Combinational Variation Temperature and Soil Water Response of Stomata and Biomass Production in Maize, Millet, Sorghum and Rice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Experiment 1
2.1.1. Soil Control and Atmospheric Environment
2.1.2. The Correlation between Soil Moisture Status and Shoot Biomass, LA, and gs
2.2. Experiment 2
2.2.1. Crop Response to a Combination of Soil Moisture Status and Temperature on Shoot Biomass, LA, and Gas Exchange
2.2.2. Changing of Gas Exchange
2.2.3. Correlation between gs, A, and E and Influence of Atmospheric Environment and gs on Shoot Biomass
3. Discussion
3.1. The gs Responses to Soil Moisture Status and Environmental Influence on Biomass Production
3.2. A Plant’s Ability to Maintain Gas Exchange Is Important for Maintaining the Biomass Production
3.3. The Influence of Soil Moisture Content, Air Temperature and gs on Shoot Biomass of Each Crop
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Seedling Preparation
4.2. Experiment 1: Four Crops on Nine Different Water Conditions
4.2.1. Experimental Site
4.2.2. Treatment
4.2.3. Soil moisture Content, Leaf Area, Shoot Biomass, and gs
4.3. Experiment 2: The Effect of Soil Water Statuses and Temperature Combination on Four Crops
4.3.1. Experimental Site and Growing Media Preparation
4.3.2. Method and Treatment
4.3.3. Shoot Biomass, LA, A, gs, and E
4.4. Data Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Source of Variation | Shoot Biomass | Leaf Area | A | gs | E | WUE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crops | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Soil water status (SWS) | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
Crops × soil water status | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
Maize | Sorghum | Millet | Rice | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Equation | Variation | β | t-Value | Adjusted R2 | p-Value | Equation | β | t-value | Adjusted R2 | p-Value | Equation | β | t-Value | Adjusted R2 | p-Value | Equation | β | t-Value | Adjusted R2 | p-Value |
(1) | Intercept | 5.71 | 2.906 | 0.658 | 0.000 | (2) | 0.947 | 1.351 | 0.759 | 0.000 | (3) | −9.832 | −3.072 | 0.492 | 0.006 | (4) | 0.556 | 1.794 | 0.262 | 0.066 |
Temp | 0.071 | 0.983 | 0.163 | 4.875 | 0.455 | 2.514 | −0.006 | −0.567 | ||||||||||||
SMC | −0.171 | −3.271 | −0.085 | −4.602 | 0.208 | 2.126 | −0.008 | −0.896 | ||||||||||||
gs | 0.012 | 1.877 | −0.005 | −1.293 | −0.016 | −0.750 | 0.001 | 2.231 |
No. | Abbreviation | Soil Water Statuses (Treatments) |
---|---|---|
1 | WL | Low position of sub-wet soil conditions (waterlogging) |
2 | WM | Middle position of sub-wet soil conditions |
3 | WH | High position of sub-wet soil conditions |
4 | ML | Low position of sub-moderate soil conditions |
5 | MM | Middle position of sub-moderate soil conditions |
6 | MH | High position of sub-moderate soil conditions |
7 | DL | Low position of sub-dry soil conditions |
8 | DM | Middle position of sub-dry soil conditions |
9 | DH | High position of sub-dry soil conditions (severe dry soil) |
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Khanthavong, P.; Yabuta, S.; Malik, A.I.; Hossain, M.A.; Akagi, I.; Sakagami, J.-I. Combinational Variation Temperature and Soil Water Response of Stomata and Biomass Production in Maize, Millet, Sorghum and Rice. Plants 2022, 11, 1039. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11081039
Khanthavong P, Yabuta S, Malik AI, Hossain MA, Akagi I, Sakagami J-I. Combinational Variation Temperature and Soil Water Response of Stomata and Biomass Production in Maize, Millet, Sorghum and Rice. Plants. 2022; 11(8):1039. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11081039
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhanthavong, Phanthasin, Shin Yabuta, Al Imran Malik, Md Amzad Hossain, Isao Akagi, and Jun-Ichi Sakagami. 2022. "Combinational Variation Temperature and Soil Water Response of Stomata and Biomass Production in Maize, Millet, Sorghum and Rice" Plants 11, no. 8: 1039. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11081039