.
infectoria & F. retusa. Planted at 12 – 14 m apart. These trees have to be regulated in such a

way that their canopy is 10 - 14 m above coffee planted. Shade trees should be regularly
pruned and lopped to provide required filter shade to coffee.
Training and Pruning

Training:
Training of bush is necessary to have strong frame work which promotes the production of bearing
wood. Two system
1. Single stem system - When the plant reaches to a height of 75 cm in Arabica or 110 to 120
cm in Robasta, it is topped. This helps to restrict vertical growth & facilitate lateral spreading
and increases bearing area. In this system a second tier is also allowed some times depending
upon the soil fertility & plant vigor.
2. Multiple stem system - Which is common in Kenya, Tanzania, but it is not practiced in India.
An erect branch grows from the base of the main stem in restricted number (4 – 6). Allowed
to grow either topped or Un- topped at 2 m height.
Pruning:
Pruning is immediately done after harvested and till the onset of monsoon. It is essentially thinning
processing and is mainly done to divert the vigor of the plant to other parts.
Pruning involves…..
A. Centering - Removal of the vegetative growth up to 15 cm radius from the centre and
up to the first node of all primary branches,
B. Desuckering - Removal of orthotropic branches arising from the main trunk.
C. Handling - Removal of small sprout arising from axis of the leaves which otherwise
grow towards the inter side and cause shade & become unproductive wood.
D. Nipping - Growing tip of primary branches is removed to encourage secondary and
territories.
Intercultural operations or Soil management: Conserving soil & water and in general to make
the soil satisfactorily It includes the following practices in coffee.
A. Digging - Field is given to a thorough digging up to a depth of about 35 to 45 cm towards the
end of the monsoon. All weeds and vegetative debris are completely buried in the soil while
the stumps are removed. Once the coffee plants have closed annual digging is not done.
B. Scuffling or soil stirring - In established coffee fields scuffling or soil stirring is done towards
the beginning of the dry period. It control weeds and also conserves the soil moisture.
C. Trenching - Trenches & pits are dug between rows of coffee along during Aug-Oct when the
soil is fairly easy to work .The pits are 50 cm wide & 25 cm are deep & of only convenient
length.
D. Mulching - Mulching in young coffee helps to maintain soil temperature and conserve soil
moisture and act as an effective erosion control measure. Mulching also adds the soil fertility.
E. Weed control - New orchards are hand weeded 3 to 4 times / year and establish coffee 2 to 3
times during monsoon. Gramoxon at 1.25 lit in 450 lit. of water per/ha has been found to be
the best.
F. Irrigation - Sprinkler irrigation is mainly used as an insurance against failure of good blossom
or backing showers. It is also used on young plantations, marginal areas where water is
available in plenty to help in establishment of coffee and shade.

G. Soil acidity & liming - The heavy rainfall in coffee growing zones of south India brings about
leaching in 'Ca' and 'Mg' leading to soil acidity. Besides continuous use of acid forming
fertilizer likes Ammonium Sulphate also make acidic soil .So Periodical liming is necessary
to maintain the soil pH hence productivity increase. Agricultural lime and dolomite lime are
also useful.
Manure and Fertilizers:
Arabica type: ( NPK, g/plant)

Stage (age) Pre-blossom Post blossom Mid monsoon Post monsoon Total
(March) (May) (August) (October) (g/plant)
5 Years & 40: 30:40 40:30:40 20:0:0 40:30:40 140:90:120

above yield
less than one
ton/ ha
5 Years & 40: 30:40 40: 30:40 40: 30:40 40: 30:40 160:120:160
above yield
more than one
ton/ ha
Robusta type: ( NPK, g/plant)

For Less than 40: 30:40 - - 40: 30:40 80:60:80
one ton/ha
yield
For more than 40: 30:40 40: 30:40 - 40: 30:40 120:90:120
one ton/ha
yield
Inter cropping: Can be cultivated with many other crops annuals and perennials. In coconut
gardens – Robusta coffee – at 2.5 m x 2.5 m Arabica. Inter cropped with mandarin oranges in
Karnataka. Tea is also inter cropped with coffee.
Harvesting
Bearing start from third year onwards. Good yield start from the fifth year onwards and bushes
continue to yield up to fifty years.
Arabica coffee fruits attain maturity by the end of September and start ripening by October. They
take 8 – 9 m for fruit development. Whereas Robusta may start in December or January and takes
10-11 m depending upon seasonal factors. Under natural condition, ethylene gas released by the
plants is ultimately responsible for ripening of fruits.
Coffee fruits should be picked as and when become ripe to get good quality. Picking is done with
hands.
Several pickings are done 4 pickings

1. Fly picking: First picking in the season. Selective picking of ripe berries during October and
continued till February.
2. Main picking: Well formed and fully ripened berries are harvested 4 to 6 times at 10 – 15 day
interval from Dec. Bulk yields are obtained during this period.
3. Stripping: Final harvest. Picking berries left on the plant irrespective of ripening stage.
4. Gleanings: Collection of dropped berries.
Yield: Vary according to climate, variety, cultural conditions, and management of plantation & to
a large extent on weather conditions at and after flowering. Arabica – 480 Kg dry berries/ha;
Robusta – 490 Kg/ha.
Processing: Commercial coffee is – beans of coffee with pulp removed (parchment). Pulp must
be removed. Processed in two ways: 1. Wet processing (Parchment coffee) 2. Dry processing
(Cherry coffee)
A. Wet processing: For “Arabica” coffee yields superior quality product.
i) Pulping: Sweet mucilaginous pulp + skin, removed with the help of pulpers on the same day of
harvesting.
ii) Demucilaging: Remove mucilage, otherwise, leads to moulding and musty a small of the
beans. Mucilage of the beans is removed by two processes
a) Fermentation: Commonly used mucilage breaks down during fermentation. Time required
varies with variety and degree of ripeness. Arabica – 36 hrs; Robusta – 72 hrs when correctly
fermented – mucilage do not stick to land.
b) Alkali treatment. : After draining excess water, pulped beans treated with 10% solution of
caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) in vats The mass is stirred thoroughly and trampled & washed
with clean water. Arabica coffee requires one hour while, Robusta coffee requires – 2 hrs for alkali
treatment. Iii). Washing: Demucilaged beans soaked in water for 24 hours and then washed
thoroughly in running water, 3 to 4 times until the stickiness completely disappears.
iv). Drying: Now coffee is in parchment stage. It is dried in sun / air driers .Washed beans are
spread on clean tiled or concrete drying floor to 7 – 10 cm thickness. Beans raked and stirred
frequently. Parchment should be heaped up and covered in the evening until next morning sun
drying takes 7 – 10 days depending on weather.
v). Storage – stored in new, clean gunnies.
B. Dry processing (Cherry coffee): For Robusta coffee; Harvested berries are either sun dried or
in air driers – usually sun drying is adopted, Sun dried for 12 – 15 days on drying floors, with
frequency stirring and turning of beans for uniform drying. End point – Rattling sound of berries
Sun dried coffee possess better flavor than that dried artificially. Dried coffee stores well; dried
pulp forms hard protective cover on beans. Dried pulp is removed by pounding in a mortar or by
hulling (on large scale). Does not require any elaborate equipment and is simpler & cheaper. The
dry season should coincide the time of ripening.

Pests: Mealy bug, Green bug, White stem borer, Shoot Hole borer, Cockchaters, Nematodes.
Diseases: Leaf rust, Black rot, Brown blight twin, Root diseases.
Tea
Botanical Name: Cornelia thea
Family: Camelliaceae
Origin: Tea is believed to be indigenous to Assam in India only.
Area and Production:

The crop is mainly grown in Assam, and West Bengal i.e. 50% and 25% respectively
Karnataka (30%) and T.N. (10%). Other minor tea growing/producing areas are located in tripura,
Punjab, U.P. Himachal Pradesh, & Bihar.
Varieties:
The most important types in cultivation are 1. Assam and China.
1) Assam: It is a taller plant with soft leaves and can grow at elevations under 1500 meters.
2) China: It is dwarf bush with leathery leaves and can be grown upto 2400 meters above sea
level. Many hybrids of these two are in cultivation.
Soil and climatic requirements:

1. Warm moist climate with plenty sun light.
2. Rainfall: 1500-2500 mm well distributed
Temperature: Mean ranging from 10-38°C.
3. High elevations are good for economic life of plants and quality of leaves but total
yield at high altitudes is best.
4. Frost affectsthe pfen$ adversely.
Soil:
Deep liable loam and forest land rich in organic matter is very ideal. Generally tea soils of
India are generally with organic matters, N, Potash, low K, lime and magnesia content hence soil
Reaction is medium to strongly acidic.
Practice of liming is not followed in ease of tea because tea-does not thrive well on a soil
which contains more than a trace of active lime sub soil should not be hard and Stiff and growth
of tea on clay soil is more uniform and tea is of better quality than tea grown on coarse sandy soils.
Land Preparation: Cultural Method

Tea is taken on hilly areas; the land is prepared by cutting of low growing vegetation arid
unwanted forest trees are cut and removed. Except few selected ones left for shade Stoop slopes
are terraced and provided with contour drains and silt traps. A thick-wind-break of silver oak
(Gravilica rohusta) is planted on the periphery. Also shade trees Viz. Silver oak, Jack are planted
at adjoined 12-15 m apart a year in advance of the main plantation to provide protection: to provide

protection against i.e. to provide shade, heat and torrential rains. They are lopped every year to
provide adequate light and air.
After field / land preparation pits measuring of 30-45 cm deep, 22 cm diameter, are dug at distance
of 1.2 to 1.5 m from one another. Filled with mixture of surface soil + FYM leaf mould.
Raising of Seedlings:
Generally propagated by seeds; but vegetatively propagated plants give high yield, high
quality, budding, grafting and layering have also been found successful.
Seeds sown first in germinating beds, then seedlings transferred- to other nurseries or
baskets containing, loose friable soil. Here seedlings are allowed to grow for 6-8 months and
subsequently 1.5 year (17 months) old seedlings are planted in April - May or Sept. Oct. In pits
(previously prepared) dug in the permanent stags, Gap filing as- well- as replacing, in to 30 years
old bushes are also done at this time.
Manuring:
Fertilizers mixtures supplying 60 kg N: 30 kg. P2O5 30 K20/ha are applied in one or two
doses after pruning. Nitrogenous manuring is very essential for promotion for leaf growth. Besides
this application of compost and benefit derived from leaf fall of leguminous shade trees are grown
for incorporation in the soil as green manures.
Inter Cultivation:
The tea-gardens are hood and weeded 3 to 5 times during the rainy season. Shade trees are
lopped to promote lateral development which will shade large area.
Topping and Pruning:

Tea bush is pruned regularly to maintain proper shade i.e. 1, 2 to-1.5 meter diameter at 1
to L2 meter height.
When the plants are one year old-and have attained a height of 45 cm at this stage entering
is done. Main stem is cut a few cm. above ground. The new materials developed by the plant are
again cut a little higher up.
This process is repeated every year. In 4 or5 years me plant becomes a mature bush of 45-
60 cm height and is ready to yield a crop. To encourage lateral spread, all shoots growing through
center of the bush should be removed.
After a cycle of pruning, the bush is cut back to 2-3 cm below the first cut this encourages fresh
laterals and maintains yield at a high level. In Assam pruning is done in Dec. March after allowing
the bush to grow 25 cm or more.
Plucking and Processing:

Tea bush is ready for yielding after 4 to 5 years of planting and having a height of 45-60
cm. usually plucking is restricted to 2 leaves and a bud. This is called a fine and light plucking.
Coarse plucking includes extra one or two leaves. In North Tea is plucked at interval of 7-10 days
from April-Dec. in South plucking continues throughout the years at weekly interval during
March-May and at 10-14 days during other 3 months i.e. during June-Feb. (9 months).
Processing:

For manufacturing of Black tea, the plucked leaves are dried for 18 - 24 hours in
ventilated indoor racks rolled for half an hour mechanically to breakup cells, then fermented or
oxidized again for 8 hours at 27°C to 105°C and passed through sieves of different moshes, thus
sorting out grades and again graded into.
a) Leaf : Orange peloeoe, pekoo, flowery pekoe,
b) Broken : Broken orange pekoe, broken pekoe, fanning
c) Dust tea
Yield:
The average yield is 1200-1500 kg/ha of made tea. Vegetatively propagated clones often
give as much as 2000 kg/taken during cultivation and processing but on natural factors such as
soil, climate, altitude and topography. Leaves are rich in caffeine and tannin.
Economic Use:
Tea is an important foreign exchange earning crop, India exported tea worth of Rs. 340
crores during 1998 - 99. The commercial tea is either Green (Unfermented) or Black fermented).
The leaves are rich in caffeine and tannin. On infefon in boiled water, it gives a well known
beverage known as tea.
APPLE
Apple (Malus pumila) is commercially the most important temperate fruit and is fourth
among the most widely produced fruits in the world after banana, orange and grape. China is the
largest apple producing country in the world. Apples are mostly consumed fresh but a small part
of the production is processed in to juices, jellies, canned slices and other items. India’s share in
the total world apple production is merely 2.05 per cent. Only around 1.6% of the country’s
production gets exported.
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Agro-climatic requirements
Apple can be grown at altitudes 1,500-2,700 m. above M.S.L. in the Himalayan range
which experience 1,000-1,500 hours of chilling (the no. of hours during which temperature
remains at or below 70 C during the winter season). The temperature during the growing season is
around 21-240 C. For optimum growth and fruiting, apple trees need 100-125 cm. of annual
rainfall, evenly distributed during the growing season. Excessive rains and fog near the fruit
maturity period result in poor fruit quality with improper colour development and fungal spots on
its surface. Areas exposed to high velocity of winds are not desirable for apple cultivation.
Loamy soils, rich in organic matter with pH 5.5 to 6.5 and having proper drainage and aeration
are suitable for cultivation.
Growing and Potential Belts

Dry temperate areas are suitable for apple cultivation. The fruits produced in these areas
are of high quality with high sugar content and long shelf life.
The state-wise growing belts are given in the following:
State Growing belts
Jammu & Kashmir Srinagar, Budgam, Pulwama, Anatnag, Baramullah, Kupwara
Himachal Pradesh Shimla, Kullu, Sirmour, Mandi, Chamba, Kinnaur
Uttaranchal Almora, Pithoragarh, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarkashi, Chamoli,
Dehradun, Nainital
Arunachal Pradesh Tawang, West Kanneng, Lower Subansiri
Varieties Cultivated
Important varieties cultivated in different states of India are given below:
Category Varieties
Clonal rootstocks - M 9, M 26, M7, MM 106, MM 11
Scab resistant - Prima, Priscilla, Sir Prize, Jonafree, Florina, Macfree, Nova Easy
Grow, Coop 12, Coop 13 (Redfree), Nova Mac, Liberty,
Freedom, Firdous, Shireen
Hybrids - Lal Ambri (Red Delicious x Ambri), Sunehari (Ambri x Golden
Delicious), Chaubattia Princess, Chaubattia Anupam (Early
Shanburry x Red Delicious), Ambred (Red Delicious x Ambri),
Ambrich (Richared x Ambri), Ambroyal (Starking Delicious x
Ambri)
Low Chilling - Michal, Schlomit, Anna, Tamma, Vered, Neomi, Tropical
Beauty, Parlin’s Beauty
Pollinizing - Tydeman’s Early, Red Gold, Golden Delicious, Mc Intosh, Lord
Lambourne, Winter Banana, Granny Smith, Starkspur Golden,
Golden Spur
Land Preparation
For establishment of new apple orchard, proper layout of the proposed area is very essential.
Planting
Planting Material
The budding and tongue grafting methods are commonly used for propagation of apple.
The planting material should be purchased only from the registered nurseries and proper care
should be taken during transportation of the same.

