Journal of Clinical Medicine

Research

14 pages, 1330 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Parental Knowledge and Its Impact on Nutrition and Oral Health Habits in Children: A Cognitive Investigation

by Fabrizio Guerra, Giulia Zumbo, Lucia Straccamore, Laura Sansotta, Claudio Stamegna, Roberta Iacono, Denise Corridore and Iole Vozza

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(18), 5631; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13185631 - 23 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: The correlation between the intake of certain nutrients and the development of oral pathologies has been demonstrated by several studies. The objective of this epidemiological investigation was to evaluate parents’ knowledge and awareness of children’s nutrition starting from the early stages [...] Read more.

Background: The correlation between the intake of certain nutrients and the development of oral pathologies has been demonstrated by several studies. The objective of this epidemiological investigation was to evaluate parents’ knowledge and awareness of children’s nutrition starting from the early stages of childhood. Methods: A questionnaire with 35 questions was handed over to 120 parents of infants aged 4 to 24 months. Among these, 20 questionnaires were excluded because they were incomplete; hence, the final sample analyzed consisted of 100 questionnaires. The outcome of this study revealed that the parents are well aware of many common topics, but their knowledge regarding specific prevention measures, i.e., the use of systemic fluoride as per the international guidelines, needs proper attention. Results: and Conclusions: After analyzing all the collected data, it is possible to conclude that prevention is the best investment to avoid the onset of the carious pathology, which can be possible through parental education, for example, by raising awareness among expectant mothers, through different actions in the territory. However, further research is needed as this study has some limitations and the convenience sample is hospital-based and not effectively representative of the whole population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Management of Oral Healthcare in Diverse Patient Populations)

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18 pages, 3616 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Dental Findings with Computed Tomographic and Clinical Examination in Patients with End-Stage Heart Failure

by Cordula Leonie Merle, Julia Gocke, Patrick Seitz, Matthias Gutberlet, Diyar Saeed, Rainer Haak, Dirk Ziebolz, Robin Fabian Gohmann and Gerhard Schmalz

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(18), 5406; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13185406 - 12 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of pre-existing computed tomography (CT) examinations for the detection of dental pathologies compared with clinical dental examination in patients with end-stage heart failure. Methods: For this purpose, 59 patients with end-stage heart [...] Read more.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of pre-existing computed tomography (CT) examinations for the detection of dental pathologies compared with clinical dental examination in patients with end-stage heart failure. Methods: For this purpose, 59 patients with end-stage heart failure and pre-existing non-dental CT images of the craniofacial region were included. Virtual orthopantomograms (vOPG) were reconstructed. Dental pathologies were analyzed in vOPG and source-CT images. Imaging and clinical findings less than 6 months apart were compared (n = 24). Results: The subjective image quality of vOPG was more often rated as insufficient than CT (66%; 20%; p < 0.01). Depending on examination (CT, vOPG or clinic), between 33% and 92% of the patients could require dental intervention such as treatment of caries and periodontitis or tooth extraction. vOPG led to a higher (80%) prevalence of teeth requiring treatment than CT (39%; p < 0.01). The prevalence of teeth requiring treatment was similar in CT (29%) and clinic (29%; p = 1.00) but higher in vOPG (63%; p < 0.01). CT (stage 3 or 4: 42%) and vOPG (38%) underestimated the stage of periodontitis (clinic: 75%; p < 0.01). Conclusions: In conclusion, available CT images including the craniofacial region from patients with end-stage heart failure may contain valuable information regarding oral health status. The assessability of vOPGs might be insufficient and must be interpreted with caution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Management of Oral Healthcare in Diverse Patient Populations)

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12 pages, 1030 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Do Preventive Programs Reduce the Need for New Sedations for the Treatment of Oral Pathologies in Healthy and Special Health Care Needs Children?

by Inmaculada Gómez-Ríos, Clara Serna-Muñoz, Amparo Pérez-Silva, Yolanda Martínez-Beneyto, Gabriele Di Carlo and Antonio José Ortiz-Ruiz

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(18), 5366; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13185366 - 10 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: The goal is to analyze the need for reinterventions under deep sedation to treat oral pathologies in a population of children with special health care needs (SHCNs) and healthy children who followed a prevention program and to study the influence of parental [...] Read more.

