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EGGSHELLS AS AN INGREDIENT TO PRODUCE CHALKS

A Science Investigatory Project

Presented to the Board and Faculty of
Burauen Comprehensive National High School
Burauen, Leyte

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Course Subject:
Practical Research II

by:
Aspuria, Gabrielle L.
Astorga, Lovely Grace M.
Avila, Alexis Kieth C.
Bibar, Nicole T.
Cumpio, Venice Dhabie Kyzyl M.
Relatorres, John April B.

Jeannymae D. Renomeron
Research Adviser

April 2022
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Acknowledgement

The researchers want to acknowledge the people behind this success, those
people who served as inspiration, those who actively participated and supported the
researchers continuously.

To Ms. JeannyMae D. Renomeron, for keeping the researchers positive in

mind, encouraging them not to stop widening their knowledge when it comes to
researching, and supporting them in every step of the research that they make.

To Ms. Ciarlyn Faye Posion, who did not fail to give her support and wide
understanding to the researchers.

To the parents of the researchers, who did not hesitate to allow their children
every time they gather in one place and did not stop supporting their children on
conducting this research study.

To the other family members of the researchers, who gave their support and
willingly participated on this research study.

The researchers want to thank you for your help and for being a support in
making this research study successful.
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Table of Contents
TITLE PAGE................................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………………...ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS...........................................................................................iii
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………iv
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION...............................................................................4
Background of the study....................................................................................4
Statement of the Problem...................................................................................5
Hypothesis…………………………………..…………………………….…..5
Objectives of the study…………………………………..…………..………..5
Limitation of the study…………………………………………………...……6
Theoretical and Conceptual Framework……………………………................7
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES...........9
Foreign Literature………………………...……………………..……………..9
National Literature……………………...………………………...…………...9
Related Studies…………………...……………...………………….....……..10
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY.......................................................................11
Research design................................................................................................11
Materials………………………………...………………………….…….......11
Procedure..........................................................................................................12
Participants of the Study..................................................................................13
Sampling Procedure.........................................................................................14
Instrumentation................................................................................................14
Data Gathering Method....................................................................................14
Statistical Treatment……………….…………..............…………………….15
CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION………………………....……….16
Results and Discussions…………………………………………………...…16
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION..............................17
Conclusions………………………………………………….......…………...17
Recommendation………………………………………………..……………17
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BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................................................................................18
APPENDICES............................................................................................................19
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Abstract
This research aims to successfully use eggshells together with flour in-order to

have chalks and to make a much cheaper alternative for commercial chalks.

Researchers conducted the experiment twice. The method in this experiment were,

boiling eggshells with vinegar, crushed them, mixed them with flour and hot water,

mold them in the tissue paper and leave them for them to dry. Researchers tested the

product, it was hard, they really looked liked chalks yet it only worked in rough areas

and not as fine and smooth as the commercial chalks. Researchers selected people to

test chalks and let them rate from 1-5. Maybe eggshells can turn into chalks with same

characteristics as commercial chalks as long as with a different way, maybe in more

ingredients and shall follow the procedure correspondingly.

The objective of this research is to have the outcome of a chalk that is cheaper

and the ones who share same the same characteristics as the commercial chalks with

the use of eggshells. Researchers are going to compare their product to the

commercial chalks that can be bought in the market. The chalks made from eggshells

can be used for educational purposes by teachers, students and other sectors who wish

to use this product.

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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

An eggshell is a thin and hard layer of an egg. This is very fragile. Researchers
decided to investigate the feasibility of producing chalks from eggshells. The shell has
a thin outermost coating called bloom that helps keep out bacteria and dust. An
eggshell is almost entirely made up of calcium (Ca), carbon (C), and oxygen (O)
combined, making a compound called calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Chalks have same
compound used to make it. This is why researchers think that eggshells as an
ingredient to make chalks could be possible.

A chalk is a white porous sedimentary rock, a form of sedimentary rock

composed of mineral calcite. It forms under reasonably deep marine conditions from
the gradual accumulation of minute calcite plates shed belonging to the division of
saprophytes. The components of chalk are so complex that it has the capacity to make
other things beside from chalk itself. Eggshells and chalk has the compound which is
(calcium carbonate)

This research is about eggshells made to chalks. This experiment is conducted

to find out if eggshells can be used as the main ingredient in converting it into chalks.
This study was conducted by researchers caused by price hike of school supplies and
instead of someone who wants to use chalk could not anymore go out just to buy
some at the store they can just have them homemade.