Planting season
Planting is usually done in the month of January and February.
Spacing
The average number of plants in an area of one ha. can range between 200 to 1250. Four
different categories of planting density are followed viz. low (less than 250 plants/ha.), moderate
(250-500 plants/ha.), high (500-1250 plants/ha.) and ultra high density (more than 1250 plants
/ha.). The combination of rootstock and scion variety determines the plant spacing and planting
density/unit area.
Planting Method
Square or hexagonal system of planting is followed in the valleys whereas contour method
is usually followed on the slopes. Plantation of pollinator species in between the main species is
essential for proper fruit setting. For establishment of an orchard having Royal Delicious variety,
plantation of Red Delicious and Golden Delicious as pollinators is recommended by the
Horticulture Department. In the month of October-November, pits of size 1x1x1 m. are prepared
for planting. In each pit, 30-40 kg. of FYM, 500 g. of Single super phosphate and 50 g. of
Malathion dust are added after mixing properly. After about a month the planting is done. One
irrigation should be provided immediately after planting.
Nutrition
Farmyard manure @ 10 kg./ year age of tree is applied along with other fertilizers. The
ratio of N, P and K which is applied in an orchard of optimal fertility is 70:35:70 g/year (age of
the tree). After 10 years of age, the dose is stabilized at 700:350:700 g. of N, P and K /year. The
standard fertilizer dose of N, P and K in an “off” year (when the crop load is low) is 500g, 250g
and 400 g. respectively. On some trees deficiency of zinc, boron, manganese and calcium may be
observed which is corrected with the application of appropriate chemicals through foliage spray.
Irrigation
The water requirement of apple is 114 cm. per annum which can be scheduled in 15-20
irrigations. In summer, irrigation is provided at an interval of 7-10 days while in winter it is given
at an interval of 3-4 weeks. At least 8 irrigations are to be provided during critical period (April-
August) i.e. main requirement after fruit set.
Training & pruning
Timely pruning and training operation is essential for proper growth and good productivity.
The plants are trained according to growth habit and vigour of the rootstocks. The standard trees
are trained on modified central leader system so that plants receive proper light. This improves
fruit colour and also minimizes the effect of heavy snowfall and hail. Spindle bush system is
suitable for high density planting under mid hill conditions.

Pruning is essential to maintain a proper balance between vegetative growths and spur
development. Proper pruning of weak and undesirable branches/twigs is necessary after six years
of plantation.
Intercultural Operations
Application of glyphosate @ 800 ml/ha or Gammaxone /Paraquat (0.5% ) as post
emergence herbicide suppresses weed growth for 4-5 months.
Mulching
Mulching with hay or black alkathene is found to be effective in controlling the weeds in cool
climates and also in conserving moisture. Use of dry grass or oak leaves has also been found to
be effective in conserving soil moisture.
Inter-cropping
Green manuring crops viz. sunflower and bean may be cultivated in the early years of
plantation in order to improve soil texture and nutrient status of soil.
Growth regulators
Use of growth hormones is essential for good flowering and proper colouration in fruits. Heavy
bearing in apple usually results in small-sized, poor quality fruits and sets in alternate bearing
cycle. Fruit thinning is essential in pollinizing varieties for regulating adequate cross-pollination.
Chemicals like carbaryl or Sevin @ 750-1000 ppm. or NAA @ 10-20 ppm. at petal fall may be
applied for the purpose
Plant Protection Measures

Insect Pests
The insect pests mostly observed are San Jose Scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus), white
scale (Pseudoulacaspis sp.), wooly apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum), blossom thrips (Thrips
rhopalantennalis) etc. Planting of resistant rootstocks, suitable intercultural operations and
spraying with chloropyriphos, fenitrothion, carbaryl etc. have been found to be effective in
controlling the pests.
Diseases
The main diseases reported are collar rot (Phytophthora cactorum), apple scab (Venturia
inaequalis), sclerotius blight (Sclerotium rolfsii), crown gall (Agrobacterium tumefaciens),
cankers, die-back diseases etc. Plants resistant to the diseases should be used for cultivation. The
infected plant parts need to be destroyed. Application of copper oxychloride, carbendazim,
mancozeb and other fungicides have been found to be effective in controlling the diseases.

Disorders
In apple, there are three distinct fruit drops, i) early drop resulting from unpollinated or
unfertilized blossoms, ii) June drop (due to moisture stress and fruit competition) and iii) Pre-
harvest drop. Pre-harvest drop can be controlled by spraying NAA @ 10 ppm. (1 ml. of Planofix
dissolved in 4.5 l. of water) about a week before the expected drop.
Harvesting and Yield
The orchard start bearing from eighth year and the economic life of an apple tree exceeds
30 years. From eighth to seventeenth year, productivity goes on increasing and thereafter remains
constant upto 30 years. The level of productivity varies form elevation to elevation. Production
stage extends upto even forty years depending upon agro-climatic condition. Apple being a
climacteric fruit, the maturity period does not coincide with ripening. The fruits are usually
harvested before they are fully ripe.
The average yield of different apple varieties in the state of Uttaranchal is very low (5-6
tonnes/ha.) as compared to that in Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir which is around 11-
13 tonnes/ha.
STRAWBERRY
Strawberry (Fragaria vesca) is an important fruit crop of India and its commercial
production is possible in temperate and sub-tropical areas of the country. Strawberry is cultivated
in Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Delhi, Haryana, Punjab and
Rajasthan. Sub-tropical areas in Jammu have also the potential to grow the crop under irrigated
condition.
Strawberry is rich in Vitamin C and iron. Some varieties viz. Olympus, Hood & Shuksan
having high flavour and bright red colour are suitable for ice-cream making. Other varieties like
Midway, Midland, Cardinal, Hood, Redchief and Beauty are ideal for processing.
Agro-climatic requirements
Strawberry grows well under temperate climate. Some cultivars can be grown in sub-
tropical climate. Daylight period of 12 hrs. or less and moderate temperature are important for
flower-bud formation. Each cultivar has a different day length and temperature requirement. Sandy
loam to loamy soil with pH 5.7-6.5 is ideal for cultivation.

Varieties Cultivated
Important strawberry varieties cultivated in India are Chandler, Tioga, Torrey, Selva,
Belrubi, Fern and Pajaro. Other varieties include Premier, Red cost, Local Jeolikot, Dilpasand,
Bangalore, Florida 90, Katrain Sweet, Pusa Early Dwarf & Blakemore.
Land Preparation
The soil is ploughed during summer with a soil turning plough which is followed by
repeated ploughing to make soil friable, remove weeds and stubbles. Soil fumigation with a
mixture of methyl bromide and chloropicrin helps to increase root system, reduce fertilizer
requirement and control the weeds.
Planting
Planting Material
Strawberry is commercially propagated by runner plants. For large scale propagation of
virus free plants, tissue culture is widely used.
Planting Season
The ideal time of planting runners or crowns in hilly areas is September-October. If the
planting is done too early, plants lack vigour and result in low yield and quality of fruits. If planted
very late, runners develop in March and crops are light. Runners are uprooted from nursery, made
into bundles and planted in the field. These can be kept in cold storage before transplanting. The
soil should be frequently irrigated to reduce water stress in the leaf. Defoliation suppresses the
plant growth, delays fruiting and reduces yield & quality.
Spacing
Planting distance varies according to variety & type of land. A spacing of 30 cm. x 60
cm. is usually followed. In the model scheme, a spacing of 30 cm. x 30 cm. with a population of
22,000 plants per acre has been considered which was commonly observed in areas covered
during a field study.
Nutrition
A fertilizer dose of 25-50 tonnes farmyard manure, 75-100 kg. N, 40-120 kg. P2O5, 40-80
kg. K2O/ha. may be applied according to soil type and variety planted.
Irrigation
Strawberry being a shallow-rooted plant requires more frequent but less amount of water
in each irrigation. Excessive irrigation results in growth of leaves and stolons at the expense of
fruits & flowers and also increases the incidence of Botrytis rot.
Irrigation is applied in furrows between the rows. Trickle and sprinkler irrigation systems
are becoming popular nowadays. In case of trickle irrigation, 30% water and energy are saved.

Training
Four different types of training systems viz. matted row, spaced row, hill and plastic mulch
are used to train the strawberry plants. Usually matted row system is followed in India.
Intercultural Operations
The field is kept weed free during the first season by harrowing & ploughing, applying
herbicides or plastic sheet. Inter-cultural practices are continued till the straw mulch is applied.
Growth regulators
Application of GA3 (50 ppm.) sprayed four days after flowering and maleic hydrazide (0.1-
0.3%) sprayed after flowering increases the yield by 31-41%. Morphactin (@ 50 ppm.) improves
the fruit size.
Plant Protection Measures

Insect Pests
White grubs, cutworms and hairy caterpillars attack the crop. Areas where strawberries
are to be planted should be free from white grubs and cutworms. Application of endosulfan
(0.05%) or malathion (0.05%) on appearance of caterpillars has been found to be effective in most
cases.
Diseases
Main diseases reported are leaf spot and grey mould. Application of carbendazim /
thiophanate methyl has been found to be effective in most cases.
Disorders
Albinism (lack of fruit colour during ripening) is a physiological disorder in strawberry. It
is probably caused by certain climatic conditions and extremes in nutrition. Fruits remain
irregularly pink or even totally white and sometimes swollen. They have acid taste and become
less firm. Albino fruits are often damaged during harvesting and are susceptible to Botrytis
infection and decay during storage.

Strawberries are generally harvested when half to three fourths of skin develops colour.
Depending on the weather conditions, picking is usually done on every second or third day usually
in the morning hours. Strawberries are harvested in small trays or baskets. They should be kept
in a shady place to avoid damage due to excessive heat in the open field.
Plants start bearing in second year. An average yield of 45-100 q./ha. is obtained from a
strawberry orchard. However, an average yield of 175-300 q./ha. may be taken from a well
managed orchard.
RUBBER

B. N.: Hevea brasiliensis Muell-Arg. Family: Euphorbiaceae
Soil and climate:

It requires deep and lateritic fertile soil with an acidic pH of 4.5 to 6.0 and highly deficient
in available phosphorous. Tropical climate with annual rainfall of 2000 – 4500 mm is suited for
cultivation. Minimum and maximum temperature should be ranged from 25 to 34°C with 80 %
relative humidity is ideal for cultivation. Regions prone to heavy winds should be avoided.
Season: June – July is optimum for cultivation
Method of propagation
Propagated by green budding, brown budding and crown budding.
Nursery: Bed size: 60-120 cm width and of convenient length.

Spacing: Seedling stumps – 23 x 23 cm, 30 x 30 cm and 34 x 20 cm
Budded stumps – 30 x 30 cm
Stump budding – 60 x 60 cm
Bud wood nursery – 60 x 90 cm or 60 x 120 cm.
Seedling Nursery:
Manuring: Basal -2.5 t/ha of FYM and 350kg/ha of Rock Phosphate.
1.5 – 2 months after planting –10:10:4:1.5 NPKMg mixture -2500 kg/ha.
Urea @550 kg /ha -3 to 3.5 months.
Planting: Pit size of 1 m3 are dug and filled up with top soil and compost
Spacing (m) Population / ha
Planting material
Budded plants
Hilly areas 6.7 X 3.4 445
Plains 4.9 X 4.9 420
Seedlings
Hilly areas 6.1 X 3.0 539
Plains 4.6 X 4.6 479
In situ sowing: Germinated seeds are sown in situ in the pits. Healthy ones are retained and
the others removed.
Varieties
Tjir 1, PB 86, BD 5, BD 10, PR 17, GT 1, RRII 105, RRIM 600, PB 28/59, PB 217, PB 235, RRIM
703, RRII 5, PCK-1, 2 and PB 260
Manuring
For immature rubber trees at pre-tapping stage
Apply 12 kg of compost or FYM and 120 g of rock phosphate in each pit before planting. Apply
10:10:4:1.5 NPK and Mg as per schedule given below:
Months after Quantity per plant
Period of application
planting 10:10:4 12:12:6

3 September/October 225 g 190 kg
9 April/May 445 g 380 kg
Apply 400 kg of mixture/ha in 2 doses, once in April/May and another in
September/October from the 5th year till the tree is ready for tapping.
Matured rubber trees under tapping:

For matured rubber trees under tapping apply NPK 10:10:10 grade mixtures at the rate of
900 g/tree (300 kg/ha) every year in two split doses. Add 10 kg commercial Magnesium sulphate
for every 100 kg of the above mixture if there is magnesium deficiency.
After cultivation:
Growing of cover crops, incorporation of cover crops and weeding are important
operations. Pueraria phaseoloides, Calopagonium muconoides, Centrosema pubescens and
Desmodium evalifolium are common cover crops.
Tapping
S/2 d/2 (half spiral, alternate day for 6 months and rested for 100% Intensity
3 months)
S /2 d/2 (half spiral, alternate day for 6 months and rested for 67 intensity
6m /9 3 months)
S /2d/3 (half spiral, third day) 67 intensity
S/2 d/3 (half spiral, daily for one month and rested for next 100% intensity
1m/2 month)
S /1 d/4 Full spiral, fourth day 100% intensity
V /2 d/2 Half circumstances and cut alternate day for 12 75% intensity
12m/16 months and rested for the next 4 months
Ethrel treatment:
Ethrel is recommended to increase latex yield of trees. It is applied at 5% a.i. concentration
with a brush below the tapping cut to a width of 5 cm after light scraping of the outer bark. The
first application may be done after a drought period preferably after a few pre-monsoon showers
and subsequent applications may be done in September and November. However, continuous
application of Ethrel is not recommended for periods of more than 3 years at a stretch.
Tapping panel dryness (Brown bast):

Syndrome characterized by prolonged dripping of latex with the gradual decline in volume
yield, pre coagulation of latex and partial or complete drying of tapping area (10-25%).
Control: Reduce tapping intensity or give a tapping rest for 3 to 12 months.

