Astm A370-22 PDF

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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: A370- 22
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INTERNATIONAL
Standard Test Methods and Definitions for

Mechanical Testing of Steel Products 1
This standard is issued u nder the fixed designation A370; the num ber im mediately following the designation indicates the year of
orig inal a doption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) ind icates an e ditorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* Testing Multi-Wire Strand Annex A?

Annex AS
1 . 1 These test methods2 cover procedures and definitions
Rounding of Test Data
Methods for Testing Steel Reinforcing Bars Annex A9
for the mechanical testing of steels, stainless steels, and related Procedure for Use and Control of Heat-cycle Simulation Annex A 1 0
alloys. The various mechanical tests herein described are used 1 .4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
to determine properties required in the product specifications.
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
Variations in testing methods are to be avoided, and standard
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
methods of testing are to be followed to obtain reproducible
and are not considered standard.
and comparable results. In those cases in which the testing
requirements for certain products are unique or at variance with 1 .5 When these test methods are referenced in a metric
these general procedures, the product specification testing product specification, the yield and tensile values may be
requirements shall control. determined in inch-pound (ksi) units then converted into SI
1 .2 The following mechanical tests are described: (MPa) units. The elongation determined in inch-pound gauge
lengths of 2 or 8 in. may be reported in SI unit gauge lengths
Sections
Tension 7 to 1 4 of 50 or 200 mm, respectively, as applicable. Conversely, when
Bend 15 these test methods are referenced in an inch-pound product
Hardness 16
Brine II 17
specification, the yield and tensile values may be determined in
Rockwell 18 SI units then converted into inch-pound units. The elongation
Portable 19 determined in SI unit gauge lengths of 50 or 200 mm may be
Impact 20 to 30
Keywords 32 reported in inch-pound gauge lengths of 2 or 8 in., respectively,
as applicable.
1 .3 Annexes covering details peculiar to certain products
are appended to these test methods as follows: 1 . 5 . 1 The specimen used to determine the original units
Annex
must conform to the applicable tolerances of the original unit
Bar Products Annex A 1 system given in the dimension table not that of the converted
Tubular Products Annex A2 tolerance dimensions.
Fasteners Annex A3
NoTE !-This is due to the specimen SI dimensions and tolerances
Round Wire Products Annex A4
Significance of Notched-Bar Impact Testing Annex A5
being hard conversions when this is not a dual standard. The user is
directed to Test Methods A I 058 if the tests are required in Sl units.
Converting Percentage Elongation of Round Specimens to Annex A6
Equivalents for Flat Specimens
1 .6 Attention is directed to ISO/IEC 1 7025 when there may
be a need for information on criteria for evaluation of testing
laboratories.
1 .7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter
1 These te st methods and de finitions are under the juri sdiction o f ASTM mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Committee A O I on Steel, Sta inless Steel and Related Alloys and are the direct
responsi bility of Su bcommittee A 0 1 . 1 3 on Mechanical and Chemical Testing and
1 .8 This international standard was developed in accor
Processing Methods of Steel Products and Pro cesses. dance with internationally recognized principles on standard
Curre nt edition approved Oct . I , 2 022. Pu blished November 2022. Ori ginally ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
approved in 1 9 53. Last previous edition approved in 2 02 1 as A370-2 1 . DO!:
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom
I 0. 1 520/A 037 0-22.
2 For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code appl i cations see related Specifi mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
cation SA-370 in Se ction II of that Code. Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright© ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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0 A370-22
2. Referenced Documents 3 . 1 . 1 For definitions of terms pertaining to mechanical

2 . 1 ASTM Standards:
3 testing of steel products not otherwise listed in this section,
A623 Specification for Tin Mill Products, General Require reference shall be made to Terminology E6 and Terminology
ments A94 1 .
A623M Specification for Tin Mill Products, General Re 3 . 2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
quirements [Metric] 3 . 2. 1 fixed-location hardness testing machine, n-a hard
A833 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Metallic ness testing machine that is designed for routine operation in a
Materials by Comparison Hardness Testers fixed-location by the users and is not designed to be
A94 1 Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Related transported, or carried, or moved.
Alloys, and Ferroalloys 3 . 2. 1 . 1 Discussion-Typically due to its heavy weight and
A956/A956M Test Method for Leeb Hardness Testing of large size, a fixed-location hardness testing machine is placed
Steel Products in one location and not routinely moved.
A l 038 Test Method for Portable Hardness Testing by the 3 . 2. 2 longitudinal test, n-unless specifically defined
Ultrasonic Contact Impedance Method otherwise, signifies that the lengthwise axis of the specimen is
A l 058 Test Methods for Mechanical Testing of Steel parallel to the direction of the greatest extension of the steel
Products-Metric during rolling or forging.
A 1 06 1 /A l 06 1 M Test Methods for Testing Multi-Wire Steel 3 . 2.2.1 Discussion-The stress applied to a longitudinal
Prestressing Strand tension test specimen is in the direction of the greatest
E4 Practices for Force Calibration and Verification of Test extension, and the axis of the fold of a longitudinal bend test
ing Machines specimen is at right angles to the direction of greatest extension
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing (see Fig. 1 , Fig. 2a, and Fig. 2b).
E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma 3 . 2.3 portable hardness testing machine, n-a hardness
terials testing machine that is designed to be transported, carried, set
E 1 0 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials up, and that measures hardness in accordance with the test
E 1 8 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma methods in Section 1 9.
terials
3 . 2.4 radial test, n-unless specifically defined otherwise,
E23 Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Me
signifies that the lengthwise axis of the specimen is perpen
tallic Materials
dicular to the axis of the product and coincident with one of the
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
radii of a circle drawn with a point on the axis of the product
Determine Conformance with Specifications
as a center (see Fig. 2a).
E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten
someter Systems 3.2 . 5 tangential test, n-unless specifically defined
E l l O Test Method for Rockwell and Brinell Hardness of otherwise, signifies that the lengthwise axis of the specimen
Metallic Materials by Portable Hardness Testers perpendicular to a plane containing the axis of the product and
E 1 90 Test Method for Guided Bend Test for Ductility of tangent to a circle drawn with a point on the axis of the
Welds productas a center (see Fig. 2a, Fig. 2b, Fig. 2c, and Fig. 2d).
E290 Test Methods for Bend Testing of Material for Ductil
ity
2.2 ASME Document:4
ASME B oiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII,
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LONG!nJDINAl SPECIMEN
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LONGTIUDINAL FIATTENSION TEST
2.3 ISO Standard:5 1 • ...... n
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LONG!nJDINAl ROUND TENSION TEST
ISO/IEC 1 7025 General Requirements for the Competence
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- INDICATES ROlliNG DIRKTJON

3. Terminology OR EXTENSION. u- o
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3 . 1 Definitions: IMPACT TEST
3 For referenced A S TM sta ndards, visit the ASTM we bsite, www.astm.org, or

contact ASTM C usto mer Service at service@ast m.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume i nformation, refer to the stan dard's Doc ument S ummary page on
the A S TM website .
4 Available fro m American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASM E), A S M E
International Head quarters, Two Park Ave., New York, N Y 1 00 1 6-5990, http://
www.asme.org.
5 Available fro m International Organi zation for Standardi zation (IS O), I S O
C e ntral Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemi n de Blan donnet 8 , C P 40 I , I 2 I 4 Vernier, FIG . 1 Relation of Test Coupons and Test Specimens to Rolling
Geneva, S witzerland, http: //www. i so.org. Direction or Extension (Applicable to General Wrought Products)
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FIG. 2 Location of Longitudinal Tension Test Specimens in Rings Cut From Tubular Products
3.2.6 transition temperature, n-for specification purposes, 3 . 2 . 7 transverse test, n-unless specifically defined
the transition temperature is the temperature at which the otherwise, signifies that the lengthwise axis of the specimen is
designated material test value equals or exceeds a specified right angles to the direction of the greatest extension of the
minimum test value. steel during rolling or forging.
3 .2.6. 1 Discussion-Some of the many definitions of tran 3.2.7. 1 Discussion-The stress applied to a transverse ten
sition temperature currently being used are: ( 1) the lowest
sion test specimen is at right angles to the greatest extension,
temperature at which the specimen exhibits 1 00 % fibrous
and the axis of the fold of a transverse bend test specimen is
fracture, (2) the temperature where the fracture shows a 50 %
parallel to the greatest extension (see Fig. 1 ).
crystalline and a 50 % fibrous appearance, (3) the temperature
corresponding to the energy value 50 % of the difference
between values obtained at 1 00 and 0 % fibrous fracture, and
(4) the temperature corresponding to a specific energy value.
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0 A370-22
3 . 3 Definition of Terms Specific to the Procedure for Use inhomogeneity, anisotropic structure, natural aging of select
and Control of Heat-cycle Simulation (See Annex A9): alloys, further processing not included in the specification,
3 .3 . 1 master chart, n-a record of the heat treatment re sampling limitations, and measuring equipment calibration
ceived from a forging essentially identical to the production uncertainty. There is statistical variation in all aspects of
forgings that it will represent. mechanical testing and variations in test results from prior tests
3 . 3 . 1 . 1 Discussion-It is a chart of time and temperature are expected. An understanding of possible reasons for devia
showing the output from thermocouples imbedded in the tion from specified or expected test values should be applied in
forging at the designated test immersion and test location or interpretation of test results.
locations .
5. General Precautions
3 . 3 . 2 program chart, n-the metallized sheet used t o pro
5.1 Certain methods of fabrication, such as bending,
gram the simulator unit.
forming, and welding, or operations involving heating, may
3.3 .2. 1 Discussion-Time-temperature data from the master
affect the properties of the material under test. Therefore, the
chart are manually transferred to the program chart.
product specifications cover the stage of manufacture at which
3 . 3 . 3 simulator chart, n-a record of the heat treatment that mechanical testing is to be performed. The properties shown by
a test specimen had received in the simulator unit. testing prior to fabrication may not necessarily be representa
3 . 3 . 3 . 1 Discussion-It is a chart of time and temperature tive of the product after it has been completely fabricated.
and can be compared directly to the master chart for accuracy
5 . 2 Improperly machined specimens should be discarded
of duplication.
and other specimens substituted.
3 . 3 .4 simulator cycle, n-one continuous heat treatment of a
5 . 3 Flaws in the specimen may also affect results. If any test
set of specimens in the simulator unit.
specimen develops flaws, the retest provision of the applicable
3 . 3 .4 . 1 Discussion-The cycle includes heating from
product specification shall govern.
ambient, holding at temperature, and cooling. For example, a
simulated austenitize and quench of a set of specimens would 5 . 4 If any test specimen fails because of mechanical reasons
be one cycle; a simulated temper of the same specimens would such as failure of testing equipment or improper specimen
be another cycle. preparation, it may be discarded and another specimen taken.
4. Significance and Use

6. Orientation of Test Specimens
6. 1 The terms "longitudinal test" and "transverse test" are

4 . 1 The primary use of these test methods is testing to
used only in material specifications for wrought products and
determine the specified mechanical properties of steel, stainless
are not applicable to castings. When such reference is made to
steel, and related alloy products for the evaluation of confor
a test coupon or test specimen, see Section 3 for terms and
mance of such products to a material specification under the
definitions.
j urisdiction of ASTM Committee A0 1 and its subcommittees as
designated by a purchaser in a purchase order or contract. TENSION TEST
4. 1 . 1 These test methods may be and are used by other
7. Description
ASTM Committees and other standards writing bodies for the
purpose of conformance testing. 7 . 1 The tension test related to the mechanical testing of steel
4. 1 .2 The material condition at the time of testing, sampling products subjects a machined or full-section specimen of the
frequency, specimen location and orientation, reporting material under examination to a measured load sufficient to
requirements, and other test parameters are contained in the cause rupture. The resulting properties sought are defined in
pertinent material specification or in a general requirement Terminology E6.
specification for the particular product form. 7 . 2 In general, the testing equipment and methods are given
4. 1 .3 Some material specifications require the use of addi in Test Methods E8/E8M. However, there are certain excep
tional test methods not described herein; in such cases, the tions to Test Methods E8/E8M practices in the testing of steel,
required test method is described in that material specification and these are covered in these test methods.
or by reference to another appropriate test method standard.
8. Testing Apparatus and Operations
4.2 These test methods are also suitable to be used for
testing of steel, stainless steel and related alloy materials for 8. 1 Loading Systems-There are two general types of load
other purposes, such as incoming material acceptance testing ing systems, mechanical (screw power) and hydraulic. These
by the purchaser or evaluation of components after service differ chiefly in the variability of the rate of load application.
exposure. The older screw power machines are limited to a small number
4.2 . 1 As with any mechanical testing, deviations from either of fixed free running crosshead speeds. Some modern screw
specification limits or expected as-manufactured properties can power machines, and all hydraulic machines permit stepless
occur for valid reasons besides deficiency of the original variation throughout the range of speeds.
as-fabricated product. These reasons include, but are not 8 . 2 The tension testing machine shall be maintained in good
limited to: subsequent service degradation from environmental operating condition, used only in the proper loading range, and
exposure (for example, temperature, corrosion); static or cyclic calibrated periodically in accordance with the latest revision of
service stress effects, mechanically-induced damage, material Practices E4.
4
0 A370-22
NoTE 2-Many machines are equipped with stress-strain recorders for 9. Test Specimen Parameters
autographic plotting of stress-strain curves. It should be noted that some
recorders have a load measuring component entirely separate from the 9. 1 Selection-Test coupons shall be selected in accordance
load indicator of the testing machine. Such recorders are calibrated with the applicable product specifications.
separately. 9. 1 . 1 Wrought Steels-Wrought steel products are usually
8.3 Loading-It is the function of the gripping or holding tested in the longitudinal direction, but in some cases, where
size permits and the service justifies it, testing is in the
device of the testing machine to transmit the load from the
transverse, radial, or tangential directions (see Figs. 1 and 2) .
heads of the machine to the specimen under test. The essential
9. 1 .2 Forged Steels-For open die forgings, the metal for
requirement is that the load shall be transmitted axially. This
tension testing is usually provided by allowing extensions or
implies that the centers of the action of the grips shall be in
prolongations on one or both ends of the forgings, either on all
alignment, insofar as practicable, with the axis of the specimen
or a representative number as provided by the applicable
at the beginning and during the test and that bending or
product specifications. Test specimens are normally taken at
twisting be held to a minimum. For specimens with a reduced
mid-radius. Certain product specifications permit the use of a
section, gripping of the specimen shall be restricted to the grip
representative bar or the destruction of a production part for
section. In the case of certain sections tested in full size,
test purposes. For ring or disk-like forgings test metal is
nonaxial loading is unavoidable and in such cases shall be
provided by increasing the diameter, thickness, or length of the
permissible.
forging. Upset disk or ring forgings, which are worked or
8.4 Speed of Testing-The speed of testing shall not be extended by forging in a direction perpendicular to the axis of
greater than that at which load and strain readings can be made the forging, usually have their principal extension along
accurately. In production testing, speed of testing is commonly concentric circles and for such forgings tangential tension
expressed: (1) in terms of free running crosshead speed (rate of specimens are obtained from extra metal on the periphery or
movement of the crosshead of the testing machine when not end of the forging. For some forgings, such as rotors, radial
under load), (2) in terms of rate of separation of the two heads tension tests are required. In such cases the specimens are cut
of the testing machine under load, (3) in terms of rate of or trepanned from specified locations.
stressing the specimen, or (4) in terms of rate of straining the 9.2 Size and Tolerances-Test specimens shall be (1) the
specimen. The following limitations on the speed of testing are full cross section of material, or (2) machined to the form and
recommended as adequate for most steel products: dimensions shown in Figs. 3-6. The selection of size and type
of specimen is prescribed by the applicable product specifica
NoTE 3-Tension tests using closed-loop machines (with feedback
control of rate) should not be performed using load control, as this mode tion. Full cross section specimens shall be tested in 8-in.
of testing will result in acceleration of the crosshead upon yielding and (200 mm) gauge length unless otherwise specified in the
elevation of the measured yield strength. product specification.
8.4. 1 Any convenient speed of testing may be used up to 9.3 Procurement of Test Specimens- Specimens shall be
one half the specified yield point or yield strength. When this extracted by any convenient method taking care to remove all
point is reached, the free-running rate of separation of the distorted, cold-worked, or heat-affected areas from the edges of
crossheads shall be adj usted so as not to exceed V 1 6 in. per min the section used in evaluating the material. Specimens usually
per inch of reduced section, or the distance between the grips have a reduced cross section at mid-length to ensure uniform
for test specimens not having reduced sections. This speed distribution of the stress over the cross section and localize the
shall be maintained through the yield point or yield strength. In zone of fracture.
determining the tensile strength, the free-running rate of 9.4 Aging of Test Specimens-Unless otherwise specified, it
separation of the heads shall not exceed 1/2 in. per min per inch shall be permissible to age tension test specimens. The time
of reduced section, or the distance between the grips for test temperature cycle employed must be such that the effects of
specimens not having reduced sections. In any event, the previous processing will not be materially changed. It may be
minimum speed of testing shall not be less than 1/1 o the accomplished by aging at room temperature 24 to 48 h, or in
specified maximum rates for determining yield point or yield shorter time at moderately elevated temperatures by boiling in
strength and tensile strength. water, heating in oil or in an oven.
8.4.2 It shall be permissible to set the speed of the testing 9.5 Measurement of Dimensions of Test Specimens:
machine by adjusting the free running crosshead speed to the 9 . 5 . 1 Standard Rectangular Tension Test Specimens-These
above specified values, inasmuch as the rate of separation of forms of specimens are shown in Fig. 3 . To determine the
heads under load at these machine settings is less than the cross-sectional area, the center width dimension shall be
specified values of free running crosshead speed. measured to the nearest 0.005 in. (0. 1 3 mm) for the 8-in.
8.4.3 As an alternative, if the machine is equipped with a (200 mm) gauge length specimen and 0.00 1 in. (0.025 mm) for
device to indicate the rate of loading, the speed of the machine the 2-in. (50 mm) gauge length specimen in Fig. 3. The center
from half the specified yield point or yield strength through the thickness dimension shall be measured to the nearest 0.00 1 in.
yield point or yield strength may be adj usted so that the rate of for both specimens.
stressing does not exceed 1 00 000 psi (690 MPa)/min. 9 . 5 . 2 Standard Round Tension Test Specimens-These
However, the minimum rate of stressing shall not be less than forms of specimens are shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 . To
1 0 000 psi (70 MPa)/min. determine the cross-sectional area, the diameter shall be
5
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0 A370-22
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DIMENSIONS
Standard Specimens Subsize Specimen
Plate-type,
1 '12-in. (40 mm) Wide
8-in. (200 mm) 2-in. (50 mm) Sheet-type, '12
v.-in. (6 mm) Wide
Gauge Length Gauge Length in. ( 1 2.5 mm) Wide
in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm
G-Gauge length 8.00 ± 0.01 200 ± 0.25 2.000 ± 0.005 50.0 ± 0 . 1 0 2.000 ± 0.005 50.0 ± 0.1 0 1 .000 ± 0.003 25.0 ± 0.08
1112+1/a 1 '12 + 'Ia 40 + 3

(Notes 1 and 2)
W-Width 40 + 3 0.500 ± 0.01 0 1 2.5 ± 0.25 0.250 ± 0.002 6.25 ± 0.05
-'I•
T-Thickness
(Notes 3, 5, and 6) -6 - '14 -6
Thickness of Material
'12 13 '12 '14
(Note 7)
R-Radius of fillet, min '12 13 13 6
(Note 4)
4
L-Overall length, min 18 450 8 200 8 200 4 1 00
2'14 2'14 1'14

(Notes 2 and 8)
A-Length of 9 225 60 60 32
1 1/
reduced section, min
B-Length of grip section, min 3 75 2 50 2 50 32
3/4
(Note 9)
C-Width of grip section, approxi- 2 50 2 50 20 3/a 10
(Note 4, Note 1 0, and Note 11)

mate
NoTE 1-For the 11/2-in. (40 mm) wide specimens, punch marks for measuring elongation after fracture shall be made on the flat or on the edge of
the specimen and within the reduced section. For the 8-in. (200 mm) gauge length specimen, a set of nine or more punch marks 1 in. (25 mm) apart,
or one or more pairs of punch marks 8 in. (200 mm) apart may be used. For the 2-in. (50 mm) gauge length specimen, a set of three or more punch marks
1 in. (25 mm) apart, or one or more pairs of punch marks 2 in. (50 mm) apart may be used.
NoTE 2-For the 1/2-in. ( 1 2.5 mm) wide specimen, punch marks for measuring the elongation after fracture shall be made on the flat or on the edge
of the specimen and within the reduced section. Either a set of three or more punch marks 1 in. (25 mm) apart or one or more pairs of punch marks 2 in.
(50 mm) apart may be used.
NoTE 3-For the four sizes of specimens, the ends of the reduced section shall not differ in width by more than 0.004, 0.004, 0.002, or 0.001 in. (0. 1 0,
0. 1 0, 0.05, or 0.025 mm), respectively. Also, there may be a gradual decrease in width from the ends to the center, but the width at either end shall not
be more than 0.0 1 5 in., 0.0 1 5 in., 0.005 in., or 0.003 in. (0.40, 0.40, 0. 1 0, or 0.08 mm), respectively, larger than the width at the center.
NoTE 4-For each specimen type, the radii of all fillets shall be equal to each other with a tolerance of 0.05 in. ( 1 .25 mm), and the centers of curvature
of the two fillets at a particular end shall be located across from each other (on a line perpendicular to the centerline) within a tolerance of 0.10 in.
(2.5 mm).
NoTE 5-For each of the four sizes of specimens, narrower widths (W and C) may be used when necessary. In such cases, the width of the reduced
section should be as large as the width of the material being tested permits; however, unless stated specifically, the requirements for elongation in a product
specification shall not apply when these narrower specimens are used. If the width of the material is less than W, the sides may be parallel throughout
the length of the specimen.
NoTE 6-The specimen may be modified by making the sides parallel throughout the length of the specimen, the width and tolerances being the same
as those specified above. When necessary, a narrower specimen may be used, in which case the width should be as great as the width of the material being
tested permits. If the width is 11/2 in. (38 mm) or less, the sides may be parallel throughout the length of the specimen.
NoTE 7-The dimension Tis the thickness of the test specimen as provided for in the applicable product specification. Minimum nominal thickness
of 1 to 11/2-in. (40 mm) wide specimens shall be 3/16 in. (5 mm), except as permitted by the product specification. Maximum nominal thickness of 1/2-in.
( 1 2.5 mm) and lf•-in. (6 mm) wide specimens shall be I in. (25 mm) and If• in. (6 mm), respectively.
NOTE 8-To aid in obtaining axial loading during testing of 1/•-in. (6 mm) wide specimens, the overall length should be as large as the material will
permit.
NoTE 9-It is desirable, if possible, to make the length of the grip section large enough to allow the specimen to extend into the grips a distance equal
to two thirds or more of the length of the grips. If the thickness of 1/2-in. ( 1 3 mm) wide specimens is over 3/s in. ( 1 0 mm), longer grips and correspondingly
longer grip sections of the specimen may be necessary to prevent failure in the grip section.
NoTE 1 0-For standard sheet-type specimens and subsize specimens, the ends of the specimen shall be symmetrical with the center line of the reduced
section within 0.0 1 and 0.005 in. (0.25 and 0. 1 3 mm), respectively, except that for steel if the ends of the 1/2-in. ( 1 2.5 mm) wide specimen are symmetrical
within 0.05 in. ( 1 .0 mm), a specimen may be considered satisfactory for all but referee testing.
NoTE 1 1-For standard plate-type specimens, the ends of the specimen shall be symmetrical with the center line of the reduced section within 0.25 in.
(6.35 mm), except for referee testing in which case the ends of the specimen shall be symmetrical with the center line of the reduced section within 0.10 in.
(2.5 mm).
FIG. 3 Rectangular Tension Test Specimens
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DIMENSIONS
Standard Specimen Small-size Specimens Proportional to Standard
Nominal Diameter in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm
0.500 1 2.5 0.350 8.75 0.250 6.25 0. 1 60 4.00 0. 1 1 3 2.50
G-Gauge length 2.00± 50.0 ± 1 .400± 35.0 ± 1 .000± 25.0 ± 0.640± 1 6.0 ± 0.450± 1 0.0 ±
0.005 0. 1 0 0.005 0.1 0 0.005 0.10 0.005 0. 1 0 0.005 0. 1 0
D-Diameter (Note 1 ) 0.500± 1 2.5± 0.350± 8.75 ± 0.250± 6.25 ± 0 . 1 60± 4.00 ± 0. 1 1 3± 2.50 ±
'14
0.0 1 0 0.25 0.007 0.1 8 0.005 0.12 0.003 0.08 0.002 0.05
3/16 5!J2 3/3 2
5fs
R-Radius of fillet, min 3/s 10 6 5 4 2
A-Length of reduced section, min 2% 60 1% 45 1% 32 % 20 16
(Note 2)
NoTE ! -The reduced section may have a gradual taper from the ends toward the center, with the ends not more than I % larger in diameter than the
center (controlling dimension).
NoTE 2-If desired, the length of the reduced section may be increased to accommodate an extensometer of any convenient gauge length. Reference
marks for the measurement of elongation should, nevertheless, be spaced at the indicated gauge length.
NOTE 3-The gauge length and fillets shall be as shown, but the ends may be of any form to fit the holders of the testing machine in such a way that
the load shall be axial (see Fig. 9). If the ends are to be held in wedge grips it is desirable, if possible, to make the length of the grip section great enough
to allow the specimen to extend into the grips a distance equal to two thirds or more of the length of the grips.
NoTE 4-0n the round specimens in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6, the gauge lengths are equal to four times the nominal diameter. In some product specifications
other specimens may be provided for, but unless the 4-to- 1 ratio is maintained within dimensional tolerances, the elongation values may not be comparable
with those obtained from the standard test specimen.
NOTE 5-The use of specimens smaller than 0.250-in. (6.25 mm) diameter shall be restricted to cases when the material to be tested is of insufficient
size to obtain larger specimens or when all parties agree to their use for acceptance testing. Smaller specimens require suitable equipment and greater
skill in both machining and testing.
NoTE 6-Five sizes of specimens often used have diameters of approximately 0.505, 0.357, 0.252, 0. 160, and 0. 1 13 in., the reason being to permit easy
calculations of stress from loads, since the corresponding cross sectional areas are equal or close to 0.200, 0. 1 00, 0.0500, 0.0200, and 0.0100 in.2 ,
respectively. Thus, when the actual diameters agree with these values, the stresses (or strengths) may be computed using the simple multiplying factors
5, 10, 20, 50, and 1 00, respectively. (The metric equivalents of these fixed diameters do not result in correspondingly convenient cross sectional area and
multiplying factors.)
FIG. 4 Standard 0.500-in. (1 2.5 mm) Round Tension Test Specimen With 2-in. (50 mm) Gauge Length and Examples of Small-size Speci
mens Proportional to Standard Specimens
measured at the center of the gauge length to the nearest mm) gauge length specimen of Fig. 3 may be used for sheet and strip
0.001 in. (0.025 mm) (see Table 1 ). material.
9.6 General-Test specimens shall be either substantially 11. Sheet-type Specimen