Researchers have used eggshells because instead of throwing them why not
recycle and make use of them and turn them into functional products. This can also
lessen the garbage because we knew that many are also just throwing the eggshell
after cooking the egg.
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Statement of the Problem

Are eggshells exactly well suited to be an ingredient in making chalks?

What it is in the eggshell that makes it chalks?

Do the chalks made from eggshells and commercial chalks have the same
characteristics?

How many eggshells would be used in making chalks?

Will the chalks made from eggshells be an effective substitute for commercialized
chalk?

How to convert eggshells to chalks?

Hypothesis

Two hypotheses were made by the researchers to prove whether eggshells can be a
main ingredient to produce chalk:

1. The researchers think that eggshells as the main ingredient to produce chalks
may be effective since eggshells have calcium carbonate like what most chalks
have.
2. The researchers also think that the eggshells being the main ingredient to
produce chalks may not be as effective as the commercial chalks because of
the simple method used.

Objectives of the Study

In this research, the objectives are;

 To determine whether eggshells could be successfully used as ingredient in

making chalks
 To make a much cheaper alternative in for commercial chalks
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Limitation of the Study

The study focused on adding eggshells as main ingredient together with flour
to produce chalks. Eggshells are just commonly found even just in our homes that are
usually being thrown away. The researchers conducted this study in order for people
to know that there are ways on how we could recycle and benefit from the eggshells.

Definition of Terms

Chalk – a soft, white, porous sedimentary rock

Commercialized product – a product that is sold throughout the country under a brand
name.

Calcium carbonate – a dietary supplement used when the amount of calcium taken in
the diet is not enough

Alternative- available as another possibility

Selective or purposive sampling-a form of non-probability sampling in which

researchers rely on their own judgment when choosing members of the population to
participate in their surveys

Viability- ability to work successfully

Substitute- use or add in place of

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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Input Process Output

 Eggshells  Wash the eggshells Chalks made from
 Flour with tap water eggshells and flour as
 Hot water  Boil the eggshells main ingredients.
with vinegar
 Let dry
 Let the eggshells
become a powder
with the use of mortar
and pestle
 Measure the crushed
eggshells and flour to
the exact
measurement and put
it in a bowl
 Add hot water with
the exact amount
 Mix well
 Prepare the tissue
paper
 Mold the mixture
 Place it in the tissue
paper
 Roll the tissue paper
 Let dry
 Wait for several days
until the chalk became
hard

Eggshells, Ingredient to
Produce Chalk

This study utilize eggshells to be a useful ingredient in making homemade

chalks. Also the determination of characteristics in terms of texture, durability and
effectiveness.
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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Foreign Literature

Why is the eggshell such an important component of the egg also prevents
contamination of bacteria and other pathogens, of a very vulnerable organism? The
eggshell provides a perfect package for an important food item. As for the embryo,
the shell provides protection from mechanical damage and from contamination of the
contents, so that the egg reaches consumer frees of bacteria, viruses, and other
pathogens. Failure of the shell for any reason comprises the egg’s value, whether as a
hatching egg or food product. The superficial structure of the shell has been known
for over 100 years. The shell consists of 97% calcium carbonate, and this is provided
to the hen in the diet (P. Hunton-2005)

One of the contributing factors causing poorer eggshell quality in hot weather is hens
not consuming adequate feed. The researcher close this study for further investigation
if the eggshells can be an effective source for chalk. The results indicated that the
eggshell waste sample rich in CaCO3 can be used as an alternative raw material in the
production of wall tile materials. The optional mixture of EPS lightweight aggregate
concrete was selected among experiments under consideration to manufacture the
lightweight hollow bricks. Chalk made from eggshells is now being marketed by the
Q.P. Corporation, the largest producer of mayonnaise in Japan. They used 100% of
the eggshells left over from eggs used in the processes of manufacturing mayonnaise
and other products. The company has expanded eggshell use to school supplies,
supplying them as a raw material for blackboard chalk. Theirs was the first attempt to
produce chalk using completely natural ingredients. (Japan FS Organization, 2004)