Yield: Rubber yield steeply increases year by year, reaching a peak after 14 years of planting. In
South India, the annual yield of rubber is 375 kg/ha from seedlings trees, whereas budded plants
yield 800 - 1000 kg/ha.
DATE PALM
B.N.:- Phoenix dactylifera L F :-Palmaceae O : Persian Gulf

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) is a highly nutritious fruit. It is rich in sugar, iron,
potassium, calcium and nicotinic acid. One kg fully ripe fresh dates provide approximately 3,150
calories. The flesh of dates contains 20% moisture, 60–65% sugar, 2.5% fibre, 2% protein and less
than 2% each of fat, minerals and pectic substances. Thus, date fruit can help supplement the
dietary needs of desert people where very few nutritive foods are available. In California, diced
date, date paste and sugar are manufactured for use in breakfast and bakery. The leaves of the palm
also have potential for use in the manufacture of paper.
Long dry summer and sufficient heat unit accumulation for development and ripening of fruit,
sufficient water resources for irrigation and production technology suitable for Indian agroclimate
make India quite suitable for its commercial cultivation. Nearly 0.3 million ha of land can be
effectively utilized for its cultivation. The extremely dry areas comprising Jaisalmer, Barmer and
Western parts of Bikaner and Jodhpur districts are the potential region for its cultivation. In other
areas, fruits are harvested either at dang or rutab (soft translucent) stage (eastern parts of Jodhpur,
Bikaner, Barmer and Western parts of Nagur).
Climate and soil
The date palm is very exacting in its climatic requirement, which according to an Arab
saying should grow with ‘its feet in running water and its head in the fire of the sky’. The successful
cultivation of date palm requires a long summer with high day as well as night temperature, a mild
winter without frost, and absence of rain at the time of flowering and fruit setting with low relative
humidity and plenty of sunshine. It is estimated that finest date varieties require 3,300 units of heat
(base 10°C) for full maturity of its berries.
The heat unit summation must occur from pollination until full maturity of berries. This
period should be rainless and dry. This is in contrast to its native home in Mediterranean region
where summers are dry with rainy winters to allow fruit development from May through
September–October. In Indian subtropics, fruiting period is confined only from February–July
whereas ripening period coincides with rainfall. Therefore, fruits do not reach ripening stage and
should be harvested at earlier stage of fruit development. Deep, sandy loam soils ideal for
maximum water–holding capacity and good drainage are desirable. Date palm can grow in alkaline
and saline soils but in such soils its growth and productivity are greatly reduced. The soil profile
should be free from stones or calcium carbonate concretions and hard pan at least up to 2m depth.
Date palm tolerate high soil salinity (pH 8–10). It can survive in soils having 4% salt concentration,
provided the root system does not come in contact with a stratum of soil where the sodicity is more
than 1%

Varieties
The important date varieties are:
Halawy: An early cultivar, suitable for raw eating and processing as soft dates. Tolerant to rain.
Fruit small to medium, oblong with rounded apex and yellow at doka stage. TSS 25.5–42.2% and
astringency fruit at doka stage low or almost absent.
Khadarawy: A is comparatively dwarf-and mid-season cultivar. Fruit matures slightly later than
Halawy. Small to medium, oblong-ovate and greenish-yellow at doka stage.
Shamran (Sayer): A mid-season cultivar, slightly tolerant to high humidity. Fruit is medium to
large, oblong-oval and yellow at doka stage with faint longitudinal streaks of red near the base.
Medjool: A late-ripening cultivar, it is suitable for preparation of dry dates. The fruit is large and
broadly oblong-oval to somewhat ovate, orange-yellow with a fine reddish-brown stippling and
highly astringent at doka stage. The seed has ridges.
Barhee: A mid-season or late cultivar. Fruit small to medium, ovate to nearly round, golden-
yellow and almost free from astringency even at green stage. Hard ripe doka fruits very sweet and
suitable for raw eating.
Zahidi: A mid-season and prolific-bearer, variety, slightly tolerant to rain or high humidity
because of smooth and hard surface. Fruit small to medium, ovate and yellow, astringent at doka
stage. Fruits are suitable to prepare soft dates.
Khalas: It is a mid–season cultivar. Fruit small to medium, oblong oval, yellow and sweet at doka
stage, has an oblique base and irregular outline. It is suitable for raw eating and for processing as
soft dates.
Propagation
It is propagated by off-shoots (suckers) emerging from the base of the palm. since plants raised
form seeds not only bear inferior quality fruits but almost half of them may be non-bearing males.
The offshoots could be separated from mother plants 4–5 years after planting. Thus, 8–20 offshoots
of 8–15kg size can be obtained during its fourth and tenth year of life and none thereafter. This is
obviously a slow rate of multiplication. Absence of a fast multiplication technique for date palm
is thus a prominent bottleneck in its extension of area. About 30 million offshoots are required to
cover 0.3 million ha area in the arid north-west region. Although, tissue-culture technique has been
standardized in date palm, its commercial use is still constrained owing to somaclonal variation.
Cultivation
Planting
Date palm is a perennial and bears fruits for 40–50 years. Therefore, adequate planting
distance is very essential. In general, planting is done at 8m distance between rows and plants in
square system, which facilitates intercultural operations and proper development of the palms. A
total of 156 palms are accommodated in one hectare. Since it is dioecious, 10% of these must be
raised by planting male offshoots to provide adequate pollen-grains.

The field should be thoroughly ploughed, levelled and pits of 1m × 1m × 1m size are dug
during summer. They are kept open for about a fortnight and refilled with a mixture of garden soil
and well-decomposed farmyard manure. Care should be taken that the crown of the planted
offshoots remains at least 10–15cm higher than the ground level so that the irrigation water does
not touch it or enter into it. Young offshoots should be protected against intense heat and low
winter temperature for at least 2–3 years by providing partial shade. Rainy season (July–
September) is ideal time of planting.
Pollination
Date palm is highly cross-pollinated due to its dioecious nature. In commercial plantation,
mechanical or hand-pollination is done. For this, 2–3 male trees are enough to pollinate 100 female
palms. About 2–3 strands of male flowers are inserted between the strands of female flowers. Since
metaxenia is common in date palm, selection of a good pollinizer is important. The quality of date
fruits, particularly fruit size and time of ripening are influenced by pollen. Under Indian conditions,
early ripening is desired to avoid losses due to rains. If the male spathes open earlier than female,
the pollen is dried and stored for use at a later date. Dried pollen containing about 10% moisture
can be stored satisfactorily with calcium chloride at room temperature for 2–3 weeks. It can be
stored until the next season in refrigerator at about 4°–5°C. However, fresh pollen produced the
best fruiting, followed by that with refrigerated pollen and pollen stored at room temperature.
Trailor mounted palm dusters are used in USA. When pollen dust is used, dusting has to be
repeated 2–3 times.
In India, spathes generally emerge during February–March and the flower opening starts
during March–April. Although stigma of female flower remains receptive for several days, it is
better to pollinate the inflorescence as soon as they crack open.
Fruit thinning
Fruit thinning is necessary to ensure adequate flowering in the following year, to improve
fruit quality, prevent delayed ripening and reduce compactness and increase ventilation of the
bunches. Thinning can be done manually or by chemical sprays. Manual method is common which
involves removal of some bunches or strands from each bunch or shortening the length of strands.
The number of fruits that a palm can sustain depends on variety, age, vigour and number of green
leaves. Three to four bunches/ palm are recommended from fifth year onwards. However, as many
as 8–10 bunches/ palm are left in our country. The best results are obtained by removal of one-
third strands from the centre of the bunch. However, in long stranded variety, Deglet Noor,
shortening of the strands is also necessary.
Nutrient application is important for satisfactory production of quality dates. A dose of
30kg N, 20kg P and 50kg K/ha should be applied. However, in India, application of 1.36kg N/ tree
is necessary. Manures can be applied in the beginning of winter season and the fertilizers in
March/April. However, an adult tree should be fed fed 100 kg FYM, 600g N, 100g P and 70g
K/tree/year. The application of K and P should be monitored according to soil conditions.
Application of 12.5–35.2 tones/ha of farmyard manure is beneficial.

Intercropping
In areas where irrigation facilities are available, intercrops can bring handsome returns.
Preference should be given to lentil, gram, peas and senji in winter and mash, green gram (mung)
and black gram for summer. Suitable vegetable crops can also be taken with adequate manuring.
Small-sized fruit trees like pomegranate, phalsa and papaya can also be grown between date palm.
However, under such conditions, additional requirements of water and nutrients for the intercrop
should also be provided.
Irrigation
Irrigation is very essential in date palm because it is grown in hot and dry, low-rainfall
areas. Further, the water requirement of date palm is high although it can withstand prolonged
droughts. Date palm likes wet feet but is damaged under prolonged stagnation. In high water table
areas, 4–6 irrigations in a year may be adequate. Light and frequent irrigations must be given after
planting. Mulching may be useful at this stage. In sandy soils, irrigation may be given everyday or
on alternate days. The frequency of irrigation is reduced after the offshoots have established which
is dependent on soil texture and weather conditions.
About 10–12.5 acre cm of water is required to grow palms where the soil is dry during ripening
and 6–8 acre feet where heavy water is continued throughout the year. Mulching with black
polythene or available organic mulch materials like date palm leaves or weeds in the basin helps
conserve moisture and increase irrigation interval.
Harvesting and Postharvest management
The dates are eaten at different stages of maturity depending upon the varieties and thus
harvested at different stages according to local demand, customs and climate. In India where
maturity coincides with monsoon, fruits are harvested at ‘Doka’ stage to avoid spoilage due to
rains and high humidity. Spraying of Ethephone (1,000ppm) at colour break stage is recommended
in Gujarat to advance maturity. Under Mediterranean climate, they are allowed to ripen fully
before harvesting. It is stored after drying. Fruits for fresh eating are preferred at ‘Dang’ stage but
handling of such fruits is difficult.
Date palm trees usually take approximately 6 years for commercial bearing. Yield is
comparatively less during initial years but it increases with age. On an average, 50kg Doka fruits
are produced from each palm of 10 years age increasing to 75kg at the age of 15 years. However,
the yield also depends upon variety, cultural practices and other factors.
The dates harvested at doka stage have 70–80% moisture. They have very poor keeping
quality. Therefore, these fruits should be marketed soon or may be cured or processed. Since Doka
or Dang fruits cannot be stored for future use, curing should be done. Doka fruits are successfully
processed to prepare Chhuhara. The technique involves boiling fruits for 5–10min. depending on
cultivar and then dehydration in solar dryers or in air circulating ovens at 48°–50°C for 70–95hr.
The Doka fruits can also be artificially ripen to bring them to the final stage of maturity by dipping
them in boiling water for 20–25 seconds and then dehydration in oven at 38°–40°C.
AONLA

B.N.: Embelica officinalis Family: Euphorbiaceae
Aonla is also known as Indian Gooseberry has a high medicinal value. The fruits have
the richest source of vitamin-C (700mg in 100gm of fruits).It is a highly prolific bearer without
much care .Though there are many hybrids available but to name a few are
Banarasi,Chakaiya,Kanchan,francis,krishna,NA6,7,8,9 and Gujarat-1 are found to give
good production.It is also considered to be an excellent liver tonic.Ayurvedic medicines like
Chyavanprash,Triphalahurna,Brahma rasayan and Madhumehga churna contains essentially
Aonla as their ingredients.The Fruit is valued as an antiscorbatic,diuretic ,laxative,antiboitic and
anti dysentric.Phyllemblin,obtained from the fruit pulp has been found to have a mild depressant
action on central nervous system.It has very good demand for the industries for the preparation of
various health care products also like hair oils,dye,shampoo,face creams and tooth powders.
Soil and Land Preparation
Light as well as medium heavy soils except purely sandy soils is ideal for aonla
cultivation.The tree is well adopted to dry regions and can also be grown in moderate alkaline
soils.The worst of soils upto 9.5pHare also good enough to grow amla.Soils with red ,black with
wide range of pH can very well accomodate aonla.Prior to planting ,the fields should be deeply
ploughed,harrowed and leveled.The pits above 1metre cube should be dug during the month of
May-June at appropriate distance and after 15-20 days of exposure to sun are filled with surface
soils mixed with 10 to 15 kg of decomposed farm yard manure.If depression takes place in the pits
with onset of rain,more soil should be added.
Climate
Aonla plants can be grown in both Tropical and subtropical climates.Annual rainfall of
630mm-80mm is ideal for its growth.The young plants up to the age of 3years should be protected
from hot wind during May -June and from frost during winter months.The mature plants can
tolerate freezing temperatures as well as a high temperatures up to 46 degree Centigrade.
Varieties
The varieties of aonla recommended for cultivation are Banarasi, chakaiya, francis, NA-4
(Krishna), NA-5 (kanchan), NA-6, NA-7, NA-10, BSR-1, Anand 1, 2, 3
Manuring and fertilizers:

The young plants should be given 15-20kg of well rotten FYM and the mature trees should
be fertilized with 1 kg of Super Phosphate and 1-1.5kg of mureate of potash. The above fertilizers
should be given in two split doses to mature, bearing tree, once during September-October and
gain during April-May. After setting of the fruits the plants needs to be irrigated after fertilizer
application.
Cultivation
Propagation

Aonla is generally propagated by shield budding. Budding is done on one year old
seedlings with buds collected from superior varieties yielding big sized fruits. Older trees or poor
yielders can be changed into superior types by top working. Aonla plant has long been raised from
seed and used as rootstock. The seeds attain full maturity by February for which they should be
sown in the last week also for getting the higher percentage of germination. The best results were
obtained by sowing at the commencement of rainy season and subsequently weeding regularly.
Artificial Propagation can also be done by the ripe fruits collected in January and dried in sun
dehisce and are swept up and cleaned by winnowing. It is desirable to use fresh seed as the seeds
do not retain viability for long. The seeds need hot water treatment (80 degree Celsius) for 5
minutes to hasten germination which takes about 10 days.
Planting
The pits of 1 sq.mt are to be dug during May -June at a distance of 4.5mt x 4.5mt spacing.
Irrigation
Young plants require watering during summer months at 15 days interval till they are fully
established.Watering of bearing plants is advised during summer months at bi weekly
interval.After the monsoon rains ,during October-December about 25-30 litres of water per day
per tree through drip irrigation should be given.
The schedule can also be done as follows
Plants up to 2 years of age -at 10 days interval
Plants up to 4 years of age -at 15 days interval.
Plants after 4 years of age -at 20 days interval.
Training and Pruning
Leaving only 4-5 well shaped branches with wide angle at about 0.75mt from the ground
level other dead, diseased, week criss-cross branches and suckers should be pruned off at the end
of December.
Mulching and Intercropping

During summer, the crop should be mulched with paddy straw or wheat straw at the base
of the tree upto 15-20 cm from the trunk. Inter crops like green gram, black gram, cow pea and
horse gram can be grown upto 8 years.
Plant Protection
Major insects which affect the aonla plants are Bark eating caterpillars which can be
controlled by following methods
1. Injection of Endosulfan at the ratio of 2ml in 1 litres of water or Monocrotophos 2ml in 1
litre of water or dichlorovos in the ratio of 1.5ml in 1 litre of water in holes and plugging
with mud is effective in protecting the tree against bark eating caterpiller.
2. Spraying of Mancozeb in the proportion of 3gm per litre of water twice first in early
September and second 15 days after first application controls the spread of rust.