Background: The goal is to analyze the need for reinterventions under deep sedation to treat oral pathologies in a population of children with special health care needs (SHCNs) and healthy children who followed a prevention program and to study the influence of parental motivation and child collaboration on the need for reinterventions under deep sedation. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out in a private clinic in Cartagena (Murcia, Spain), with patients treated under deep sedation from 2006 to 2018, both years included, following the Strobe statement. Results: In this study with 230 children who were treated under deep sedation, 23.92% underwent two or more sedations. The mean time elapsed between the first and the second sedations was 21.64 ± 15.87 months, and the main cause for reinterventions was the occurrence of new pathologies. Significantly more pulp treatments were performed in the first sedation than in the second (p = 0.013) and in the third (p = 0.007). Healthy children required fewer reinterventions under deep sedation than children with special needs (6.42% vs. 39.67%). Similarly, patients who followed the preventive program and required some type of dental treatment were reoperated fewer times than those who did not follow the preventive program (35.8 vs. 50%); than “cooperative” children as opposed to “non-cooperative” (12.12% vs. 60.93%) and than patients with “motivated” parents as opposed to those with “non-motivated” parents (20.83% vs. 46.34%). A total of 50% of the children who participated in the preventive program became “cooperative”, and 100% were able to receive some treatment in the dental chair. Conclusions: Prevention programs, including motivational interviewing, are essential to improve children’s behavior in the dental chair and reduce the need for reinterventions under general anesthesia or deep sedation. Although patients with special needs do require more sedation during their lifetime due to their inability to cooperate, these programs are necessary for the maintenance of oral health status and for the early diagnosis of caries lesions. Pediatric dentists should implement a quarterly preventive program because it improves patient collaboration. It is essential to achieve the motivation of parents in the oral care of their children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Management of Oral Healthcare in Diverse Patient Populations)

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19 pages, 3732 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) Dental Panoramic Radiograph (DPR) Analysis: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Natalia Turosz, Kamila Chęcińska, Maciej Chęciński, Iwo Rutański, Marcin Sielski and Maciej Sikora

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(13), 3686; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13133686 - 25 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 996

Abstract

Background: The application of artificial intelligence (AI) is gaining popularity in modern dentistry. AI has been successfully used to interpret dental panoramic radiographs (DPRs) and quickly screen large groups of patients. This cross-sectional study aimed to perform a population-based assessment of the oral [...] Read more.

Background: The application of artificial intelligence (AI) is gaining popularity in modern dentistry. AI has been successfully used to interpret dental panoramic radiographs (DPRs) and quickly screen large groups of patients. This cross-sectional study aimed to perform a population-based assessment of the oral health status and treatment needs of the residents of Kielce, Poland, and the surrounding area based on DPR analysis performed by a high-accuracy AI algorithm trained with over 250,000 radiographs. Methods: This study included adults who had a panoramic radiograph performed, regardless of indications. The following diagnoses were used for analysis: (1) dental caries, (2) missing tooth, (3) dental filling, (4) root canal filling, (5) endodontic lesion, (6) implant, (7) implant abutment crown, (8) pontic crown, (9) dental abutment crown, and (10) sound tooth. The study sample included 980 subjects. Results: The patients had an average of 15 sound teeth, with the domination of the lower dental arch over the upper one. The most commonly identified pathology was dental caries, which affected 99% of participants. A total of 67% of patients underwent root canal treatment. Every fifth endodontically treated tooth presented a periapical lesion. Of study group members, 82% lost at least one tooth. Pontics were identified more often (9%) than implants (2%) in replacing missing teeth. Conclusions: DPR assessment by AI has proven to be an efficient method for population analysis. Despite recent improvements in the oral health status of Polish residents, its level is still unsatisfactory and suggests the need to improve oral health. However, due to some limitations of this study, the results should be interpreted with caution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Management of Oral Healthcare in Diverse Patient Populations)