National Literature

Eggshells as fertilizers, (Nelz Jay, 2017) Eggshells power benefits, effective

uses in our garden. Undeniable that egg contains numerous nutrients, vitamins and
minerals, but eggshells can be also disposed in an effective way in the garden.
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Efficiency of calcium carbonate from eggshells as an absorbent for Cadmium

removal in aqueous solution. Its removal from aqueous solution, can relatively done
through absorption, a known technique that efficiently reduces heavy metal
concentration. This study investigated the applicability and efficiency of waste
chicken eggshells as an absorbent of the removal of Cadmium heavy metal in aqueous
solution. (Tizo, et. Al, 2018)

Related Studies

Eggshell is made almost entirely of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) crystals. It is

a semipermeable membrane, which means that air and moisture can pass through its
pores. (Exploratorium, 2017)

Based on Burley and Vadehra (1989) shell is composed of about 97% calcium
carbonate.

Calcium carbonate is a white, odorless powder or colorless crystals.

Practically insoluble in water. Occurs extensive in rocks world-wide.

Calcium Carbonate is the carbonic salt of calcium (CaCO3). Calcium

carbonate is used in therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and
as a calcium supplement. It is composed of about 97% calcium carbonate and most of
the research on shell quality concentrated on this fact. This is because calcium has to
be provided as part of the hens diet, while the carbonate portion is produced internally
during the normal course of metabolism. The dietary ingredient normally used to
provide calcium to the laying hen is usually calcium carbonate, the same chemical as
the shell. However, this feed ingredient is broken down into its components in the
intestine, and the calcium is absorbed into the blood stream. It is then either stored in
the bones until needed for shell formation, or transported directly to the shell gland
for synthesis into eggshell calcium carbonate. Shell formation is by far the most
lengthy process.
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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methods and procedures used in this study.
Specifically, this will discuss the research design, materials, procedures, participants
of the study, instrumentation, data gathering method and statistical treatment.

Research Design

Experimental research is employed in this study. In this study, quantitative

research method will be used in conducting this study. The subject which is the
eggshells to chalks in definite manner that shall discover the effects and result on the
treatment into the object. The design will be used to determine the effectiveness and
durability of the chalks made from eggshells.

Materials

Raw Materials

 Eggshells
 Flour
 Hot water
 Tap water
 Food color

Tools

 Bowl
 Mortar and pestle
 Tissue Paper
 Food Color
 Tablespoon
 Teaspoon
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Procedure

Researchers were able to make the procedures through watching a YouTube video.

 Preparation of eggshells
Crush 12 pieces of eggshells in a bowl
E=eggshells

Label Amount
E-1 1 tablespoon

E-2 1 tablespoon
E-3 1 tablespoon

E-4 1 tablespoon

 Preparation of flour

Prepare ¼ kilo of flour

F=Flour

Label Amount
F-1 1 teaspoon

F-2 1 teaspoon
F-3 ½ tablespoon
F-4 1 teaspoon

 Preparation of hot water

Prepare 1 cup of hot water
W=hot water

Label Amount
W-1 1 teaspoon
W-2 1 teaspoon

W-3 ½ tablespoon
W-4 1 teaspoon
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Procedure
1. Wash the eggshells with tap water
2. Boil the eggshells with vinegar
3. Let dry
4. Let the eggshells become a powder with the use of mortar and pestle
5. Measure the crushed eggshells and flour to the exact measurement and put it
in a bowl
6. Add hot water with the exact amount
7. Mix well
8. Prepare the tissue paper
9. Mold the mixture
10. Place it in the tissue paper
11. Roll the tissue paper
12. Let dry
13. Wait for several days until the chalk became hard

Participants of the Study

This research will be useful to the following individuals and groups:

Students, this study will help the students to formulate a general understanding
about the efficiency of eggshells as main ingredient to produce chalks. They can have
the knowledge and know the procedures in making it.

Teachers, this research work will be more useful to teachers as this will help
them save money and effort from buying chalks in stores. Likewise, this will provide
them meaningful information as they share their knowledge in the field of research
about eggshells. They can also share this with their students for them to be able to
have chalks without already buying.

Future Researchers, this will help the future researchers to come up with a
more comprehensive researches about commercial production of chalks made of
eggshells, this could be a help for researchers who want to have further experiments
about this.
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Sampling Procedure

The researchers used selective or purposive sampling in this study which

means researchers have only chosen people to test their works, this is a non-
probability sampling. They used this for them to know how effective their works is.