full size or machined, as prescribed in the product specifica 1 1 . 1 The standard sheet-type test specimen is shown in Fig.
tions for the material being tested. 3. This specimen is used for testing metallic materials in the
9.6 . 1 It is desirable to have the cross-sectional area of the form of sheet, plate, fiat wire, strip, band, and hoop ranging in
specimen smallest at the center of the gauge length to ensure nominal thickness from 0.005 to 1 in. (0. 1 3 to 25 mm). When
fracture within the gauge length. This is provided for by the product specifications so permit, other types of specimens may
taper in the gauge length permitted for each of the specimens be used, as provided in Section 1 0 (see Note 4).
described in the following sections.
9.6.2 For brittle materials it is desirable to have fillets of 1 2 . Round Specimens
large radius at the ends of the gauge length. 1 2 . 1 The standard 0.500-in. ( 1 2.5 mm) diameter round test
specimen shown in Fig. 4 is frequently used for testing metallic
10. Plate-type Specimens
materials.
1 0 . 1 The standard plate-type test specimens are shown in
1 2.2 Fig. 4 also shows small size specimens proportional to
Fig. 3 . Such specimens are used for testing metallic materials
the standard specimen. These may be used when it is necessary
in the form of plate, structural and bar-size shapes, and fiat
material having a nominal thickness of 3/16 in. (5 mm) or over.
to test material from which the standard specimen or specimens
shown in Fig. 3 cannot be prepared. Other sizes of small round
When product specifications so permit, other types of speci
specimens may be used. In any such small size specimen it is
mens may be used.
important that the gauge length for measurement of elongation
NoTE 4-When called for in the product specification, the 8-in. (200 be four times the diameter of the specimen (see Note 5, Fig. 4).
7
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0 A370-22
DIMENSIONS
Specimen 1 Specimen 2 Specimen 3 Specimen 4 Specimen 5
in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm
G-Gauge length 2.000± 50.0 ± 2.000± 50.0 ± 2.000± 50.0 ± 2.000± 50.0 ± 2.00± 50.0 ±
D--Diameter (Note 1 )
0.005 0.1 0 0.005 0.1 0 0.005 0.10 0.005 0. 1 0 0.005 0. 1 0
0.500 ± 1 2.5± 0.500 ± 1 2.5± 0.500 ± 1 2.5± 0.500 ± 1 2.5± 0.500± 1 2.5 ±
0.0 1 0 0.25 0.01 0 0.25 0.0 1 0 0.25 0.0 1 0 0.25 0.01 0 0.25
R-Radius of fillet, min % 10 % 10 V1e 2 % 10 % 10
A-Length of reduced 21/4, min 60, min 21/4 , min 60, min 4, ap- 1 00, ap- 2 1/4 , min 60, min 21/4 , min 60, min
section proxi- proxi-
mately mately
5 1/2 5 112 9 1/2
3f4 , ap-
L-Overall length, approximate 5 1 25
'12 , ap-
1 40 1 40 43!4 1 20 240
(Note 2 )
B-Grip section 1 % , ap- 35, ap- 1 , ap- 25, ap- 20, ap- 1 3, ap- 3, min 75, min
proxi- proxi- proxi- proxi- proxi- proxi- proxi- proxi-
mately mately mately mately mately mately mately mately
3f4 3f4 23!J2 3f4
% 3f4 %
G--Diameter of end section 20 20 18 7/s 22 20
E-Length of shoulder and 16 20 16
fillet section, approximate
F-Diameter of shoulder % 16 % 16 19/32 15
NoTE 1-The reduced section may have a gradual taper from the ends toward the center with the ends not more than 0.005 in. (0. 1 0 mm) larger i n
diameter than the center.
NoTE 2-0n Specimen 5 it is desirable, if possible, to make the length of the grip section great enough to allow the specimen to extend into the grips
a distance equal to two thirds or more of the length of the grips.
NoTE 3-The types of ends shown are applicable for the standard 0.500-in. round tension test specimen; similar types can be used for subsize
specimens. The use of UNF series of threads (% by 16, l/2 by 20, % by 24, and l/• by 28) is suggested for high-strength brittle materials to avoid fracture
in the thread portion.
FIG. 5 Suggested Types of Ends for Standard Round Tension Test Specimens
DIMENSIONS
Specimen 1 Specimen 2 Specimen 3
in. mm in. mm in. mm
G-Length of parallel Shall be equal to or greater than diameter 0
D--Diameter 0.500 ± 0.0 1 0 1 2.5± 0.25 0.750 ± 0.01 5 20.0 ± 0.40 1 .25 ± 0.025 30.0 ± 0.60
A-Radius of fillet, min 1 25 1 25 2 50
A-Length of reduced section, min 1 1/4 32 1 V2 38 2 1/4 60
L-Over-all length, min 33!4 95 4 1 00 6% 1 60
B-Grip section, approximate 1 25 1 25 1 3!4
3f4
45
G--Diameter of end section, approximate 20 1 Vs 30 F/s 48
% ± %4
E-Length of shou lder, min 1/4 6 1/4 6 5f1e 8
F-Diameter of shoulder 1 6.0 ± 0.40 15Ae ± 1fe4 24.0 ± 0.40 1 7116 ± %4 36.5 ± 0.40
NOTE 1-The reduced section and shoulders (dimensions A, D, E, F, G, and R) shall be shown, but the ends may be of any form to fit the holders of
the testing machine in such a way that the load shall be axial. Commonly the ends are threaded and have the dimensions B and C given above.
FIG. 6 Standard Tension Test Specimens for Cast Iron
8
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TABLE 1 Multiplying Factors to Be Used for Various Diameters of Round Test Specimens
Standard Specimen Small Size Specimens Proportional to Standard

0.500 in. Round 0.350 in. Round 0.250 in. Round
Actual Actual Actual
Area, Multiplying Area, Multiplying Area, Multiplying
Diameter, Diameter, Diameter,
in 2 Factor in.2 Factor in.2 Factor
in. in. in.
0.490 0.1 886 5.30 0.343 0.0924 1 0.82 0.245 0.0471 2 1 .21
0.491 0.1 893 5.28 0.344 0.0929 1 0.76 0.246 0.0475 2 1 .04
0.492 0.1 901 5.26 0.345 0.0935 1 0.70 0.247 0.0479 20.87
0.493 0.1 909 5.24 0.346 0.0940 1 0.64 0.248 0.0483 20.70
0.494 0. 1 9 1 7 5.22 0.347 0.0946 1 0.57 0.249 0.0487 20.54
0.495 0.1 924 5.20 0.348 0.0951 1 0.51 0.250 0.0491 20.37
0.496 0.1 932 5.18 0.349 0.0957 1 0.45 0.251 0.0495 20.21
(0.05)A (20.0) A
0.497 0.1 940 5. 1 5 0.350 0.0962 1 0.39 0.252 0.0499 20.05
(0.05}A (20.0)A
0.498 0.1 948 5. 1 3 0.351 0.0968 1 0.33 0.253 0.0503 1 9.89
(0.05}A (20.0) A
0.499 0.1 956 5. 1 1 0.352 0.0973 1 0.28 0.254 0.0507 1 9.74
0.500 0.1 963 5.09 0.353 0.0979 1 0.22 0.255 0.05 1 1 1 9.58
0.501 0.1 971 5.07 0.354 0.0984 10.16
0.502 0.1 979 5.05 0.355 0.0990 10.10
0.503 0.1 987 5.03 0.356 0.0995 1 0.05
(0. 1 ) A {1 0.0) A
0.504 0.1 995 5.01 0.357 0.1 001 9.99
(0.2) A (5.0) A (0. 1 ) A {1 0.0) A
0.505 0.2003 4.99
(0.2) A {5.0}A
0.506 0.20 1 1 4.97
(0.2) A {5.0}A
0.507 0.20 1 9 4.95
0.508 0.2027 4.93
0.509 0.2035 4.91
0.51 0 0.2043 4.90
A The values in parentheses may be used for ease in calculation of stresses, in pounds per square inch, as permitted in Note 5 of Fig. 4.
1 2.3 The type of specimen ends outside of the gauge length set must be approximately centered in the reduced section.
shall accommodate the shape of the product tested, and shall These same precautions shall be observed when the test
properly fit the holders or grips of the testing machine so that specimen is full section.
axial loads are applied with a minimum of load eccentricity and
slippage. Fig. 5 shows specimens with various types of ends 14. Determination of Tensile Properties
that have given satisfactory results. 1 4 . 1 Yield Point-Yield point is the first stress in a material,
less than the maximum obtainable stress, at which an increase
13. Gauge Marks
in strain occurs without an increase in stress. Yield point is
1 3 . 1 The specimens shown in Figs. 3-6 shall be gauge intended for application only for materials that may exhibit the
marked with a center punch, scribe marks, multiple device, or unique characteristic of showing an increase in strain without
drawn with ink. The purpose of these gauge marks is to an increase in stress. The stress-strain diagram is characterized
determine the percent elongation. Punch marks shall be light, by a sharp knee or discontinuity. Determine yield point by one
sharp, and accurately spaced. The localization of stress at the of the following methods:
marks makes a hard specimen susceptible to starting fracture at 1 4 . 1 . 1 Drop of Beam or Halt of Pointer Method-In this
the punch marks. The gauge marks for measuring elongation method, apply an increasing load to the specimen at a uniform
after fracture shall be made on the flat or on the edge of the flat rate. When a lever and poise machine is used, keep the beam in
tension test specimen and within the parallel section; for the balance by running out the poise at approximately a steady
8-in. gauge length specimen, Fig. 3 , one or more sets of 8-in. rate. When the yield point of the material is reached, the
gauge marks may be used, intermediate marks within the gauge increase of the load will stop, but run the poise a trifle beyond
length being optional. Rectangular 2-in. gauge length the balance position, and the beam of the machine will drop for
specimens, Fig. 3, and round specimens, Fig. 4, are gauge a brief but appreciable interval of time. When a machine
marked with a double-pointed center punch or scribe marks. equipped with a load-indicating dial is used there is a halt or
One or more sets of gauge marks may be used; however, one hesitation of the load-indicating pointer corresponding to the
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0 A370-22
drop of the beam. Note the load at the "drop of the beam" or Yield strength ( 0.2 % offset) = 5 2 000 psi ( 360 MPa) (I)
the "halt of the pointer" and record the corresponding stress as
When the offset is 0.2 % or larger, the extensometer used
the yield point.
shall qualify as a Class B2 device over a strain range of 0.05 to
1 4 . 1 .2 Autographic Diagram Method-When a sharp-kneed
1 .0 %. If a smaller offset is specified, it may be necessary to
stress-strain diagram is obtained by an autographic recording
specify a more accurate device (that is, a Class B 1 device) or
device, take the stress corresponding to the top of the knee
reduce the lower limit of the strain range (for example, to
(Fig. 7), or the stress at which the curve drops as the yield
0.01 %) or both. See also Note 10 for automatic devices.
point.
1 4. 1 .3 Total Extension Under Load Method-When testing NoTE 9-For stress-strain diagrams not containing a distinct modulus,
material for yield point and the test specimens may not exhibit such as for some cold-worked materials, it is recommended that the
extension under load method be utilized. If the offset method is used for
a well-defined disproportionate deformation that characterizes
materials without a distinct modulus, a modulus value appropriate for the
a yield point as measured by the drop of the beam, halt of the material being tested should be used: 30 000 000 psi (207 000 MPa) for
pointer, or autographic diagram methods described in 1 4. 1 . 1 carbon steel; 29 000 000 psi (200 000 MPa) for ferritic stainless steel;
and 14. 1 .2, a value equivalent to the yield point in its practical 28 000 000 psi ( 1 93 000 MPa) for austenitic stainless steel. For special
significance may be determined by the following method and alloys, the producer should be contacted to discuss appropriate modulus
values.
may be recorded as yield point: Attach a Class C or better
extensometer (Notes 5 and 6) to the specimen. When the load 1 4.2.2 Extension Under Load Method-For tests to deter
producing a specified extension (Note 7) is reached record the mine the acceptance or rejection of material whose stress-strain
stress corresponding to the load as the yield point (Fig. 8). characteristics are well known from previous tests of similar
material in which stress-strain diagrams were plotted, the total
NOTE 5-Automatic devices are available that determine the load at the
strain corresponding to the stress at which the specified offset
specified total extension without plotting a stress-strain curve. Such
devices may be used if their accuracy has been demonstrated. Multiplying (see Notes 1 0 and 1 1 ) occurs will be known within satisfactory
calipers and other such devices are acceptable for use provided their limits. The stress on the specimen, when this total strain is
accuracy has been demonstrated as equivalent to a Class C extensometer. reached, is the value of the yield strength. In recording values
NoTE 6-Reference should be made to Practice E83. of yield strength obtained by this method, the value of
NOTE 7-For steel with a yield point specified not over 80 000 psi "extension" specified or used, or both, shall be stated in
(550 MPa), an appropriate value is 0.005 in./in. of gauge length. For
values above 80 000 psi, this method is not valid unless the limiting total parentheses after the term yield strength, for example:
extension is increased. Yield strength (0.5 % EUL) = 5 2 000 psi (360 MPa) (2)
NoTE 8-The shape of the initial portion of an autographically
determined stress-strain (or a load-elongation) curve may be influenced by The total strain can be obtained satisfactorily b y use of a
numerous factors such as the seating of the specimen in the grips, the Class B 1 extensometer (Note 5 , Note 6, and Note 8) .
straightening of a specimen bent due to residual stresses, and the rapid
loading permitted in 8 .4.1 . Generally, the aberrations in this portion of the NoTE 1 0-Automatic devices are available that determine offset yield
curve should be ignored when fitting a modulus line, such as that used to strength without plotting a stress-strain curve. Such devices may be used
determine the extension-under-load yield, to the curve. In practice, for a if their accuracy has been demonstrated.
number of reasons, the straight-line portion of the stress-strain curve may NoTE 1 1 -The appropriate magnitude of the extension under load will
not go through the origin of the stress-strain diagram. In these cases it is obviously vary with the strength range of the particular steel under test. In
not the origin of the stress-strain diagram, but rather where the straight general, the value of extension under load applicable to steel at any
line portion of the stress-strain curve, intersects the strain axis that is strength level may be determined from the sum of the proportional strain
pertinent. All offsets and extensions should be calculated from the and the plastic strain expected at the specified yield strength. The
intersection of the straight-line portion of the stress-strain curve with the following equation is used:
strain axis, and not necessarily from the origin of the stress-strain diagram.
See also Test Methods E8/E8M, Note 32. Extension under load, in./in. of gauge length = ( YSI E ) + r (3)
1 4. 2 Yield Strength-Yield strength is the stress at which a where:
material exhibits a specified limiting deviation from the pro YS specified yield strength, psi or MPa,
portionality of stress to strain . The deviation is expressed in E modulus of elasticity, psi or MPa, and
terms of strain, percent offset, total extension under load, and r limiting plastic strain, in./in.
so forth. Determine yield strength by one of the following
1 4 . 3 Tensile Strength-Calculate the tensile strength by
methods:
dividing the maximum load the specimen sustains during a
14.2. 1 Offset Method-To determine the yield strength by
tension test by the original cross-sectional area of the speci
the "offset method," it is necessary to secure data (autographic
men. If the upper yield strength is the maximum stress
or numerical) from which a stress-strain diagram with a distinct
recorded and if the stress-strain curve resembles that of Test
modulus characteristic of the material being tested may be
Methods E8/E8M-1 5a Fig. 25, the maximum stress after
drawn. Then on the stress-strain diagram (Fig. 9) lay off Om
discontinuous yielding shall be reported as the tensile strength
equal to the specified value of the offset, draw mn parallel to
unless otherwise stated by the purchaser.
OA, and thus locate r, the intersection of mn with the
stress-strain curve corresponding to load R, which is the 1 4 .4 Elongation:
yield-strength load. In recording values of yield strength 1 4 .4. 1 Fit the ends of the fractured specimen together
obtained by this method, the value of offset specified or used, carefully and measure the distance between the gauge marks to
or both, shall be stated in parentheses after the term yield the nearest 0 . 0 1 in. (0.25 mm) for gauge lengths of 2 in. and
strength, for example: under, and to the nearest 0.5 % of the gauge length for gauge
10
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0 A370-22
lengths over 2 in. A percentage scale reading to 0.5 % of the as a percentage of the original area is the reduction of area.
gauge length may be used. The elongation is the increase in
length of the gauge length, expressed as a percentage of the
original gauge length. In recording elongation values, give both
the percentage increase and the original gauge length.
1 4.4.2 If any part of the fracture takes place outside of the
middle half of the gauge length or in a punched or scribed mark
within the reduced section, the elongation value obtained may
not be representative of the material. If the elongation so
measured meets the minimum requirements specified, no
further testing is indicated, but if the elongation is less than the
minimum requirements, discard the test and retest.
1 4.4.3 Automated tensile testing methods using extensom
eters allow for the measurement of elongation in a method
described below. Elongation may be measured and reported
either this way, or as in the method described above, fitting the
broken ends together. Either result is valid.
1 4 .4.4 Elongation at fracture is defined as the elongation
measured just prior to the sudden decrease in force associated
with fracture. For many ductile materials not exhibiting a
sudden decrease in force, the elongation at fracture can be o m
taken as the strain measured just prior to when the force falls FIG. 7 Stress-strain Diagram Showing Yield Point Corresponding
below 1 0 % of the maximum force encountered during the test. With Top of Knee
1 4.4.4. 1 Elongation at fracture shall include elastic and
plastic elongation and may be determined with autographic or
automated methods using extensometers verified over the
strain range of interest. Use a class B2 or better extensometer n
for materials having less than 5 % elongation; a class C or
R -------------------------
better extensometer for materials having elongation greater
than or equal to 5 % but less than 50 %; and a class D or better
extensometer for materials having 50 % or greater elongation.
In all cases, the extensometer gauge length shall be the nominal
gauge length required for the specimen being tested. Due to the
lack of precision in fitting fractured ends together, the elonga
tion after fracture using the manual methods of the preceding
paragraphs may differ from the elongation at fracture deter
mined with extensometers.
1 4 .4.4.2 Percent elongation at fracture may be calculated
directly from elongation at fracture data and be reported
instead of percent elongation as calculated in 14.4. 1 . However,
these two parameters are not interchangeable. Use of the
elongation at fracture method generally provides more repeat Strain
o m
able results. �---------------------------�
14.5 Reduction of Area-Fit the ends of the fractured om = Specified Extension Under Load
specimen together and measure the mean diameter or the width FIG. 8 Stress-strain Diagram Showing Yield Point or Yield
and thickness at the smallest cross section to the same accuracy Strength by Extension Under Load Method
as the original dimensions. The difference between the area

thus found and the area of the original cross section expressed
11
0 A370-22
A n another or to approximate tensile strength. These conversion

I hardness numbers have been obtained using fixed-location
I
I hardness testing machines and computer-generated curves and
I
I
I are presented to the nearest 0. 1 point to permit accurate
R
I
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - �- - - - -
reproduction of those curves. All converted hardness numbers
/ , r
I
I must be considered approximate. All converted Rockwell and
I I
I I
I Vickers hardness numbers shall be rounded to the nearest
I
I whole number.
I
I
I
I 1 6.2 Converted Hardness Numbers and Scales:
I
I I
I
I 1 6.2. 1 If the product specification permits alternative hard
I I
I
I ness testing to determine conformance to a specified hardness
I requirement, the conversions listed in Tables 2-5 shall be used.
I
I 1 6.2.2 When reporting converted hardness numbers and
I
I
I scales from fixed-location hardness testing machine
I
I measurements, the measured hardness and test scale shall be
I
I
I indicated in parentheses, for example: 353 HBW (38 HRC).
I
I This means that a hardness number of 38 was obtained using
I
I
I the Rockwell C scale and converted to a Brinell hardness of
I
I 353.
I
I Strain
1 6 .2.3 When reporting converted hardness numbers from
portable hardness testing machine measurements, the measured
om = Specified Offset hardness and test scale shall be indicated in parentheses, as
shown in the examples in Table 6.
FIG. 9 Stress-strain Diagram for Determination of Yield Strength
by Offset Method
17. Brinell Hardness Fixed-Location Testing
BEND TEST 1 7 . 1 Description:

1 7 . 1 . 1 A specified load is applied to a fiat surface of the
15. Description specimen to be tested, through a tungsten carbide ball of
1 5 . 1 The bend test is one method for evaluating ductility, specified diameter. The average diameter of the indentation is
but it cannot be considered as a quantitative means of predict used as a basis for calculation of the Brinell hardness number.
ing service performance in all bending operations. The severity The quotient of the applied load divided by the area of the
of the bend test is primarily a function of the angle of bend of surface of the indentation, which is assumed to be spherical, is
the inside diameter to which the specimen is bent, and of the termed the Brinell hardness number (HBW) in accordance with
cross section of the specimen. These conditions are varied the following equation:
HBW = P![(nD!2) (D - �) ]
according to location and orientation of the test specimen and
(4)
the chemical composition, tensile properties, hardness, type,
and quality of the steel specified. Test Methods E 1 90 and E290 where:
may be consulted for methods of performing the test. HBW Brinell hardness number,
p applied load, kgf,
1 5 . 2 Unless otherwise specified, it shall be permissible to
D diameter of the tungsten carbide ball, mm, and
age bend test specimens. The time-temperature cycle employed
d average diameter of the indentation, mm.
must be such that the effects of previous processing will not be
NoTE 1 2-The Erin ell hardness number from a fixed-location testing
materially changed. It may be accomplished by aging at room machine is more conveniently secured from standard tables such as Table
temperature 24 to 48 h, or in shorter time at moderately 7, which show numbers corresponding to the various indentation
elevated temperatures by boiling in water or by heating in oil diameters, usually in increments of 0.05 mm.
or in an oven. NoTE 1 3-In Test Method E1 0 the values are stated in SI units, whereas
in this section kg/m units are used.
1 5 .3 Bend the test specimen at room temperature to an
inside diameter, as designated by the applicable product 1 7 . 1 .2 The standard Brinell hardness fixed-location testing
specific ations, to the extent specified. The speed of bending is machine using a 1 0 mm tungsten carbide ball employs a 3000
ordinarily not an important factor. kgf load for hard materials and a 1 500 or 500 kgf load for thin
sections or soft materials (see Annex A2 on Steel Tubular
HARDNESS TEST METHODS Products). Other loads and different size indenters may be used
when specified. In recording hardness values, the diameter of
16. General the ball and the load must be stated except when a 10 mm ball
1 6. 1 A hardness test is a means of determining resistance to and 3000 kgf load are used.
penetration and is occasionally employed to obtain a quick 17 . 1 .3 A range of hardness can properly be specified only
approximation of tensile strength. Tables 2-5 are for the for quenched and tempered or normalized and tempered
conversion of hardness measurements from one scale to material. For annealed material a maximum figure only should
12
0 A370-22
TABLE 2 Approximate Hard ness Conversion Nu mbers for Nonaustenitic SteelsA (Rockwell C to Other Hard ness Numbers)
Rockwell C Rockwell A Rockwell Superficial Hardness
Brinell Knoop
Scale, 1 50 kgf Vickers Scale, 60 kgf 1 5N Scale, 1 5 30N Scale 30 45N Scale, 45 Approximate
Hardness Hardness,
Load, Hardness Load, kgf Load, kgf Load, kgf Load, Tensile
3000 kgf Load, 500 gf Load
Diamond Number Diamond Diamond Diamond Diamond Strength, ksi
10 mm Ball and Over
Penetrator Penetrator Penetrator Penetrator Penetrator ( MPa)
68 940 920 85.6 93.2 84.4 75.4
67 900 895 85.0 92.9 83.6 74.2
66 865 870 84.5 92.5 82.8 73.3
832 846 8 1 .9
BOO
65 739 83.9 92.2 72.0
64 722 822 83.4 91 .8 81.1 71 .0
63 772 706 799 82.8 91 .4 80. 1 69.9
62 746 688 776 82.3 91 . 1 79.3 68.8
61 720 670 754 81 .8 90.7 78.4 67.7
60 697 654 732 81 .2 90.2 77.5 66.6
59 674 634 71 0 80.7 89.8 76.6 65.5 351 (2420)
58 653 615 690 80. 1 89.3 75.7 64.3 338 (2330)
57 633 595 670 79.6 88.9 74.8 63.2 325 (2240)
56 613 577 650 79.0 88.3 73.9 62.0 31 3 (21 60)
55 595 560 630 78.5 87.9 73.0 60.9 301 (2070)
54 577 543 612 78.0 87.4 72.0 59.8 292 (2010)
53 560 525 594 77.4 86.9 7 1 .2 58.6 283 ( 1 950)
52 544 512 576 76.8 86.4 70.2 57.4 273 ( 1 880)
51 528 496 558 76.3 85.9 69.4 56.1 264 ( 1 820)
50 513 482 542 75.9 85.5 68.5 55.0 255 ( 1 760)
49 498 468 526 75.2 85.0 67.6 53.8 246 ( 1 700)
48 484 455 51 0 74.7 84.5 66.7 52.5 238 ( 1 640)
47 471 442 495 74.1 83.9 65.8 51 .4 229 ( 1 580)
46 458 432 480 73.6 83.5 64.8 50.3 221 ( 1 520)
45 446 421 466 73. 1 83.0 64.0 49.0 21 5 ( 1 480)
44 434 409 452 72.5 82.5 63. 1 47.8 208 ( 1 430)
43 423 400 438 72.0 82.0 62.2 46.7 201 ( 1 390)
42 412 390 426 71 .5 81 .5 6 1 .3 45.5 1 94 ( 1 340)
41 402 381 414 70.9 80.9 60.4 44.3 1 88 ( 1 300)
40 392 371 402 70.4 80.4 59.5 43.1 1 82 ( 1 250)
39 382 362 391 69.9 79.9 58.6 41 .9 1 77 ( 1 220)
38 372 353 380 69.4 79.4 57.7 40.8 1 71 ( 1 1 80)
37 363 344 370 68.9 78.8 56.8 39.6 1 66 ( 1 1 40)
36 354 336 360 68.4 78.3 55.9 38.4 1 61 ( 1 1 1 0)
35 345 327 351 67.9 77.7 55.0 37.2 1 56 ( 1 080)
34 336 319 342 67.4 77.2 54.2 36.1 1 52 ( 1 050)
33 327 311 334 66.8 76.6 53.3 34.9 1 49 ( 1 030)
32 318 301 326 66.3 76.1 52. 1 33.7 1 46 ( 1 01 0)
31 310 294 31 8 65.8 75.6 5 1 .3 32.5 1 41 (970)
30 302 286 311 65.3 75.0 50.4 31 .3 1 38 (950)
29 294 279 304 64.6 74.5 49.5 30.1 1 35 (930)
28 286 271 297 64.3 73.9 48.6 28.9 1 31 (900)
27 279 264 290 63.8 73.3 47.7 27.8 1 28 (880)
26 272 258 284 63.3 72.8 46.8 26.7 1 25 (860)
25 266 253 278 62.8 72.2 45.9 25.5 1 23 (850)
24 260 247 272 62.4 71 .6 45.0 24.3 1 1 9 (820)
23 254 243 266 62.0 71 .0 44.0 23.1 1 1 7 (81 0)
22 248 237 261 61 .5 70.5 43.2 22.0 1 1 5 (790)
21 243 231 256 61 .0 69.9 42.3 20.7 1 1 2 (770)
20 238 226 251 60.5 69.4 41 .5 1 9.6 1 1 0 (760)
A This table gives the approximate interrelationships of hardness numbers and approximate tensile strength of steels. It is possible that steels of various compositions and
processing histories will deviate in hardness-tensile strength relationship from the data presented in this table. The data in this table should not be used for austenitic
stainless steels, but have been shown to be applicable for ferritic and martensitic stainless steels. The data in this table should not be used to establish a relationship
between hardness numbers and tensile strength of hard drawn wire. The data in this table was developed using fixed-location hardness testing machines. Where more
precise conversions are required, they should be developed specially for each steel composition, heat treatment, and part. Caution should be exercised if conversions from
this table are used for the acceptance or rejection of product. The approximate interrelationships may affect acceptance or rejection.
be specified. For normalized material a minimum or a maxi 1 7 .2. 1 Testing Machine-A Brinell hardness fixed-location
mum hardness may be specified by agreement. In general, no testing machine is acceptable for use over a loading range
hardness requirements should be applied to untreated material. within which its load measuring device is accurate to :±: 1 %.
1 7. 1 .4 Brinell hardness may be required when tensile prop 17 .2.2 Measuring Microscope-The divisions of the mi
erties are not specified. crometer scale of the microscope or other measuring devices
1 7.2 Appa ratus-Equipment shall meet the following re used for the measurement of the diameter of the indentations
quirements:
13
Eqr{tkijv"d{"CUVO"Kpv)n"'cm"tkijvu"tgugtxgft�"Vjw"Pqx"39"32<63<73" 1 OV"4244
0 A370-22
TABLE 3 Approximate Hard ness Conversion Nu mbers for Nonaustenitic SteelsA (Rockwell B to Other Hard ness Numbers)
Rockwell Superficial Hardness
Rockwell B
Scale, 1 00 Brinell Knoop Rockwell A Rockwell F 1 5T Scale, 30T Scale, 45T Scale, Approximate
Vickers 15 kgf 30 kgf 45 kgf
kgf Load 1/16-
500 gf Load &
Hardness, 300 Hardness, Scale, 60 kgf Scale, 60 kgf Tensile
Hardness Load, 1/16- Load, 1/1 6- Load, 1/1 6-
in. kgf Load, 1 0 Load, Diamond Load, '116-in. Strength ksi
Number in. in. in.
(1 .588 mm) m m Ball Over Penetrator ( 1 .588 mm) Ball (M Pa)
Ball ( 1 .588 mm) ( 1 .588 mm) (1 .588 mm)
Ball Ball Ball
1 00 240 240 251 61 .5 93.1 83.1 72.9 116 (BOO)
99 234 234 246 60.9 92.8 82.5 71 .9 114 (785)
98 228 228 241 60.2 92.5 81 .8 70.9 1 09 (750)
97 222 222 236 59.5 92.1 81 . 1 69.9 1 04 (71 5)
96 216 216 231 58.9 91 .8 80.4 68.9 1 02 (705)
95 21 0 210 226 58.3 91 .5 79.8 67.9 1 00 (690)
94 205 205 221 57.6 91 .2 79.1 66.9 98 (675)
93 200 200 216 57.0 90.8 78.4 65.9 94 (650)
92 1 95 1 95 211 56.4 90.5 77.8 64.8 92 (635)
91 1 90 1 90 206 55.8 90.2 77.1 63.8 90 (620)
90 1 85 1 85 201 55.2 89.9 76.4 62.8 89 (61 5)
89 1 80 1 80 1 96 54.6 89.5 75.8 61 .8 88 (605)
88 1 76 1 76 1 92 54.0 89.2 75.1 60.8 86 (590)
87 1 72 1 72 1 88 53.4 88.9 74.4 59.8 84 (580)
86 1 69 1 69 1 84 52.8 88.6 73.8 58.8 83 (570)
85 1 65 1 65 1 80 52.3 88.2 73.1 57.8 82 (565)
84 1 62 1 62 1 76 51 . 7 87.9 72.4 56.8 81 (560)
83 1 59 1 59 1 73 51.1 87.6 71 .8 55.8 80 (550)
82 1 56 1 56 1 70 50.6 87.3 71 . 1 54.8 77 (530)
81 1 53 1 53 1 67 50.0 86.9 70.4 53.8 73 (505)
80 1 50 1 50 1 64 49.5 86.6 69.7 52.8 72 (495)
79 1 47 1 47 1 61 48.9 86.3 69.1 51 .8 70 (485)
78 1 44 1 44 1 58 48.4 86.0 68.4 50.8 69 (475)
77 141 141 1 55 47.9 85.6 67.7 49.8 68 (470)
76 1 39 1 39 1 52 47.3 85.3 67.1 48.8 67 (460)
75 1 37 1 37 1 50 46.8 99.6 85.0 66.4 47.8 66 (455)
74 1 35 1 35 1 47 46.3 99. 1 84.7 65.7 46.8 65 (450)
73 1 32 1 32 1 45 45.8 98.5 84.3 65.1 45.8 64 (440)
72 1 30 1 30 1 43 45.3 98.0 84.0 64.4 44.8 63 (435)
71 1 27 1 27 141 44.8 97.4 83.7 63.7 43.8 62 (425)
70 1 25 1 25 1 39 44.3 96.8 83.4 63.1 42.8 61 (420)
69 1 23 1 23 1 37 43.8 96.2 83.0 62.4 41 .8 60 (41 5)
68 121 121 1 35 43.3 95.6 82.7 61 .7 40.8 59 (405)
67 119 119 1 33 42.8 95. 1 82.4 61 .0 39.8 58 (400)
66 117 117 1 31 42.3 94.5 82.1 60.4 38.7 57 (395)
65 116 116 1 29 41 .8 93.9 81 .8 59.7 37.7 56 (385)
64 114 114 1 27 41 .4 93.4 81 .4 59.0 36.7
63 112 112 1 25 40.9 92.8 81 . 1 58.4 35.7
62 110 110 1 24 40.4 92.2 80.8 57.7 34.7
61 1 08 1 08 1 22 40.0 91 . 7 80.5 57.0 33.7
60 1 07 1 07 1 20 39.5 91 . 1 80.1 56.4 32.7
59 1 06 1 06 118 39.0 90.5 79.8 55.7 31 . 7
58 1 04 1 04 117 38.6 90.0 79.5 55.0 30.7
57 1 03 1 03 115 38.1 89.4 79.2 54.4 29.7
56 1 01 1 01 114 37.7 88.8 78.8 53.7 28.7
55 1 00 1 00 112 37.2 88.2 78.5 53.0 27.7
54 111 36.8 87.7 78.2 52.4 26.7
53 110 36.3 87. 1 77.9 51 . 7 25.7
52 1 09 35.9 86.5 77.5 51 .0 24.7
51 1 08 35.5 86.0 77.2 50.3 23.7
50 1 07 35.0 85.4 76.9 49.7 22.7
49 1 06 34.6 84.8 76.6 49.0 21 .7
48 1 05 34.1 84.3 76.2 48.3 20.7
47 1 04 33.7 83.7 75.9 47.7 1 9.7
46 1 03 33.3 83. 1 75.6 47.0 1 8.7
45 1 02 32.9 82.6 75.3 46.3 1 7.7
44 1 01 32.4 82.0 74.9 45.7 1 6.7
43 1 00 32.0 81 .4 74.6 45.0 1 5.7
42 99 3 1 .6 80.8 74.3 44.3 1 4.7
41 98 3 1 .2 80.3 74.0 43.7 1 3.6
40 97 30.7 79.7 73.6 43.0 1 2.6
39 96 30.3 79. 1 73.3 42.3 1 1 .6
38 95 29.9 78.6 73.0 41 .6 1 0.6
37 94 29.5 78.0 72.7 41 .0 9.6
36 93 29. 1 77.4 72.3 40.3 8.6
35 92 28.7 76.9 72.0 39.6 7.6
34 91 28.2 76.3 71 .7 39.0 6.6
33 90 27.8 75.7 71 .4 38.3 5.6
32 89 27.4 75.2 71 .0 37.6 4.6
14
0 A370-22
TABLE 3 Continued
Rockwell B
Scale, 1 00 Brinell Knoop Rockwell A Rockwell F 1 5T Scale, 30T Scale, 45T Scale, Approximate
Vickers 15 kgf 30 kgf 45 kgf
kgf Load 1/16·
500 gf Load &
Hardness, 300 Hardness, Scale, 60 kgf Scale, 60 kgf Tensile
Hardness Load, 1/16· Load, 1/1 6· Load, 1/1 6·
in. kgf Load, 1 0 Load, Diamond Load, '116-in. Strength ksi
Number in. in. in.
(1 .588 mm) m m Ball Over Penetrator ( 1 .588 mm) Ball (M Pa)
Ball ( 1 .588 mm) ( 1 .588 mm) (1 .588 mm)
Ball Ball Ball
31 88 27.0 74.6 70.7 37.0 3.6
30 87 26.6 74.0 70.4 36.3 2.6
A This table gives the approximate interrelationships of hardness numbers and approximate tensile strength of steels. It is possible that steels of various compositions and
processing histories will deviate in hardness-tensile strength relationship from the data presented in this table. The data in this table should not be used for austenitic
stainless steels, but have been shown to be applicable for ferritic and martensitic stainless steels. The data in this table should not be used to establish a relationship
between hardness numbers and tensile strength of hard drawn wire. The data in this table was developed using fixed-location hardness testing machines. Where more
precise conversions are required, they should be developed specially for each steel composition, heat treatment, and part.
TABLE 4 Approximate Hardness Conversion Numbers for Austenitic Steels (Rockwell C to other Hardness Numbers)

Rockwell C Scale, 1 50 kgf Rockwell A Scale, 60 kgf
Load, Diamond Penetrator Load, Diamond Penetrator 1 5N Scale, 1 5 kgf Load, 30N Scale, 30 kgf Load, 45N Scale, 45 kgf Load,
Diamond Penetrator Diamond Penetrator Diamond Penetrator
48 74.4 84.1 66.2 52.1
47 73.9 83.6 65.3 50.9
46 73.4 83.1 64.5 49.8
45 72.9 82.6 63.6 48.7
44 72.4 82.1 62.7 47.5
43 71 .9 81 .6 61 .8 46.4
42 71 .4 81 .0 61 .0 45.2
41 70.9 80.5 60.1 44.1
40 70.4 80.0 59.2 43.0
39 69.9 79.5 58.4 41 .8
38 69.3 79.0 57.5 40.7
37 68.8 78.5 56.6 39.6
36 68.3 78.0 55.7 38.4
35 67.8 77.5 54.9 37.3
34 67.3 77.0 54.0 36.1
33 66.8 76.5 53.1 35.0
32 66.3 75.9 52.3 33.9
31 65.8 75.4 51 .4 32.7
30 65.3 74.9 50.5 31 .6
29 64.8 74.4 49.6 30.4
28 64.3 73.9 48.8 29.3
27 63.8 73.4 47.9 28.2
26 63.3 72.9 47.0 27.0
25 62.8 72.4 46.2 25.9
24 62.3 71 .9 45.3 24.8
23 61 .8 71 .3 44.4 23.6
22 61 .3 70.8 43.5 22.5
21 60.8 70.3 42.7 21 .3
20 60.3 69.8 41 .8 20.2
shall be such as to permit the direct measurement of the 1 7 . 3 Test Specimen-Brinell hardness indentations are made
diameter to 0. 1 mm and the estimation of the diameter to on prepared areas and sufficient metal must be removed from
0.05 mm. the surface to eliminate decarburized metal and other surface
NOTE 1 4-This requirement applies to the construction of the micro irregularities. The thickness of the piece tested must be such
scope only and is not a requirement for measurement of the indentation, that no bulge or other marking showing the effect of the load
see 17 .4.4. appears on the side of the piece opposite the indentation.
1 7 .2.3 Standard Ball-The standard tungsten carbide ball
1 7 .4 Test Procedure:
for Brinell hardness fixed-location testing machine is 1 0 mm
1 7 .4. 1 Detailed Test Procedure-For detailed requirements
(0.3937 in.) in diameter with a deviation from this value of not
of the test procedure, reference shall be made to the latest
more than 0.005 mm (0.0002 in.) in any diameter. A tungsten
carbide ball suitable for use must not show a permanent change revision of Test Method E l O for fixed-location hardness testing
in diameter greater than 0.0 1 mm (0.0004 in.) when pressed machines.
with a force of 3000 kgf against the test specimen. Steel ball 1 7 .4.2 It is essential that the applicable product specifica
indenters are no longer permitted for use in Brinell hardness tions state clearly the position at which Brinell hardness
fixed-location testing machines in accordance with these test indentations are to be made and the number of such indenta
methods. tions required. The distance of the center of the indentation
15
0 A370-22
TABLE 5 Approximate Hardness Conversion Numbers for Austenitic Steels (Rockwell B to other Hardness Numbers)

Rockwell B
Brinell Hardness, Rockwell A Scale, 30T Scale, 45T Scale,
Scale, 1 00 kg! Load, Brinell Indentation 1 5T Scale,
1/16- 3000 kg! Load, 60 kg! Load, 30 kg! Load, 45 kg! Load,
Diameter, m m 1 5 kg! Load,
10 mm Ball Diamond Penetrator 1/16-in. ( 1 .588 mm) 1/16-in. ( 1 .588 mm) Ball
in. (1 .588 mm) Ball '116-in. ( 1 .588 mm) Ball
Ball
1 00 3.79 256 61 .5 91 . 5 80.4 70.2
99 3.85 248 60.9 91 .2 79.7 69.2
98 3.91 240 60.3 90.8 79.0 68.2
97 3.96 233 59.7 90.4 78.3 67.2
96 4.02 226 59. 1 90. 1 77.7 66.1
95 4.08 21 9 58.5 89.7 77.0 65. 1
94 4. 1 4 21 3 58.0 89.3 76.3 64.1
93 4.20 207 57.4 88.9 75.6 63. 1
92 4.24 202 56.8 88.6 74.9 62. 1
91 4.30 1 97 56.2 88.2 74.2 61 . 1
90 4.35 1 92 55.6 87.8 73.5 60.1
89 4.40 1 87 55.0 87.5 72.8 59.0
88 4.45 1 83 54.5 87. 1 72.1 58.0
87 4.51 1 78 53.9 86.7 71 .4 57.0
86 4.55 1 74 53.3 86.4 70.7 56.0
85 4.60 1 70 52.7 86.0 70.0 55.0
84 4.65 1 67 52. 1 85.6 69.3 54.0
83 4.70 1 63 51 .5 85.2 68.6 52.9
82 4.74 1 60 50.9 84.9 67.9 51 .9
81 4.79 1 56 50.4 84.5 67.2 50.9
80 4.84 1 53 49.8 84.1 66.5 49.9
TABLE 6 Reporting Converted Hardness Numbers and Scales from Portable Hardness Tests
NOTE 1-Since the data in the hardness conversion tables in this standard were developed using fixed-location hardness testing machines, the use of
these tables to convert portable hardness testing numbers may have a larger approximation range than for converting fixed-location hardness testing
numbers.
Portable Hardness Test Method Portable Hardness Test Number and Converted Hardness Number and Reported Converted Hardness Num-
Scale Scale ber and Scale
A833 353 H BC/340 38 H RC 38 HRC (353 HBC/340)
A956/A956M 353 HB (HLD) 38 H RC 38 HRC (353 HB (HLD))
A 1 038 372 HV (UCI} 38 H RC 38 HRC {372 HV (UCI)}
E110 353 HBW/P 38 H RC 38 HRC (353 HBW/P)
from the edge of the specimen or edge of another indentation 1 7 .5. 1 .4 The only exception to the above requirement is for
must be at least two and one-half times the diameter of the the HBW 1 0/3000 scale when a 1 0 to 1 5 s dwell time is used.
indentation. Only in the case of this one Brinell hardness scale may the
1 7.4.3 Apply the load for 1 0 to 15 s . designation be reported simply as HBW.
1 7 .4.4 Measure diameters o f the indentation in accordance 1 7 . 5 . 1 .5 Examples: 220 HBW = Brinell hardness of 220
with Test Method E 1 0. determined with a ball of 1 0 mm diameter and with a test force
1 7 .4.5 The Brinell hardness fixed-location testing machine of 3000 kgf applied for 1 0 to 1 5 s; 350 HBW 511 500 = Brinell
is not recommended for materials above 650 HBW. hardness of 350 determined with a ball of 5 mm diameter and
1 7 .4.5 . 1 If a ball is used in a test of a specimen which shows with a test force of 1 500 kgf applied for 1 0 to 1 5 s.
a Brinell hardness number greater than the limit for the ball as
detailed in 1 7 .4.5, the ball shall be either discarded and 18. Rockwell Fixed-Location Hardness Testing
replaced with a new ball or remeasured to ensure conformance 1 8 . 1 Description:
with the requirements of Test Method E 1 0. 1 8 . 1 . 1 In this test a hardness number is obtained by deter
1 7.5 Reporting Brinell Hardness Numbers: mining the depth of penetration of a diamond point or a
1 7 . 5 . 1 Brinell hardness numbers shall not be reported by a tungsten carbide ball into the specimen using a fixed-location
number alone because it is necessary to indicate which indenter hardness testing machine. A minor load of 1 0 kgf is first
and force has been employed in making the test. Reported applied which causes an initial penetration, sets the penetrator
Brinell hardness numbers shall always be followed by the scale on the material and holds it in position. A major load which
symbol HBW, and be supplemented by an index indicating the depends on the scale being used is applied increasing the depth
test conditions in the following order: of indentation. The major load is removed and, with the minor
1 7. 5 . 1 . 1 Diameter of the ball, mm, load still acting, the Rockwell number, which is proportional to
1 7.5 . 1 .2 A value representing the applied load, kgf, and, the difference in penetration between the major and minor
1 7.5. 1 .3 The applied force dwell time, s, if other than 10 to loads is determined; this is usually done by the machine and
1 5 s. shows on a dial, digital display, printer, or other device. This is
16
0 A370-22
TABLE 7 Brinell Hardness NumbersA