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16 pages, 4789 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Correlation between Depth of the Curve of Spee and Some Specific Malocclusion Characteristics in a Population from Sibiu County, Romania—A Cross-Sectional Study

by Vasile Calin Arcas, Ioan Andrei Tig, Doru Florian Cornel Moga, Alexandra Lavinia Vlad, Adriana Saceleanu and Anca Maria Fratila

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(10), 2750; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13102750 - 7 May 2024

Viewed by 1145

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the Curve of Spee (COS) depth and malocclusion characteristics in a population from Sibiu County, Romania. The research sought to understand how the COS’s anatomical dimensions correlate with different classes of malocclusion and the [...] Read more.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the Curve of Spee (COS) depth and malocclusion characteristics in a population from Sibiu County, Romania. The research sought to understand how the COS’s anatomical dimensions correlate with different classes of malocclusion and the position of the frontal teeth. Methods: A total of 265 participants from the Dentistry Ambulatory of the Military Hospital of Sibiu were included in this study. It employed digital intraoral scanning technology to measure the COS, overjet, and overbite, with malocclusion classification. Statistical analyses, including correlation and regression, were conducted to examine the relationships between COS depth, frontal teeth position, and malocclusion characteristics. Results: The average COS depth measured was 1.0564 mm, presenting variability when compared to existing literature. Most of the study participants had Class I malocclusion. A significant positive correlation between COS depth and overjet was identified, with no notable gender-based differences in these occlusal parameters. Conclusions: The findings affirm the integral role of COS in occlusal dynamics and malocclusion diagnosis. The COS measurement of a mean of 1.0564 mm, when compared to other results emphasizes the differences in occlusal curvature among various populations. The results contribute to a refined understanding of occlusal relationships, supporting the need for personalized orthodontic and prosthetic treatments based on precise anatomical measurements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Management of Oral Healthcare in Diverse Patient Populations)

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9 pages, 845 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Orthodontic Pain and Dietary Impact Considering Age Groups: A Comparative Study

by Bianca-Maria Negruțiu, Luminița Ligia Vaida, Claudia Judea-Pusta, Cristian Romanec, Abel Emanuel Moca, Cristina Paula Costea, Claudia-Elena Staniș and Marius Rus

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(4), 1069; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13041069 - 14 Feb 2024

Viewed by 770

Abstract

(1) Background: orthodontic treatment can frequently be associated with discomfort and pain, a significant factor contributing to treatment discontinuation. (2) Methods: This study, conducted on 160 orthodontic patients across different age groups, aimed to explore the influence of age on patients’ [...] Read more.

(1) Background: orthodontic treatment can frequently be associated with discomfort and pain, a significant factor contributing to treatment discontinuation. (2) Methods: This study, conducted on 160 orthodontic patients across different age groups, aimed to explore the influence of age on patients’ responses to treatment, particularly regarding changes in dietary patterns and weight loss. The patients were categorized into three age groups and assessed through a questionnaire about pain perception, pain latency, dietary changes, and weight loss associated with orthodontic appliances. (3) Results: Younger patients (6–12 years) reported lower pain levels, shorter pain latency and fewer alterations in dietary habits compared to adults (over 18 years). Females over 18 represented a significant portion of the sample, suggesting a self-driven inclination towards orthodontic treatment for aesthetic reasons. Fixed orthodontic appliances induced more significant pain than removable ones. Adults experienced more changes in dietary habits and weight loss than younger individuals. (4) Conclusions: the results provide valuable insights for orthodontic practitioners aiming to mitigate adverse effects and improve overall patient experience during treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Management of Oral Healthcare in Diverse Patient Populations)

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11 pages, 4437 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dental Treatment Needs of Male Inmates in Relation to the Analysis of Medical Databases

by Rafał Korkosz, Agata Trzcionka, Dagmara Mączkowiak, Maksymilian Kiełbratowski, Anna Kuśka-Kiełbratowska, Mansur Rahnama and Marta Tanasiewicz

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(3), 858; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13030858 - 1 Feb 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 687

Abstract

The worldwide incarceration rate per 100,000 people varies from 30 in India, 580 in Europe, to 750 in United States. The health of prisoners is of great concern. Research in many countries has shown poor oral health conditions among prisoners, particularly reflected in [...] Read more.

