Effects of Simulated Human Gastrointestinal Digestion of Two Purple-Fleshed Potato Cultivars on Anthocyanin Composition and Cytotoxicity in Colonic Cancer and Non-Tumorigenic Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. Computer Controlled Dynamic Human Gastrointestinal Model
2.3. LC-ESI-TOF-MS Analysis
2.4. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power Assay
2.5. Cytotoxic Effects of FW with and without Purple Potato Digests on Caco-2 and CCD112-CoN Cells
3. Results
3.1. Anthocyanins in Digested Amachi and Leona Cultivars
3.2. Antioxidant Activity
3.3. Cytotoxicity and Cell Viability in Caco-2 and CCD-112CoN Cells
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Measured Accurate Mass | Amachi | Leona | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(m/z) 2 | Proposed Compound 3 | RT | V1 | V2 | V3 | V4 | V5 | V1 | V2 | V3 | V4 | V5 |
287.06 | Cyanidin 4 | 3.1 | 0.38 | - | - | - | - | 0.40 | - | - | 0.31 | 0.48 |
301.03 | Peonidin 5 | 4.8 | 0.47 | - | 0.35 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
433.11 | Pelargonidin 3-glucoside | 18 | - | - | - | 0.06 | 0.17 | - | - | 0.05 | 0.13 | 0.25 |
463.12 | Petunidin 3-rhamnoside | 18 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.16 |
583.14 | Peonidin 3-p-hydroxybenzoyl-glucoside | 5 | 0.16 | - | - | - | - | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.22 | - |
610.16 | Pelargonidin 3-feruloyl-glucoside | 15 | 0.12 | - | - | - | - | 0.31 | 0.20 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.04 |
611.14 | Cyanidin 3-(6-caffeoyl-glucoside) | 15 | - | - | 0.17 | - | - | - | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
611.16 | Cyanidin 3-sophoroside | 15 | - | 0.10 | 0.15 | - | - | - | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.07 |
612.14 | Peonidin 3-(6-p-coumaroyl-glucoside) | 3.6 | - | - | 0.09 | - | - | 0.09 | 0.07 | - | - | - |
625.15 | Peonidin 3-(6-caffeoyl-glucoside) | 13 | 2.3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
625.17 | Petunidin 3-rutinoside | 13 | 2.6 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
731.16 | Cyanidin 3-(6-caffeoyl-6-p-hydroxybenzoyl-glucoside) | 10 | 3.53 | - | 0.62 | - | - | 0.96 | - | - | - | - |
731.18 | Cyanidin 3-p-hydroxybenzoyl-sophoroside | 10 | 3.20 | - | 1.14 | - | - | 0.96 | - | - | - | - |
757.19 | Cyanidin 3-p-coumaroyl-sophoroside | 7 | 0.26 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
757.21 | Pelargonidin 3-sophoroside-5-glucoside | 7 | 0.28 | - | - | - | - | 0.07 | - | - | - | - |
771.21 | Peonidin 3-(6”-p-coumaryl-sophoroside) | 9 | 1.14 | - | - | - | - | 0.16 | - | 0.08 | - | - |
773.19 | Cyanidin 3-(6”-caffeoyl-sophoroside) | 15 | - | - | 0.53 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
773.21 | Cyanidin 3-sophoroside-5-glucoside | 7 | - | - | - | 1.11 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
787.20 | Peonidin 3-(6″-caffeoyl-sophoroside) | 7.7 | 4.55 | - | - | 0.23 | - | 0.26 | - | - | - | - |
787.22 | Petunidin 3-rutinoside-5-glucoside | 7.7 | 6.12 | - | - | 0.34 | - | 0.26 | - | - | - | - |
801.20 | Peonidin 3-caffeoyl-feruloyl-glucoside | 10 | 0.22 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
801.22 | Peonidin 3-(6”-feruloyl-sophoroside) | 10 | 0.30 | 0.07 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