(Ball 1 0 mm in Diameter, Applied Loads of 500, 1 500, and 3000 kgf)
Brinell Hardness Brinell Hardness Brinell Hardness Brinell Hardness
Number Diameter Number Diameter Number Diameter Number
Diameter
of of of
of Indenta 500- 1 500- 3000- 500- 1 500- 3000- 500- 1 500- 3000- 500- 1 500- 3000-
Indenta Indenta Indenta
tion, mm kgf kgf kg! kgf kg! kg! kgf kgf kg! kgf kgf kgf
tion, mm tion, mm tion, mm
Load Load Load Load Load Load Load Load Load Load Load Load
2.00 158 473 945 3.25 58.6 1 76 352 4.50 29.8 89.3 1 79 5.75 1 7.5 52.5 1 05
2.01 156 468 936 3.26 58.3 1 75 350 4.51 29.6 88.8 1 78 5.76 1 7.4 52.3 1 05
2.02 154 463 926 3.27 57.9 1 74 347 4.52 29.5 88.4 1 77 5.77 1 7.4 52.1 1 04
2.03 153 459 917 3.28 57.5 1 73 345 4.53 29.3 88.0 1 76 5.78 1 7.3 51 .9 1 04
2.04 151 454 908 3.29 57.2 1 72 343 4.54 29.2 87.6 1 75 5.79 1 7.2 51 .7 1 03
2.05 150 450 899 3.30 56.8 1 70 341 4.55 29.1 87.2 1 74 5.80 1 7.2 51 .5 1 03
2.06 148 445 890 3.31 56.5 1 69 339 4.56 28.9 86.8 1 74 5.81 1 7. 1 51 .3 1 03
2.07 147 441 882 3.32 56. 1 1 68 337 4.57 28.8 86.4 1 73 5.82 1 7.0 51 . 1 1 02
2.08 146 437 873 3.33 55.8 1 67 335 4.58 28.7 86.0 1 72 5.83 1 7.0 50.9 1 02
2.09 144 432 865 3.34 55.4 1 66 333 4.59 28.5 85.6 1 71 5.84 1 6.9 50.7 1 01
2.1 0 143 428 856 3.35 55. 1 1 65 331 4.60 28.4 85.4 1 70 5.85 1 6.8 50.5 1 01
2.11 14 1 424 848 3.36 54.8 1 64 329 4.61 28.3 84.8 1 70 5.86 1 6.8 50.3 1 01
2.1 2 140 420 840 3.37 54.4 1 63 326 4.62 28.1 84.4 1 69 5.87 1 6.7 50.2 1 00
2.1 3 139 416 832 3.38 54. 1 1 62 325 4.63 28.0 84.0 1 68 5.88 1 6.7 50.0 99.9
2.1 4 137 4 12 824 3.39 53.8 1 61 323 4.64 27.9 83.6 1 67 5.89 1 6.6 49.8 99.5
2.1 5 136 408 817 3.40 53.4 1 60 321 4.65 27.8 83.3 1 67 5.90 1 6.5 49.6 99.2
2.16 135 404 809 3.41 53. 1 1 59 319 4.66 27.6 82.9 1 66 5.91 1 6.5 49.4 98.8
2.1 7 134 401 802 3.42 52.8 1 58 317 4.67 27.5 82.5 1 65 5.92 1 6.4 49.2 98.4
2.1 8 132 397 794 3.43 52.5 1 57 315 4.68 27.4 82. 1 1 64 5.93 1 6.3 49.0 98.0
2.1 9 131 393 787 3.44 52.2 1 56 313 4.69 27.3 81 .8 1 64 5.94 1 6.3 48.8 97.7
2.20 130 390 780 3.45 51 .8 1 56 311 4.70 27.1 81 .4 1 63 5.95 1 6.2 48.7 97.3
2.21 129 386 772 3.46 51 .5 1 55 309 4.71 27.0 81 .0 1 62 5.96 1 6.2 48.5 96.9
2.22 128 383 765 3.47 51 .2 1 54 307 4.72 26.9 80.7 161 5.97 16.1 48.3 96.6
2.23 126 379 758 3.48 50.9 1 53 306 4.73 26.8 80.3 161 5.98 1 6.0 48.1 96.2
2.24 125 376 752 3.49 50.6 1 52 304 4.74 26.6 79.9 1 60 5.99 1 6.0 47.9 95.9
2.25 124 372 745 3.50 50.3 1 51 302 4.75 26.5 79.6 1 59 6.00 15.9 47.7 95.5
2.26 123 369 738 3.51 50.0 1 50 300 4.76 26.4 79.2 1 58 6.01 15.9 47.6 95.1
2.27 122 366 732 3.52 49.7 1 49 298 4.77 26.3 78.9 1 58 6.02 15.8 47.4 94.8
2.28 121 363 725 3.53 49.4 1 48 297 4.78 26.2 78.5 1 57 6.03 15. 7 47.2 94.4
2.29 120 359 719 3.54 49.2 1 47 295 4.79 26.1 78.2 1 56 6.04 15. 7 47.0 94. 1
2.30 119 356 712 3.55 48.9 1 47 293 4.80 25.9 77.8 1 56 6.05 15.6 46.8 93.7
2.31 118 353 706 3.56 48.6 1 46 292 4.81 25.8 77.5 1 55 6.06 15.6 46.7 93.4
2.32 117 350 700 3.57 48.3 1 45 290 4.82 25.7 77. 1 1 54 6.07 15.5 46.5 93.0
2.33 116 347 694 3.58 48.0 1 44 288 4.83 25.6 76.8 1 54 6.08 15.4 46.3 92.7
2.34 115 344 688 3.59 47.7 1 43 286 4.84 25.5 76.4 1 53 6.09 15.4 46.2 92.3
2.35 114 34 1 682 3.60 47.5 1 42 285 4.85 25.4 76.1 1 52 6.10 15.3 46.0 92.0
2.36 113 338 676 3.61 47.2 1 42 283 4.86 25.3 75.8 1 52 6.11 15.3 45.8 9 1 .7
2.37 1 12 335 670 3.62 46.9 141 282 4.87 25.1 75.4 151 6.12 15.2 45.7 9 1 .3
2.38 111 332 665 3.63 46.7 1 40 280 4.88 25.0 75. 1 1 50 6.13 15.2 45.5 9 1 .0
2.39 110 330 659 3.64 46.4 1 39 278 4.89 24.9 74.8 1 50 6.14 15. 1 45.3 90.6
2.40 109 327 653 3.65 46. 1 1 38 277 4.90 24.8 74.4 1 49 6.15 15. 1 45.2 90.3
2.41 108 324 648 3.66 45.9 1 38 275 4.91 24.7 74.1 1 48 6.16 15.0 45.0 90.0
2.42 107 322 643 3.67 45.6 1 37 274 4.92 24.6 73.8 1 48 6.17 14.9 44.8 89.6
2.43 106 319 637 3.68 45.4 1 36 272 4.93 24.5 73.5 1 47 6.18 14.9 44.7 89.3
2.44 105 316 632 3.69 45. 1 1 35 271 4.94 24.4 73.2 1 46 6.19 14.8 44.5 89.0
2.45 104 313 627 3.70 44.9 1 35 269 4.95 24.3 72.8 1 46 6.20 14. 7 44.3 88.7
2.46 104 311 621 3.71 44.6 1 34 268 4.96 24.2 72.5 1 45 6.21 14. 7 44.2 88.3
2.47 103 308 616 3.72 44.4 1 33 266 4.97 24.1 72.2 1 44 6.22 14. 7 44.0 88.0
2.48 102 306 611 3.73 44. 1 1 32 265 4.98 24.0 71 .9 1 44 6.23 14.6 43.8 87.7
2.49 101 303 606 3.74 43.9 1 32 263 4.99 23.9 71 .6 1 43 6.24 14.6 43.7 87.4
2.50 1 00 301 601 3.75 43.6 1 31 262 5.00 23.8 71 .3 1 43 6.25 14.5 43.5 87.1
2.51 99.4 298 597 3.76 43.4 1 30 260 5.01 23.7 71 .0 1 42 6.26 14.5 43.4 86.7
2.52 98.6 296 592 3.77 43. 1 1 29 259 5.02 23.6 70.7 141 6.27 14.4 43.2 86.4
2.53 97.8 294 587 3.78 42.9 1 29 257 5.03 23.5 70.4 141 6.28 14.4 43.1 86.1
2.54 97.1 291 582 3.79 42.7 1 28 256 5.04 23.4 70. 1 1 40 6.29 14.3 42.9 85.8
2.55 96.3 289 578 3.80 42.4 1 27 255 5.05 23.3 69.8 1 40 6.30 14.2 42.7 85.5
2.56 95.5 287 573 3.81 42.2 1 27 253 5.06 23.2 69.5 1 39 6.31 14.2 42.6 85.2
2.57 94.8 284 569 3.82 42.0 1 26 252 5.07 23.1 69.2 1 38 6.32 14. 1 42.4 84.9
2.58 94.0 282 564 3.83 41 .7 1 25 250 5.08 23.0 68.9 1 38 6.33 14. 1 42.3 84.6
2.59 93.3 280 560 3.84 41 .5 1 25 249 5.09 22.9 68.6 1 37 6.34 14.0 42.1 84.3
2.60 92.6 278 555 3.85 41 .3 1 24 248 5. 1 0 22.8 68.3 1 37 6.35 14.0 42.0 84.0
2.61 91 .8 276 551 3.86 41 . 1 1 23 246 5.11 22.7 68.0 1 36 6.36 13.9 41.8 83. 7
2.62 91 . 1 273 547 3.87 40.9 1 23 245 5. 1 2 22.6 67.7 1 35 6.37 13.9 41.7 83.4
2.63 90.4 271 543 3.88 40.6 1 22 244 5. 1 3 22.5 67.4 1 35 6.38 13.8 4 1.5 83. 1
2.64 89.7 269 538 3.89 40.4 121 242 5.14 22.4 67. 1 1 34 6.39 13.8 41.4 82.8
2.65 89.0 267 534 3.90 40.2 1 21 241 5. 1 5 22.3 66.9 1 34 6.40 13. 7 4 1.2 82.5
2.66 88.4 265 530 3.91 40.0 1 20 240 5.16 22.2 66.6 1 33 6.41 13. 7 41. 1 82.2
2.67 87.7 263 526 3.92 39.8 119 239 5. 1 7 22.1 66.3 1 33 6.42 13.6 40.9 81.9
2.68 87.0 261 522 3.93 39.6 119 237 5. 1 8 22.0 66.0 1 32 6.43 13.6 40.8 81.6
2.69 86.4 259 518 3.94 39.4 118 236 5. 1 9 21 .9 65.8 1 32 6.44 13.5 40.6 81.3
17
0 A370-22
TABLE 7 Continued
Brinell Hardness Brinell Hardness Brinell Hardness Brinell Hardness
Number Diameter Number Diameter Number Diameter Number
Diameter
of of of
of Indenta 500- 1 500- 3000- 500- 1 500- 3000- 500- 1 500- 3000- 500- 1 500- 3000-
Indenta Indenta Indenta
tion, mm kgf kgf kgf kgf kgf kg! kgf kgf kg! kgf kgf kgf
tion, mm tion, mm tion, mm
Load Load Load Load Load Load Load Load Load Load Load Load
2.70 85.7 257 514 3.95 39. 1 117 235 5.20 21 .8 65.5 1 31 6.45 13.5 40.5 81.0
2.71 85.1 255 510 3.96 38.9 117 234 5.21 21 .7 65.2 1 30 6.46 13.4 40.4 80. 7
2.72 84.4 253 507 3.97 38.7 116 232 5.22 21 .6 64.9 1 30 6.47 13.4 40.2 80.4
2.73 83.8 251 503 3.98 38.5 116 231 5.23 21 .6 64.7 1 29 6.48 13.4 40. 1 80. 1
2.74 83.2 250 499 3.99 38.3 115 230 5.24 21 .5 64.4 1 29 6.49 13.3 39.9 79.8
2.75 82.6 248 495 4.00 38. 1 114 229 5.25 21 .4 64.1 1 28 6.50 13.3 39.8 79. 6
2.76 81 .9 246 492 4.01 37.9 114 228 5.26 21 .3 63.9 1 28 6.51 13.2 39.6 79.3
2.77 81 .3 244 488 4.02 37.7 113 226 5.27 21 .2 63.6 1 27 6.52 13.2 39.5 79. 0
2.78 80.8 242 485 4.03 37.5 113 225 5.28 21 . 1 63.3 1 27 6.53 13. 1 39.4 78. 7
2.79 80.2 240 481 4.04 37.3 112 224 5.29 21 .0 63. 1 1 26 6.54 13. 1 39.2 78.4
2.80 79.6 239 477 4.05 37. 1 111 223 5.30 20.9 62.8 1 26 6.55 13.0 39. 1 78.2
2.81 79.0 237 474 4.06 37.0 111 222 5.31 20.9 62.6 1 25 6.56 13.0 38.9 78. 0
2.82 78.4 235 471 4.07 36.8 110 221 5.32 20.8 62.3 1 25 6.57 12.9 38.8 77. 6
2.83 77.9 234 467 4.08 36.6 110 219 5.33 20.7 62. 1 1 24 6.58 12.9 38. 7 77.3
2.84 77.3 232 464 4.09 36.4 1 09 218 5.34 20.6 61 .8 1 24 6.59 12.8 38.5 77. 1
2.85 76.8 230 461 4.1 0 36.2 1 09 217 5.35 20.5 61 .5 1 23 6.60 12.8 38.4 76.8
2.86 76.2 229 457 4.11 36.0 1 08 216 5.36 20.4 61 .3 1 23 6.61 12.8 38.3 76.5
2.87 75.7 227 454 4.12 35.8 1 08 215 5.37 20.3 61 .0 1 22 6.62 12. 7 38. 1 76.2
2.88 75.1 225 451 4.1 3 35.7 1 07 214 5.38 20.3 60.8 1 22 6.63 12. 7 38.0 76. 0
2.89 74.6 224 448 4.14 35.5 1 06 213 5.39 20.2 60.6 121 6.64 12. 6 37.9 75. 7
2.90 74.1 222 444 4.1 5 35.3 1 06 212 5.40 20.1 60.3 121 6.65 12. 6 37. 7 75.4
2.91 73.6 221 441 4.16 35. 1 1 05 211 5.41 20.0 60. 1 1 20 6.66 12.5 37.6 75.2
2.92 73.0 219 438 4.1 7 34.9 1 05 210 5.42 1 9.9 59.8 1 20 6.67 12.5 37.5 74. 9
2.93 72.5 218 435 4.1 8 34.8 1 04 209 5.43 1 9.9 59.6 119 6.68 12.4 37.3 74. 7
2.94 72.0 216 432 4.1 9 34.6 1 04 208 5.44 1 9.8 59.3 119 6.69 12.4 37.2 74.4
2.95 71 .5 215 429 4.20 34.4 1 03 207 5.45 1 9.7 59. 1 118 6.70 12.4 37. 1 74. 1
2.96 71 .0 213 426 4.21 34.2 1 03 205 5.46 1 9.6 58.9 118 6.71 12.3 36.9 73.9
2.97 70.5 212 423 4.22 34. 1 1 02 204 5.47 1 9.5 58.6 117 6.72 12.3 36.8 73. 6
2.98 70.1 210 420 4.23 33.9 1 02 203 5.48 1 9.5 58.4 117 6.73 12.2 36. 7 73.4
2.99 69.6 209 417 4.24 33.7 1 01 202 5.49 1 9.4 58.2 116 6.74 12.2 36.6 73. 1
3.00 69.1 207 415 4.25 33.6 1 01 201 5.50 1 9.3 57.9 116 6.75 12. 1 36.4 72. 8
3.01 68.6 206 412 4.26 33.4 1 00 200 5.51 1 9.2 57.7 115 6.76 12. 1 36.3 72. 6
3.02 68.2 205 409 4.27 33.2 99.7 1 99 5.52 1 9.2 57.5 115 6.77 12. 1 36.2 72.3
3.03 67.7 203 406 4.28 33. 1 99.2 1 98 5.53 1 9. 1 57.2 114 6.78 12. 0 36.0 72. 1
3.04 67.3 202 404 4.29 32.9 98.8 1 98 5.54 1 9.0 57.0 114 6.79 12. 0 35. 9 71.8
3.05 66.8 200 401 4.30 32.8 98.3 1 97 5.55 1 8.9 56.8 114 6.80 1 1. 9 35.8 71.6
3.06 66.4 1 99 398 4.31 32.6 97.8 1 96 5.56 1 8.9 56.6 113 6.81 11.9 35. 7 71.3
3.07 65.9 1 98 395 4.32 32.4 97.3 1 95 5.57 1 8.8 56.3 113 6.82 11.8 35.5 71. 1
3.08 65.5 1 96 393 4.33 32.3 96.8 1 94 5.58 1 8.7 56. 1 112 6.83 1 1. 8 35.4 70.8
3.09 65.0 1 95 390 4.34 32. 1 96.4 1 93 5.59 1 8.6 55.9 112 6.84 11.8 35. 3 70. 6
3. 1 0 64.6 1 94 388 4.35 32.0 95.9 1 92 5.60 1 8.6 55.7 111 6.85 11.7 35.2 70.4
3. 1 1 64.2 1 93 385 4.36 31 .8 95.5 1 91 5.61 1 8.5 55.5 111 6.86 11.7 35. 1 70. 1
3. 1 2 63.8 191 383 4.37 31 .7 95.0 1 90 5.62 1 8.4 55.2 110 6.87 11.6 34.9 69.9
3. 1 3 63.3 1 90 380 4.38 31 . 5 94.5 1 89 5.63 1 8.3 55.0 110 6.88 11.6 34.8 69.6
3. 1 4 62.9 1 89 378 4.39 31 .4 94.1 1 88 5.64 1 8.3 54.8 110 6.89 11.6 34. 7 69.4
3. 1 5 62.5 1 88 375 4.40 31 .2 93.6 1 87 5.65 1 8.2 54.6 1 09 6.90 11.5 34.6 69.2
3. 1 6 62.1 1 86 373 4.41 31 . 1 93.2 1 86 5.66 1 8. 1 54.4 1 09 6.91 11.5 34.5 68.9
3. 1 7 61 .7 1 85 370 4.42 30.9 92.7 1 85 5.67 1 8. 1 54.2 1 08 6.92 1 1.4 34.3 68. 7
3. 1 8 61 .3 1 84 368 4.43 30.8 92.3 1 85 5.68 1 8.0 54.0 1 08 6.93 11.4 34.2 68.4
3. 1 9 60.9 1 83 366 4.44 30.6 91 .8 1 84 5.69 1 7.9 53.7 1 07 6.94 11.4 34. 1 68.2
3.20 60.5 1 82 363 4.45 30.5 91 .4 1 83 5.70 1 7.8 53.5 1 07 6.95 11.3 34.0 68.0
3.21 60.1 1 80 361 4.46 30.3 91 .0 1 82 5.71 1 7.8 53.3 1 07 6.96 11.3 33. 9 67.7
3.22 59.8 1 79 359 4.47 30.2 90.5 1 81 5.72 1 7.7 53. 1 1 06 6.97 11.3 33.8 67.5
3.23 59.4 1 78 356 4.48 30.0 90.1 1 80 5.73 1 7.6 52.9 1 06 6.98 1 1.2 33.6 67.3
3.24 59.0 1 77 354 4.49 29.9 89.7 1 79 5.74 1 7.6 52.7 1 05 6.99 1 1.2 33. 5 67.0
A Prepared by the Engineering Mechanics Section, Institute for Standards Technology.
18
0 A370-22
an arbitrary number which increases with increasing hardness. bar hardness to indicate that i t was determined b y a portable
The scales most frequently used are as follows : comparative hardness tester, as in the following example:
1 9 . 1 .2. 1 232 HBC/240, where 232 is the hardness test result
Penetrator
using the portable comparative test method (HBC) and 240 is
1/• s-in. tungsten carbide ball
the B rinell hardness of the comparative test bar.
B 1 00 10
c Diamond brale 1 50 10 1 9 . 1 .3 Test Method A956/A956M:
1 9 . 1 .3 . 1 The measured hardness number shall be reported in
1 8. 1 .2 Rockwell superficial fixed-location hardness testing
accordance with the standard methods and appended with a
machines are used for the testing of very thin steel or thin
Leeb impact device in parenthesis to indicate that it was
surface layers. Loads of 1 5 , 30, or 45 kgf are applied on a
determined by a portable hardness tester, as in the following
tungsten carbide (or a hardened steel) ball or diamond
example:
penetrator, to cover the same range of hardness values as for
( 1) 350 HLD where 350 is the hardness test result using the
the heavier loads. Use of a hardened steel ball i s permitted only
portable Leeb hardness test method with the HLD impact
for testing thin sheet tin mill products as found in Specifica
device.
tions A623 and A623M using HR 1 5T and HR30T scales with
1 9 . 1 .3.2 When hardness values converted from the Leeb
a diamond spot anvil. (Testing of this product using a tungsten
number are reported, the portable instrument used shall be
carbide indenter may give significantly different results as
reported in parentheses, for example:
compared to historical test data obtained using a hardened steel
(1) 350 HB (HLD) where the original hardness test was
ball.) The superficial hardness scales are as follows:
performed using the portable Leeb hardness test method with
Scale Major Minor
Symbol Penetrator Load. kgf Load. kgf
the HLD impact device and converted to the Brinell hardness
value (HB).
1 5T '/•s-in. tungsten carbide or steel ball 15 3 1 9 . 1 .4 Test Method A 1 038-The measured hardness number
30T 1/win. tungsten carbide or steel ball 30 3
45T '/•s-in. tungsten carbide ball 45 3 shall be reported in accordance with the standard methods and
1 5N Diamond brale 15 3 appended with UCI in parenthesis to indicate that it was
30N Diamond brale 30 3 determined by a portable hardness tester, as in the following
45N Diamond brale 45 3
example:
1 8.2 Reporting Rockwell Hardness Numbers: 1 9. 1 .4. 1 446 HV (UCI) 10 where 446 is the hardness test
1 8.2. 1 Rockwell hardness numbers shall not be reported by result using the portable UCI test method under a force of
a number alone because it is necessary to indicate which 1 0 kgf.
indenter and force has been employed in making the test. 1 9 . 1 .5 Test Method EllO-The measured hardness number
Reported Rockwell hardness numbers shall always be followed shall be reported in accordance with the standard methods and
by the scale symbol, for example: 96 HRBW, 40 HRC, 75 appended with a /P to indicate that it was determined by a
HR 1 5N, 56 HR30TS, or 77 HR30TW. The suffix W indicates portable hardness testing machine and shall reference Test
use of a tungsten carbide ball. The suffix S indicates use of a Method E l l O, as follows:
hardened steel ball as permitted in 1 8 . 1 .2. 1 9 . 1 .5 . 1 Rockwell Hardness Examples:
1 8.3 Test Blocks-Machines should be checked to make

( 1) 40 HRC/P where 40 is the hardness test result using the
Rockwell C portable test method.
(2) 72 HRBW/P where 72 is the hardness test result using
certain they are in good order by means of standardized
Rockwell test blocks.
the Rockwell B portable test method using a tungsten carbide
1 8.4 Detailed Test Procedure-For detailed requirements of ball indenter.
the test procedure, reference shall be made to the latest revision 1 9 . 1 .5.2 Brinell Hardness Examples:
of Test Methods E 1 8 for fixed-location hardness testing ma (1) 220 HBWIP 10/3000 where 220 is the hardness test
chines. result using the Brinell portable test method with a ball of
1 0 mm diameter and with a test force of 3000 kgf (29.42 kN)
19. Portable Hardness Testing applied for 1 0 to 1 5 s.
(2) 350 HBW/P 51750 where 350 is the hardness test result
1 9 . 1 Although this standard generally prefers the use of
using the Brinell portable test method with a ball of 5 mm
Brinell or Rockwell fixed-location hardness testing machines,
diameter and with a test force of 750 kgf (7.355 kN) applied for
it is not always possible to perform the hardness test using such
1 0 to 1 5 s.
equipment due to the part size, location, or other logistical
reasons. In this event, hardness testing using portable equip CHARPY IMPACT TESTING
ment as described in Test Methods A833, A956/A956M,
A 1 03 8, and E l l O shall be used with strict compliance for 20. Summary
reporting the test results in accordance with the selected 20. 1 A Charpy V-notch impact test is a dynamic test in
standard (see examples below). which a notched specimen is struck and broken by a single
1 9. 1 . 1 Reporting Portable Hardness Numbers: blow in a specially designed testing machine. The measured
1 9. 1 .2 Test Method A833-The measured hardness number test values may be the energy absorbed, the percentage shear
shall be reported in accordance with the standard methods and fracture, the lateral expansion opposite the notch, or a combi
given the HBC designation followed by the comparative test nation thereof.
19
Eqr{tkijv"d{"CUVO"Kpvln..cm"tkijvu"tgugtxgft�"Vjw"Pqx"39"32<63<73" I OV"4244
0 A370-22
20.2 Testing temperatures other than room (ambient) tem Methods E23). The linear velocity at the point of impact should
perature often are specified in product or general requirement be in the range of 1 6 to 19 ft/s (4.9 to 5 . 8 m/s) .
specifications (hereinafter referred to as the specification). NoTE 1 5-An investigation o f striker radius effect i s available.6
Although the testing temperature is sometimes related to the 22.2 Temperature Media:
expected service temperature, the two temperatures need not be 22.2. 1 For testing at other than room temperature, it is
identical. necessary to condition the Charpy specimens in media at
controlled temperatures.
21. Significance and Use 22.2.2 Low temperature media usually are chilled fluids
2 1 . 1 Ductile Versus Brittle Behavior-Body-centered-cubic (such as water, ice plus water, dry ice plus organic solvents, or
or ferritic alloys exhibit a significant transition in behavior liquid nitrogen) or chilled gases.
when impact tested over a range of temperatures. At tempera 22.2.3 Elevated temperature media are usually heated liq
tures above transition, impact specimens fracture by a ductile uids such as mineral or silicone oils. Circulating air ovens may
(usually rnicrovoid coalescence) mechanism, absorbing rela be used.
tively large amounts of energy. At lower temperatures, they 22.3 Handling Equipment-Tongs, especially adapted to fit
fracture in a brittle (usually cleavage) manner absorbing the notch in the impact specimen, normally are used for
appreciably less energy. Within the transition range, the frac removing the specimens from the medium and placing them on
ture will generally be a mixture of areas of ductile fracture and the anvil (refer to Test Methods E23). In cases where the
brittle fracture. machine fixture does not provide for automatic centering of the
2 1 .2 The temperature range of the transition from one type test specimen, the tongs may be precision machined to provide
of behavior to the other varies according to the material being centering.
tested. This transition behavior may be defined in various ways
23. Sampling and Number of Specimens
for specification purposes.
2 1 .2. 1 The specification may require a minimum test result
8-mm rad (0.315")
for absorbed energy, fracture appearance, lateral expansion, or
a combination thereof, at a specified test temperature.
2 1 .2.2 The specification may require the determination of
the transition temperature at which either the absorbed energy
or fracture appearance attains a specified level when testing is
performed over a range of temperatures. Alternatively the
specification may require the determination of the fracture SPECIMEN
appearance transition temperature (FATTn) as the temperature
at which the required minimum percentage of shear fracture (n)
is obtained.
2 1 .3 Further information on the significance of impact
testing appears in Annex AS .
22. Apparatus
22. 1 Testing Machines: -t--Y--- Center of