The worldwide incarceration rate per 100,000 people varies from 30 in India, 580 in Europe, to 750 in United States. The health of prisoners is of great concern. Research in many countries has shown poor oral health conditions among prisoners, particularly reflected in the high number of lost and untreated decayed teeth. The aim of our study was to evaluate the quality and range in dental procedures conducted on male prisoners, based on a retrospective analysis of medical history gathered at the Academic Center of Dentistry and Specialistic Medicine of Medical University of Silesia in Bytom for the period 2018–2021, and its correlation with the results obtained from the analysis of the Web of Science (WoS) and SCOPUS medical databases. Our research was carried out on the examined group, 86 men (mean age 31 years old), and a control group, 106 men (mean age 32 years old). The retrospective analysis of the medical history was performed. Results of our own research showed the values for decayed and missing teeth were significantly higher in the examined group while the values for the filled teeth component were significantly higher in the control group. The chance for the occurrence of the radices was 2.5 times higher in the examined group than in the control. The examined group was characterized by 3.6 times higher chance of no root canal treatment than the control group. The number of the endodontically treated teeth was significantly higher in the control group. The examined group was characterized by 4.2 higher probability for periapical lesion occurrence in teeth that were not endodontically treated. The number of teeth qualified for the endodontic treatment was significantly higher in the examined group, while the number of teeth qualified for the reendow treatment was significantly higher in the control group. The probability for the occurrence of both vertical and horizontal atrophy in the alveolar process was twice and three times higher in the examined than in the control group. In conclusion, the oral status of inmates is worse when compared to those who live in freedom, which is why there is a need to prepare a scheme to improve the condition of the stomatognathic system in prisoners. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Management of Oral Healthcare in Diverse Patient Populations)

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10 pages, 806 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vertical Dentofacial Skeletal Divergency Is Not Linked with Oral Health-Related Quality of Life

by Dinis Pereira, Vanessa Machado, João Botelho, Carolina Lemos, José João Mendes and Ana Sintra Delgado

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(3), 665; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13030665 - 24 Jan 2024

Viewed by 789

Abstract

The aim of this study is to assess how vertical skeletal malocclusion affects oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among a sample of individuals comprising adolescents, young adults, and adults seeking orthodontic treatment. From January 2019 to March 2020, participants were consecutively enrolled. [...] Read more.

The aim of this study is to assess how vertical skeletal malocclusion affects oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among a sample of individuals comprising adolescents, young adults, and adults seeking orthodontic treatment. From January 2019 to March 2020, participants were consecutively enrolled. The assessment of OHRQoL involved measurement using the oral health impact profile (OHIP-14). Lateral cephalograms were performed to measure the vertical skeletal divergency with four cephalometric measurements. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed. The Mann–Whitney test was applied to compare OHRQoL scores according to the vertical dimension category. The mean age of the participants ranged between 30.3 ± 14.9 and 29.9 ± 14.4 and there was a majority of female participants, between 64.1% and 65.9%. There were no statistically significant differences observed between hyperdivergent and normodivergent groups in either the total score or any domain of the OHIP-14 questionnaire. Individuals with hyperdivergent facial morphology did not show a reduced OHRQoL compared with a normodivergent facial type. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Management of Oral Healthcare in Diverse Patient Populations)

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9 pages, 882 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Validity of a Mobile Application to Diagnose Temporomandibular Disorders

by Yoo-Ree Hong, Na-Kyung Hwangbo, Alec-Hyung Kim and Seong-Taek Kim

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(22), 7193; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12227193 - 20 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1521

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of a mobile application by comparing its diagnoses to those of Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine specialists and further imaging results (CBCT and MRI) in 500 patients with temporomandibular disorder (TMD). The research focused on [...] Read more.