893.21 | Cyanidin 3-(6”-caffeoyl-6”-p-hydroxybenzoyl-sophoroside) | 11 | - | - | 0.39 | 0.08 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
893.23 | Cyanidin 3-p-hydroxybenzoyl-sophoroside-5-glucoside | 11 | - | - | 0.39 | 0.07 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
903.23 | Cyanidin 3-(6’,6”-dicoumaroyl-sophoroside) | 20 | 2.20 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
907.22 | Peonidin 3-caffeoyl-p-hydroxybenzoyl-sophoroside | 13 | - | - | 0.04 | 0.02 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
907.25 | Peonidin 3-p-hydroxybenzoyl-sophoroside-5-glucoside | 20 | - | - | 0.02 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
917.27 | Peonidin 3-p-coumaroyl-rutinoside-5-glucoside | 22 | 16.42 | - | - | - | - | 0.06 | - | - | - | - |
919.25 | Cyanidin 3-p-coumaroyl-sophoroside-5-glucoside | 18 | 2.53 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
920.23 | Cyanidin 3-caffeoyl-p-coumaroyl-sophoroside | 18 | 1.11 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
931.25 | Cyanidin 3-feruloyl-sophoroside-5-glucoside | 20 | 0.09 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
933.26 | Petunidin 3-p-coumaroyl-rutinoside-5-glucoside | 20 | 132.79 | 0.40 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.13 | - | 0.04 | 0.26 |
949.23 | Peonidin 3-dicaffeoyl-sophoroside | 18 | 3.64 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
949.26 | Peonidin 3-(6″′-caffeoyl-sophoroside)-5-glucoside | 18 | 3.47 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
963.25 | Peonidin 3-caffeoyl-feruloyl-sophoroside | 20 | 4.39 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
963.27 | Peonidin 3-(6”-feruloyl-sophoroside)-5-glucoside | 20 | 4.45 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Total Anthocyanins Measured | 196.72 | 0.57 | 3.96 | 1.92 | 0.19 | 3.75 | 0.75 | 0.47 | 0.97 | 1.3 |
Dose | Anthocyanin Concentration (mg/L Cyanidin 3-Rutinoside Equivalents) | |
---|---|---|
% FW in Cell Culture Media | Cv. Amachi | Cv. Leona |
0% | 0 | 0 |
10% | 0.203 | 0.091 |
25% | 0.507 | 0.228 |
50% | 1.013 | 0.457 |
75% | 1.520 | 0.685 |
100% | 2.027 | 0.913 |
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Kubow, S.; Iskandar, M.M.; Melgar-Bermudez, E.; Sleno, L.; Sabally, K.; Azadi, B.; How, E.; Prakash, S.; Burgos, G.; Felde, T.z. Effects of Simulated Human Gastrointestinal Digestion of Two Purple-Fleshed Potato Cultivars on Anthocyanin Composition and Cytotoxicity in Colonic Cancer and Non-Tumorigenic Cells. Nutrients 2017, 9, 953. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090953
Kubow S, Iskandar MM, Melgar-Bermudez E, Sleno L, Sabally K, Azadi B, How E, Prakash S, Burgos G, Felde Tz. Effects of Simulated Human Gastrointestinal Digestion of Two Purple-Fleshed Potato Cultivars on Anthocyanin Composition and Cytotoxicity in Colonic Cancer and Non-Tumorigenic Cells. Nutrients. 2017; 9(9):953. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090953
Chicago/Turabian StyleKubow, Stan, Michèle M. Iskandar, Emiliano Melgar-Bermudez, Lekha Sleno, Kebba Sabally, Behnam Azadi, Emily How, Satya Prakash, Gabriela Burgos, and Thomas zum Felde. 2017. "Effects of Simulated Human Gastrointestinal Digestion of Two Purple-Fleshed Potato Cultivars on Anthocyanin Composition and Cytotoxicity in Colonic Cancer and Non-Tumorigenic Cells" Nutrients 9, no. 9: 953. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090953