22. 1 . 1 A Charpy impact machine is one in which a notched ,__.,,..._....__,_,
.__ Strike (W/2)
Specimen
specimen is broken by a single blow of a freely swinging Support
pendulum. The pendulum is released from a fixed height. Since
the height to which the pendulum is raised prior to its swing, All dimensional tolerances shall be ±0.05 mm (0.002 in.) unless otherwise
and the mass of the pendulum are known, the energy of the specified.
blow is predetermined. A means is provided to indicate the NoTE 1 -A shall be parallel to B within 2: 1 000 and coplanar with B
energy absorbed in breaking the specimen. within 0.05 mm (0.002 in.).
22. 1 .2 The other principal feature of the machine is a fixture NoTE 2-C shall be parallel to D within 20: 1 000 and coplanar with D
within 0. 1 25 mm (0.005 in.).
NOTE 3-Finish on unmarked parts shall be 4 J.!ffi ( 1 25 J.!in.).
(see Fig. 1 0) designed to support a test specimen as a simple
beam at a precise location. The fixture is arranged so that the
NoTE 4-Tolerance for the striker corner radius shall be -0.05 mm
notched face of the specimen is vertical. The pendulum strikes (0.002 in.)/+0.50 mm (0.020 in.)
the other vertical face directly opposite the notch. The dimen FIG. 10 Charpy (Simple-beam) Impact Test
sions of the specimen supports and striking edge shall conform
to Fig. 1 0.
22. 1 .3 Charpy machines used for testing steel generally 23 . 1 Sampling:
have capacities in the 220 to 300 ft·lbf (300 to 400 J) energy
range. Sometimes machines of lesser capacity are used;
6 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
however, the capacity of the machine should be substantially in be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:AO l - 1 00 1 . Contact ASTM Customer
excess of the absorbed energy of the specimens (see Test Service at [email protected].
20
0 A370-22
23. 1 . 1 Test location and orientation should be addressed by ( 1 ) Standard size specimens and subsize specimens may
the specifications. If not, for wrought products, the test location contain the original OD surface of the tubular product as shown
shall be the same as that for the tensile specimen and the in Fig. 1 2. All other dimensions shall comply with the
orientation shall be longitudinal with the notch perpendicular requirements of Fig. 1 1 .
to the major surface of the product being tested.
NOTE 1 6-For materials with toughness levels in excess of about
23 . 1 .2 Number of Specimens. 50 ft-lbs, specimens containing the original OD surface may yield values
23 . 1 .2 . 1 All specimens used for a Charpy impact test shall in excess of those resulting from the use of conventional Charpy
be taken from a single test coupon or test location. specimens.
23 . 1 .2.2 When the specification calls for a minimum aver 23.2.2.3 If a standard full-size specimen cannot be prepared,
age test result, three specimens shall be tested. the largest feasible standard subsize specimen shall be pre
23 . 1 .2.3 When the specification requires determination of a pared. The specimens shall be machined so that the specimen
transition temperature, eight to twelve specimens are usually does not include material nearer to the surface than 0.020 in.
needed. (0.5 mm).
23.2 Type and Size: 23.2.2.4 Tolerances for standard subsize specimens are
23.2. 1 Use a standard full size Charpy V-notch specimen as shown in Fig. 1 1 . Standard subsize test specimen sizes are:
shown in Fig. 1 1 , except as allowed in 23.2.2. 1 0 x 7 . 5 mm, 1 0 x 6.7 mm, 1 0 x 5 mm, 1 0 x 3 . 3 mm, and
23.2.2 Subsized Specimens. 1 0 x 2.5 mm.
23 .2.2 . 1 For flat material less than 7/16 in. ( 1 1 mm) thick, or 23.2.2.5 Notch the narrow face of the standard subsize
when the absorbed energy is expected to exceed 80 % of full specimens so that the notch is perpendicular to the 1 0 mm wide
scale, use standard subsize test specimens. face.
23.2.2.2 For tubular materials tested in the transverse 23.3 Notch Preparation-The machining (for example,
direction, where the relationship between diameter and wall milling, broaching, or grinding) of the notch is critical, as
thickness does not permit a standard full size specimen, use minor deviations in both notch radius and profile, or tool marks
standard subsize test specimens or standard size specimens at the bottom of the notch may result in variations in test data,
containing outer diameter (OD) curvature as follows: particularly in materials with low-impact energy absorption.
(see Annex AS) .
� mm
1-g
I '
o• 24. Calibration
I iii
0 2 mm
24. 1 Accuracy and Sensitivity-Calibrate and adjust Charpy
(0.079 in.) 0. 25
(0.010 in.) rad.
impact machines in accordance with the requirements of Test
I l I 10 mm
_ l..:..:J .f"(o.394 in.)
r1 "'[_
: Methods E23 .
h(2.165
55 mm _______]
(0.394mmin.)
l41o 45•
•
1n.)�
L 25. Conditioning-Temperature Control
NoTE ! -Permissible variations shall be as follows:
25 . 1 When a specific test temperature is required by the
go• ± 10 min
Notch length to edge 90 ±2°
specification or purchaser, control the temperature of the
Adjacent sides shall be at
Cross-section dimensions ±0.075 mm (±0.003 in.) heating or cooling medium within ::!::: 2 °F ( 1 °C).
Length of specimen (L) + 0, - 2.5 m m ( + 0, - 0 . 1 00 in.)
Centering of notch (U2) ±1 m m (±0.039 in.) NoTE 1 7-For some steels there may not be a need for this restricted
Angle of notch ±1 0 temperature, for example, austenitic steels.
Radius of notch ±0.025 mm (±0.001 in.) NoTE I S-Because the temperature of a testing laboratory often varies
Notch depth ±0.025 mm (±0.001 in.) from 60 to 90 °F ( 1 5 to 32 °C) a test conducted at "room temperature"
Finish requirements 2 �m (63 �in.) on notched surface and might be conducted at any temperature in this range.
opposite face; 4 �m ( 1 25 �in.) on other
two surfaces
(a) Standard Full Size Specimen 26. Procedure
y Tl q
\r�; � \:}} �5 \r � \rg.5 mm 26. 1 Temperature:
m mm
� \:.j-
mm
� �264 � .7 mm
�2 5 intl- 26. 1 . 1 Condition the specimens to be broken by holding
02 n [] [] D
. 9 3o 197 o 9
! them in the medium at test temperature for at least 5 min in

liquid media and 30 min in gaseous media.
1._
lO mm
(0. 394 in.)
IJ 26. 1 .2 Prior to each test, maintain the tongs for handling test
f L mm (0.079 in.)
specimens at the same temperature as the specimen so as not to
affect the temperature at the notch.
26.2 Positioning and Breaking Specimens:
NoTE 2-0n subsize specimens, all dimensions and tolerances of the 26.2. 1 Carefully center the test specimen in the anvil and
standard specimen remain constant with the exception of the width, which
varies as shown above and for which the tolerance shall be ± 1 %.
release the pendulum to break the specimen.
26.2.2 If the pendulum is not released within 5 s after
(b) Standard Subsize Specimens
removing the specimen from the conditioning medium, do not
break the specimen. Return the specimen to the conditioning
FIG. 11 Charpy (Simple Beam) Impact Test Specimens medium for the period required in 26. 1 . 1 .
21
0 A370-22
Dimension Description Reauiremeot

A Machined Surface 28 mm Minimum
B Original 00 Surface 13.5 mm Maximum
T Specimen Thickness Figure 1 1
t End Thickness 112 T Minimum
FIG. 1 2 Tubular Impact Specimen Containing Original OD Surface
26.3 Recovering Specimens-In the event that fracture ap 26.4.3 .2 Examine each specimen half to ascertain that the
pearance or lateral expansion must be determined, recover the protrusions have not been damaged by contacting the anvil,
matched pieces of each broken specimen before breaking the machine mounting surface, and so forth. Discard such samples
next specimen. since they may cause erroneous readings.
26.4 Individual Test Values: 26.4.3 . 3 Check the sides of the specimens perpendicular to
26.4. 1 Impact Energy-Record the impact energy absorbed the notch to ensure that no burrs were formed on the sides
to the nearest ft·lbf (J). during impact testing. If burrs exist, remove them carefully by
26.4.2 Fracture Appearance: rubbing on emery cloth or similar abrasive surface, making
26.4.2 . 1 Determine the percentage of shear fracture area by sure that the protrusions being measured are not rubbed during
any of the following methods: the removal of the burr.
( 1) Measure the length and width of the brittle portion of 26.4.3.4 Measure the amount of expansion on each side of
the fracture surface, as shown in Fig. 1 3 and determine the each half relative to the plane defined by the undeformed
percent shear area from either Table 8 or Table 9 depending on portion of the side of the specimen using a gauge similar to that
the units of measurement. shown in Figs. 1 6 and 1 7.
(2) Compare the appearance of the fracture of the specimen 26.4.3 . 5 Since the fracture path seldom bisects the point of
with a fracture appearance chart as shown in Fig. 1 4. maximum expansion on both sides of a specimen, the sum of
(3) Magnify the fracture surface and compare it to a the larger values measured for each side is the value of the test.
precalibrated overlay chart or measure the percent shear Arrange the halves of one specimen so that compression sides
fracture area by means of a planimeter. are facing each other. Using the gauge, measure the protrusion
(4) Photograph the fractured surface at a suitable magnifi on each half specimen, ensuring that the same side of the
cation and measure the percent shear fracture area by means of specimen is measured. Measure the two broken halves indi
a planimeter. vidually. Repeat the procedure to measure the protrusions on
26.4.2.2 Determine the individual fracture appearance val the opposite side of the specimen halves. The larger of the two
ues to the nearest 5 % shear fracture and record the value. values for each side is the expansion of that side of the
26.4.3 Lateral Expansion: specimen.
26.4.3 . 1 Lateral expansion is the increase in specimen 26.4.3.6 Measure the individual lateral expansion values to
width, measured in thousandths of an inch (mils), on the the nearest mil (0.025 mm) and record the values.
compression side, opposite the notch of the fractured Charpy 26.4.3.7 With the exception described as follows, any speci
V-notch specimen as shown in Fig. 1 5. men that does not separate into two pieces when struck by a
Notch
Cleavage Area
(shiny) ---i7:��:};2J____:l
NoTE 1-Measure average dimensions A and B to the nearest 0.02 in. or 0.5 nun.
NoTE 2-Determine the percent shear fracture using Table 8 or Table 9.

FIG. 1 3 Determination of Percent Shear Fracture
22
0 A370-22
TABLE 8 Percent Shear for Measurements Made in Inches
NOTE 1-Since this table is set up for finite measurements or dimensions A and 8, 1 00 % shear is to be reported when either A or 8 is zero.
Dimen- Dimension A, in.
8, in.
sion
0.05 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.40
0.05 98 96 95 94 94 93 92 91 90 90 89 88 87 86 85 85 84
0.1 0 96 92 90 89 87 85 84 82 81 79 77 76 74 73 71 69 68
0.12 95 90 88 86 85 83 81 79 77 75 73 71 69 67 65 63 61
0.14 94 89 86 84 82 80 77 75 73 71 68 66 64 62 59 57 55
0.1 6 94 87 85 82 79 77 74 72 69 67 64 61 59 56 53 51 48
0.1 8 93 85 83 80 77 74 72 68 65 62 59 56 54 51 48 45 42
0.20 92 84 81 77 74 72 68 65 61 58 55 52 48 45 42 39 36
0.22 91 82 79 75 72 68 65 61 57 54 50 47 43 40 36 33 29
0.24 90 81 77 73 69 65 61 57 54 50 46 42 38 34 30 27 23
0.26 90 79 75 71 67 62 58 54 50 46 41 37 33 29 25 20 16
0.28 89 77 73 68 64 59 55 50 46 41 37 32 28 23 18 14 10
0.30 88 76 71 66 61 56 52 47 42 37 32 27 23 18 13 9 3
0.31 88 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 18 10 5 0
TABLE 9 Percent Shear for Measurements Made in M i l l imetres
NoTE 1 -Since this table is set up for finite measurements or dimensions A and 8, I 00 % shear is to be reported when either A or 8 is zero.
Dimen- Dimension A, mm
8, mm
sion
1 .0 1 .5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10
1 .0 99 98 98 97 96 96 95 94 94 93 92 92 91 91 90 89 89 88 88
1 .5 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 92 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81
2.0 98 96 95 94 92 91 90 89 88 86 85 84 82 81 80 79 77 76 75
2.5 97 95 94 92 91 89 88 86 84 83 81 80 78 77 75 73 72 70 69
3.0 96 94 92 91 89 87 85 83 81 79 77 76 74 72 70 68 66 64 62
3.5 96 93 91 89 87 85 82 80 78 76 74 72 69 67 65 63 61 58 56
4.0 95 92 90 88 85 82 80 77 75 72 70 67 65 62 60 57 55 52 50
4.5 94 92 89 86 83 80 77 75 72 69 66 63 61 58 55 52 49 46 44
5.0 94 91 88 85 81 78 75 72 69 66 62 59 56 53 50 47 44 41 37
5.5 93 90 86 83 79 76 72 69 66 62 59 55 52 48 45 42 38 35 31
6.0 92 89 85 81 77 74 70 66 62 59 55 51 47 44 40 36 33 29 25
6.5 92 88 84 80 76 72 67 63 59 55 51 47 43 39 35 31 27 23 19
7.0 91 87 82 78 74 69 65 61 56 52 47 43 39 34 30 26 21 17 12
7.5 91 86 81 77 72 67 62 58 53 48 44 39 34 30 25 20 16 11 6
8.0 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
(a) Shear Fracture Appearance Charts
D D D EJ Ei Ei Ei Ei i:i
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
(b) Guide for Estimating Shear Fracture Appearance
FIG. 1 4 Fracture Appearance Charts and Percent Shear Fracture Comparator
single blow shall be reported as unbroken. The lateral expan specimen can be separated by pushing the hinged halves
sion of an unbroken specimen can be reported as broken if the together once and then pulling them apart without further
23
0 A370-22
A
FIG. 1 5 Halves of Broken Charpy V-notch Impact Specimen Joined for Measurement of Lateral Expansion, Dimension A
FIG. 1 6 Lateral Expansion Gauge for Charpy I m pact Specimens
24
0 A370-22
� �M a-
BILL OF MATERIAL
so
MATERIAL AND SIZE
��o?Nl 4
�1-'-25 DESCRIPTION
,...--- I I X 5/8 X 1/2 STEEL SAE 1015·1020

2 I BASE PlATE 7 x 4 x 3/4 STEEL SAE 1015·1020
3 6·1/4 X 3·1/2 X 1/16
r - - - -
! ----· I
SCR��m"ET
PAD
"11
I I
RUBBER
- -- --
4 2 1/4·20 X I" L.G.
SCRt%.0�ET
"11 STEEL
1/4-20 x 3/4" L.G.

"'
l- �I .... s I STEEL
I ...
� � '--'----
6 I DIAL INDICATOR (SEE NOTE 2)
I I
M � 1.7
I I "'
I I 3.S
I I ..; 6.25
�I ��
-�-L----·
PAD Q)
.... NOTE: THESE SURFACES TO BE ON SAME

"'
SEE DETAIL B ... -- PLANE - LAP AT ASSEMBLY
2 2
�� fi'""'
4
.31
.62
DETAIL B (ENLARGED)
NOTES:
1.) FLASH CHROME PLATE ITEMS 1 & 2

2.) DIAL INDICATOR- STARRETT NO. 25-241
RANGE .001 - .250
� (IYP)
BACK • ADJUSTABLE BRACKET
AFTER ASS'Y. OF ITEMS & CEMENT1 2, DRILL (.437) DIA. CONTACT POINT N0.2
RUBBER PAD (ITEM 3) TO BASE
FIG. 1 7 Assembly and Details for Lateral Expansion Gauge
fatiguing the specimen, and the lateral expansion measured for specimens shall be equal to or greater than the specified
the unbroken specimen (prior to bending) is equal to or greater minimum average value.
than that measured for the separated halves. In the case where
27.2 Test Specifying a Minimum Transition Temperature:
a specimen cannot be separated into two halves, the lateral
27 .2. 1 Determination of Transition Temperature:
expansion can be measured as long as the shear lips can be
27 . 2. 1 . 1 Break one specimen at each of a series of tempera
accessed without interference from the hinged ligament that
has been deformed during testing. tures above and below the anticipated transition temperature
using the procedures in Section 26. Record each test tempera
27. Interpretation of Test Result ture to the nearest 1 °F (0.5 °C).
27. 1 When the acceptance criterion of any impact test is 27.2. 1 .2 Plot the individual test results (ft·lbf or percent
specified to be a minimum average value at a given shear) as the ordinate versus the corresponding test temperature
temperature, the test result shall be the average (arithmetic as the abscissa and construct a best-fit curve through the plotted
mean rounded to the nearest ft-lbf (J)) of the individual test data points.
values of three specimens from one test location. 27 . 2. 1 .3 If transition temperature is specified as the tem
27 . 1 . 1 When a minimum average test result is specified: perature at which a test value is achieved, determine the
27 . 1 . 1 . 1 The test result is acceptable when all of the below temperature at which the plotted curve intersects the specified
are met: test value by graphical interpolation (extrapolation is not
( 1) The test result equals or exceeds the specified minimum permitted). Record this transition temperature to the nearest
average (given in the specification), 5 °F (3 °C). If the tabulated test results clearly indicate a
(2) The individual test value for not more than one speci transition temperature lower than specified, it is not necessary
men measures less than the specified minimum average, and to plot the data. Report the lowest test temperature for which
(3) The individual test value for any specimen measures test value exceeds the specified value.
not less than two-thirds of the specified minimum average. 27 . 2. 1 .4 Accept the test result if the determined transition
27 . 1 . 1 .2 If the acceptance requirements of 27 . 1 . 1 . 1 are not temperature is equal to or lower than the specified value.
met, perform one retest of three additional specimens from the 27 . 2. 1 .5 If the determined transition temperature is higher
same test location. Each individual test value of the retested than the specified value, but not more than 20 °F ( 1 2 °C) higher
25
0 A370-22
than the specified value, test sufficient samples in accordance 2 8 . 1 . 6 Transition temperature and criterion for its
with Section 26 to plot two additional curves. Accept the test determination, including initial tests and retests.
results if the temperatures determined from both additional
tests are equal to or lower than the specified value. 29. Report
27.3 When subsize specimens are permitted or necessary, or 29. 1 The specification should designate the information to
both, modify the specified test requirement according to Table be reported.
TABLE 1 0 Charpy V-notch Test Acceptance Criteria for Various Sub-size Speci mensA,a, c
Full Size, 3/4 Size, % Size, 1/2 Size, 1/3 Size, 1/4 Size,
1 0 by 1 0 mm 1 0 by 7.5 m m 1 0 b y 6.7 mm 1 0 by 5 mm 10 by 3.3 mm 1 0 by 2.5 mm
ft-lbf [J l ft-lbf [J] ft·lbf [J ] ft·lbf [J ] ft·lbf [J ] ft-lbf [J ]
75 [1 02] 56 [76] 50 [68] 38 [52] 25 [34] 19 [26]
70 [95] 53 [72] 47 [64] 35 [48] 23 [31 ] 18 [24]
65 [88] 49 [67] 44 [60] 33 [45 ] 21 [29] 16 [22]
60 [82] 45 [61 ] 40 [54] 30 [41 ] 20 [27] 15 [20]
55 [75] 41 [56] 37 [50] 28 [38] 18 [24] 14 [ 1 9]
50 [68] 38 [52] 34 [46] 25 [34] 17 [23] 13 [ 1 8]
45 [61 ] 34 [46] 30 [41 ] 23 [31 ] 15 [20] 11 [ 1 5]
40 [54] 30 [41 ] 27 [37] 20 [27] 13 [1 8] 10 [ 1 4]

35 [48] 26 [35 ] 23 [31 ] 18 [24] 12 [1 6] 9 [ 1 2]
30 [41 ] 22 [30] 20 [27] 15 [20] 10 [1 4] 8 [1 1 ]
25 [34] 19 [26] 17 [23] 12 [ 1 6] 8 [1 1 ] 6 [8]
20 [27] 15 [20] 13 [ 1 8] 10 [ 1 4] 7 [1 0] 5 [7]
16 [22] 12 [ 1 6] 11 [ 1 5] 8 [1 1 ] 5 [7] 4 [5]
15 [20] 11 [15] 10 [14] 8 [1 1 ] 5 [7] 4 [5 ]
13 [1 8] 10 [ 1 4] 9 [ 1 2] 6 [8] 4 [5] 3 [4]
12 [1 6] 9 [ 1 2] 8 [11] 6 [8] 4 [5] 3 [4]
10 [ 1 4] 8 [11] 7 [ 1 0] 5 [7] 3 [4] 2 [3]
7 [1 0] 5 [7] 5 [7] 4 [5] 2 [3] 2 [3]
A Care must be taken when using Table 9 for the conversion of subsize specimen absorbed energy results to those values that may be expected from full size Charpy
specimens. The use of conversion values should only be applied when both specimens types (full·size and sub-size) are in the same fracture regime (in other words. a
values (NIST Technical Note 1 858). (1 )

lower shelf, transition, or upper shelf) at the test temperature for the material under investigation. In particular test specimens <5 mm can exhibit variable absorbed energy
8 Limit based upon presentation by Kim Wallin, VTT, "Sub-sized CVN Specimen Conversion Methodology 4, Slide #1 0," which shows a common relationship for sub-sized
specimens up to 75 ft·lbf ( 1 02J ). (2)
c Analysis of Data from NIST Note 1 85 8 by J . A. Griffin, UAB, ASTM A01 . 1 3 Task Group meeting, San Antonio, TX 5 .4. 1 6. (1 )
10 or test temperature according to ASME Boiler and Pressure IZOD IMPACT TEST
Vessel Code, Table UG-84.2, or both. Greater energies or lower
30. Procedure
test temperatures may be agreed upon by purchaser and
supplier. 30. 1 Testing equipment and methods are given m Test
Methods E23 .
28. Records
31. Precision and Bias
28. 1 The test record should contain the following informa
3 1 . 1 The precision and bias of these test methods for
tion as appropriate: measuring mechanical properties are essentially as specified in
28. 1 . 1 Full description of material tested (that is, specifica Test Methods E8/E8M, A833, A956/A956M, A l 038, and E23 .
tion number, grade, class or type, size, heat number).
28. 1 .2 Specimen orientation with respect to the material 32. Keywords
axis. 3 2 . 1 bend test; Brinell hardness; Charpy impact test; elon
28. 1 .3 Specimen size. gation; FATT (Fracture Appearance Transition Temperature);
28. 1 .4 Test temperature and individual test value for each hardness test; Izod impact test; portable hardness; reduction of
specimen broken, including initial tests and retests. area; Rockwell hardness; tensile strength; tension test; yield
28. 1 .5 Test results. strength
26
0 A370-22
ANNEXES
(Mandatory Information)
Al. STEEL BAR PRODUCTS
A l . l Scope tion for sizes of rounds, squares, hexagons, and octagons under
A l . l . l This annex contains testing requirements for Steel 1/2 in. ( 1 3 mm) in diameter or distance between parallel faces
2
Bar Products that are specific to the product. The requirements nor for other bar-size sections, other than flats, less than 1 in.
2
(645 mm ) in cross-sectional area.
contained in this annex are supplementary to those found in the
general section of this specification. In the case of conflict
A 1 .3.2 Alloy Steel Bars Alloy steel bars are usually not
-
between requirements provided in this annex and those found

tested in the as-rolled condition.
in the general section of this specification, the requirements of
this annex shall prevail. In the case of conflict between A 1 .3 . 3 When tension tests are specified, the practice for
requirements provided in this annex and requirements found in selecting test specimens for hot-rolled and cold-finished steel
product specifications, the requirements found in the product bars of various sizes shall be in accordance with Table A l . l ,
specification shall prevail. unless otherwise specified in the product specification.
A1.2 Orientation of Test Specimens A 1.4 Bend Test