3. Aonla rust can be controlled by spraying blue copper 3 gm per litre of water or combination
of Carbendazim and Mancozeb (readilly available in the market)in the ratio of 2gm per litre
of water .
Weeding
The seedling or vegetative saplings of Aonla require clean weeding, soil working for about
two years for successful establishment and fast growth. This can be very well done by spraying
glyphosate in the proportion of 6.5ml in 1 litre of water on the weeds grown upto the height of 6-
8 inches. Precaution should be taken that no directed spray should be on the seedlings or the plants
which are grown.
Aonla tree starts bearing after about 4-5 years of planting. The fruits of Aonla are harvested
during the month of February when they become dull greenish yellow from light green colour. The
mature fruits are hard and they do not fall at gentle touch and therefore vigorous shaking is
required. Fruits can also be harvested using long bamboo poles attached with hooks. A mature
Aonla tree of about 10 years will yield 50-70 kg of fruit. The average weight of the fruit is 60-70
g and 1 kg contains about 15-20 fruits.
Wirtschaft
The demand of aonla fruit by various commercial pharmaceutical companies has taken an
upward swing and there is enough incentive for tribal to collect the fruits. The average price offered
for green fruits is Rs. 3 to 4 per kg.
JAMUN
B.N.: Syzygium cuminii

Family: Myrtaceae
Jamun (Syzygium cuminii) is indigenous to India. Its tree is tall and ever-green. It is
generally grown as avenue or as wind break. It is widely grown from Indo-Gangetic plains in north
to Tamil Nadu in south. It is also found in the lower range of the Himalayas and Kumaon hills.
The refreshing and curative properties of jamun make it one of the useful medicinal plants of India.
Fruits are a good source of iron, used as an effective medicine against diabetes, heart and liver
trouble. The seed powder of jamun reduces the quantity of sugar in the urine very quickly.
Climate and soil
Since jamun is a hardy fruit crop, it can be grown under adverse soil and climatic
conditions. It thrives well under both tropical and subtropical climates. It requires dry weather at
the time of flowering and fruit setting. Early rains are beneficial for better growth, development
and ripening of fruit. Young plants are susceptible to frost. The jamun trees can be grown on a
wide range of soils—calcareous, saline sodic soils and marshy areas. Deep loam and well-drained
soils are ideal. It does not prefer very heavy and light sandy soils.
Varieties
There is no improved variety for commercial cultivation. The most common type grown in
north India is known as Rajamun. This is large-fruited type having oblong fruits of deep purple

colour. A type having large-sized fruits is known as ‘Paras’ in Gujarat. Another type found in
Varanasi has no seed. A selection known, as Narendra Jamun-6 has been identified with desirable
traits at Faizabad (Uttar Pradesh).
Propagation
Jamun is propagated both by seeds and vegetative (patch and forkrt) techniques, the most
common being by seeds. The seeds have no dormancy, hence fresh seeds can be sown (within 10–
15 days) 4–5cm deep at a distance of 25cm × 15cm. The seeds germinate 10–15 days after sowing.
The seedlings become ready for transplanting in spring or next monsoon. Its seeds show
polyembryonic up to 30–40%, hence nucellar/apomictic seedlings can be used to produce true-to-
type plants.
Cultivation
Planting
Pits of 1m × 1m × 1m size are dug 10m apart for seedling trees and 8m apart for budded
plants in a properly cleaned field. Pit digging should be completed before the onset of the monsoon
or spring season. They should be filled with a mixture of top soil and well-rotten farmyard manure
or compost in a 3:1 ratio. Monsoon season (July–September) is ideal time of planting. But it can
also be planted with a good survival rate in spring (February–March) if irrigation facilities are
available. About 100–150 plants are required for planting a hectare land.
Training and pruning
Young plants need training for the development of framework. Keep the main stem or trunk
clean up to a height of 60–90cm from the ground level by removing the basal branches and sprouts.
Jamun plants do not require any pruning except removing diseased, dry and crisscross twigs.
Pre-bearing period: 20–25kg well-rotten farmyard manure or compost/plant/year. Bearing
trees: 50–60kg/plant/year. The ideal time for giving the organic manure is a month
before flowering. Grown-up trees should be applied 500g N, 600g P and 300g K/plant/year.
Aftercare
Green manuring can be done during the rainy season. Intercropping karonda or phalsa or
seasonal vegetable crops in initial years between the rows or interspaces can be done. Sprouts
arising from base of its plants should be removed timely and the plantation should be kept weed-
free. Jamun is a cross-pollinated crop hence raising of honey-bees near the plantation is desirable
for maximum fruit set and productivity.
Irrigation
Irrigation should be given just after manuring. Young plants require 6–8 irrigations for
better growth. In bearing trees, irrigation should be given from September to October for better
fruit bud formation and from May to June for better development of fruits. Normally 5–6
irrigations are required.
Harvesting and Postharvest management

Seedling trees start bearing at the age of 9–10 years, whereas budded ones take 5–6 years.
Flowering starts during March and continues up to April in north Indian conditions. Fruits ripen
during June–July or with the onset of rains. It takes about 3–5 months to ripen after full bloom.
Fruits change their colour from green to deep red or bluish black. This is a non-climacteric fruit
hence it does not ripen after harvesting. Fully ripe fruits are harvested daily by hand-picking or
by shaking the branches and collecting the fruits on a polythene sheet. Jamun trees need a number
of pickings, since all fruits do not ripen at a time. The average yield of fully-grown budded and
seedling trees is 50–70kg and 80–100kg/plant/year.
Physiological disorder
Heavy drop of flowers and fruits have been observed in jamun at various stages. About
50% flowers drop within 3–4 weeks of flowering. It occurs at very young stage during 5–7 weeks
of full bloom. The problem of flower and fruit drop can be minimized by spraying of GA 3 (60ppm)
twice, one at full bloom and other 15 days after fruit set.

Crops, Botanical Soil Climate Varieties Special Propn Seed Rate, Fer
Origin, Name & Horticultural method Spacing &
Edible Family practices Planting
Part. season
Tomato, Lycopersicon Well drain, Warm & Pusa Ruby, Sioux, Stacking Seed 400-500 g/ha, FY
esculentum sandy loam, Humid, Temp. Dhanshree, Rajshree, 60 x 45 cm, 10
0
(South PH-6-7.5 21-27 C Pusa Gaurav, Arka Vikas, Kharif & Rabi.
America) (Solanaceae) Arka Saurabh, Pusa
Fruits Sheetal.
Brinjal Solanum Well drain, Warm & Pusa Purple Long, Pusa -- Seed 600-800 g/ha FY
( Indo- melongena sandy loam, Humid, Temp. Kranti, Pusa Anmol, 60 x 60 cm, 10
0
Burma or (Solanaceae) red lateritic, 18-22 C Manjri Gota, Krishna, 60 x 45 cm,
India) PH-6-6.5 Pragati, Arka Navneet, 45 x 45 cm &
Fruits Phule Harit. Kharif, Rabi,
Summer.
Chilli Capsicum annum Fertile, sandy Warm & Pusa Jwala, Agnirekha, -- Seed 1-1.5 Kg/ha, FY
(Mexico) (Solanaceae) loam, Humid, Temp. Pusa Sadabahar, Pant C- 60 x 45 cm, 10
Fruits PH-6-8 1, Arka Mohini, Arka 45 x 45 cm &
Gaurav, Arka Lohit. Kharif, Rabi,
Summer.
Okra Abelmoschus Sandy loam Warm & Pusa Sawani, Parbhani -- Seed 12-15 Kg/ha, 45 FY
(Africa) esculantus to clay, well Humid, Temp. Kranti, Arka Anamica, x 30 cm, 10
0
Fruits ( Malvaceae) drain, PH-6- 20-30 C, Punjab Padmini, phule Kharif &
6.8 continues rain Kirti, Phule Uttakarsha. Summer.
are harmful.
Onion Allium cepa Sandy loam Cool season N-53, Baswant 780, -- Seed 10-12 Kg/ha for FY
(central (Alliaceae or with good grows well Phule Safed, Pusa Red, rabi, 12-15 Kg/ha 15
Asia) Amaryllidaceae) organic under mild Phule Utkarsha, Arka for Kharif.
Leaves, matter, PH- climate, temp. Kalyan, Phule Suvarna. 15 x 10 cm, 12.5
Bulb 6-7.5. o x 7.5 cm, Kharif,
20-25 C.
Rabi, Summer.
Cabbage Brassica oleracea Well drain, Cool season Golden Acre, Pride of -- Seed 400-500 g/ha, FY
(Mediterra var. capitata sandy to crop, temp. India, Pusa Drum Head, 45 x 15 cm, 15
nean (Brassicaceae or heavy clay 13-16 C,
o
Copenhagen Market, 60 x 45 cm,
region) Cruciferare) loam, PH 6-8. Pusa Mukta, Pusa Ageti, Kharif, Rabi
Head Pusa Sambandh.
Cauliflower Brassica oleracea Sandy loam, Cool season Pusa Ketki, Pusa Blanching Seed 400-500 g/ha FY
(Mediterra var. botrytis Well drain, crop, temp. Himjyoti, Pusa Snowball 60 x 45 cm, 10
nean (Brassicaceae or PH 6.5-7.5 17-20 C K-1, Pusa Meghna, Hisar-
o
45 x 45 cm,
region) Cruciferare 1, Pusa Deepali, Pant Kharif, Rabi
Curd Shubhra. Arka kanti
Crops Botanical Soil Climate Varieties Special Propn Seed Rate, Fertil
Part. season
Cucumber Cucumis sativas Sandy loam Warm season Phule Shubhangi, Pusa Stacking Seed 2.5-3.5 Kg/ha, FYM-
(India) (Cucurbitaceae) to clay soil. crop, Temp. 18- Sanyog, Himangi, Poona 1 x 0.5 m 100:5
0
Fruits PH 5.5 -6.8 24 C Khira, Sheetal, Pusa Kharif & NP
Uday, Swarna Ageti. Summer.
Water Citrullus lanatus Loam & Warm season Sugar Baby, Arka Manik, -- Seed 3.5-5 kg/ha 25 t F
Melon (Cucurbitaceae) Sandy loam crop, Temp. 24- Arka Jyoti, Pusa Bedana 2 x 0.5 m, 100:5
0
(Tropical best, rich in 27 C, high temp (seedless variety), Summer NP
Africa) organic & low humidity Durgapura Meetha,
Fruits matter, suitable for Durgapura Keshar,
PH 6-6.5 water melon. Durgapura Lal.
Musk Cucumis melo Loam & High temp. & Arka Jeet, Arka Rajhans, -- Seed 5-6 kg/ha, 15 t F
Melon (Cucurbitaceae) Sandy loam low humidity Pusa Madhuras, Pusa 1.5 x 0.5m, 100:5
(Tropical best, rich in for fruit Sharbati, Pusa Rasraj, 90 x 60 cm NP
Africa) organic ripening, temp. Panjab Raseela, Hara Summer
0
Fruits matter, 20-25 C. Madhu, Durgapura
PH 6-7.5 Madhu, Hisar Saras.
Bottle Lagenarian Well drain warm and Samrat, Pusa Sandesh, Stacking or Seed 3-4 kg/ha, 15 t F
Gourd siceraria sandy loam humid climate Pusa Meghdoot, Arka training of 2.5 x 1 m, 100:5
(South (Cucurbitaceae) with rich in and slightly Bahar,Pusa Navneet, vines 3 x 1 m, NP
Africa or organic cool, temp. 24- Pusa Manjari, Panjab Kharif & Rabi
0
India) matter, 27 C. Komal.
Fruits PH 6-7
Ridge Luffa acutangula Sandy loam Warm season Pusa Nasdar, Co-1, Co-2, Stacking or Seed 3.5-5 kg/ha 15 t F
Gourd (Cucurbitaceae) with rich in crop, warm and Satputia, Panjab Sada training of 2 x 1 m, 100:5
(Asia) organic humid climate, Bahar, PKM-1, Arka vines Kharif & NP
0
Fruits matter Temp. 24-27 C, Sujath, Konkan Harita. Summer
PH 6-7
Sponge Luffa cylindrica Sandy loam Warm season Pusa Chikni, Pusa Stacking or Seed 2.5-3.5 kg/ha, 15 t F
Gourd (Cucurbitaceae) with rich in crop, warm and Supriya, Pusa Sneha, training of 2 x 1 m, 100:5
(India) organic humid climate, Arka Sumeet, Pusa vines Kharif & NP
0
Fruits matter Temp. 24-27 C, Nutan. Summer
PH 6-7
Bitter Momordica Sandy loam Warm season Hirkani, Phule Green Stacking or Seed 4-6 kg/ha, 15 t F
Gourd charantia with rich in crop, Temp. 25- Gold, Pusa Do Mausami, training of 2 x 1 m, 100:5
0
(India) (Cucurbitaceae) organic 30 C, Pusa Vishesh, Arka Harit, vines Kharif & NP
Fruits matter Konkan Tara. Summer
PH 6-7