Instrumentation

In this study researchers will use table instrument to analyze the effectiveness,
durability and viability of the eggshells made into chalks.

trials mixture Number of chalks Effective or no

made
1 1 tablespoon of eggshells 1 Yes but only in rough
1 teaspoon flour surface
1 teaspoon water
2 1 tablespoon eggshells 1 Yes but only in rough
1 teaspoon flour surface
1 teaspoon hot water
3 1 tablespoon eggshells 1 Yes but only in rough
½ tablespoon flour surface
½ tablespoon water
4 1 tablespoon eggshells 1 Yes but only in rough
1 teaspoon flour surface
1 teaspoon hot water

Data Gathering Method

Researchers gathered data through Observations, textual or visual analysis are

the instrument methods that will be utilized in order to come up with reliable data for
this experiment. The data will he collected by writing down what researchers have
observed. The researchers didn't spend much time in preparing the materials needed
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because mostly are just found in their homes. Researchers have collected eggshells
when they cook eggs.

Statistical Treatment

In the experiment, the quantitative data, is the researchers will find out if how

many eggshells are needed to compose one piece of chalk, how many chalks they are

going to produce out of the eggshells they have collected, and for the qualitative data,

researchers would observe the texture, durability, if it will be working properly and if

there would be an undesirable characteristics.

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CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

We have attempted our experiment 2 times. In our first experiment, we tried

to have the measurements of our crushed eggshells and flour in many different ones.
It was a total failure maybe because we did not have the exact measurements or we
did something unnecessary which led the chalks to be in foul smell and undesirable
texture. While in our second trial, we first boil the eggshells with vinegar for it not to
apply the disgusting odor, then followed the same step with trial 1 except when
putting flour before placing the mixed eggshells and flour in the tissue.

We can say that this experiment was somehow a failure. The results of our experiment
based on our observations are as follows:

 It was rough
 It was not as fine as the commercial chalks
 It did not go well with as much as we expected
 Chalks made only worked in cement or in rough surface

Conclusions

The experiment “Eggshells to chalk” did not give the results we expected due
to two possible reasons; eggshells were not that crushed finely like there are still parts
in small pieces and maybe we should have dried it under the sun for it to be hard
enough. Consequently maybe eggshells can turn to chalk as long as with different
ways, maybe in more ingredients and should follow the procedures correspondingly.
This study shows that not all products from this experiment are made successfully,
there is only a least possibility for have a successful outcome.
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Recommendations

Researchers from this study suggest to use another ingredients with eggshells
and to try it in different method and ways to test it out for them to possibly get the
experiment successfully unlike this one. If this product was made with
accomplishment, this is good to use specially because it is cheaper and environmental
friendly but somehow it has a significant difference to the commercial chalks.
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Bibliography
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Bibliography

Websites:

G. (2017, September 25). Investigatory Project : Chapter 2 – Eggshalk (Eggshells to

Chalk). Group1sciencequeens.
https://group1sciencequeens.wordpress.com/2017/09/25/investigatory-project-
chapter-2-eggshalk-eggshells-to-chalk/

Mom, T. C. (2014, May 26). How to make Chalk from Eggshells! Homeschooling
[Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aRldWJ-
Gu38&feature=youtu.be

N. (2016, August 5). Making Chalk using Eggshells Essay Example For FREE . New
York Essays. https://newyorkessays.com/essay-making-chalk-using-eggshells/

Nelz, J. (2017, January 12). Effective Uses Of Eggshells In The Garden - Philippine
Trending News. Philippine News. https://philnews.ph/2017/01/12/effective-
uses-eggshells-garden/

Science, G. (2021, August 1). Chalk. Geology Science.

https://geologyscience.com/rocks/sedimentary-rocks/chalk/?amp
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Appendices
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APPENDICE B

This is the final product.

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APPENDIX C

This was the ratings we got from our product through selective sampling.
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APPENDIX A
Trial 1

Drying the eggshell Smashing the eggshells Turning the eggshells

into powder

Mix 1 tablespoon of Add 1 tablespoon of Add food coloring

powdered eggshells and ½ warm water
tablespoon of flour

Mix them together Put the mixture on Roll the mixture on

the tissue the tissue and put a
small amount of
flour on the tissue so
it won’t stick
Wait 3-5 days to know
the result
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Trial 2

Smashing the egg shells Turning them into powder

Add 1 tablespoon of Add 1 tablespoon of flour

eggshell powder

Add 1 tablespoon of warm water

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Final meeting before submitting our paper to our Research Adviser