A 1 .2 . 1 Carbon and alloy steel bars and bar-size shapes, due
A 1 .4. 1 When bend tests are specified, the recommended
to their relatively small cross-sectional dimensions, are cus
practice for hot-rolled and cold-finished steel bars shall be in
tomarily tested in the longitudinal direction. In special cases
accordance with Table A 1 . 2.
where size permits and the fabrication or service of a part
j ustifies testing in a transverse direction, the selection and A l.S Hardness Test
location of test or tests are a matter of agreement between the
manufacturer and the purchaser. A 1 .5 . 1 Hardness Tests on Bar Products (flats, rounds,
squares, hexagons, and octagons) are conducted on the surface
A1.3 Tension Test after a minimum removal of 0.0 1 5 in. to provide for accurate
A 1 .3 . l Carbon Steel Bars Carbon steel bars are not com
- hardness penetration.
monly specified to tensile requirements in the as-rolled condi-
27
0 A370-22
TABLE A1 .1 Practices for Selecting Tension Test Specimens for Steel Bar Products
NOTE 1-For bar sections where it is difficult to determine the cross-sectional area by simple measurement, the area in square inches may be calculated
by dividing the weight per linear inch of specimen in pounds by 0.2833 (weight of I in ? of steel) or by dividing the weight per linear foot of specimen
by 3.4 (weight of steel 1 in. square and 1 ft long).
Thickness, in. (mm) Width, in. (mm) Hot-Rolled Bars Cold-Finished Bars
Flats
Under 5/s ( 1 6) Up to 1 1/2 (38), incl Full section by 8-in. (200 mm) gauge Mill reduced section to 2-in. (50 mm)
length ( Fig. 3) . gauge length and approximately 25 %
less than test specimen width.
Over 1 1/2 (38) F u l l section, or m i l l t o 1 1/2 i n . (38 mm) Mill reduced section to 2-in. gauge length
wide by 8-in. (200 mm) gauge length (Fig. and 1 '12 in. wide.
3) .
5/s to 1 1/2 (1 6 to 38), Up to 1 1/2 (38), incl Full section b y 8-in. gauge length or ma Mill reduced section to 2-in. (50 mm)
excl chine standard 1/2 by 2-in. (1 3 by 50 mm) gauge length and approximately 25 %
standard 1f2 by 2-in. ( 1 3 by 50 mm) gauge

gauge length specimen from center of less than test specimen width or machine
section (Fig. 4) .
length specimen from center of section
( Fig. 4).
Over 1 1/2 (38) F u l l section, or m i l l 1 '12 in. (38 mm) width Mill reduced section to 2-in. gauge length
by 8-in. (200 mm) gauge length (Fig. 3) or and 1 V2 in. wide or machine standard 1/2
machine standard 112 by 2-in. gauge ( 1 3 by 2-in. gauge length specimen from mid
b y 5 0 m m ) gauge length specimen from way between edge and center of section
midway between edge and center of sec (Fig. 4).
tion ( Fig. 4) .
1 '12 (38) and over F u l l section b y 8-in. (200 m m ) gauge Machine standard V2 by 2-in. (13 by 50
length, or machine standard V2 by 2-in. mm) gauge length specimen from midway
(1 3 by 50 mm) gauge length specimen between surface and center (Fig. 4) .
from midway between surface and center
(Fig. 4).
Rounds, Squares, Hexagons, and Octagons
Diameter or Distance Between
Hot-Rolled Bars Cold-Finished Bars
Parallel Faces, in. (mm)
Under 5fs Full section by 8-in. (200 mm) gauge length or ma Machine t o sub-size specimen (Fig. 4).
chine to subsize specimen (Fig. 4) .
5fs to 1 '12 (1 6 to 38), excl Full section by 8-in. (200 mm) gauge length or ma Machine standard 112 in. by 2-in. gauge length specimen
chine standard '12 in. by 2-in. ( 1 3 by 50 mm) gauge from center of section ( Fig. 4) .
length specimen from center of section (Fig. 4).
1 '12 (38) and over Full section by 8-in. (200 mm) gauge length or ma Machine standard 1/2 in. b y 2-in. ( 1 3 b y 5 0 mm gauge length
chine standard 1/2 in. by 2-in. ( 1 3 by 50 mm) gauge specimen from midway between su rface and center of sec
length specimen from midway between su rface and tion (Fig. 4)).
center of section Fi . 4 .
Other Bar-size Sections
All sizes Full section by 8-in. (200 mm) gauge length or pre Mill reduced section to 2-in. (50 mm) gauge length and ap
pare test specimen 1 V2 in. (38 mm) wide (if possible) proximately 25 % less than test specimen width.
by 8-in. (200 mm) gauge length.
TABLE A1 .2 Recommended Practice for Selecting Bend Test Specimens for Steel Bar Products
NoTE 1-The length of all specimens is to be not less than 6 in. (1 50 mm).
NOTE 2-The edges of the specimen may be rounded to a radius not exceeding 1/1 6 in. ( 1 .6 mm).
Flats
Thickness, in. (mm) Width, in. (mm) Recommended Size
Up to V2 (1 3) , incl Up to 3f4 ( 1 9) , incl Full section.
Over % ( 1 9) Full section or machine to not less than ot less than

% in. ( 1 9 mm) in width by thickness of specimen.
Over '12 ( 1 3) All Full section or machine to 1 by 112 in. (25 by 1 3 mm)
specimen from midway between center and surface.
Rounds, Squares, Hexagons, and Octagons
Diameter or Distance Between Parallel Faces, in. (mm) Recommended Size
Up to 1 V2 (38), incl Full section.
Over 1 V2 (38) Machine to 1 by 1/2-in. (25 by 1 3 mm) specimen from midway between center
and surface.
28
0 A370-22
A2. STEEL TUBULAR PRODUCTS
A2.1 Scope diameter to be used when elongation comparable to that

A2. 1 . 1 This annex contains testing requirements for Steel obtainable with larger test specimens is required.
Tubular Products that are specific to the product. The require A2.2. 1 .3 To determine the cross-sectional area of the full
ments contained in this annex are supplementary to those found section specimen, measurements shall be recorded as the
in the general section of this specification. In the case of average or mean between the greatest and least measurements
conflict between requirements provided in this annex and those of the outside diameter and the average or mean wall thickness,
found in the general section of this specification, the require to the nearest 0.00 1 in. (0.025 mm) and the cross-sectional area
ments of this annex shall prevail. In the case of conflict is determined by the following equation:
between requirements provided in this annex and requirements A = 3 . 1 4 1 6t (D - t) (A 2 . 1 )
found in product specifications, the requirements found in the
where:
product specification shall prevail.
A sectional area, in ?
A2. 1 .2 Tubular shapes covered by this specification include, D = outside diameter, in., and
round, square, rectangular, and special shapes. = thickness of tube wall, in.
NoTE A2. 1-There exist other methods of cross-sectional area
A2.2 Tension Test determination, such as by weighing of the specimens, which are equally
A2. 2 . 1 Full-size Longitudinal Test Specimens: accurate or appropriate for the purpose.
A2.2. 1 . 1 As an alternative to the use of longitudinal strip A2.2.2 Longitudinal Strip Test Specimens:
test specimens or longitudinal round test specimens, tension A2.2.2. 1 As an alternative to the use of full-size longitudi
test specimens of full-size tubular sections are used, provided nal test specimens or longitudinal round test specimens,
that the testing equipment has sufficient capacity. Snug-fitting longitudinal strip test specimens, obtained from strips cut from
metal plugs should be inserted far enough in the end of such the tubular product as shown in Fig. A2.2 and machined to the
tubular specimens to permit the testing machine jaws to grip dimensions shown in Fig. A2.3 are used. For welded structural
the specimens properly without crushing. A design that may be tubing, such test specimens shall be from a location at least 90°
used for such plugs is shown in Fig. A2. 1 . The plugs shall not from the weld; for other welded tubular products, such test
extend into that part of the specimen on which the elongation specimens shall be from a location approximately 90° from the
is measured (see Fig. A2. 1 ) . Care should be exercised to see weld. Unless otherwise required by the product specification,
that insofar as practicable, the load in such cases is applied the gauge length shall conform to dimension C in Fig. A2.3 .
axially. The length of the full-section specimen depends on the The test specimens shall be tested using grips that are flat or
gauge length prescribed for measuring the elongation. have a surface contour corresponding to the curvature of the
A2.2 . 1 .2 Unless otherwise required by the product tubular product, or the ends of the test specimens shall be
specification, the gauge length is 2 in. or 50 mm, except that for flattened without heating prior to the test specimens being
tubing having an outside diameter of 3/s in. (9.5 mm) or less, it tested using flat grips. The test specimen shown as specimen 4
is customary for a gauge length equal to four times the outside in Fig. 3 shall be used, unless the capacity of the testing
equipment or the dimensions and nature of the tubular product
to be tested makes the use of specimen nos. 1 , 2, or 3 necessary.
@
NoTE A2.2-An exact formula for calculating the cross-sectional area
of specimens of the type shown in Fig. A2.3 taken from a circular tube is
a:Jt-------------------------;;
- - - - - - - - --
- - - - - - - -
� - - - - - - - -
= = = = = = = = ��-::�==== = = = =
NoTE 1 -The edges of the blank for the specimen shall be cut parallel
FIG. A2.1 Metal Plugs for Testing Tubular Specimens, Proper Lo to each other.
cation of Plugs in Specimen and of Specimen in Heads of Test FIG. A2.2 Location of Longitudinal Tension-Test Specimens i n
ing Machine Rings C u t From Tubular Products
29
Eqr{tkijv'd{"CUVO"Kpv)n"cm"tkijvu"tgugtxgft�"Vjw"Pqx"39"32<63<73" I OV"4244
0 A370-22
El
-;r±A-v-- I _ + · +
Rad 1 1n. M1n
c
Gage
Length
DIMENSIONS
Dimensions, in.
8 c 0
Specimen No.
A
'12 ± 0.0 1 5 1 1/1 o approximately

3/4 ± 0.031
2 ± 0.005 2 1/4 min
4'12 min
2 1 approximately 2 ± 0.005 21/4 min
4 ± 0.005
4112 min
3 1 ± 0.062 1 1/2 approximately 2 ± 0.005 21/4 min
4 ± 0.005
4112 min
4 1 112 ± . 1 25 2 approximately 2 ± 0.01 0 21/4 min
4 ± 0.01 5
8 ± 0.020 9 min
5 1/4 ± .002 3/a approximately 1 ± 0.003 1 1/4 min
NoTE ! -Cross-sectional area may be calculated by multiplying A and t.

NoTE 2-The dimension t is the thickness of the test specimen as provided for in the applicable material specifications.
NoTE 3-The reduced section shall be parallel within 0.01 0 in. and may have a gradual taper in width from the ends toward the center, with the ends
not more than 0.0 10 in. wider than the center.
NoTE 4-The ends of the specimen shall be symmetrical with the center line of the reduced section within 0. 10 in.
NoTE 5-Metric equivalent: I in. = 25.4 mm.
NOTE 6-Specimens with sides parallel throughout their length are permitted, except for referee testing, provided: (a) the above tolerances are used;
(b) an adequate number of marks are provided for determination of elongation; and (c) when yield strength is determined, a suitable extensometer is used.
If the fracture occurs at a distance of less than 2A from the edge of the gripping device, the tensile properties determined may not be representative of
the material. If the properties meet the minimum requirements specified, no further testing is required, but if they are less than the minimum requirements,
discard the test and retest.
NOTE 7-Specimen 5 is intended for testing specimens removed from an in-service product. Specimen 5 shall not be used for conformance testing of
new product. Acceptance criteria for elongation values obtained from 1 in. gauge length specimens shall be determined by agreement between the
responsible parties.
FIG. A2.3 Dimensions and Tolerances for Longitudinal Strip Tension Test Specimens for Tubular Products
given in Test Methods E8/E8M. or before separating it as in Fig. A2.4 (b), and may be done hot
A2.2.2.2 The width should be measured at each end of the or cold; but if the flattening is done cold, the specimen may
gauge length to determine parallelism and also at the center. subsequently be normalized. Specimens from tubes or pipe for
The thickness should be measured at the center and used with which heat treatment i s specified, after being flattened either
the center measurement of the width to determine the cross hot or cold, shall be given the same treatment as the tubes or
sectional area. The center width dimension should be recorded pipe. For tubes or pipe having a wall thickness of less than 3!4
to the nearest 0.005 in. (0. 1 27 mm), and the thickness in. ( 1 9 mm), the transverse test specimen shall be of the form
measurement to the nearest 0.001 in. and dimensions shown in Fig. A2.5 and either or both surfaces
A2.2.3 Transverse Strip Test Specimens: may be machined to secure uniform thickness. Specimens for
A2.2.3. 1 In general, transverse tension tests are not recom transverse tension tests on welded steel tubes or pipe to
mended for tubular products, in sizes smaller than 8 in. in determine strength of welds, shall be located perpendicular to
nominal diameter. When required, transverse tension test the welded seams with the weld at about the middle of their
specimens may be taken from rings cut from ends of tubes or length.
pipe as shown in Fig. A2.4. Flattening of the specimen may be A2.2.3.2 The width should be measured at each end of the
done either after separating it from the tube as in Fig. A2.4 (a), gauge length to determine parallelism and also at the center.
The thickness should be measured at the center and used with
the center measurement of the width to determine the cross
sectional area. The center width dimension should be recorded
to the nearest 0.005 in. (0. 127 mm), and the thickness
measurement to the nearest 0.00 1 in. (0.025 mm).
A
A2.2.4 Round Test Specimens:
FIG. A2.4 Location of Transverse Tension Test Specimens i n A2.2.4. 1 When provided for in the product specification, the
R i n g C u t from Tubular Products. round test specimen shown in Fig. 4 may be used.
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30
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0 A370-22
A2.3.4 In determining the transverse yield strength on this

machine, a short ring (commonly 3 in. (76 mm) in length) test
specimen is used. After the large circular nut is removed from
the machine, the wall thickness of the ring specimen is
determined and the specimen is telescoped over the oil resistant
Rad 1" Min rubber gasket. The nut is then replaced, but is not turned down
2.000" ± 0.005" tight against the specimen. A slight clearance is left between
Gage Length
the nut and specimen for the purpose of permitting free radial
NoTE 1-The dimension t is the thickness of the test specimen as
movement of the specimen as it is being tested. Oil under
provided for in the applicable material specifications.
NoTE 2-The reduced section shall be parallel within 0.010 in. and may pressure is then admitted to the interior of the rubber gasket
have a gradual taper in width from the ends toward the center, with the through the pressure line under the control of a suitable valve.
ends not more than 0.010 in. wider than the center. An accurately calibrated pressure gauge serves to measure oil
NoTE 3-The ends of the specimen shall be symmetrical with the center pressure. Any air in the system is removed through the bleeder
line of the reduced section within 0. 1 0 in. line. As the oil pressure is increased, the rubber gasket expands
NoTE 4-Metric equivalent: 1 in. = 25.6 mm. which in turn stresses the specimen circumferentially. As the
FIG. A2.5 Transverse Tension Test Specimen Machined From
pressure builds up, the lips of the rubber gasket act as a seal to
Ring Cut from Tubular Products
prevent oil leakage. With continued increase in pressure, the
ring specimen is subjected to a tension stress and elongates
A2.2.4.2 The diameter of the round test specimen is mea accordingly. The entire outside circumference of the ring
sured at the center of the specimen to the nearest 0.00 1 in. specimen is considered as the gauge length and the strain is
(0.025 mm). measured with a suitable extensometer which will be described
A2.2.4.3 Small-size specimens proportional to standard, as later. When the desired total strain or extension under load is
shown in Fig. 4, may be used when it is necessary to test reached on the extensometer, the oil pressure in pounds per
material from which the standard specimen cannot be prepared. square inch is read and by employing B arlow' s formula, the
Other sizes of small-size specimens may be used. In any such unit yield strength is calculated. The yield strength, thus
small-size specimen, it is important that the gauge length for determined, is a true result since the test specimen has not been
measurement of elongation be four times the diameter of the cold worked by flattening and closely approximates the same
specimen (see Note 5 , Fig. 4) . The elongation requirements for condition as the tubular section from which it is cut. Further,
the round specimen 2-in. gauge length in the product specifi the test closely simulates service conditions in pipe lines. One
cation shall apply to the small-size specimens . testing machine unit may be used for several different sizes of
A2.2.4.4 For transverse specimens, the section from which pipe by the use of suitable rubber gaskets and adapters.
the specimen is taken shall not be flattened or otherwise NoTE A2.3-Barlow's formula may be stated two ways:
( 1 ) P = 2St!D
deformed.
( A 2 . 2)
A2.2.4.5 Longitudinal test specimens are obtained from
strips cut from the tubular product as shown in Fig. A2.2. (2) S = PD/2t (A2.3)
A2.3 Determination of Transverse Yield Strength, Hydrau

where:
lic Ring-expansion Method P internal hydrostatic pressure, psi,
S unit circumferential stress in the wall of the tube
A2.3 . 1 Hardness tests are made on the outside surface,
produced by the internal hydrostatic pressure, psi,
inside surface, or wall cross-section depending upon product t thickness of the tube wall, in., and
specification limitation. Surface preparation may be necessary D outside diameter of the tube, in.
to obtain accurate hardness values.
A2.3.5 A roller chain type extensometer which has been
A2.3.2 A testing machine and method for determining the found satisfactory for measuring the elongation of the ring
transverse yield strength from an annular ring specimen, have specimen is shown in Figs. A2.7 and A2.8 . Fig. A2.7 shows the
been developed and described in A2.3.3 - 9. 1 .2. extensometer in position, but undamped, on a ring specimen.
A2.3.3 A diagrammatic vertical cross-sectional sketch of A small pin, through which the strain is transmitted to and
the testing machine is shown in Fig. A2.6. measured by the dial gauge, extends through the hollow
threaded stud. When the extensometer is clamped, as shown in
Fig. A2.8, the desired tension which is necessary to hold the
instrument in place and to remove any slack, is exerted on the
roller chain by the spring. Tension on the spring may be
regulated as desired by the knurled thumb screw. B y removing
or adding rollers, the roller chain may be adapted for different
sizes of tubular sections.
A2.4 Hardness Tests

Hydraulic Pressure Une
FIG. A2.6 Testing Machine for Determination of Transverse Yield A2.4. 1 Hardness tests are made either on the outside or the
Strength from Annular Ring Specimens inside surfaces on the end of the tube as appropriate.
31
0 A370-22
FIG. A2.7 Roller Chain Type Extensometer, U nclamped
FIG. A2.8 Roller Chain Type Extensometer, Clamped
32
0 A370-22
A2.4.2 The standard 3000 kgf Brinell load may cause too subj ecting rings from the tube or pipe to a prescribed degree of
much deformation in a thin-walled tubular specimen. In this flattening between parallel plates (see Fig. A2.4). The severity
case the 500 kgf load shall be applied, or inside stiffening by of the flattening test is measured by the distance between the
means of an internal anvil should be used. Brinell fixed parallel plates and is varied according to the dimensions of the
location hardness testing machines shall not be applicable to tube or pipe. The flattening test specimen should not be less
tubular products less than 2 in. (5 1 mm) in outside diameter, or than 2 1/2 in. (63.5 mm) in length and should be flattened cold to
less than 0.200 in. (5 . 1 mm) in wall thickness. the extent required by the applicable material specifications.
A2.4.3 The Rockwell hardness tests are normally made on A2.5 . 1 .2 Reverse Flattening Test-The reverse flattening
the inside surface, a flat on the outside surface, or on the wall test is designed primarily for application to electric-welded
cross-section depending upon the product limitation. Rockwell tubing for the detection of lack of penetration or overlaps
hardness tests are not performed on tubes smaller than 5/1 6 in. resulting from flash removal in the weld. The specimen
(7.9 mm) in outside diameter, nor are they performed on the consists of a length of tubing approximately 4 in. ( 1 02 mm)
inside surface of tubes with less than IJ4 in. (6.4 mm) inside long which is split longitudinally 90° on each side of the weld.
diameter. Rockwell hardness tests are not performed on an The sample is then opened and flattened with the weld at the
nealed tubes with walls less than 0.065 in. ( 1 .65 mm) thick or point of maximum bend (see Fig. A2.9).
cold worked or heat treated tubes with walls less than 0.049 in. A2.5 . 1 .3 Crush Test-The crush test, sometimes referred to
( 1 .24 mm) thick. For tubes with wall thicknesses less than as an upsetting test, is usually made on boiler and other
those permitting the regular Rockwell hardness test, the Su pressure tubes, for evaluating ductility (see Fig. A2. 1 0). The
perficial Rockwell test is sometimes substituted. Transverse specimen is a ring cut from the tube, usually about 2 1J2 in.
Rockwell hardness readings can be made on tubes with a wall (63.5 mm) long. It is placed on end and crushed endwise by
thickness of 0. 1 87 in. (4.75 mm) or greater. The curvature and hammer or press to the distance prescribed by the applicable
the wall thickness of the specimen impose limitations on the material specifications.
Rockwell hardness test. When a comparison is made between A2.5. 1 .4 Flange Test-The flange test is intended to deter
Rockwell determinations made on the outside surface and mine the ductility of boiler tubes and their ability to withstand
determinations made on the inside surface, adj ustment of the the operation of bending into a tube sheet. The test is made on
readings will be required to compensate for the effect of a ring cut from a tube, usually not less than 4 in. ( 1 00 mm) long
curvature. The Rockwell B scale is used on all materials having and consists of having a flange turned over at right angles to the
an expected hardness range of BO to B 1 00. The Rockwell C body of the tube to the width required by the applicable
scale is used on material having an expected hardness range of material specifications. The flaring tool and die block shown in
C20 to C68. Fig. A2. 1 1 are recommended for use in making this test.
A2.5. 1 .5 Flaring Test-For certain types of pressure tubes,
A2.4.4 Superficial Rockwell hardness tests are normally an alternate to the flange test is made. This test consists of
performed on the outside surface whenever possible and driving a tapered mandrel having a slope of 1 in 10 as shown
whenever excessive spring back is not encountered. Otherwise, in Fig. A2. 1 2 (a) or a 60° included angle as shown in Fig.
the tests may be performed on the inside. Superficial Rockwell A2. 1 2 (b) into a section cut from the tube, approximately 4 in.
hardness tests shall not be performed on tubes with an inside ( 1 00 mm) in length, and thus expanding the specimen until the
diameter of less than 1/4 in. (6.4 mm). The wall thickness inside diameter has been increased to the extent required by the
limitations for the Superficial Rockwell hardness test are given applicable material specifications.
in Tables A2. 1 and A2.2.
A2.5. 1 .6 Bend Test-For pipe used for coiling in sizes 2 in.
A2.4.5 When the outside diameter, inside diameter, or wall and under a bend test is made to determine its ductility and the
thickness precludes the obtaining of accurate hardness values, soundness of weld. In this test a sufficient length of full-size
tubular products shall be specified to tensile properties and so pipe is bent cold through 90° around a cylindrical mandrel
tested. having a diameter 1 2 times the nominal diameter of the pipe.
For close coiling, the pipe is bent cold through 1 80° around a
A2.5 Manipulating Tests
mandrel having a diameter 8 times the nominal diameter of the
A2.5 . 1 The following tests are made to prove ductility of pipe.
certain tubular products: A2.5. 1 .7 Transverse Guided Bend Test of Welds-This bend
A2.5 . 1 . 1 Flattening Test-The flattening test as commonly test is used to determine the ductility of fusion welds. The
made on specimens cut from tubular products is conducted by specimens used are approximately l lJ2 in. (38 mm) wide, at
TABLE A2.1 Wall Thickness Limitations of Superficial Hardness Test on Annealed or Ductile Materials
for Steel Tu bular ProductsA
("T" Scale ('/1 5-in. Ball))
Wall Thickness, in. (mm) Load, kgf
Over 0.050 (1 .27) 45
Over 0.035 (0.89) 30
0.020 and over (0.51 ) 15
A The heaviest load recommended for a given wall thickness is generally used.
33
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0 A370-22
TABLE A2.2 Wall Thickness Limitations of Superficial Hardness Test on Cold Worked or Heat Treated Material
for Steel Tu bular ProductsA
("N" Scale (Diamond Penetrator))
Wall Thickness, in. (mm) Load, kg!
Over 0.035 (0.89) 45
Over 0.025 (0.51 ) 30
0.01 5 and over (0.38) 15
A The heaviest load recommended for a given wall thickness is generally used .
.L7 FIG. A2.9 Reverse Flattening Test
FIG. A2.1 0 Crush Test Specimen
least 6 in. ( 1 52 mm) in length with the weld at the center, and inside surface of the pipe against the plunger; a root bend test
are machined in accordance with Fig. A2. 1 3 for face and root requires bending with the outside surface of the pipe against
bend tests and in accordance with Fig. A2. 14 for side bend the plunger; and a side bend test requires bending so that one
tests. The dimensions of the plunger shall be as shown in Fig. of the side surfaces becomes the convex surface of the bend
A2. 1 5 and the other dimensions of the bending jig shall be specimen.
substantially as given in this same figure. A test shall consist of ( 1) Failure of the bend test depends upon the appearance of
a face bend specimen and a root bend specimen or two side cracks in the area of the bend, of the nature and extent
bend specimens. A face bend test requires bending with the described in the product specifications.
34
0 A370-22
11t f B C
8 4
�t. l"
4
Outs. Diam. of Tube less .5."

Liners
8 Outs. Diam. of Tube plus -fi'

A =
A =
B = Outs. Diam. of Tube less f

C = Outs. Diam. of Tube plus .1:'
16
Flaring Tool Die Block
NoTE ! -Metric equivalent: 1 in. = 25.4 mm.
FIG. A2. 1 1 Flaring Tool and Die Block for Flange Test
FIG. A2. 1 2 Tapered Mandrels for Flaring Test
1I lg �( II 1g [[
t---- 6" min -----1 Rad '18' max t---- 6" min Rad 'Is'' max
l¥t
,___
....
___ ...
____.
·-------------------------·�
'6:1
I \I
------------�J-----------J
lA
�i I \I I!Ii
Face Bend Specimen Root Bend Specimen
NoTE ! -Metric equivalent: in. = 25.4 mm.

Pipe Wall Thickness ( t), in. Test Specimen Thickness, in.
Up to %, incl t
Over % %
FIG. A2. 1 3 Transverse Face- and Root-bend Test Specimens
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35
0 A370-22
1"
�� i "fi IT��=jf ""

�-----\tr-----,TI
When t exceeds 1 V> use one of the follow•ng:
1. Cut along line indicated by arrow. Edge
t, IN.
:V.TO l'h
> 1 112
T, IN.
t
EE NOTE
may be flame cut and may or may not be

machined.
2. Specimens may be cut Into approximately
equal strips between 3/4 in. and 1 'h ln.
wide for testing or the specimens may be
bent at full width (see requirements on
jig width in Fig. A2.15.)
NoTE 1 -Metric equivalent: 1 in. = 25.4 mm.