Crops Botanical Soil Climate Varieties Special Propn Seed Rate, Fertil
Part. season
Mango Mangifera indica Alluvial soil, Tropical climate Monoembryonic: Ringing Stone 10 x 10 m, 10
(Indo- (Anacardiaceae) Slightly having temp. Alphanso, Kesar, Langra, grafting, 8x8m FYM
0
Burma) (Common Name- acidic having 24-27 C is ideal, Vanraj, totapuri, Soft wood 2.5 x 2.5 m y
King of Fruit, PH-5.5-7, high temp. Polyemryonic: Olour, grafting (HDP) 1000:
Bathroom fruit) with good during fruit Bappakai, Goa, June-July,
drainage is development Hybrid: Mallika, Aug- NPK
ideal. give good Amrapali, Ratna, Sindhu September y
quality fruit. (seedless), Pusa Lalima.
Banana Musa paradisica Deep, Warm and Grand-9, Basarai, Propping, Rhizome 2x2m 5
(South East (Musaceae) alluvial, well humid, rainy Srimanti, Harisal, Lal Denavelling, (500-750g 1.8 x 1.8 m FYM
Asia) drained, climate, temp. Velchi, Safed Velchi, Desuckering. wt.), 1.5 x 1.5 m y
0
loamy with 20-30 C, rain Mahalaxmi, Poovan, suckers, June – July 200:4
good organic fall 120 cm. Nendran. Tissue Sept. - oct. NPK
matter culture. y
PH 6-8
Grape Vitis venifera well drained, Semi arid and Thompson Seed Less, Girdling, Hard 3 x 1.5 m 5
(Afghanist (Vitiaceae) light, sub-tropical, Sonaka, Tas-E Ganesh, Thinning, And Wood 2.5 x 1.5 m FYM
an) medium, summer hot Sharad Seed Lees (Black Dipping. Cutting Jan-Feb. y
alluvial soil, and dry & mild colour), Manik Chaman, (Root 900:5
with good winter, bright Manjari Naveen, stock- NPK
organic sunny days, Perlette, Arkavati. Bangalore y
0
matter temp. 10-40 C. Dogridge,
PH 6.5-8 One-10-R.
Pomegran Punica Loamy and Cool winter and Phule Bhagwa, Phule Bahar Air 5x5m 5
ate granetum alluvial soil, hot & dry Arakta, Ganesh, Mridula Treatment Layering June - July FYM
(Punicaceae) medium or summer where y
light soil is rainfall is low, 625:2
0
ideal, temp. 10-40 C NPK
PH 6-7.5 y
Sapota Acharas sapota Deep alluvial Tropical climate Kalipatti, Pillipatti, -- Aproch 10x10 m, 10
(Sapotaceae) good organic rain fall125-250 Cricket Ball, Dhola Grafting, 8x8 m FYM
matter cm, temp. Diwani, Culcutta Round Inarch June - July y
0
PH 6-7.5 range 20-34 C Grafting, 1000:5
NPK
y
Guava Psidium gajava Sandy loam Basically L-49 (Sardar), Allahabad Bending Air 7x7 m 5
(Myretaceae) with good tropical Safeda, Lalit, Banaras Layering, 5x5 m FYM
organic climate grow ground June - July y
matter wide range of layering 625:2
PH 6-7.5 NPK
climate
y
Crops Botanical Soil Climate Varieties Special Propn Spacing & Fer
Origin, Name & Horticultural method Planting
Edible Family practices season
Part.
Mandarin Citrus reticulate Sandy loam Tropical Nagpur Mandarin, coorg Bahar T- 7x7 m 50 k
(Rutaceae) with good climate, temp. Mandarin, Khashi, Kamla Treatment Budding 5x5 m
0
organic 25-35 C June-July 100
matter N
PH 6-7.5
Sweet Citrus sinensis Sandy loam Sub-tropical, Mosambi, Katol Gold, Bahar T- 6x6 m 50 k
orange (Rutaceae) with good dry climates, Pine Apple, Washington Treatment Budding 5x5 m
organic low rain fall, Novel, Satgudi, Jaffa June-July 100
0
matter temp. 20-30 C N
PH 6-7.5
Acid Lime Citrus Sandy loam Sub-tropical, Sai Sarbati, Vikram Bahar T- 5x5 m 50 k
aurantifolia with good dry climates, Pramalini, Chakradhar Treatment Budding June-July
(Rutaceae) organic low rain fall, (seedless) Baramasi, 600
0
matter temp. 20-30 C PDKV Bahar N
PH 6-7.5
Ber Zyziphus jujube Sandy loam Tropical and Umran, Gola, Ilaichi, Pruning Patch 8x8 m 50 k
Z. mauritiana with good sub tropical Ganesh Kirti, Mehrun, Budding 5x5 m
(Rhamnaceae) organic climate, hot Mukta June - July 50
matter and dry climate N
PH 6-7.5 and low water
require.
Rose Rosa indica Well drained, Cool climate, Hybrid Tea: Super Star, Bending, Shield 60 x 75 cm, 8-1
(India) (Rosaceae) medium Loves sunshine Raktagandha, Arjun, Disbudding, budding & 60 x 45 cm. 25
loam soil & free Rajkumari, Bhim. And Pinching. Cutting. Oct to Dec &
having PH 6- ventilation, Floribundas: Mohini, May to June.
7.5 is ideal Night Temp. Sindhoor, Suchitra.
0
16 C, produce
more flower.
Chrysanth Dendronthema Well drained, Short Day Sonar Bangla, Sweet Pinching, Seeds, 45 x 30 cm, 20-
emum grsndiflora sandy loam Plant, Temp. Heart, Kirti, Indira, Disbudding, Root 30 x 30 cm. 20
(China) (Compositae) with good 20-27 C0 Chandrama, Day Dream, suckers or Jan-Feb.,
organic Mahatma Gandhi, Terminal Jun-July.
matter Chandrakant. cuttings.
PH 6.5-7
Aster Callistepus Well drained, Mild Climate, Kamini, Pournima, -- Seeds 30 x 30 cm, 20-
0
(China) chinensis loamy with Temp. 18-20 C, Shashank, Phule ganesh 45 x 30 cm 20
(Compositae or good organic Avoid frost. White, Phule Ganesh
Asteraceae ) matter Pink, Phule Ganesh
PH 6-8 Violet
Crops Botanical Soil Climate Varieties Special Propn Seed Rate, Fer
Part. season
Marigold Af. Tagetus erecta Well Drain, Mild Climate, Af. Marigold: Snowbird, Pinching Seeds 3 kg/ha 15
0
Fr. Tagetus patula Sandy loam Temp. 18-20 C, Cracker Jack, Hawaii, 45 x 45 cm, 4
(Compositae or with good Avoid frost. Golden Age, Beauty Gold 60 x 45 cm.
Asteraceae ) organic Fr. Marigold: Happy Jun-July.
matter Orange, Happy Yellow,
PH 7-7.5 Golden Boy, Yellow Boy.
Gladiolus Gladiolous tristis Light to clay Mild climate, Phule Ganesh, Phule -- Corms, 1,50,000 15-
(Africa) (Irigaceae) soil, Ph 5.5- Hot & cold Tejus, Agnirekha, Tissue corm/ha 40
6.5, well Harmful, open Suchitra, Phule Prerna, culture. 30 x 30 cm,
drain, rich in sunny condition Phule Neelrekha, Pusa 30 x 20 cm,
organic Temp. range Suwasini, Blue Sky, Mid Sept. to Mid
0
matter 15-20 C. Happy End Nov.
Tuberose Polyanthus Sandy loam, Tropical and Shrinagar, Suwasini, -- Bulbs 25 x 25 cm, 10
tuberose rich in sub-tropical, Rajat Rekha, Swarna 30 x 30 cm 20
0
(Amaryllidaceae) organic Temp. 20-35 C, Rekha, Dhawal, Phule Feb – March,
matter grow well 1200- Rajani. Jun-July.
PH 6.5-7.5 1500 m above
MSL.
Gaillardia Gaillardia Well drain, Mild Climate, Indian Chief Red, -- Terminal 60 x 60 cm, 25
0
(CN: pulchella sandy loam, Temp. 18-20 C, Bremen Burgundy, Cutting, 30 x 30 cm, 20
Blanket (Asteraceae) heavy & clay Avoid frost. Cobalt, Monark, Seeds May – July.
flower) soil rich in
organic
(North
matte
America) PH 6-7.5
Jasmine Jasminum Sandy loam Mild tropical Khoya, Motia, Single Pinching, Stem 1.2 x 1.2 m,
(Mogra) sambac with good climate, warm Mohora, Double Pruning cutting, Jun – July. FY
(Oleaceae) organic summer, mild Mohora, Rai Japanese. Ground 10
matter winter & sunny layering NP
PH 6-7.5 days is ideal.
(Jai) Jasminum Sandy loam Mild tropical Surabhi, Co-1 Pitchi, Pinching, Semi hard 1.5 x 1.5 m,
grandiflorum with good climate, warm Co-2 Pitchi, J.G.-5. Pruning wood Jun – July. FY
(Oleaceae) organic summer, mild cutting 10
matter winter & sunny NP
(Jui) Jasminum Sandy loam Mild tropical Co-1 Mullai, Co-2 Mullai, Pinching, Semi hard 1.8 x 1.8 m,
auriculatum with good climate, warm Pari Mullai, Long Point, Pruning wood Jun – July. FY
(Oleaceae) organic summer, mild Long Round, Medium cutting 12
matter winter & sunny Point. NP
OBJECTIVES
Semester : IV (New)
Course Number : HORT-243
Credit : 2 (1+1)
s
Course Title : Production technology for fruit and plantation crops
nt
e
TEA
d
1. Origin of Tea is
tu
a)Brazil b)Japan
c)China d)India
a s
2. Family of Tea is
a)Rubiaceae b)Sapotaceae
c)Rosaceae d) Theaceae
o m
3. Chromosome number of tea is
l
a)30 b)32
p
c) 22 d)26
di
4. Botanical name of Tea is
a)Grewia subinequalis b) Camelia sinensis
c)Juglans regia d) Carya illieonsis
5. Common name of Tea is

a) Queen of beverage crop b) Food of God
c) Both d) None
6. Which state in highest producer of Tea in India

a)West Bengal b) Tamil Nadu
c)Assam d)Kerala
7. Which country is the highest producer of Tea in the World

a)India b)Kenya
c)Shri Lanka d) China
8. India rank________in Tea production.

a)Second b)Fourth
c)Third d)Fifth

9. Bitter taste in Tea is due to
a)Theol b)Theine
c)Tannin d)None
10. Aroma and flavor in Tea imparted by

a) Theine b) Theol
c)Tannin d)All
11. Which method is used for manufacturing the black Tea.
s
a)Orthodox method b)CTC(Crush, tear, curl)
t
c)Both a and b d)None
n
12. Which compound responsible for dark colour of Tea.
e
a)Thearubigins b)Theaflavins
c)Theanine d)Both a and b
u d
COFFEE
s t
1. Family of Coffee is
a)Rosaceae b)Rhamnaceae
a
c)Rubiaceae d)Arecaceae
2. Origin of Coffee is
m
a)USA b)China
o
c)Japan d) Ethopia
pl
3. Chromosome number of Coffea arabica and Coffea robusta are
i
a)22, 44 b)40,20
d
c)20, 40 d)44,22
4. Fruit type of Coffee is

a)Pepo b)Drupe (stone)
c)Nut d)Capsule
5. Coffee is commercially propagated by

a)Softwood grafting b) Seed
c)Layering d)Cutting
6. Highest producer of coffee in the World is

a)Brazil b)Vietnam
c)Colombia d)Indonesia
7. India’s rank in Coffee production in the World is

a)8th b)7th
c)5th d)6th
8. Largest Coffee producing state in India is

a)Kerala b)Karnataka

c)Tamil Nadu d)Andhra Pradesh
9. _________is the variety of Coffee.

a)Robusta b)Brooklands
c)Blue mountain d)Both a and c
RUBBER
1. Botanical name of Rubber is
s
a)Actinidia deliciosa b)Carya illieonsis
t
c)Hevea brasiliensis d)Macadamia ternifolia
n
2. Rubber belongs to the family
e
a)Ebenaceae b)Sterciliaceae
d
c) Euphorbiaceae d)Actinidaceae
tu
3. The World leading producer of Rubber is
s
a)Indonesia b)Vietanam
c)Thailand d)India
a
4. _________is the largest producer of Rubber plantation in India.
a)Kerala b)Tamil Nadu
m
c)Karnataka d)Andra Pradesh
l o
6. India ranks _______ in Rubber production.
p
a)3rd b)4th
i
c)2nd d)6th
d
7. __________ is the physiological disorder of Rubber.
a)Sun scald b)Tapping panel dryness (Brown blast)
c) Multiple crown d)little leaf
8. Latex produced in the bark tissue is harvested through a process called______.

a)Notching b)Tapping
c)Girdling d)None

t s
e n
PINEAPPLE
u d
t
1. The largest producer of pineapple in the world
s
a) France b) Thailand
c) Iran d)USA
a
2. Origin of pineapple
m
a) China b) India
c) Mediterranean region d) Brazil
l o
3. Botanically the fruit of pineapple is
p
a) Drupe b) Pome
i
c) Berry d) Sorosis
d
4. Pineapple fruit contains an enzyme called
a) Prunasin b) Amygdalin
c) Bromelin d) Tanins
5. Pineapple is generally propagated by

a)Air layering b) Budding
c) Inarching d) Suckers
6. The major disorder of pineapple is

a)fruit drop b) Yellow spot
c) Multiple crown d) Dry neck
7. Best vegetative material for the propagation of pineapple is

a)Shoot suckers b) Ground suckers
c) Crown d) Stumps
8. Pineapple is _____________fruit
a) Non-climacteric b)Climacteric
c)Both d)None

9. Botanically the pineapple fruit is
a) Capsule b) Syconus
c) Drupe d) Sorosis
10. Chromosome number of pineapple is

a) 50 b)30
c)40 d)60
s
11. Botanical name of pineapple is
t
a) Borasus flaballifer b) Annona reticulate
c) Annona squamosa d) Annanas comosus
e n
12. _________season is the best time of planting pineapple
a) Summer b) Rainy
d
c) Winter d) a and b both
tu
13. _________ is leading commercial variety valued particularly for canning, late variety
s
a) Kew b) Queen
c) Mauritius d) Jaldhup
a
14. Pineapple exhibits____________parthenocarpy
m
a) Vegetative b) Sternospermocarpy
c) Stimulative d) both b and c
l o
15. Edible part of Pineapple is
p
a) Bract/Perianth b) Mesocarp
i
c) Thalamus d) Fleshy receptacle

POMEGRANATE
1. Pomegranate belongs to the family
a) Sapindaceae b) Punicaceae
c) Rutaceae d) Moraceae
2. Pomegranate is native of
a) China b) Tropical America
c) India d) Iran
t s
3. Maximum area of Pomegranate is under
n
a) Maharashtra b) Punjab
c) Karnataka d) Assam
d e
4. Botanically the fruit of Pomegranate is
u
a) Drupe b) Berry
t
c) Balausta d) Hesperidium
s
5. Pomegranate juice is valued for the treatment of
a
a) Dysentery b) Diarrhoea
c) Leprosy d) Night blindness
m
6. Which variety of pomegranate has very hard seeds
o
a) Dholka b) Paper shell
l
c) Muskat red d) Alandi
i p
7. Commercially Pomegranate is propagated through
d
a) Hard wood cutting b) Grafting
c) Budding d) Seeds
8. The most physiological disorder in Pomegranate is

a) Fruit drop b) Fruit cracking
c) Stem end rot d) Yellow spot
9. In young pomegranate fruits cracking is due to

a) Zinc deficiency b)Sulphur deficiency
c) Boron deficiency d) molybdenum deficiency
10. Early ripening pomegranate variety is

a) Dholka b) Jalore Seedless
c) Ganesh d) Alandi
11. Pomegranate is_________________fruit

a) Non- climacteric b) Climacteric
c) Both d) None
12. The inflorescence of pomegranate is

a) Panicle b) Cymose
c) Solitary d) Hypanthodium
13. Edible part of pomegranate is

a) Juicy seed coat b) Thalamus
c) Fleshy aril d) Juicy placental hairs
14. Chromosome number of pomegranate is

a) 16 b)20
s
c)18 d) 31
t
15. “Ruby” is hybrid variety of___________
n
a) Pomegranate b) Litchi
e
c) Pineapple d) Grape
d
16. “Ganesh” a variety of pomegranate is a selection from __________
u
a) Karadi b) Muskati red
t
c) Madhugiri d) Alandi
s
17. Ideal time of planting in tropics
a
a) February- March b) September-October
c) July-August d) December-january
m
Variety released by MPKV, Rahuri : Mridula, G-137, Ganesh, Bhagwa, Phule Arakta,
l o
Phule Bhagwa Super
di p

t s
e n
u d
JACKFRUIT
s t
1. Jackfruit belongs to the family
a
a) Myrtaceae b) Rutaceae
c) Moraceae d) Musaceae
m
2. Origin of Jackfruit is
l o
a) China b) Iran
c) Brazil d)India
i p
3. Chromosome number of Jackfruit is
d
a)50 b)56
c)36 d)38
4. Botanical name of Jackfruit is

a) Artocarpus heterophyllus b) Emblica officinalis
c) Syzygium cumunni d) Punica granatum
5. Botanically the Jackfruit fruit is

a) Sorosis b) Drupe
c) Pome d) Syconus
6. Jackfruit is commonly propagated by

a)Seed b) Stooling
c)Inarching d) T- budding
7. Edible part of Jackfruit is

a) Pericarp b) Mesocarp
c) Thalamus d) Bract/Perianth
8. Champa, Hazari, Monkey jack, Gulabi, Ceylon jack and Rudrakshi are the varieties of

a) Jackfruit b) Pineapple
c) Strawberry d) Pomegranate
9. Common name of Jackfruit is

a) Melon tree b) Kalpavriksha
c) Monkey jack d) Apple of tropics
10. Cauliflory is observed in

a) Carambola b) Jackfruit
s
c) Both d) none
t
11. Vivipary is observed in
n
a) Cocoa b) Jackfruit
e
c) Avocado d) None
d
12. Jackfruit is______________plant
u
a) Tropical b) Temperate
t
c) Both a and b d) None
a s
l o m
di p
STRAWBERRY