This study aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of a mobile application by comparing its diagnoses to those of Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine specialists and further imaging results (CBCT and MRI) in 500 patients with temporomandibular disorder (TMD). The research focused on three diagnostic categories: the initial specialist diagnoses, the final diagnoses after imaging, and the mobile app’s diagnoses. The concordance rates, sensitivities, specificities, and positive predictive values of the diagnoses were examined, with further imaging serving as the gold standard. The mobile app demonstrated a high concordance rate compared to both the final (0.93) and the initial specialists’ diagnoses (0.86). The sensitivities, specificities, and positive predictive values also indicated strong reliability, affirming the app’s diagnostic validity. Although the concordance rate was slightly lower when comparing the app’s diagnoses to the imaging results (CBCT and MRI), the specialists’ diagnoses yielded similar results. The study suggests that user-friendly diagnostic mobile applications, based on the diagnostic criteria for TMD, could enhance the clinical management of TMD. Given the reliability of mobile applications for diagnostic purposes, their wider implementation could facilitate the provision of appropriate and timely treatments for patients with TMD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Management of Oral Healthcare in Diverse Patient Populations)

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14 pages, 4057 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oil Pulling and Polyphenols: Treatment of Gingivitis Patients with ‘Itri Extra-Virgin Olive Oil’

by Giulia Zumbo, Denise Corridore, Samantha Sciscione, Claudio Stamegna, Fabrizio Guerra, Antonella Polimeni and Iole Vozza

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(16), 5256; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12165256 - 12 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1724

Abstract

Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of extra virgin olive (EVO) oil and fruity oil for the treatment of gingivitis. Materials and Methods: A sample of 75 patients over 18 years of age with gingivitis induced by plaque [...] Read more.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of extra virgin olive (EVO) oil and fruity oil for the treatment of gingivitis. Materials and Methods: A sample of 75 patients over 18 years of age with gingivitis induced by plaque bacteria was divided into three groups: study group A, with extra virgin olive oil; study group B, with fruity oil; and control group C. In the two study groups, EVO oil was administered as a mouthwash to patients with gingival inflammation. The protocol included a daily application of the product for 30 days, with three recalls 15 days apart. Clinical parameters of plaque formation and gingivitis, including plaque index (PI) and bleeding index (BI), were assessed at each recall and scored on a specific periodontal chart. The control group received no mouthwash treatment in addition to normal daily oral hygiene procedures, and the same clinical parameters as the study group were evaluated. Data were evaluated using SPSS 27.0 software for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Then, the pre- and post-treatment values of the groups were compared using Student’s t-test, setting p < 0.05 as the significance level. Results: Comparison of the three groups showed that extra-virgin olive oil was an adjuvant in the treatment of gingival inflammation, improving PI and BI. In group A, the mean plaque index showed a 48% reduction, and the bleeding index showed a 64% reduction after 30 days. In group B, the mean plaque index showed a 35% reduction and a bleeding index reduction of 43% after 30 days. Conclusions: The collected data showed significant improvements in the formation of bacterial plaque and gingivitis. The exact mechanism of such treatment is still to be elucidated. As a result of this, further studies with a different sample of patients than those used and a comparison with other products need to be addressed to verify and demonstrate the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of the components of this natural product. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Management of Oral Healthcare in Diverse Patient Populations)

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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

34 pages, 806 KiB

Open AccessReview

Oral Diseases as a Manifestation of Inborn Errors of Immunity

by Katarzyna Napiórkowska-Baran, Samira Darwish, Justyna Kaczor, Paweł Treichel, Bartłomiej Szymczak, Maciej Szota, Kinga Koperska and Zbigniew Bartuzi

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(17), 5079; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13175079 - 27 Aug 2024

Viewed by 360

Abstract

Oral findings such as inflammation, ulcerations, or lesions can indicate serious systemic diseases and should prompt suspicion of acquired chronic conditions or inborn errors of immunity (IEIs). Currently, there are approximately 500 disease entities classified as IEIs, with the list expanding annually. The [...] Read more.