FIG. A2. 1 4 Side-bend Specimen for Ferrous Materials
Hardened rollers, 1 112" diam may be

substituted for jig shoulders
I• As required -----<�
;;;t
I L...---��-.....J
c
.E N
I � � I �� . I I
�3'1s' __j �
2.. �------- ] . .
Yoke
�--------- 9"
NOTE 1-Metric equivalent: l in. = 25.4 mm.
A B
3/4
Test Specimen Thickness, in. c D
'Ia
3/s 1 '12 23/s 1 311 6
t 41 21 61+ 3 1 + 1l1 s
Material
3/s 2'12 1 '14 33/s 1 1 '11 6 Materials with a specified minimum tensile strength of 95 ksi or
t 6% t 3'/3 I 8% t + 11s 4112 I + 111 6 greater.
FIG. A2. 1 5 Gu ided-bend Test J i g
36
0 A370-22
A3. STEEL FASTENERS
A3.1 Scope the bolt shall be again measured and shall show no permanent
elongation. A tolerance of ± 0.0005 in. (0.0 1 27 mm) shall be
A3 . 1 . 1 This annex contains testing requirements for Steel
allowed between the measurement made before loading and
Fasteners that are specific to the product. The requirements
that made after loading. Variables, such as straightness and
contained in this annex are supplementary to those found in the
thread alignment (plus measurement error), may result in
general section of this specification. In the case of conflict
apparent elongation of the fasteners when the proof load is
between requirements provided in this annex and those found
initially applied. In such cases, the fastener may be retested
in the general section of this specification, the requirements of
using a 3 % greater load, and may be considered satisfactory if
this annex shall prevail. In the case of conflict between
the length after this loading is the same as before this loading
requirements provided in this annex and requirements found in
(within the 0.0005-in. tolerance for measurement error).
product specifications, the requirements found in the product
A3.2. 1 .3 Proof Load-Time of Loading-The proof load is to
specification shall prevail.
be maintained for a period of 1 0 s before release of load, when
A3 . 1 .2 These tests are set up to facilitate production control using Method 1 .
testing and acceptance testing with certain more precise tests to ( 1 ) Method 2, Yield Strength-The bolt shall be assembled
be used for arbitration in case of disagreement over test results. in the testing equipment as outlined in A3.2 . 1 .4. As the load is
applied, the total elongation of the bolt or any part of the bolt
A3.2 Tension Tests which includes the exposed six threads shall be measured and
A3 . 2 . 1 It is preferred that bolts be tested full size, and it is recorded to produce a load-strain or a stress-strain diagram.
customary, when so testing bolts to specify a minimum The load or stress at an offset equal to 0.2 % of the length of
ultimate load in pounds, rather than a minimum ultimate bolt occupied by six full threads shall be determined by the
strength in pounds per square inch. Three times the bolt method described in 14.2. 1 of these methods, A370. This load
nominal diameter has been established as the minimum bolt or stress shall not be less than that prescribed in the product
length subject to the tests described in the remainder of this specification.
section. Subsections A3.2. 1 . 1 - A3.2. 1 .6 apply when testing A3.2. 1 .4 Axial Tension Testing of Full Size Bolts-B olts
bolts full size. Subsection A3.2. 1 .4 shall apply where the are to be tested in a holder with the load axially applied
individual product specifications permit the use of machined between the head and a nut or suitable fixture (see Fig. A3 . 1 ),
specimens. either of which shall have sufficient thread engagement to
develop the full strength of the bolt. The nut or fixture shall be
A3 .2. 1 . 1 Proof Load-Due to particular uses of certain
assembled on the bolt leaving six complete bolt threads
classes of bolts it is desirable to be able to stress them, while
unengaged between the grips, except for heavy hexagon
in use, to a specified value without obtaining any permanent
structural bolts which shall have four complete threads unen
set. To be certain of obtaining this quality the proof load is
gaged between the grips. To meet the requirements of this test,
specified. The proof load test consists of stressing the bolt with
there shall be a tensile failure in the body or threaded section
a specified load which the bolt must withstand without perma
nent set. An alternate test which determines yield strength of a
full size bolt is also allowed. Either of the following Methods,
1 or 2, may be used but Method 1 shall be the arbitration
method in case of any dispute as to acceptance of the bolts.
A3 .2. 1 .2 Proof Load Testing Long Bolts-When fasteners
are too long to test in the available equipment they may be cut
to 8 :± 0. 1 25 in. and tested using Method 1 . If there is a dispute
over results when testing the same part or lot of parts both full
size and cut to 8 in., the 8 in. test results shall be used to
determine acceptance.
(a) Method 1, Length Measurement-The overall length of
a straight bolt shall be measured at its true center line with an
instrument capable of measuring changes in length of
0.0001 in. (0.0025 mm) with an accuracy of 0.000 1 in. in any
0.001 -in. (0.025 mm) range. The preferred method of measur
ing the length shall be between conical centers machined on the
center line of the bolt, with mating centers on the measuring
anvils. The head or body of the bolt shall be marked so that it
can be placed in the same position for all measurements. The
bolt shall be assembled in the testing equipment as outlined in
A3.2. 1 .4, and the proof load specified in the product specifi
cation shall be applied. Upon release of this load the length of FIG. A3.1 Tension Testing Full-size Bolt
Eqr{tkijv"d{"CUVO"Kpv)n"'cm"tkijvu"tgugtxgft�"Vjw"Pqx"39"32<63<73" I OV"4244
37
0 A370-22
with no failure at the junction of the body and head. When A3.2. 1 .5 Tension Testing of Full-size Bolts with a Wedge-
tensile testing externally threaded fasteners made of austenitic The purpose of this test is to obtain the tensile strength and
stainless steel and the test fastener's thread pulls out of the demonstrate the "head quality" and ductility of a bolt with a
internally threaded test fixture after the minimum tensile standard head by subjecting it to eccentric loading. The
strength requirement has been reached, the fasteners shall be ultimate load on the bolt shall be determined as described in
considered conforming to the tensile strength requirement and, A3.2 . 1 .4, except that a 1 0° wedge shall be placed under the
in addition to the tensile strength, the failure mode shall be same bolt previously tested for the proof load (see A3.2. 1 . 1 ).
reported to the purchaser. If it is necessary to record or report The bolt head shall be so placed that no corner of the hexagon
the tensile strength of bolts as psi values, the stress area shall or square takes a bearing load, that is, a flat of the head shall
be calculated from the mean of the mean root and pitch
be aligned with the direction of uniform thickness of the wedge
diameters of Class 3 external threads as follows:
(see Fig. A3.2). The wedge shall have an included angle
A, = 0.7854 [D - (0.9743/n)F ( A3 . 1 ) between its faces as shown in Table A3 . 1 and shall have a
where: thickness of one-half of the nominal bolt diameter at the short
As
2 side of the hole. The hole in the wedge shall have the following
stress area, in. ,
D nominal diameter, in., and clearance over the nominal size of the bolt, and its edges, top
n number of threads per in. and bottom, shall be rounded to the following radius:
lQO
c = Clearance of wedge hole

d = Diameter of bolt
R = Radius
T = Thickness of wedge at short side of hole equal to one-half diameter of bolt
FIG. A3.2 Wedge Test Detail
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38
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0 A370-22
TABLE A3.1 Tension Test Wedge Angles A3.3 Hardness Tests for Externally Threaded Fasteners
Degrees
Nominal Product Size, in. Studs and Flange A3.3 . 1 When specified, externally threaded fasteners shall
Bolts
Bolts be hardness tested. Fasteners with hexagonal or square heads
'14 - 1 10 6 shall be Brinell or Rockwell hardness tested. For hexagonal
Over 1 6 4
and square head bolts, test shall be conducted on the wrench
flats, top of head, unthreaded shank, end of bolt or at the
arbitration location. For studs, products without parallel
wrench flats and for head styles other than hexagonal and
square, tests shall be conducted on the unthreaded shank, end
Clearance in Hole, Radius on Corners of
of the bolt or stud or at the arbitration location. Due to possible
'14 to 1/2
Nominal Bolt Size, in. in. (mm) Hole, in. (mm)
0.030 (0.76) 0.030 (0.76) distortion from the Brinell load, care should be taken that this
9/' • to 3/4 0.050 (1 .3) 0.060 (1 .5)
7/a to 1
test meets the requirements of Section 1 7 of these test methods
0.063 (1 .5) 0.060 (1 .5)
1'/a to 1'1• 0.063 (1 .5) 0. 1 25 (3.2) where the Brinell hardness test is impractical, the Rockwell
13/a to 1'12 0.094 (2.4) 0. 1 25 (3.2) hardness test shall be substituted. Rockwell hardness test
A3 .2. 1 .6 Wedge Testing of HT Bolts Threaded to Head-For procedures shall conform to Section 1 8 of these test methods.
heat-treated bolts that are threaded 1 diameter and closer to the A3 .3.2 In cases where a dispute exists between buyer and
underside of the head, the wedge angle shall be 6° for sizes 1/4 seller as to whether externally threaded fasteners meet or
through 3/4 in. (6.35 to 1 9.0 mm) and 4° for sizes over 3J4 in. exceed the hardness limit of the product specification, for
A3 .2. 1 .7 Tension Testing of Bolts Machined to Round Test purposes of arbitration, hardness may be taken on two trans
Specimens: verse sections through a representative sample fastener se
( 1) Bolts under 1 1J2 in. (38 mm) in nominal diameter lected at random. Hardness readings shall be taken at the
which require machined tests shall preferably use a standard locations shown in Fig. A3.6. All hardness values must
1/2-in., ( 1 3 mm) round 2-in. (50 mm) gauge length test
conform with the hardness limit of the product specification in
specimen (see Fig. 4); however, bolts of small cross-section order for the fasteners represented by the sample to be
that will not permit the taking of this standard test specimen considered in compliance. This provision for arbitration of a
shall use one of the small-size-specimens-proportional-to dispute shall not be used to accept clearly rejectable fasteners.
standard (see Fig. 4) and the specimen shall have a reduced
section as large as possible. In all cases, the longitudinal axis of A3.4 Testing of Nuts
the specimen shall be concentric with the axis of the bolt; the
A3.4. 1 Hardness Test-Rockwell hardness of nuts shall be
head and threaded section of the bolt may be left intact, as in
determined on the top or bottom face of the nut. Brinell
Fig. A3 .3 and Fig. A3.4, or shaped to fit the holders or grips of
hardness shall be determined on the side of the nuts. Either
the testing machine so that the load is applied axially. The
method may be used at the option of the manufacturer, taking
gauge length for measuring the elongation shall be four times
into account the size and grade of the nuts under test. When the
the diameter of the specimen.
standard Brinell hardness test results in deforming the nut it
(2) For bolts 1 1J2 in. and over in nominal diameter, a
will be necessary to use a minor load or substitute a Rockwell
standard IJ2-in. round 2-in. gauge length test specimen shall be
hardness test.
turned from the bolt, having its axis midway between the
center and outside surface of the body of the bolt as shown in A3.4.2 Cross Sectional Hardness Test-Nuts whose proof
Fig. A3 .5 . stress requires a load exceeding 1 60 000 lb shall, unless
(3) Machined specimens are to be tested in tension to otherwise specified in the purchase order, contract or product
determine the properties prescribed by the product specifica specification, be considered too large for full size proof load
tions. The methods of testing and determination of properties testing and shall be subjected to a cross sectional hardness test.
shall be in accordance with Section 1 4 of these test methods. Sample nuts shall be sectioned laterally at approximately one
Minimum Rad i us Recommended

�-in., but not less than k-in.
permitted
2" ± 0.005" Gage Length for

Elongation after Fracture
NOTE ! -Metric equivalent: 1 in. = 25.4 rnrn.
FIG. A3.3 Tension Test Specimen for Bolt with Turned-down

Shank
39
0 A370-22
Gage Length
NoTE !-Metric equivalent: 1 in. = 25.4 mm.

FIG. A3.4 Examples of Small Size Specimens Proportional to
Standard 2-in. Gauge Length Specimen
FIG. A3.5 Location of Standard Round 2-in. Gauge Length Ten

sion Test Specimen When Turned from Large Size Bolt
A .------ B
D
nom
Section B-B Section A-A
A
X = Location of Hardness Impressions
FIG. A3.6 Hardness Test Locations for Bolts in a Dispute
half (l/2) of the nut height. Such samples need not be threaded, treatment. All tests shall be conducted using Rockwell Hard
but shall be part of the manufacturing lot, including heat ness test scales. Two sets of three readings shall be taken in
40
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0 A370-22
locations - 1 80° apart (see Fig. A3.7). All readings shall be reported when certification is required and shall meet the
hardness requirements listed in the product specification. The
Position 3 readings shall be taken across the section of the nut at the
Position 2 (core)
following positions:
Position 1
Position l-as close as practical to the major diameter (if
threaded) or hole side wall (if blank), but no closer than 2 '12
times the diameter of the indenter.
Position 2-at the core (halfway between the major diameter
(if threaded) or hole side wall, if blank) and a comer of the nut.
Position 3-as close as practical to the comer of the nut, but
FIG. A3.7 Hard ness Test Indentation Locations no closer than 2 '12 times the diameter of the indenter.
A4. STEEL ROUND WIRE PRODUCTS
A4.1 Scope
A4. 1 . 1 This annex contains testing requirements for Round

Wire Products that are specific to the product. The require
ments contained in this annex are supplementary to those found
in the general section of this specification. In the case of
conflict between requirements provided in this annex and those
found in the general section of this specification, the require
ments of this annex shall prevail. In the case of conflict
between requirements provided in this annex and requirements
found in product specifications, the requirements found in the
product specification shall prevail.
A4.2 Apparatus
A4.2. 1 Gripping Devices-Grips of either the wedge or FIG. A4.2 Snubbing-type Gripping Device
snubbing types as shown in Figs. A4. 1 and A4.2 shall be used

(see Note A4. 1 ). When using grips of either type, care shall be
referred to as the "usual type" of wedge grips. The use of fine ( 1 80 or 240)
taken that the axis of the test specimen is located approxi
grit abrasive cloth in the "usual" wedge type grips, with the abrasive
mately at the center line of the head of the testing machine (see contacting the wire specimen, can be helpful in reducing specimen
Note A4.2). When using wedge grips the liners used behind the slipping and breakage at the grip edges at tensile loads up to about
grips shall be of the proper thickness. 1 000 lb. For tests of specimens of wire which are liable to be cut at the
edges by the "usual type" of wedge grips, the snubbing type gripping
NOTE A4. 1-Testing machines usually are equipped with wedge grips. device has proved satisfactory.
These wedge grips, irrespective of the type of testing machine, may be For testing round wire, the use of cylindrical seat in the wedge gripping
device is optional.
NoTE A4.2-Any defect in a testing machine which may cause nonaxial
application of load should be corrected.
A4.2.2 Pointed Micrometer-A micrometer with a pointed
spindle and anvil suitable for reading the dimensions of the
wire specimen at the fractured ends to the nearest 0.00 1 in.
(0.025 mm) after breaking the specimen in the testing machine
SERRATED
FACES
shall be used.
A ON GRIPS
A4.3 Test Specimens
A4. 3 . 1 Test specimens having the full cross-sectional area

of the wire they represent shall be used. The standard gauge
length of the specimens shall be 10 in. (254 mm). However, if
the determination of elongation values is not required, any
convenient gauge length is permissible. The total length of the
specimens shall be at least equal to the gauge length ( 1 0 in.)
SECTION A-A plus twice the length of wire required for the full use of the grip
FIG. A4.1 Wedge-type Gripping Device employed. For example, depending upon the type of testing
41
0 A370-22
machine and grips used, the minimum total length of specimen parallel sides by grinding before testing. The hardness test is
may vary from 1 4 to 24 in. (360 to 6 1 0 mm) for a 1 0-in. gauge not recommended for any diameter of hard drawn wire or
length specimen. heat-treated wire less than 0. 1 00 in. (2.54 mm) in diameter. For
A4. 3 .2 Any specimen breaking in the grips shall be dis round wire, the tensile strength test is greatly preferred over the
carded and a new specimen tested. hardness test.
A4.4 Elongation A4.7 Wrap Test
A4.4. 1 In determining permanent elongation, the ends of the A4.7. 1 This test is used as a means for testing the ductility
fractured specimen shall be carefully fitted together and the of certain kinds of wire.
distance between the gauge marks measured to the nearest
0.01 in. (0.25 mm) with dividers and scale or other suitable A4.7.2 The test consists of coiling the wire in a closely
device. The elongation is the increase in length of the gauge spaced helix tightly against a mandrel of a specified diameter
length, expressed as a percentage of the original gauge length. for a required number of turns. (Unless other specified, the
In recording elongation values, both the percentage increase required number of turns shall be five.) The wrapping may be
and the original gauge length shall be given. done by hand or a power device. The wrapping rate may not
exceed 1 5 turns per min. The mandrel diameter shall be
A4.4.2 In determining total elongation (elastic plus plastic
specified in the relevant wire product specification.
extension) autographic or extensometer methods may be em
ployed. A4.7.3 The wire tested shall be considered to have failed if
A4.4.3 If fracture takes place outside of the middle third of the wire fractures or if any longitudinal or transverse cracks
the gauge length, the elongation value obtained may not be develop which can be seen by the unaided eye after the first
representative of the material. complete turn. Wire which fails in the first turn shall be
retested, as such fractures may be caused by bending the wire
A4.5 Reduction of Area
to a radius less than specified when the test starts.
A4.5 . 1 The ends of the fractured specimen shall be carefully
fitted together and the dimensions of the smallest cross section A4.8 Coiling Test
measured to the nearest 0.00 1 in. (0.025 mm) with a pointed A4. 8 . 1 This test is used to determine if imperfections are
micrometer. The difference between the area thus found and the present to the extent that they may cause cracking or splitting
area of the original cross section, expressed as a percentage of
during spring coiling and spring extension. A coil of specified
the original area, is the reduction of area.
length is closed wound on an arbor of a specified diameter. The
A4.5.2 The reduction of area test is not recommended in closed coil is then stretched to a specified permanent increase
wire diameters less than 0.092 in. (2.34 mm) due to the in length and examined for uniformity of pitch with no splits or
difficulties of measuring the reduced cross sections. fractures. The required arbor diameter, closed coil length, and
permanent coil extended length increase may vary with wire
A4.6 Rockwell Hardness Test
diameter, properties, and type.
A4 . 6 . 1 On heat-treated wire of diameter 0 . 1 00 in.
(2.54 mm) and larger, the specimen shall be flattened on two
AS. NOTES ON SIGNIFICANCE OF NOTCHED-BAR IMPACT TESTING
AS.l Notch Behavior properties. If they are brittle in tension they will be brittle when
A5 . 1 . 1 The Charpy and Izod type tests bring out notch notched, while if they are ductile in tension, they will be ductile
behavior (brittleness versus ductility) by applying a single when notched, except for unusually sharp or deep notches
overload of stress. The energy values determined are quantita (much more severe than the standard Charpy or Izod speci
tive comparisons on a selected specimen but cannot be mens). Even low temperatures do not alter this characteristic of
converted into energy values that would serve for engineering these materials. In contrast, the behavior of the ferritic steels
design calculations. The notch behavior indicated in an indi under notch conditions cannot be predicted from their proper
vidual test applies only to the specimen size, notch geometry, ties as revealed by the tension test. For the study of these
and testing conditions involved and cannot be generalized to materials the Charpy and Izod type tests are accordingly very
other sizes of specimens and conditions. useful. Some metals that display normal ductility in the tension
A5 . 1 .2 The notch behavior of the face-centered cubic met test may nevertheless break in brittle fashion when tested or
als and alloys, a large group of nonferrous materials and the when used in the notched condition. Notched conditions
austenitic steels can be judged from their common tensile include restraints to deformation in directions perpendicular to
42
0 A370-22
the major stress, or multiaxial stresses, and stress concentra shear stress exceeds the shear strength of the material and
tions. It is in this field that the Charpy and Izod tests prove deformation or plastic yielding sets in. This is the condition for
useful for determining the susceptibility of a steel to notch ductile failure.
brittle behavior though they cannot be directly used to appraise A5.2.4 This behavior, whether brittle or ductile, depends on
the serviceability of a structure. whether the normal stress exceeds the cohesive strength before
A5 . 1 .3 The testing machine itself must be sufficiently rigid the shear stress exceeds the shear strength. Several important
or tests on high-strength low-energy materials will result in facts of notch behavior follow from this. If the notch is made
excessive elastic energy losses either upward through the sharper or more drastic, the normal stress at the root of the
pendulum shaft or downward through the base of the machine. notch will be increased in relation to the shear stress and the
If the anvil supports, the pendulum striking edge, or the bar will be more prone to brittle fracture (see Table AS . 1 ). Also,
machine foundation bolts are not securely fastened, tests on as the speed of deformation increases, the shear strength
ductile materials in the range of 80 ft·lbf ( 1 08 J) may actually increases and the likelihood of brittle fracture increases. On the
indicate values in excess of 90 to 1 00 ft·lbf ( 1 22 to 1 36 J). other hand, by raising the temperature, leaving the notch and
the speed of deformation the same, the shear strength is
A5.2 Notch Effect lowered and ductile behavior is promoted, leading to shear
A5 . 2 . 1 The notch results in a combination of multiaxial failure.
stresses associated with restraints to deformation in directions A5.2.5 Variations in notch dimensions will seriously affect
perpendicular to the major stress, and a stress concentration at the results of the tests. Tests on E4340 steel specimens7 have
the base of the notch. A severely notched condition is generally shown the effect of dimensional variations on Charpy results
not desirable, and it becomes of real concern in those cases in (see Table A5 . 1 ).
which it initiates a sudden and complete failure of the brittle
type. Some metals can be deformed in a ductile manner even A 5 . 3 Size Effect
down to the low temperatures of liquid air, while others may A5.3. 1 Increasing either the width or the depth of the
crack. This difference in behavior can be best understood by specimen tends to increase the volume of metal subject to
considering the cohesive strength of a material (or the property distortion, and by this factor tends to increase the energy
that holds it together) and its relation to the yield point. In cases absorption when breaking the specimen. However, any in
of brittle fracture, the cohesive strength is exceeded before crease in size, particularly in width, also tends to increase the
significant plastic deformation occurs and the fracture appears degree of restraint and by tending to induce brittle fracture,
crystalline. In cases of the ductile or shear type of failure, may decrease the amount of energy absorbed. Where a
considerable deformation precedes the final fracture and the standard-size specimen is on the verge of brittle fracture, this is
broken surface appears fibrous instead of crystalline. In inter particularly true, and a double-width specimen may actually
mediate cases the fracture comes after a moderate amount of require less energy for rupture than one of standard width.
deformation and is part crystalline and part fibrous in appear
ance. A5.3.2 In studies of such effects where the size of the
material precludes the use of the standard specimen, as for
A5.2.2 When a notched bar is loaded, there is a normal example when the material is 1/4-in. plate, subsize specimens
stress across the base of the notch which tends to initiate are necessarily used. Such specimens (see Fig. 6 of Test
fracture. The property that keeps it from cleaving, or holds it Methods E23) are based on the Type A specimen of Fig. 4 of
together, is the "cohesive strength." The bar fractures when the Test Methods E23 .
normal stress exceeds the cohesive strength. When this occurs
without the bar deforming it is the condition for brittle fracture. A5.3.3 General correlation between the energy values ob
tained with specimens of different size or shape is not feasible,
A5 .2.3 In testing, though not in service because of side but limited correlations may be established for specification
effects, it happens more commonly that plastic deformation
precedes fracture. In addition to the normal stress, the applied
load also sets up shear stresses which are about 45° to the 7 Fahey. N. H., "Effects of Variables in Charpy Impact Testing," Materials
normal stress. The elastic behavior terminates as soon as the Research & Standards, Vol I , No. I I . November, 1 96 1 . p. 872.
TABLE A5.1 Effect of Varying Notch Dimensions on Standard Specimens
Specimens, ft·lbf (J)