1. How much % of edible portion exists in Strawberry
a)88% b)98%
c)78% d)68%
2. Strawberry belongs to the family

a) Rosaceae b) Rhamnaceae
c) Rutaceae d) Rubiaceae
s
3. Origin of Strawberry is
t
a) China b) Brazil
c)Man made hybrid (F. chilonensis x F. Virginiana) d) Iran
e n
4. Chromosome number of Strawberry is
a) 50 b)36
d
c) 56 d)22
tu
5. Botanical name of Strawberry is
s
a) Feronia limonica b) Fragaria ananasa
c) Prunus persia d) Prunus avium
a
6. Edible part of Strawberry is
m
a)Fleshy aril b) Mesocarp
c)Fleshy thalamus d) Placentae
l o
7. Strawberry is commercially propagated by
p
a)Suckers b) Slips
i
c) Seed d)Runner plants
d
8. The inflorescence of strawberry is
a)Cymose (Solitary) b) Racemose
c) Spadix d) Hypanthodium
9. Highest producer of strawberry

a) Brazil b) China
c)USA d)India
10. Strawberry is ____________fruit

a) Non-climacteric b)Climacteric
11 Strawberry is ____________plant
a)Long day b)Short day
c)Day neutral d) None
12. Strawberry is ____________plant

a) Tropical b) Temperate
c)Subtropical d) Both a and c

13. Flower colour of strawberry
a) Pink b) Yellow
c) Purple d) White
14. Chandler, Tioga, Torrey, Selva, Belrubi, Fern and Pajaro are the cultivar of
a) Phalsa b) Cherry
c) Plum d) Strawberry
s
15. Which training system commonly followed in India
t
Simplest and least expensive training system----------
a) Matted row b) Hill system
n
c) Spaced row d) Plastic film
d e
s tu
a
l o m
di p

t s
e n
COCONUT
d
1. Chromosome number of Coconut
tu
a) 30 b) 32
c) 58 d)36
a s
2. Family of Coconut
a) Arecaceae b) Annonaceae
c) Musaceae d) Vitaceae
o m
3. Botanical name of Coconut
l
a) Areca catechu b) Ealias guinensis
p
c)Cocus nucifera d) Phoenix dactylifera
di
4. Coconut is………………….
a) Monocot b)Dicot
c) Both d)None
5. Botanically the fruit of Coconut is

a) Pepo b)Nut
c)Drupe d) Pome
6. Maximum area of Coconut is under

a)Tamil nadu b)Andhra pradesh
c)Karnataka d) Kerala
7. Origin of Coconut
a)West Asia b)South-East Asia
c) Europe d) Japan
8. The inflorescence of Coconut is

a) Raceme b)Solitary
c)Spadix d) Cymose

9. Edible part of Coconut is
a)Mesocarp b)Endosperm
c)Pericarp d)Fleshy receptacle
10. Maximum production of coconut is under

a)Kerala b) Tamil Nadu
c)Karnataka d) Andhra Pradesh
11. Coconut commercially propagated by
s
a) Suckers b) Runners
t
c) Air layering d) Seed (Nut)
n
12. Common name of Coconut is
e
a)Kalpataru b) Kalpavriksha
c) Tree of paradise d)Tree of wisdom
u d
13. Which country rank 1st in Coconut production
t
a)India b)Indonesia
s
c)Philippines d)Sri Lanka
a
14. India rank …………………in Coconut production
a)2nd b)4th
m
c) 3rd d)5th
l o
15. …………month old seedlings are used for planting
a)2-5 b)4-7
p
c)7-8 d)9-12
di
16. Which state gives highest productivity of coconuts
a) Andhra Pradesh b) Kerala
c)Karnataka d)Tamil Nadu
17. “Gudanjali dwarf” is variety of

a) Banana b)Arecanut
c) Coconut d)Date palm

 Coconut is heliotropic plant (Sun loving)
 Source of cytokinin hormone in Coconut- water
 Optimum temperature-27 ° C
 Generic name Cocus is derived from Spanish word coco means monkey face
 In Kerala 60-65% of total Coconut product is converted into milling copra
 55% of coconut production is consumed as raw
 Coconut has water percentage- 94.5%
t s
 Dwarf Coconut- Self pollinated
n
 Tall Coconut- Cross pollinated
e
 Coconut ripens in from the opening of the inflorescence: 12-13 months
d
 Male parent for hybrid variety: Choughat orange dwarf, Gangabondan
u
 First hybrid between tall and dwarf Coconut was released in year 1932
s t
 Fan like appearance of leaves is due to – Rhinoceros beetle
 Gummosis is caused due to- Red palm weevil
a
 Monophagus pest of Coconut- Black headed caterpillar (Opisinia arenosella)
l o m
di p

ARECANUT
1. Dried ripe nuts of Arecanut is called as
a)Chali b)Kottapak
c)Both d)None
2. “Mohitnagar” is improved cultivar of

a)Coconut b)Arecanut
c)Date palm d)Cashewnut
s
3. Chromosome number of Arecanut
t
a) 32 b)40
n
c)28 d)50
e
4. Family of Arecanut
d
a) Arecaceae b) Annonaceae
u
c)Bromiliaceae d)Myrtaceae
s t
5. Botanical name of Arecanut is
a) Annanas comosus b) Anacardium occidentale
a
c)Areca catechu d)Aegle marmelos
6. Botanically the fruit of Arecanut is
m
a)Berry b)Pepo
o
c)Pome d)Sorosis
pl
7. Maximum production of Arecanut is under
i
a)Kerala b) Tamil Nadu
d
c)Karnataka d) Andhra Pradesh
8. Arecanut commercially propagated by

a) Suckers b) Runners
c) Air layering d) Seed
9. The inflorescence of Arecanut is

a) Raceme b)Solitary
c)Spadix d) Cymose
10. Which country is highest producer and consumer of Arecanut

a)Bangladesh b)Myanmar
c)Indonesia d)India
11. “Arecotin” stimulating agent, present in…………….

a) Coconut b) Betel vine
c)Arecanut d)Date palm
12. Mangla, Sumangla and Shree mangla are the varieties of

a)Coconut b)Date palm

c)Cashewnut d) Arecanut
13. Nut cracking is the physiological disorder of ________.

a)Arecanut b)Cashewnut
c)Both d)None
14. Interspecific cross of Arecanut is

a) Samrudhi b)Mangla
c) Sumangla d)Shreevardhani
s
(Areca catechu X Areca triandra)
nt
d e
s tu
a
l o m
di p

CASHEWNUT
1. Common name of Cashew is
a)Dollar earning crop b) King of nut
c)Food of God d) Butter fruit
2. Botanical name of Cashew is

a) Juglans regia b)Syzygium cumunni
c) Camelia sinensis d) Anacardium occidebtale
s
3. Family of Cashew
t
a) Apocyanaceae b) Annonaceae
n
c)Anacardiaceae d) Arecaceae
e
4. Fruit type of Cashew is
d
a)Capsule b)Drupe
u
c)Nut d)Berry
s t
5. Cashew is __________.
a)Climacteric b)Non-climacteric
a
6. Chromosome number of cashew is
m
a)40 b)22
o
c)36 d)42
pl
7. Origin of Cashew is
i
a)Brazil b)China
d
c)India d)Iran
8. Cashewnut is commercially propagated by

a) Inarching b) T- budding
c)Softwood grafting d)Tongue grafting
9. Edible part of Cashew is

a)Pericarp b)Mesocarp
c)Endocarp d)Cotyledon
10. Common name of Cashew is

a)Dollar earning crop b) Plough crop
c)Gold mine of waste land d)All
11. ___________ is the variety of Cashew.

a)Vengurla-1 b)Vengurla-4
c)Priyanka d)All
12. ____________is the pest of Cashew.

a)Rhinocerous beetle b)Red palm weevil

c)Tea mosquito bug d) Striped mealy bug
13. Kernel contains _____% protein.

a)25% b)12%
c)15% d)21%
t s
e n
u d
s t
a
l o m
di p

t s
e n
CITRUS
u d
t
1. The botanical name of sweet orange is
s
a) Citrus reticulata b) Citrus sinensis
a
c)Citrus limon d)Citrus grandis
2. Sweet orange is generally a fruit with
m
a) Tight skinned b)Loose skinned
o
c)Partially loose d)Partially tight
pl
3. Exanthema in citrus due to deficiency of
i
a) Cu b)Mo
c) Ca d)K
d
4. “Pineapple” variety of sweet orange is commercially grown in
a) Maharashtra b) Uttar Pradesh
c) Haryana d) Punjab
5. “Mosambi” variety of sweet orange is commercially grown in

a) North India b) South India
c) East India d)Western India
6. The original home of mandarin is

a) China b) India
c) Brazil d) South Africa
7. Satsuma group of mandarin oranges are commonly grown in

a) India b) Brazil
c) West Indies d) Japan
8. Mandarin are commercially propagated by

a) Layering b) T- budding

c) Tougue grafting d) Cutting
9. Kinnow is a famous variety of mandarin in

a) Karnataka b) Maharashtra
c) Tamil Nadu d) Punjab
10. All the commercial mandarin varieties grown in India, belongs to species
a) Citrus reticulata b) Citrus Limonia
c) Citrus Latifolia d) Citrus paradise
t s
11. The botanical name of grape-fruit is
a) Citrus reticulata b) Citrus Limonia
n
c) Citrus Latifolia d) Citrus paradise
e
12. The chromosome number of grape-fruit is
d
a) 12 b)16
u
c)18 d)24
s t
13. The most widely planted cultivar of grape-fruit is
a) Marsh b) Ruby
a
c) Foster d) Triumph
m
14. Botanically the grapefruit is
a) Berry b) Pome
l o
c) Hesperidium d) Sorosis
p
15. Largest producer of lime in the world is
i
a) India b) China
d
c) Brazil d) South Africa
16. In India leading lime production state is

a) Bihar b) Karnataka
c)Assam d) Andhra Pradesh
17. Lime is a good source of

a) Vit A b) Vit C
c) Vit B1 d) Vit B2
18. Acid lime (C. aurantifolia) is commonly called as

a) Lime b) Lemon
c) Kaghzi lime d) Rangapur lime
19. Acid lime is usually propagated by

a) Seeds b) Cutting
c) Air layering d) T- Budding
20. Sweet lime is commercially propagated by

a) T- budding b) Hard wood cutting

c) Tongue-grafting d) Air layering
21. The botanical name of lemon is

a) Citrus reticulata b) Citrus sinensis
c)Citrus limon d)Citrus grandis
22. Original home of lemon is

a) Brazil b) East Asia
c)Burma d) China
t s
23. Granulation in mandarin can be controlled by
a) Spraying of lime b) Reduction in irrigation
n
c) Zn application d) Copper application
e
24. Kinnow was introduced in India in the year
d
a) 1958 b) 1957
u
c)1959 d) 1956
s t
25. Granulation is serious problem in
a) Citrus b) Mango
a
c) Grape d) Strawberry
m
26. Kinnow a hybrid is evolved by
a) H. P. Olmo b) H. B. Frost
l o
c) N. E. Lee d) G. S. Cheema
p
27. June flowering in citrus is known as
i
a) Mrig Bahar b) Ambe Bahar
d
c) Haste Bahar d) None of the above
28. Degreening of citrus fruit is done by

a) Ethephone b) Ethylene
c) Calcium carbide d) Methyl Bromide
29. Which citrus spp act as a indicator plant for tristiza virus
a) Mandarin b) Pummelo
c) Acid lime d) Sweet lime
30. Nutient loving plant is

a) Apple b) Banana
c) Citrus d) Papaya
31. Flying dragon is a rootstock of

a) Cherry b) Bael
c) Citrus d) Apple
32 Bitter principle present in citrus is

a) Lycopene b) Isocoumarin
c) Eugenol d)Limonin
33. Seedless strain of acidlime is

a) Pramalini b) Vikram
c) Chakradhar d) PKM-1
 Mandarin occupies 50% area under citrus spp.
s
 Rootstock for HDP- Troyer citrange (1.8 x 1.8 m2)
t
 Highly polyembryonic- Mandarin, sweet orange, acide lime, grape fruit
n
 Monoembryonic- Pummelo, Tahiti, Citron
e
 Pineapple and Valencia- indicator of greening
u d
 Ultra dwarf rootstock of citrus- Flying dragon
s t
a
l o m
di p

t s
e n
APPLE
u d
t
1. Leading country in production of apple is
s
a) South Africa b) Brazil
c) India d)China
a
2. Botanically the apple fruit is
m
a) Pome b) Berry
o
c) Drupe d) Sorosis
pl
3. Apple belongs to the family
i
a) Euphobiaceae b)Rosaceae
c) Musaceae d) Arecaceae
d
4. Serious physiological disorder of apple is
a)Gummosis b)Fruit necrosis
c)Bitter pit d)Fruit cracking
5. Dwarfing rootstock of apple

a)M-27 b) M-13
c)M-21 d)M-9
6. Generally apple is propagated by

a)Seeds b)Cuttings
c)Grafting d)Layering
7. Serious pest in apple orchard is

a) Wooly aphids b) Blossom thrips
c) Hairy caterpillar d) Sanjose scale
8. Export variety of apple is

a)Newton wonder b) Golden delicious

c) Golden russet d) Rome beauty
9. Origin of Apple is
a) N. America b)S. America
c)S.E. Asia d)S.W. Asia
10. Ultra dwarf rootstock of Apple is

a) M-9 b) M-27
c) MM-106 d)MM-111
t s
11. Apple scab is caused due to
a)Bacteria b)Fungus
n
c)MLO d)None of these
e
12. Chromosome number of Apple is
d
a) 14 b) 34
u
c) 32 d) 16
s t
  Apple is most widely grown temperature fruit in the world
  Apple account 55% of total area and 75% of total production of temperate fruits in the
a
country
 HP is known as “Apple bowl of India”
m
 Scarlet gola, Red fuzi : High yielding varieties
o
 Sanjose scale got it’s entry into India from France in 1906
l
 Cider- fermented wine prepared from Apple
p
 J & K is leading apple producing state
i
 Commercial method of propagation of rootstock- stooling
d
 Amber- Indigenous variety grown in Kashmir and it have longest storage life
 Rymer- Indigenous variety grown in Kashmir

PEAR
1. Largest producer of pear in the world is
a) Spain b) India
c) Italy d) Brazil
2. The inflorescence of pear is

a) Panicle b) Solitary
c) Raceme d) Corymb
t s
3. Botanically the pear fruit is
n
a) Drupe b) Pome
e
c) Berry d) Sorosis
d
4. The dwarf rootstock of pear is
u
a) Quince A b) Quince B
t
c) Quince C d) Shegal
s
5. Serious pest of pear in Kullu valley is
a
a) Hopper b) Stem borer
c) Fruit fly d) Sanjose scale
m
6. The main disorder of pear is
o
a) Pear decline b) Stem and root
l
c) Pear softnose d) Taper tip in pear
i p
7. Commercial method of pear propagation is
d
a) Hardwood cuttings b) Layering
c) Tongue grafting d) Chip budding
8. Cork spot disorder in pear is caused due to deficiency of

a)Boron b) Manganese
c) Calcium d) Iron
9. Fruit cracking in pear is due to deficiency of

a) Boron b) Mamganese
c) Calcium d) Iron
10. Most of the pear varieties grown in India are

a) Self fruitful b) Self- unfruitfulness
c) Cross fruitful d) Partially self fruitful
11. Edible part of pear is

a) Seed b) Mesocarp
c) Endosperm d) Thalamus
12. China pear is the variety of

a) Plum b) Pear
c) Peach d) Apple
13. Chromosome number of pear is

a) 34 b) 18
c) 16 d) 20
t s
e n
u d
s t
a
l o m
di p

PEACH
1. The original home of peach is

a) India b) Brazil
c) South America d) China
2. Peach belongs to the family

a) Tilliaceae b) Moraceae
s
c) Rosaceae d) Rutaceae
nt
3. Chromosome number of peach is
a) 12 b) 16
e
c) 22 d) 28
u d
4. Type of flower arrangement in peach is
t
a) Racemose b) Fasicle
s
c) Umble d) Solitary
a
5. Commercially peach is propagated by
a) Budding b) Inarching
c) Air layering d) Stooling
o m
6. Serious pest of peach is
l
a) Defoliating beetles b) Black aphid
p
c) Leaf curl aphid d) Case worm
di
7. Most peach varieties grown in India are
a) Self-unfruitful b) Self sterile
c) Self-fruitful d) Partially self- fruitful
8. Dwarf cultivar of peach is

a) Flordarsum b) Early Grande
c) Redhaven d) J. H. Hale
9. Botanical name of peach is

a) Prunus persia b) Prunus domestica
c) Pyrus communis d) Prunus avium
10. Prunacin is the principle glycoside present in pulp of

a) Plum b) Peach
c) Pear d) Cherry

t s
e n
MANGO
d
Objective type questions
u
1. Mango is a _____________fruit.
t
a)Climacteric b)Non-climacteric
s
a
2. Fruit type of mango is
a)Pome b)Drupe
m
c)Pepo d)Balausta
l o
3. Origin of mango is
a)Indo-Malaya b)Indo-China
p
c)Indo-Burma d)Europe
di
4. Common name of mango is
a)Bathroom fruit b)King of fruits
c)Adam’s fig d)Both a and b
5. The leading mango growing state in India is

a) Karnataka b)Tamilnadu
c)Uttar Pradesh d)Punjab
6. The largest mango producing country in World is

a)India b)Brazil
c)China d)Europe
7. Export variety of mango is

a)Langra b)Dashehari
c)Alphanso d)Bombay Green
8. Which variety of mango mostly grown in Punjab

a)Fazli b)Chausa
c)Neelum d)Langra
9. The polyembryony variety of mango is

a)Bangalore b)Goa
c)Alphanso d)Himsagar
10. The inflorescence of mango is

a)Catkin b)Panicle
c)Raceme d)Umbel
11. Dwarf mango variety is

a)Chausa b)Langra
s
c)Neelam d)Amrapali
t
Fill in the blanks
n
1. Mango belongs to the family_______. (Anacardiaceae)
e
2. The chromosome number of mango is________. (40)
d
3. In nutritive value mango is rich in _________. (vit. A)
tu
4. __________ variety of mango is highly susceptible to malformation. (Bombay green)
s
5. __________disorder in mango is caused due to effect of brick kiln fumes. (Black tip)
a
6. “Malika” a hybrid variety of mango is cross between______ and ______. ( Neelum, Dashehari)
m
BANANA
o
Objective type questions
l
1. Banana belongs to the family
p
a)Rhamnaceae b)Annonaceae
i
c)Musaceae d)Vitaceae
d
2. Which state has highest production of banana in India
a) Tamil Nadu b)Maharashtra
c)Gujrat d)Andhra Pradesh
3. The inflorescence if banana is

a)Spadix b)Panicle
c)Solitary d)Corymb
4. Botanically the fruit of banana is

a)Drupe b)Berry
c)Pome d)Pepo
5. Banana is generally planted in

a)Sep-Oct b)June-July
c)Feb-March d)April-May
6. Average temperature required for banana is
a)17 °C b)27 °C
c)23 °C d)35 °C