Oral findings such as inflammation, ulcerations, or lesions can indicate serious systemic diseases and should prompt suspicion of acquired chronic conditions or inborn errors of immunity (IEIs). Currently, there are approximately 500 disease entities classified as IEIs, with the list expanding annually. The awareness of the existence of such conditions is of paramount importance, as patients with these disorders frequently necessitate the utilization of enhanced diagnostic techniques. This is exemplified by patients with impaired antibody production, in whom conventional serological methods may prove to be undiagnostic. Patients with IEI may require distinct therapeutic approaches or antimicrobial prophylaxis throughout their lives. An accurate diagnosis and, more importantly, early identification of patients with immune deficiencies is crucial to ensure the quality and longevity of their lives. It is important to note that the failure to establish a proper diagnosis or to provide adequate treatment could also have legal implications for medical professionals. The article presents IEIs, which may manifest in the oral cavity, and their diagnosis alongside therapeutic procedures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Management of Oral Healthcare in Diverse Patient Populations)

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12 pages, 752 KiB

Open AccessReview

Class 3 Obesity and Oral Health in Adults: A Scoping Review of the Challenges for Oral Healthcare Services

by Zanab Malik, Woosung Sohn and Kathryn Williams

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(13), 3856; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13133856 - 30 Jun 2024

Viewed by 527

Abstract

Background: Obesity is one of the most neglected public health problems affecting both developed and developing countries. The most clinically severe obesity (Class 3 obesity) has both clinical and service delivery implications on dental services. However, associations between Class 3 obesity and [...] Read more.

Background: Obesity is one of the most neglected public health problems affecting both developed and developing countries. The most clinically severe obesity (Class 3 obesity) has both clinical and service delivery implications on dental services. However, associations between Class 3 obesity and oral health are minimally explored in the literature and thus poorly understood. Aims: This scoping review aimed to explore the existing evidence on Class 3 obesity and oral health. Methods: A literature search was performed via Medline, Scopus, Google scholar and Embase research databases. Results: A total of 375 papers were sourced from the database search. Twenty seven full-text papers were included in the final literature review. Results revealed findings from both quantitative and qualitative studies. Papers included results pertaining to associations with dental disease, oral health and associated behaviours, oral health-related quality of life and the barriers experienced by adults with Class 3 obesity in accessing dental services. Conclusions: While mixed findings were identified, this scoping review reports associations between Class 3 obesity and poor oral health across various domains including clinical parameters and oral health related quality of life. The literature has also highlighted important barriers to dental care in those with the most severe Class 3 obesity. Based upon our findings, we have summarised current oral health management implications and directions for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Management of Oral Healthcare in Diverse Patient Populations)

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15 pages, 2275 KiB

Open AccessReview

Analogies between HPV Behavior in Oral and Vaginal Cavity: Narrative Review on the Current Evidence in the Literature

by Miriam Dellino, Grazia Pinto, Antonio D’Amato, Francesco Barbara, Francesco Di Gennaro, Annalisa Saracino, Antonio Simone Laganà, Antonella Vimercati, Antonio Malvasi, Vito Maurizio Malvasi, Ettore Cicinelli, Amerigo Vitagliano, Eliano Cascardi and Vincenzo Pinto

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(5), 1429; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13051429 - 1 Mar 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2293

Abstract

Human genital papilloma virus infection is the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection in the world. It is estimated that more than 75% of sexually active women contract this infection in their lifetime. In 80% of young women, there is the clearance of the [...] Read more.

Human genital papilloma virus infection is the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection in the world. It is estimated that more than 75% of sexually active women contract this infection in their lifetime. In 80% of young women, there is the clearance of the virus within 18–24 months. In developed countries, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is now the most frequent human papilloma virus (HPV)-related cancer, having surpassed cervical cancer, and it is predicted that by 2030 most squamous cell carcinomas will be the HPV-related rather than non-HPV-related form. However, there are currently no screening programs for oral cavity infection. While the natural history of HPV infection in the cervix is well known, in the oropharynx, it is not entirely clear. Furthermore, the prevalence of HPV in the oropharynx is unknown. Published studies have found wide-ranging prevalence estimates of 2.6% to 50%. There are also conflicting results regarding the percentage of women presenting the same type of HPV at two mucosal sites, ranging from 0 to 60%. Additionally, the question arises as to whether oral infection can develop from genital HPV infection, through oral and genital contact or by self-inoculation, or whether it should be considered an independent event. However, there is still no consensus on these topics, nor on the relationship between genital and oral HPV infections. Therefore, this literature review aims to evaluate whether there is evidence of a connection between oral and cervical HPV, while also endorsing the usefulness of the screening of oral infection in patients with high-risk cervical HPV as a means of facilitating the diagnosis and early management of HPV-related oral lesions. Finally, this review emphasizes the recommendation for the use of the HPV vaccines in primary prevention in the male and female population as the most effective means of successfully counteracting the increasing incidence of OSCC to date. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Management of Oral Healthcare in Diverse Patient Populations)