7. Banana streak virus (BSV) is a serious problem and is transmitted through
a)Aphids b)White fly
c)Banana beetle d)Mealy bug
8. Which variety of banana covers about 50% of the total area

a)Monthan b)Poovan
c)Dwarf Cavendish d)Pusa nanha
9. Which variety of banana is essentially used for cooking
s
a)Monthan b)Lal kala
t
c)Kunnan d)Amritsagar
n
10. Commercial propagation method of banana is
e
a)Seed b)Cuttings
c)Suckers d)Budding
u d
11. Close planting of banana increase the incidence of
t
a)Panama wilt b)Bunchy top
s
c)Leaf spot disease d)Finger tip
a
12. Important disease of banana in India is
a)Bacterial wilt b)Leaf spot
m
c)Bunchy top d) Panama wilt
l o
Fill in the blanks
p
1. The botanical name of banana is __________. (Musa paradisica)
i
2. Seedlessness in banana is due to __________. (Vegetative parthenocarpy)
d
3. _________ with narrow, slender leaf blades is the best planting material. (Sword suckers)
4. ________ variety of banana retain green colour of the rind even when ripe. (Harichhal)
5. ________banana variety is suitable for making chips. (Nendran)
6. ________deficiency in banana results in improper bunch filling. (Potassium)
7. A chemical used for artificial ripening in banana is _______. (Calcium carbide)

t s
e n
GRAPE
d
Multiple choice questions
u
1. The botanical name of grape is
t
a)Prunica arneniaca b)Prunus amygdalus
s
c)Persea amerocana d)Vitis venifera
a
2. The largest productivity of grape is attained in
a)Tropical region b)Sub-tropical region
m
c)Temperate region d)None of above
l o
3. The chromosome number of grape is
a)24 b)18
i p
c)38 d)32
d
4. The inflorescence of grape is
a)Raceme b)Spadix
c)Panicle d)Catkins
5. Grape variety developed by clonal selection is

a)Pusa seedless b)Pusa Navrag
c)Pusa Urvashi d)Arka kanchan
6. In World 90% of grapes produced are used as

a)Table b)Rasin
c)Juice d)Vine
7. Bower system of training in grapes is also called as

a)Head system b)Kniffin system
c)Arbour system d)Single stalk system
8. A seedless grape hybrid developed at IIHR Banglore is

a)Arkavati b)Arka Hans
c)Arka shyam d)Arka kanchan

9. Serious pest of grape vine is
a)Scales b)Beetle
c)Turmites d)Thrips
10. “Dakh” is a popular grape variety of

a)Punjab b)Andhra Pradesh
c)Tamil Nadu d)Karnataka
Fill in the blanks
s
11. Grape is a _______ pollinated crop. (Self)
t
12. Original home of grape is ________. (Black Sea of Caspian)
n
13. _________ is adopted for quality improvement in grapes. (Stem girdling)
e
14. The commercial method of propagation of grape is _______. (Hard wood cutting)
d
15. “Thompsom seedless” variety of grape is excellent for _______as well as of high_______.
tu
(Raisin, table quality)
s
16. The most common system of planting vineyards in plain is________. (Square system)
a
17. The true kniffin system has originated by _________of New Yark. (Mr. William Kniffin)
18. _________chemical is used for thinning and berry elongation in grape. (Gibberellins)
m
19. “Perlette” grape variety was developed in ________. (California)
l o
20. _________ variety of grape is a new mutant developed from Thompson seedless.
i p
True/false
d
21. The edible portion of grape is mesocarp and endocarp. (True/False)
22. Grape is tolerant to salinity and alkalinity. (True/False)
23. Head system of training is also called as Pergola system. (True/False)
24. General seedlessness in grape is due to stenospermocarpy. (True/False)
25. Most effective chemical in breaking bud dormancy in grape in Thiourea. (True/False)
26. Hen and chicken disorder in grapes is caused due to boron deficiency. (True/False)
27. “Pusa seedless” variety of grape was developed at IARI, New Delhi. (True/False)
28. Grapes are the richest source of glucose and fructose. (True/False)
29. Perlette variety of grape is most suitable for raisin making. (True/False)
30. Grape is a climacteric fruit. (True/False)

GAUVA
Multiple choice questions
1. Largest guava producing state in India is
a)Punjab b)Uttar Pradesh
c)Maharashtra d)Karnataka
2. The diploid chromosome number of guava is

a)22 b)28
c)16 d)44
t s
3. Gauva is the richest source of
a)Vitamin A b) Vitamin B1
n
c)Vitamin B2 d) Vitamin C
d e
4. Pear shaped variety of guava is
a)Hafzi b)Karela
u
c)Harijha d)Chittidar
s t
5. In guava high temperature at the time of fruit development causes
a)Gauva wilt b)Fruit drop
a
c)Yellow leaf disease d) Gauva canker
m
6. Botanically the guava fruit is
a)Drupe b)Hesperidium
l o
c)Sorosis d)Berry
i p
7. “Lucknow-49” variety of guava is tolerant to
a)Gauva wilt b)Fruit drop
d
c)Stem canker d)Anthracnose
8. Gauva is generally trained by

a)Open centre system b)Central leader system
c)Modified leader system d)None of above
9. Gauva decline is due to

a)Wilt b)Anthracnose
c)Bacterial canker d)Virus
10. Major product from ripe guava is

a)Jam b)Nectare
c)Jelly d)Square
11. Gauva is commercially propagated through

a)Whip grafting b)Cutting
c)Chip budding d)Inarching

Fill in the blanks
12. Gauva is called ________of the tropics. (Apple)
13. ________ has the reputation of growing the best guava in the country as well as in the World.
(Allahabad)
14. _________is the most popular variety of Uttar Pradesh. (Allahabad safeda)
15. The edible portion of guava is ________and________. (Thalamus, Pericarp)
s
16. Seedless variety of guava was originated from_______. (Allahabad)
t
17. The young plants of guava are susceptible to _______ and _______ conditions. (drought, cold)
n
18. The best time of planting guava is _________. (Monsoon)
e
19. At mature stage Vitamin C in guava is highest in _______. (Fruit peel)
d
20. The inflorescence of guava is ________. (Solitary)
tu
21. “Apple colour” variety of guava is tolerant to ________. (Anthracnose)
a s
True/false
22. “Lucknow-49” variety of guava is also known as “Sardar gauva”. (True/False)
m
23. Gauva is a non-climacteric fruit. (True/False)
l o
24. Gauva plants cannot withstand slightly alkaline soils. (True/False)
p
25. Original home of guava in India. (True/False)
i
26. Gauva flowers only once in North India. (True/False)
d
27. Gauva tree are drought tolerant. (True/False)
28. For avoiding wilt disease “Sardar gauva” is good root-stock for budding. (True/False)
29. Gauva belongs to Mystaceae family. (True/False)
30. For making guava jelly low pectin content is desired. (True/False)
31. Gauva canker is caused by fungus. (True/False)

Important objectives for Semester End Exam.
DEFINITIONS:
Asepsis: - Maintenance of general cleanliness during picking, packing and transportation of fruit
and vegetables for keep out microorganisms.
Blanching: - Treatment of fruits and vegetables with boiling water or steam for short periods,
followed by dipping in cold water immediately in cold water is called Blanching. It separate
pulp to maximum extent from the peel.
Breather: - If pressure gauge shows no vacuum inside a can it is called as breather
Candied fruits: - A fruit impregnated with sugar and glucose, and subsequently drained and dried
is called as candied fruit covered or coated with thin transparent coating of X sugar, which
impart to it a glossy appearance is called glazed fruit.
Canning: - The process of sealing food stuffs hermetically in container and sterilizing them by
heat for long storage known as canning.
Cordial: This is sparkling clear, sweetened fruit juice from which all the pulp and other suspended
material have been completely eliminated. Jam is prepared by boiling the fruit pulp with
sufficient quantity of sugar to a remarkably thick consistency, firm enough to hold the fruit
tissues in position. It should contain not less than 68% of soluble solids as determined by refract
meter when cold. Fruits used: Papaya, Sapota, Pine apple, Mango, strawberry, Tomato, Cashew
apple, etc.
Crystallized fruits: - When candied fruit is coated with crystals of sugar, either by rolling it in
finely powdered sugar or by allowing the sugar crystals firm dense syrup to deposit on it is
called as Crystallized fruit.
De-greening:– Degreening is the process of decomposing green pigments in fruits usually by
applying ethylene or other similar metabolic inducer to give a fruit its characteristic colour i.e.
called degreening.
Dehydration: - It is the process of removal of moisture for fruits and vegetables by the application
of artificial heat under controlled condition of temperature, R.H. and air flow.
Fermentation: - Decomposition of carbohydrate by microorganisms or enzymes is called
fermentation
Flipper: - This is due to mild positive pressure resulted inside the can due to under exhausting or
over filling.
Food Preservation: - The science which deals with the method of prevention of decay or
spoilage of fruits thus allowing it to be stored in a fit condition for future use.
Fruit Juice: This is a natural juice prepared out of a fruit and remain practically unaltered in its
composition during its preparation and preservation.
Grading: - It is sorting of vegetables and fruits into different grades according to size, shape,
colour and volume to fetch higher price in the market.
Harvest: - These are the activities or actions carried out to separate the commodity from the plant
or plant as a whole after desired maturity.

Horticultural maturity: - It is the stage of development when fruits or vegetables required by the
market or consumer.
Jelly: - It is prepared by boiling the fruit with or without water, staining, mixing the strained and
clear juice extract with sugar and boiling the mixture to a stage at which it will set to a clear jel.
Pectin is most important constituent of jelly. Only such fruits which have good flavour and are
rich in pectin should he used for jelly making.
Marmalade: Marmalade is fruit jelly in which slices of the fruit or peels are suspended. The
marmalade is generally associated with the products made from citrus fruit like orange and
lemons in which shredded peels are included as the suspended material.
Maturity: - It is the stage in which any organ of plant attains full growth and development, beyond
which no further growth takes place i.e. called maturity
Nectar: - Fruit beverage contains 20% fruit pulp/juice and minimum 0.3% acid and 15% T.S.S. it
is not diluted before serving.
Pasteurization: - It is the process of heating the product below boiling temperature (1000C) for
sufficient time to kill majority of the microorganism but not all.
Pickle :- Pickle is the preserve product of fruits and vegetables in which common salt is
added as preserving agent and spices, condiments and oil added for flavouring.
Post-harvest:- It is the condition in which commodity finds itself, & the activities carried out with
it after its separation from the mother plant.
Preservative: - It is any substance capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of
fermentation, acidification and decomposition of fruits but does not included salt, sugar, acetic
acid or vine.g.ar.
Preserve: - Preserve is made by cooking the entire fruit or pieces in heavy sugar syrup till it
become tender and transparent.
Ripening: - Sequential changes in sensory factors of colour texture and taste which render the fruit
acceptable to eat and commencement of senescence.
Shelf life: - It is the period of time during which fruit and vegetates remain fresh, attractive and
appealing.
Squash: - This consists essentially of strained juice containing moderate quantities of fruit pulp to
which cane sugar is added for sweetening e.g. Orange squash, Mango Squash, Pine apple
squash, Passion fruit squash.
Sterilization: - It is tile process of heating above boiling temperature to kill all the microorganisms
completely.
Syrup and sharbat: This is clear sugar syrup which has been artificially flavored. Syrup is
concentrated beverage prepared from juicy or pulpy fruits or scented material such as Rose,
Sandal Wood, Raspberry, Gooseberry, Strawberry, wherein higher concentration of sugar is
used (70 to 35%).
Tomato ketchup: - It is made by concentrating tomato juice or pulp without seeds and pieces of
skin. Spices salt, sugar, vine.g.ar, onion, garlic etc., are added to the extent that the ketchup
contains not less than 12% tomato solids and 28% total solids.

Weeping jelly / Synergic: - It is sudden exudation of fluid from jelly due to excess of acid, too
low concentration of sugar, insufficient pectin etc.
B) Match the pair.