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Other

Jump to: Research, Review

13 pages, 2480 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Relationship between Oral Lichen Planus and Cardiovascular Disease of Atherosclerotic Origin: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Beatriz Gonzalez Navarro, Sonia Egido Moreno, Carlos Omaña Cepeda, Albert Estrugo Devesa, Enric Jane Salas and Jose Lopez Lopez

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(16), 4630; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164630 - 7 Aug 2024

Viewed by 531

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of the oral mucosa that affects between 0.5% and 2% of the general population. In the last decade, several studies have associated cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) with some inflammatory skin diseases such [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of the oral mucosa that affects between 0.5% and 2% of the general population. In the last decade, several studies have associated cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) with some inflammatory skin diseases such as oral lichen planus, demonstrating the presence of dyslipidemia in these pathologies. The objective of this work is to review whether patients with OLP show higher dyslipidemia and CRP levels compared to a healthy control population without OLP. Methods: Searches were carried out in Medline, Scopus, and Cochrane. The studies had to perform a histopathological diagnosis for OLP and the patients could not take any medication to treat this disorder. Non-lichenoid reactions were included. Results: After an initial search that provided us with 254 papers, this number was reduced to 10 articles after a detailed evaluation. All of them were case–control studies that compared the presence of analytical cardiovascular risk factors in patients affected by OLP and in healthy subjects. Conclusions: There is no scientific evidence of the possible association between OLP and CVDs. The only association we can prove is the one between OPL and CVD risk factors, especially those related to the lipid profile. More studies are needed in order to evaluate this relationship in patients diagnosed with CVDs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Management of Oral Healthcare in Diverse Patient Populations)

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11 pages, 495 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Oral Findings in Male Prisoners: A Systematic Review

by Rafał Korkosz, Agata Trzcionka, Tomasz Hildebrandt, Maksymilian Kiełbratowski, Anna Kuśka-Kiełbratowska, Mansur Rahnama and Marta Tanasiewicz

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(6), 1736; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13061736 - 17 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 864

Abstract

Background: Modern penitentiary systems attach great importance, at least in the area of formal and codified arrangements, to providing inmates with access to health care and rehabilitation. The aim of our study was to analyze the Web of Science (WoS) and SCOPUS medical [...] Read more.

Background: Modern penitentiary systems attach great importance, at least in the area of formal and codified arrangements, to providing inmates with access to health care and rehabilitation. The aim of our study was to analyze the Web of Science (WoS) and SCOPUS medical databases in order to search for and evaluate the available literature discussing the oral status and dental treatment needs of adult male prisoners. Methods: The following terms were used: prisoners or inmates; oral health, oral status; periodontal status, periodontal disease; oral hygiene; caries; mucosa; and saliva. The studies were screened based on their title and abstract according to the PICO (population, intervention, control, and outcome) criteria. The research protocol was prepared on the basis of the 2020 PRISMA guidelines and was not registered. The available literature discussing the oral status and dental treatment needs of adult imprisoned patients was analyzed. The inclusion criteria were as follows: articles published in English between 1 January 2012 and 2022; articles discussing the oral cavity status of adult inmates over 18 years old (hard tissues, periodontal status, saliva, mucosa condition, or oral hygiene); articles with a full text available; and articles that were assessed as satisfactory according to the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Results: A total of 934 articles were identified, out of which 9 were included in the systematic review. Two articles discussed the oral condition of prisoners in Europe (Russia and Finland), four examined prisoners in Asia (three in India and one in Saudi Arabia), two examined prisoners in Africa (Nigeria), and one examined prisoners in the Americas (Brazil). Conclusions: The oral status of prisoners has been widely discussed in the available literature. Among inmates, a higher frequency of both caries and periodontal disease along with poorer oral hygiene were observed. It can be concluded that inmates should have access to specialized treatment from periodontists and endodontists. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Management of Oral Healthcare in Diverse Patient Populations)

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15 pages, 640 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Oral Manifestations in Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review

by María Pilar Pecci-Lloret, Covadonga Linares-Pérez, Miguel Ramón Pecci-Lloret, Francisco Javier Rodríguez-Lozano and Ricardo Elías Oñate-Sánchez

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(3), 707; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13030707 - 25 Jan 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1665

Abstract

Background: The period of pregnancy is characterized by a multitude of diverse changes that exert a notable impact on the oral cavity of women. During this gestational phase, patients necessitate tailored oral care and specific recommendations to preempt and address potential oral diseases. [...] Read more.

Background: The period of pregnancy is characterized by a multitude of diverse changes that exert a notable impact on the oral cavity of women. During this gestational phase, patients necessitate tailored oral care and specific recommendations to preempt and address potential oral diseases. This systematic review aimed to perform a detailed analysis of the research studies that focused on the oral manifestations observed in pregnant women. Methods: A meticulous search was conducted in the databases Medline, Scopus, and Scielo by employing the following search terms: ((pregnant OR pregnancy)) AND ((“oral manifestation*”) OR (“oral health”)). Articles that were published between 2013 and 2023 and written in English or Spanish and studies that scrutinized oral manifestations in pregnant women and included a diagnosis conducted by a qualified dentist were selected; we excluded articles published before 2013, articles that could not be accessed in full text, studies whose patients were not pregnant women at the time of the study, studies where patients were selected because they had a specific disease, studies where the clinical examination was not performed by a dentist, and articles written in languages other than English or Spanish. Subsequently, the risk of bias in the chosen articles was assessed in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) scale. Results: A total of 20 studies were included in the analysis, following the exclusion and inclusion criteria. These studies were categorized as cross-sectional, cohort, longitudinal, or case–control. Various oral manifestations in pregnant women were examined, with five studies comparing these manifestations with those observed in nonpregnant women. Conclusions: The most prevalent oral manifestations associated with pregnancy encompass dental caries, periodontitis, gingivitis, pyogenic granuloma, and candidiasis. Nonetheless, less common lesions may also emerge during the course of pregnancy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Management of Oral Healthcare in Diverse Patient Populations)

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15 pages, 451 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Oral Findings in Hemodialyzed Patients Diagnosed with Diabetes Mellitus and/or Hypertension—A Systematic Review

by Agata Trzcionka, Dagmara Mączkowiak, Rafał Korkosz, Mansur Rahnama, Jan Duława and Marta Tanasiewicz

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(22), 7072; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12227072 - 13 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1077

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease is classified as a civilization disease and is being diagnosed in an increasing number of patients. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus often coexist in hemodialyzed patients. The aim of the present study was to identify publications on the oral cavity status [...] Read more.

Chronic kidney disease is classified as a civilization disease and is being diagnosed in an increasing number of patients. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus often coexist in hemodialyzed patients. The aim of the present study was to identify publications on the oral cavity status of multimorbid hemodialyzed adult patients additionally diagnosed with hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus, published between 2012 and 2022 to establish evidence of the impact of hypertension and diabetes mellitus on the oral status of hemodialyzed patients. Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched. Eight articles were included in the review. In total, 3 articles discussed oral hygiene in hemodialyzed patients, 4 discussed periodontal status, 3 discussed mucosa condition and saliva parameters, and 3 discussed the problem of Candidiasis infections. The conclusions were as follows: there is still a limited number of publications discussing the oral status of hemodialyzed patients diagnosed with hypertension; involved articles have proven that coexisting diseases can influence the oral cavity status of hemodialyzed patients and cause periodontal disorders, lower hygiene status, saliva parameters and make the risk of Candida infections higher. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Management of Oral Healthcare in Diverse Patient Populations)

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