1) A B
1) Non-climacteric fruit a. Salinometer
2) Pickle b. Ethylene
3) Ripening c. Banana
4) Climacteric fruit d. Vine.g.ar
5) Brine solution e. Grape
Ans. (1) e (2) d (3) b (4) c (5) a
2) A B
1) Non-climacteric fruit a. Caustic soda
2) Rich in pectin fruit b. Salt
3) Lye peeling c. Wood apple
4) Climacteric fruit d. Pomegranate
5) Brine solution e. Custard apple
Ans. (1) d (2) c (3) a (4) e (5) b
3) A B
1) Irradiation a. Gamma rays
2) Brining b. Salt
3) Antibiotic c. Nisin
4) Chemical preservative d. Sodium benzoate
5) Vinegar e. Acetic acid
Ans. (1) a (2) b (3) c (4) d (5) e
C) True OR False
1) For most fruits and vegetables, higher the temperature during the growing period earlier
is the time of harvest.
Ans. True
2) Bhendi is harvested 15-18 days after opening of flower for vegetable purpose.
Ans. False (6-7 days)
3) Harvesting of banana is done either by pulling or twisting individual fruits.
Ans. False (whole bunch is harvested)

4) The corrugated fibre board boxes (CFB) are commonly used for packaging of grapes for
distant market.
Ans. True
5) For preserving naturally coloured juices sodium benzoate is commonly used.
Ans. True
6) Sodium benzoate is used to preserve naturally coloured juice.
Ans. True
7) Custard apple is a non-climacteric fruit.
Ans. False (Climacteric fruit)
8) A good jelly should be sticky, gummy and syrupy.
Ans. False (Should not be)
9) Atul sapota harvester is developed by MPKV, Rahuri.
Ans. False (Developed by Dr. BSKKV, Dapoli)
10) Vine.g.ar is used to preserve mango pickle.
Ans. True
11) Ethylene oxide is used for hastening of ripening in fruits.
Ans. False (Delaying)
12) The prepared jam should not contain less than 68 per cent fruit.
Ans. False (45% fruit) (68% TSS)
13) In Watermelon, the most important indication of maturity is metallic sound when fruit is
thumped.
Ans. False (Dull sound)
14) The TSS of tomato ketchup preferably is 28-30 percent.
Ans. False (10-12%)
15) Mango fruits require 210-255 days to mature after flowering.
Ans. False (95-115 days)
16) Growth of micro-organism activity gets affected by lower temp.
Ans. True
17) In case of sweetened juice the minimum % of juice in final product should be 70%
Ans. False
18) By drying we get better quality product than dehydration
Ans. False
19) After freezing of fruits the dehydration is done in case of dehydro freezing method
Ans. False
D) Do as directed
1) Two names of food spoilage bacteria
Ans. Acetobacter, Lactobacillus, Proteus, Pseudomonas
2) Two names of useful bacteria
Ans. Acetobacter Sp., Lactobacillus Sp.
3) Two Antibiotics used for preservation

Ans. Nisin, Pimaricin, subtilin etc.
4) Two causes of weeping of jelly
Ans. a) Insufficient pectin b) Too low concentration of suga c) Excess of
acid
5) Precooling define
Ans. Rapid removal of field heat from fruits and vegetable known as precooling.
6) Chemical used for ripening of fruits
Ans. 1) Ethylene 2) Calcium carbide
7) Total percentage of fruit and sugar in prepared jam.
Ans. T.S.S. – 68%
Jam – Not less than 45% fruit
8) In which crop neck fall is considered as indication of maturity.
Ans. Onion and Garlic
9) Name of mango harvester developed by Dr. BSKKV, Dapoli.
Ans. Nutan mango harvester.
10) Methods of manual harvesting
Ans. 1) Ladder / bag picking method 2) Poles / Clippers method
3) Harvesting by means of cutting knives
4) Harvesting by means to digging tools
11) Examples of climacteric fruits
Ans. Mango, Banana, Sapota, Custard apple, Papaya.
12) Examples of Non-climacteric fruits
Ans. Pomegranate, Grape, Citrus, Cashew nut
13) Name of rootstocks in citrus for increasing post-harvest quality
Ans. Trifoliate orange, Cleopatra, Tangolo etc.
14) Examples of vegetables in which curing is done
Ans. Potato, sweet potato, onion, Garlic etc.
15) Types of wax emulsion
Ans. a) Wax ‘W’ b) Wax ‘O’
16) Chemical that hastens ripening
Ans. Ethylene, Calcium Carbide, ABA, Hexanol, etc.
17) Chemical that delay in ripening
Ans. Ethylene oxide, maleic acid, GA, MH, CCC etc.
18) Grades according to international market
Ans. a) Extra class (b) Class 1st (c) Class 2nd
19) Packaging material for vegetable crop.
Ans. Gunny bags, Bamboo baskets, paper board boxes, polythene film etc.
20) Controlled Atmospheric Storage (CAS)
Ans. Higher conc. of Co2 and lesser conc. of O2 is beneficial for best storage of fruits.
21) Name of ionizing radiation to extend shelf life of perishable fruits

Ans. Gamma rays
22) Low temperature ranges for check the growth of micro-organisms.
Ans. 00 to 4.40C (320 F to 400F)
23) Name of chemical preservatives
Ans. i) Potassium metabisulphide (KMS) ii) Sodium benzoate
24) Acids used for preservation
Ans. Citric acid (lime juice), Acetic acid (vine.g.ar) and Lactic acid
25) Temperature range when enzymatic spoilage not happen.
Ans. 800C
26) Modes of microbial spoilage
Ans. Bacteria, yeasts, Moulds
27) Stable / Non-perishable foods
Ans. Sugar, flour and dry beans
28) Semi perishable foods
Ans. Potato and some varieties of apples
29) Perishable food
Ans. Most of the fruits and vegetables, meat, fish, egg and milk.
30) Two names of food spoilage bacteria
Ans. Clostridium botulism, Lacto bacillus, Acetobacter, Profeus
31) Two names of useful bacteria
Ans. Acetobacter spp. Lactobacillus spp.
32) Two antibiotics, used for preservation
Ans. Nisin, Subtilin, Pimaricin
33) Two causes for weeping of jelly
Ans. Excess of acid, low concentration of Sugar, Insufficient pectin
34) Two products prepared from ginger
Ans. Ginger candy, Jelly, soft drinks, Pickles, Mukhwas
35) Name two products prepared for Mango
Ans. Mango slice, Mango Juice
36) Criteria (indices) for judging the maturity of aonla
Ans. Computation period
37) In which crop neck fall is considered as indication of maturity
Ans. Onion and garlic
38) Give the two causes of weeping of jelly
Ans. Excess of Acid, low concentration of sugar, insufficient pectin.
39) Name two climacteric fruits
Ans. Banana, custard apple, Guava, Mango, fig, Avocado
40) What is meant by pre cooling?
Ans. Pre-cooling means removal of field heat with the help of cool water, cool air
41) Which chemical is used for ripening of fruits?
Ans. Ethylene
42) How many days after opening of flower, Bhendi is ready for harvesting for vegetable
purpose?
Ans. 6 – 7 days

E) Fill in the blanks
1) Mango slices are preserved in syrup solution
2) Bacteria micro-organisms are responsible for formation of toxins in food
3) Asepsis is a method of Temporary preservation
4) 1.2% acidity and 12% salt is used for preparation of pickles
5) Ethephon, alcohol chemical is used for hastening of ripening
6) At full maturity specific gravity of mango is 1 to 1.02
7) Asepsis is method of temporary preservation
8) Temperature below 1000C is essential for pasteurization
9) Green peas are canned in Brine solution
10) The process of removal of air from cans is known as Exhausting
11) Full slip stage is maturity indices of Muskmelon crop
12) Tenderness of pea is measured by using Tenderometer
13) At full maturity specific gravity of mango is 1 to 1.02
14) Ideal maturity indices of Banana is Angularity of fruit
15) Total soluble solid (T.S.S.) of produce measured by Refractometer
16) Computation means day from Fruit Set to maturity.
17) Coconut usually matures in about 350 to 375 days after appearance of Inflorescence.
18) Marmalade is mostly prepared from Citrus fruits.
19) CFTRI- Central Food Technological Research Institute, Kasargod
20) Solution of Sugar in water is called as Syruping.
21) In Canning the salt is used in the form of Brine Solution.
22) Removal of outer skin of fruits is called as Peeling.
23) CFB- Corrugated Fibre Board Box
24) The fundamental principle of preservation of foods by heat is known as Processing.
25) Ethyl Alcohol can be produced by fermentation.
26) Vinegar is a liquid obtained by alcoholic and acetic fermentation of suitable material
containing starch and sugar.
27) Flame Peelers are mostly used for peeling onions.
28) For natural coloured juices and pulps Sodium benzoate preservative is used.
29) As per FPO specification, percentage of TSS (W/W) in the final product of preserve should
be 68%.
30) Zero energy cool chamber is based on the principle of Direct Evaporative Cooling.
31) In Onion Neck Fall is considered as indication of maturity.
32) Wine is an Example of Fermented Fruit product.
33) CFB Boxes are used for Packaging of horticultural crops.
34) Sterilization involves complete elimination of microorganisms.
35) Cordial is sparkling clear sweetened fruit juice without any suspended material.
36) During sealing of the can, temperature should not fall below 740c

37) Vacuum Cooling is mostly used for Leafy vegetables.
38) According to ripening behaviour Guava & Pineapple are Non-Climacteric fruits.
39) Black neck is a problem of Sauce/Ketch up
40) Toddy is prepared from Coconut fruit.
41) C A Storage is a more precise method of storage.
42) 1-2% only value addition done in India.
43) Post-harvest technology / post-harvest management may be defined as the branch of
Horticulture that deals with all the operations right from harvesting or even the preharvest
stages till the commodity reaches the consumer, either in fresh (grains, apple, mango,
tomato fruits) or processed form (flour, juice, nectar, ketchup) and utilization of the wastes
(pomace, peel, seed, skin etc.) in a profitable manner (manufacture of fermented beverages,
colour extraction, pectin extraction etc.)
44) Attainment of full size by the plant organ (Root, stem ,flower, Fruit,)Or Whole plant
beyond which no further growth takes place known as maturity
45) Degreening is the process of decomposing green pigment (Chlorophyll) in fruits usually
applying ethylene or similar metabolic inducers to fruit.
46) Pre-cooling is a means of removing the field heat.
47) Waxing is accomplished to reduce the rate of respiration & to enhance the product gloss.
48) Ripening is the process by which fruits attain their desirable flavour, quality, colour,
palatable nature and other textural properties.
49) Apple, Banana, Mango, Sapota, Papaya, Tomato- Climacteric fruits.
50) Cherry, Pomegranate, cucumber, grape, Citrus, pineapple, grapefruit, strawberry,
Melons- Non Climacteric fruits.
51) Changes occurring during ripening-
Mature fruit Enzyme’s Ripe fruits
Acid Kinase Neutral
Starch Amylase Sugar
Chlorophyll Hydrolase Anthocyanin/ Xanthophyll
Pectin Pectinase Pectic acrid
Large organics Hydrolases Aromatics
52) Chemicals that delay ripening and senescence: (1) Kinetin, (2) GA, (3) Auxin, (4)
Growth retardant (MH), (5) Alar, (6) CCC. (7)CIPC. (8)Metabolic Inducers (a)
Cycloheximide, Actinomycin-D(b)Vitamin-k,(c)Maleic acid, (d)Ethylene Oxide, (e)NA-
DHA, (f)Carbon monoxide,(9) Ethylene absorbents-(a)KMno4 (b)Fumigants like methyl
bromide(c)Reactants

53) Respiration is the process by which stores fruits and vegetable or food materials
(Carbohydrates, Protein, and fats) are broken down into simple end products with a
release of energy.
54) Ethylene is a natural plant hormone that the fruit itself emits as it ripens.
55) Freezing injury will be initiated at 30°F (-1°C), depending on the soluble solids content.
56) Musk melon should be harvested at the formation of abscission layer.
57) Food preservation can be defined as the science which deals with the methods of
prevention of decay or spoilage of food, thus allowing it to be stored in a fit condition for
future use.
58) Sugar act as a preservative when its conc. 66% or more
59) Sugar act as a preservative by osmosis and not as a true poison for microorganisms.
60) The concentration of 15-25% is used for the preparation such as pickles. Salt inhibits
enzymatic browning and discolouration and also acts as an anti-oxidant.
61) 14% alcohol act as a preservative in wine because yeast.
62) 2% Acetic acid prevents spoilage of many products.
63) Decomposition of carbohydrates by microorganisms or enzymes is called as
fermentation.
64) A layer of oil on the surface of any food products anaerobic conditions which prevent
the growth of moulds and yeasts.
65) Certain metabolic products of microorganism have been found to have germicidal effects
and are termed as antibiotics.
66) Nisin is an antibiotics produced by Streptococcus lactis.
67) Subtilin is an antibiotics produced by Bacillus substilis.
68) Pimaricin is an anti-fungal antibiotics.
69) Carbonation is the process of dissolving sufficient carbon dioxide in water or beverage
so that the product served gives the gas as fine bubbles and has a characteristic taste.
70) Fruit juice beverages are generally bottled with CO2 content varies from 1 to 8gm per lit.
71) The keeping quality of carbonated fruit beverages is enhanced by adding about 0.005
percent Sodium benzoate
72) As per FPO, Sulphur dioxide allowed in the fruit juice is 700 ppm, in squash, crush and
cordial 350 ppm, and RTS and nectar 100 ppm.

73) As per FPO, Sodium benzoate allowed in the squash, crush and cordial 60 ppm, and RTS
and nectar 100 ppm.
74) For preserving natural coloring juices Sodium benzoate is used as a preservatives.
75) Principle of canning- Destruction of spoilage organisms within the sealed container by
means of heat.
76) Lye peeling- 1-2% Caustic soda solution for 30 sec to 2 min.
77) Flame peeling- Onion Garlic
78) Unfermented fruit beverage- fruit juice which do not undergo with alcoholic
fermentation. RTS, Nectar, Juice, squash, crush, syrup, Cordial.
79) Fermented fruit beverage- fruit juice which undergone with alcoholic fermentation. Wine,
Champagne, Port, Perry, Sherry, Tokay, Muscat, Nira, Cidar, Perry.
80) Tendrometer- Tenderness of pea.
Sr. No. Name of product Fruit % TSS % Acid%
1 Natural juice 100 - -
2 Sweetened juice 85 10 -
3 RTS(Ready To Serve) 10 10 0.3
4 Commercial RTS 10 13 0.3
5 Nectar 20 15 0.3
6 Orange, Pineapple nectar 40 15 0.3
7 Cordial 25 30 1.3-1.5
8 Squash 25 40-50 1
9 Crush 35 55 1
10 Syrup (fruit) 25 65 1.3-1.5
11 Syrup (Synthetic) - 70-75 1.3-1.5
12 Jam 45 68 0.5-0.6
13 Jelly 45 65 0.5-0.75
14 Marmalade 45 65 -
15 Preserve 55 68 -
16 Candy 55 75 -
17 Fruit chutney 40 50 -
18 Barley water (0.25% Barley 25 30 1.3-1.5
starch)
19 Tomato ketch up 12 28 -
20 Tomato sauce 12 30 -

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1. Per Unit Yields are High

2. High Net Profits

Following table illustrates the yielding ability of crops.

3. Source of Raw Material for the Agro Based Industries

4. Efficient Utilization of Resources

5. Utilization of Waste and Barren Lands for Production

6. Ability of Earning Foreign Exchange

7. One Time Capital Investment:

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IMPORTANCE OF FRUIT AS FOOD

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D: Fruits have Medicinal Value:

SCOPE OF FRUIT PRODUCTION

1. Need to Increase Production to Meet Dietary Requirements:

2. Increasing Irrigation Facilities in Maharashtra

3. Scope for Increasing Area Under Dry Land Fruits

4. Increasing Urbanization and Change in Food Habits

5. Increased Transport Facilities

6. Increasing in Cold Storage Facilities and Pre- Cooling Center

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7. Scope for Agro- Based Industries

8. Development of New Techniques

9. Evaluation of New High Yielding Varieties and Introduction of New Crops

10. Availability of Loan Facilities

11. Government Incentive

12. Scope for Export of Fruits

13. Availability of cheap labor

14. Very high production of fruits

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IMPORTANCE OF PLANTATION CROPS

The Economic Importance of these Crops are

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B.N.:-Mangifera indica L. Family:- Anacardaceae Origin :- Indo-Burma region

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Preparation of pits and planting:-

Pruning and training

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Control of biennial bearing problem

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Propagation:- vegetatively propagated.

Sword suckers are best.

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AS (N) (g) SSP (P2O5) (g) MP (K2O) (g)

For more improvement 2% urea can be sprayed.

Economic life of plant is 2-3 years.

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Varieties :- Kagzi lime, Vikram (Ms), Pramalini (Ms)

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Intercropping :- During first 2 to 3 years, vegetable crops.

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Manures & Fertilizers:

Intercropping: Vegetable crops, Banana, Papaya and pulses etc.

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Intercropping – Pulses & vegetable crops during rainy season.

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