High-energy Medium-energy Low-energy
Specimens. ft·lbf (J) Specimens, ft·lbf (J)
Specimen with standard dimensions 76.0 ± 3.8 (1 03.0 ± 5.2) 44.5 ± 2.2 (60.3 ± 3.0) 1 2.5 ± 1 .0 ( 1 6.9 ± 1 .4)
Depth of notch, 0.084 in. (2. 1 3 mm)A 72.2 (97.9) 41 .3 (56.0) 1 1 .4 (1 5.5)
Depth of notch, 0.0805 in. (2.04 mm)A 75. 1 ( 1 0 1 .8) 42.2 (57.2) 1 2.4 ( 1 6.8)
Depth of notch, 0.0775 in. (1 .77 mm)A 76.8 ( 1 04. 1 ) 45.3 (61 .4) 1 2.7 ( 1 7.2)
Depth of notch, 0.074 in. (1 .57 mm)A 79.6 (1 07.9) 46.0 (62.4) 1 2.8 ( 1 7.3)
Radius at base of notch, 0.005 in. (0.1 27 mm) 8 72.3 (98.0) 41 .7 (56.5) 1 0.8 (1 4.6)
Radius at base of notch, O.D 1 5 in. (0.381 mm) 8 80.0 (1 08.5) 47.4 (64.3) 1 5.8 (21 .4)
A Standard 0.079 ± 0.002 in. (2.00 ± 0.05 mm).
8 Standard 0.01 0 ± 0.001 in. (0.25 ± 0.025 mm).
43
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0 A370-22
purposes on the basis of special studies of particular materials anvils. Some low-energy high-strength steel specimens leave
and particular specimens. On the other hand, in a study of the impact machines at speeds in excess of 50 ft ( 1 5.3 m)/s
relative effect of process variations, evaluation by use of some although they were struck by a pendulum traveling at speeds
arbitrarily selected specimen with some chosen notch will in approximately 1 7 ft (5.2 m)/s. If the force exerted on the
most instances place the methods in their proper order. pendulum by the broken specimens is sufficient, the pendulum
will slow down and erroneously high energy values will be
A5.4 Effects of Testing Conditions recorded. This problem accounts for many of the inconsisten
A5 .4. 1 The testing conditions also affect the notch behavior. cies in Charpy results reported by various investigators within
So pronounced is the effect of temperature on the behavior of the 1 0 to 25-ft·lbf ( 1 4 to 34 J) range. The Apparatus section
steel when notched that comparisons are frequently made by (subsection regarding specimen clearance) of Test Methods
examining specimen fractures and by plotting energy value and E23 discusses the two basic machine designs and a modifica
fracture appearance versus temperature from tests of notched tion found to be satisfactory in minimizing jamming.
bars at a series of temperatures. When the test temperature has
AS.S Velocity of Straining
been carried low enough to start cleavage fracture, there may
A5 . 5 . 1 Velocity of straining is likewise a variable that
be an extremely sharp drop in impact value or there may be a
affects the notch behavior of steel. The impact test shows
relatively gradual falling off toward the lower temperatures.
somewhat higher energy absorption values than the static tests
This drop in energy value starts when a specimen begins to
above the transition temperature and yet, in some instances, the
exhibit some crystalline appearance in the fracture. The tran
reverse is true below the transition temperature.
sition temperature at which this embrittling effect takes place
varies considerably with the size of the part or test specimen A5.6 Correlation With Service
and with the notch geometry.
A5 .6. 1 While Charpy or Izod tests may not directly predict
A5 .4.2 A problem peculiar to Charpy-type tests occurs the ductile or brittle behavior of steel as commonly used in
when high-strength, low-energy specimens are tested at low large masses or as components of large structures, these tests
temperatures. These specimens may not leave the machine in can be used as acceptance tests of identity for different lots of
the direction of the pendulum swing but rather in a sidewise the same steel or in choosing between different steels, when
direction. To ensure that the broken halves of the specimens do correlation with reliable service behavior has been established.
not rebound off some component of the machine and contact It may be necessary to make the tests at properly chosen
the pendulum before it completes its swing, modifications may temperatures other than room temperature. In this, the service
be necessary in older model machines. These modifications temperature or the transition temperature of full-scale speci
differ with machine design. Nevertheless the basic problem is mens does not give the desired transition temperatures for
the same in that provisions must be made to prevent rebound Charpy or lzod tests since the size and notch geometry may be
ing of the fractured specimens into any part of the swinging so different. Chemical analysis, tension, and hardness tests may
pendulum. Where design permits, the broken specimens may not indicate the influence of some of the important processing
be deflected out of the sides of the machine and yet in other factors that affect susceptibility to brittle fracture nor do they
designs it may be necessary to contain the broken specimens comprehend the effect of low temperatures in inducing brittle
within a certain area until the pendulum passes through the behavior.
A6. PROCEDURE FOR CONVERTING PERCENTAGE ELONGATION OF STANDARD ROUND TENSION TEST SPECIMEN
TO EQUIVALENT PERCENTAGE ELONGATION OF STANDARD FLAT SPECIMEN
A6.1 Scope diameter by 2.0-in. test specimen and other standard specimens
A6. 1 . 1 This method specifies a procedure for converting can be calculated as follows:
percentage elongation after fracture obtained in a standard
e = eo [ 4.47 ( y!A)n]" (A6. I )
0.500-in. ( 1 2.7 mm) diameter by 2-in. (5 1 mm) gauge length
test specimen to standard flat test specimens lf2 by 2 in. and l 1/2 where:
by 8 in. (38 . 1 by 203 mm). e0 = percentage elongation after fracture on a standard test
specimen having a 2-in. gauge length and 0.500-in.
A6.2 Basic Equation
diameter,
A6.2. 1 The conversion data in this method are based on an
equation by Bertella, 8 and used by Oliver9 and others. The
relationship between elongations in the standard 0.500-in.
9 Oliver, D. A., Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 1 928,

8 Bertella, C. A., Giornale del Genio Civile, Vol 60, 1 922, p. 343. p. 827.
44
0 A370-22
TAB L E A6.1 Carbon and Alloy Steels-Material Constant a = 0.4.

e percentage elongation after fracture on a standard test
Multiplication Factors for Converting Percent Elongation From
specimen having a gauge length L and a cross-sectional 112-in. Diameter by 2-in. Gauge Length Standard Tension Test
area A, and Specimen to Standard 1f2 by 2-in. and 1 '12 by 8-in. Flat Specimens
a constant characteristic of the test material. 112 by 1 112 by 1 '12 by
Thickness, Thickness
2-in. 8-in. 8-in.
A6.3 Application in. in.
Specimen Specimen Specimen
A6.3 . 1 In applying the above equation the constant a is 0.025 0.574 0.800 0.822
0.030 0.596 0.850 0.832
characteristic of the test material. The value a = 0.4 has been 0.035 0.614 0.900 0.841
found to give satisfactory conversions for carbon, carbon 0.040 0.631 0.950 0.850
manganese, molybdenum, and chromium-molybdenum steels 0.045 0.646 1 .000 0.859
0.050 0.660 1 . 1 25 0.880
within the tensile strength range of 40 000 to 85 000 psi (275 0.055 0.672 1 .250 0.898
to 585 MPa) and in the hot-rolled, in the hot-rolled and 0.060 0.684 1 .375 0.9 1 6
normalized, or in the annealed condition, with or without 0.065 0.695 1 .500 0.932
0.070 0.706 1 .625 0.947
tempering. Note that the cold reduced and quenched and 0.075 0.71 5 1 .750 0.961
tempered states are excluded. For annealed austenitic stainless 0.080 0.725 1 .875 0.974
0.085 0.733 2.000 0.987
steels, the value a = 0. 1 27 has been found to give satisfactory
0.090 0.742 0.531 2.1 25 0.999
conversions. 0 . 1 00 0.758 0.542 2.250 1 .0 1 0
0.1 1 0 0.772 0.553 2.375 1 .021
A6.3.2 Table A6. 1 has been calculated taking a = 0.4, with 0 . 1 20 0.786 0.562 2.500 1 .032
the standard 0.500-in. ( 1 2.7 mm) diameter by 2-in. (5 1 mm) 0 . 1 30 0.799 0.571 2.625 1 .042
gauge length test specimen as the reference specimen. In the 0 . 1 40 0.81 0 0.580 2.750 1 .052
0 . 1 50 0.821 0.588 2.875 1 .061
case of the subsize specimens 0.350 in. (8.89 mm) in diameter 0 . 1 60 0.832 0.596 3.000 1 .070
by 1 .4-in. (35.6 mrn) gauge length, and 0.250-in. (6.35 mm) 0 . 1 70 0.843 0.603 3 . 1 25 1 .079
diameter by 1 .0-in. (25 .4 mm) gauge length the factor in the 0 . 1 80 0.852 0.61 0 3.250 1 .088
0 . 1 90 0.862 0.61 6 3.375 1 .096
equation is 4.5 1 instead of 4.47. The small error introduced by 0.200 0.870 0.623 3.500 1 . 1 04
using Table A6. 1 for the subsized specimens may be neglected. 0.225 0.891 0.638 3.625 1.112
Table A6.2 for annealed austenitic steels has been calculated 0.250 0.91 0 0.651 3.750 1.119
0.275 0.928 0.664 3.875 1 . 1 27
taking a = 0. 1 27, with the standard 0.500-in. diameter by 2-in. 0.300 0.944 0.675 4.000 1 . 1 34
gauge length test specimen as the reference specimen. 0.325 0.959 0.686
0.350 0.973 0.696
A6.3.3 Elongation given for a standard 0.500-in. diameter 0.375 0.987 0.706
by 2-in. gauge length specimen may be converted to elongation 0.400 1 .000 0.71 5
0.425 1 .0 1 2 0.724
for 1/2 by 2 in. or l 1/2 by 8 in. (38. 1 by 203 mm) flat specimens 0.450 1 .024 0.732
by multiplying by the indicated factor in Table A6. 1 and Table 0.475 1 .035 0.740
A6.2. 0.500 1 .045 0.748
0.525 1 .056 0.755
A6.3.4 These elongation conversions shall not be used 0.550 1 .066 0.762
0.575 1 .075 0.770
where the width to thickness ratio of the test piece exceeds 20,
0.600 1 .084 0.776
as in sheet specimens under 0.025 in. (0.635 mm) in thickness. 0.625 1 .093 0.782
0.650 1 . 1 01 0.788
A6.3.5 While the conversions are considered to be reliable 0.675 1.110
within the stated limitations and may generally be used in 0.700 1.118 0.800
0.725 1 . 1 26
specification writing where it is desirable to show equivalent
0.750 1 . 1 34 0.81 1
elongation requirements for the several standard ASTM tension
specimens covered in Test Methods A370, consideration must
be given to the metallurgical effects dependent on the thickness
of the material as processed.
45
0 A370-22
TABLE A6.2 Annealed Austenitic Stainless Steels-Material

Constant a= 0.1 27. Multipl ication Factors for Converting Percent
Elongation From 112-in. Diameter by 2-i n . Gauge Length Standard
Tension Test Specimen to Standard 112 by 2-in. and 1 112 by 8-in.
Flat Specimens
'12 by 1 112 by 1 112 by

Thickness, Thickness,
2-in. 8-in. 8-in.
in. in.
Specimen Specimen Specimen
0.025 0.839 0.800 0.940
0.030 0.848 0.850 0.943
0.035 0.857 0.900 0.947
0.040 0.864 0.950 0.950
0.045 0.870 1 .000 0.953
0.050 0.876 1 . 1 25 0.960
0.055 0.882 1 .250 0.966
0.060 0.886 1 .375 0.972
0.065 0.891 1 .500 0.978
0.070 0.895 1 .625 0.983
0.075 0.899 1 .750 0.987
0.080 0.903 1 .875 0.992
0.085 0.906 2.000 0.996
0.090 0.909 0.81 8 2 . 1 25 1 .000
0.095 0.9 1 3 0.821 2.250 1 .003
0 . 1 00 0.9 1 6 0.823 2.375 1 .007
0.110 0.921 0.828 2.500 1 .0 1 0
0 . 1 20 0.926 0.833 2.625 1 .0 1 3
0 . 1 30 0.931 0.837 2.750 1 .0 1 6
0 . 1 40 0.935 0.841 2.875 1 .0 1 9
0 . 1 50 0.940 0.845 3.000 1 .022
0 . 1 60 0.943 0.848 3 . 1 25 1 .024
0 . 1 70 0.947 0.852 3.250 1 .027
0 . 1 80 0.950 0.855 3.375 1 .029
0 . 1 90 0.954 0.858 3.500 1 .032
0.200 0.957 0.860 3.625 1 .034
0.225 0.964 0.867 3.750 1 .036
0.250 0.970 0.873 3.875 1 .038
0.275 0.976 0.878 4.000 1 .041
0.300 0.982 0.883
0.325 0.987 0.887
0.350 0.991 0.892
0.375 0.996 0.895
0.400 1 .000 0.899
0.425 1 .004 0.903
0.450 1 .007 0.906
0.475 1 .0 1 1 0.909
0.500 1 .0 1 4 0.91 2
0.525 1 .0 1 7 0.91 5
0.550 1 .020 0.91 7
0.575 1 .023 0.920
0.600 1 .026 0.922
0.625 1 .029 0.925
0.650 1 .031 0.927
0.675 1 .034
0.700 1 .036 0.932
0.725 1 .038
0.750 1 .041 0.936
46
0 A370-22
A7. TESTING MULTI-WIRE STRAND
This annex has been replaced by Test Methods A1061/A 1061M, and procedures for the tension testing of multi-wire
strand for prestressed concrete have been integrated into the relevant product specifications.
AS. ROUNDING OF TEST DATA
A8.1 Application A8.2.3 Requirements for rounding levels for determining

A8. 1 . 1 This annex shall apply to rounding test data for the product acceptance or rejection are given in Table A8. 1 .
purpose of determining conformance to product specification Specific reported test data values shall be rounded to Table
requirements. A8. 1 for determining product acceptance or rejection.
A8. 1 .2 This annex shall apply only when rounding is not A8.2.4 Table A8. 1 values are designed to provide unifor
specified in the product specification. mity in determining conformance to product specification
A8. 1 .3 Observed or calculated test results and records requirements and should be considered when rounding require
maintained by testing laboratories are not subject to this annex. ments are stated in product specifications.
A8.2 Method
A8.2.5 When rounding requirements are neither stated in
the product specification nor listed in Table A8. 1 , an observed
A8.2. 1 Values shall be rounded in accordance with the rules or calculated value shall be rounded to the nearest unit in the
of Practice E29 unless otherwise stated herein.
last right hand digit used in expressing the specification
A8.2.2 In the special case of rounding the number "5" when requirement.
no additional numbers other than "0" follow the "5," rounding
shall be in accordance with Practice E29 except where this
would result in rejection of the product.
47
0 A370-22
TABLE A8.1 Rounded Test Data for Determining Conformance to Specification
Test Quality Test Data Range Rounded ValueA

Yield Point, Yield Strength, Tensile Strength <50 000 psi (<50 ksi) 1 00 psi (0. 1 ksi)
""1 00 000 psi (:o> 1 00 ksi)

50 000 to <1 00 000 psi {50 to 1 00 ksi) 500 psi (0.5 ksi)
1 000 psi (1 ksi)
(<350 MPa) (1 MPa)

{350 to 700 MPa) {5 MPa)
(>700 MPa) ( 1 0 MPa)
Elongation 0 to <1 0 % 0.5 %

2> 1 0 % 1 %
Reduction of Area 0 to <1 0 % 0.5 %

2> 1 0 % 1 %
Absorbed Energy 0 to <;:240 It · lbf [0 to <;:325 J] 1 ft · lbf [1 J] 8

Brinell Hardness all values tabular value c
Rockwell Hardness all scales 1 Rockwell Number
A Round test data to the nearest integral multiple of the values in this column. If the data value is exactly midway between two rounded values, round in accordance with
A8.2.2 .
8 These units are not equivalent but the rounding occurs in the same numerical ranges for each. (1 ft-lbf = 1 .356 J).
c Round the mean diameter of the Brinell impression to the nearest 0.05 mm and report the corresponding Brinell hardness number read from the table without further
rounding.
A9. METHODS FOR TESTING STEEL REINFORCING BARS
The testing requirements for steel reinforcing bars contained in this annex have been integrated into the relevant prod
uct specifications.
AlO. PROCEDURE FOR USE AND CONTROL OF HEAT-CYCLE SIMULATION
AlO.l Purpose A l 0. 3 . 1 .2 ASME B oiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section

VIII, Division 2, latest edition.
A l 0. 1 . 1 To ensure consistent and reproducible heat treat
ments of production forgings and the test specimens that A 1 0.4 Procedure
represent them when the practice of heat-cycle simulation is
used. A 1 0.4. 1 Production Master Charts:
A l 0.4. 1 . 1 Thermocouples shall be imbedded in each forg
A10.2 Scope
ing from which a master chart is obtained. Temperature shall be
A l 0.2. 1 Generation and documentation of actual production monitored by a recorder with resolution sufficient to clearly
time-temperature curves (MASTER CHARTS). define all aspects of the heating, holding, and cooling process.
A l 0.2.2 Controls for duplicating the master cycle during All charts are to be clearly identified with all pertinent
heat treatment of production forgings. (Heat treating within the information and identification required for maintaining perma
essential variables established during A 1 .2. 1 .) nent records.
A 1 0.4. 1 .2 Thermocouples shall be imbedded 1 80° apart if
A 1 0.2.3 Preparation of program charts for the simulator
the material specification requires test locations 1 80° apart.
unit.
A l 0.4. 1 .3 One master chart (or two if required in accor
A l 0.2.4 Monitoring and inspection of the simulated cycle dance with A 1 0.4.3 . 1 ) shall be produced to represent essen
within the limits established by the ASME Code. tially identical forgings (same size and shape). Any change in
A 1 0 . 2 . 5 Documentation and storage of all controls, size or geometry (exceeding rough machining tolerances) of a
inspections, charts, and curves. forging will necessitate that a new master cooling curve be
developed.
A10.3 Referenced Documents
A l 0.4. 1 .4 If more than one curve is required per master
A l 0.3. 1 ASME Standards:4 forging ( 1 80° apart) and a difference in cooling rate is
A l 0.3 . 1 . 1 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section achieved, then the most conservative curve shall be used as the
III, latest edition. master curve.
48
0 A370-22
A l 0.4.2 Reproducibility of Heat Treatment Parameters on the quench cycle. (2) The tempering temperature of the
Production Forgings: production forgings shall not fall below the actual tempering
A 1 0.4.2. 1 All information pertammg to the quench and temperature of the master forging. (3) At least one contact
temper of the master forging shall be recorded on an appro surface thermocouple shall be placed on each forging in a
priate permanent record, similar to the one shown in Table production load. Temperature shall be recorded for all surface
A l O. l . thermocouples on a Time Temperature Recorder and such
A l 0.4.2.2 All information pertaining to the quench and records shall be retained as permanent documentation.
temper of the production forgings shall be appropriately
A 1 0.4.3 Heat-cycle Simulation:
recorded, preferably on a form similar to that used in
A l 0.4.2 . 1 . Quench records of production forgings shall be A 1 0.4.3 . 1 Program charts shall be made from the data
retained for future reference. The quench and temper record of recorded on the master chart. All test specimens shall be given
the master forging shall be retained as a permanent record. the same heating rate above, the AC l , the same holding time
A 1 0.4.2.3 A copy of the master forging record shall be and the same cooling rate as the production forgings.
stored with the heat treatment record of the production forging. A l 0.4.3.2 The heating cycle above the AC l , a portion of the
A 1 0.4.2.4 The essential variables, as set forth on the heat holding cycle, and the cooling portion of the master chart shall
treat record, shall be controlled within the given parameters on be duplicated and the allowable limits on temperature and time,
the production forging. as specified in (a) through (c), shall be established for
A l 0.4.2.5 The temperature of the quenching medium prior verification of the adequacy of the simulated heat treatment.
to quenching each production forging shall be equal to or lower (a) Heat Cycle Simulation of Test Coupon Heat Treatment
than the temperature of the quenching medium prior to for Quenched and Tempered Forgings and Bars-If cooling
quenching the master forging. rate data for the forgings and bars and cooling rate control
A l 0.4.2.6 The time elapsed from opening the furnace door devices for the test specimens are available, the test specimens
to quench for the production forging shall not exceed that may be heat-treated in the device.
elapsed for the master forging. (b) The test coupons shall be heated to substantially the
A 1 0.4.2.7 If the time parameter is exceeded in opening the same maximum temperature as the forgings or bars. The test
furnace door to beginning of quench, the forging shall be coupons shall be cooled at a rate similar to and no faster than
placed back into the furnace and brought back up to equaliza the cooling rate representative of the test locations and shall be
tion temperature. within 25 op ( 1 4 oq and 20 s at all temperatures after cooling
A l 0.4.2.8 All forgings represented by the same master begins. The test coupons shall be subsequently heat treated in
forging shall be quenched with like orientation to the surface of accordance with the thermal treatments below the critical
the quench bath. temperature including tempering and simulated post weld heat
A l 0.4.2.9 All production forgings shall be quenched in the treatment.
same quench tank, with the same agitation as the master (c) Simulated Post Weld Heat Treatment of Test Specimens
forging. (for ferritic steel forgings and bars)-Except for carbon steel (P
A l 0.4.2 . 1 0 Uniformity of Heat Treat Parameters-(]) The Number 1 , Section IX of the Code) forgings and bars with a
difference in actual heat treating temperature between produc nominal thickness or diameter of 2 in. (51 mm) or less, the test
tion forgings and the master forging used to establish the specimens shall be given a heat treatment to simulate any
simulator cycle for them shall not exceed ± 25 op ( ± 1 4 oq for thermal treatments below the critical temperature that the
TABLE A 1 0.1 Heat-treat Record-essential Variables
Master Production Production Production Production Production

Forging Forging 1 Forging 2 Forging 3 Forging 4 Forging 5
Program chart number
Time at temperature and actual temperature of heat treatment
Method of coolinq
Forqinq thickness
Thermocouple immersion
Beneath buller {yes/no)
Forging number
Produkt
Material
Thermocouple location-0 deg
Thermocouple location-180 deg
Quench tank No.
Date of heat treatment
Furnace number
Cycle number
Heat treater
Startinq quench medium temperature
Time from furnace to quench
Heating rate above 1 000 oF (538 °C)
Temperature upon removal from quench after 5 min
Orientation of forging in quench
Eqr{tkijv"d{"CUYO"Kpv)n..cm"tkijvu"tgugtxgft�"Vjw"Pqx"39"32<63<73" 1 OV"4244
49
AOT�) A370 22
cJ1iHff -
forgings and bars may receive during fabrication. The simu- A l 0.4.4 Reheat Treatment and Retesting:
lated heat treatment shall utilize temperatures, times, and A l 0.4.4. 1 In the event of a test failure, retesting shall be
cooling rates as specified on the order. The total time at handled in accordance with rules set forth by the material
temperature(s) for the test material shall be at least 80 % of the specification.
total time at temperature(s) to which the forgings and bars are A 1 0.4.4.2 If retesting is permissible, a new test specimen
subjected during postweld heat treatment. The total time at shall be heat treated the same as previously. The production
temperature(s) for the test specimens may be performed in a forging that it represents will have received the same heat
single cycle. treatment. If the test passes, the forging shall be acceptable. If
A1 0.4.3 .3 Prior to heat treatment in the simulator unit, test it fails, the forging shall be rejected or shall be subject to reheat
specimens shall be machined to standard sizes that have been treatment if permissible.
determined to allow adequately for subsequent removal of
A 1 0.4.4.3 If reheat treatment is permissible, proceed as
decarb and oxidation.
follows: ( 1) Reheat treatment same as original heat treatment
A 1 0.4.3 .4 At least one thermocouple per specimen shall be
(time, temperature, cooling rate). Using new test specimens
used for continuous recording of temperature on an indepen-
from an area as close as possible to the original specimens,
dent external temperature-monitoring source. Due to the sen-
repeat the austenitize and quench cycles twice, followed by the
sitivity and design peculiarities of the heating chamber of
tempering cycle (double quench and temper). The production
certain equipment, it is mandatory that the hot j unctions of
forging shall be given the identical double quench and temper
control and monitoring thermocouples always be placed in the
as its test specimens above. (2) Reheat treatment using a new
same relative position with respect to the heating source
heat treatment practice. Any change in time, temperature, or
(generally infrared lamps).
cooling rate shall constitute a new heat treatment practice. A
A l 0.4.3.5 Each individual specimen shall be identified, and
new master curve shall be produced and the simulation and
such identification shall be clearly shown on the simulator
testing shall proceed as originally set forth.
chart and simulator cycle record.
A 1 0.4.4.4 In summation, each test specimen and its corre-
A 1 0.4.3 .6 The simulator chart shall be compared to the
sponding forging shall receive identical heat treatment or heat
master chart for accurate reproduction of simulated quench in
treatment; otherwise the testing shall be invalid.
accordance with A1 0.4.3.2(a). If any one specimen is not heat
treated within the acceptable limits of temperature and time, A l 0.4.5 Storage, Recall, and Documentation of Heat-cycle
such specimen shall be discarded and replaced by a newly Simulation Data-All records pertaining to heat-cycle simula
machined specimen. Documentation of such action and reasons tion shall be maintained and held for a period of ten years or as
for deviation from the master chart shall be shown on the designed by the customer. Information shall be so organized
simulator chart, and on the corresponding nonconformance that all practices can be verified by adequate documented
report. records.
REFERENCES
(1) Griffin, J. A., "Analysis of Data From NIST Technical Note 1 858," (4) Lucan, E., McCowan, C. N., and Santoyo, R. L. "Impact Character
ASTM A01 . 13 Task Group Meeting, San Antonio, TX, 5.4. 16, https:// ization of 4340 and T200 Steels by Means of Standard, Sub-size and
www.sfsa.org. Miniaturized Charpy Specimens," NIST Technical Note 1858, http://
(2) Wallin, K., Powerpoint presentation "Sub-sized Cvn Specimen Con nvlpubs.nist.gov.
version Methodology" ASTM AOJ.13 Task Group Meeting, Tampa, (5) Lucan, E., McCowan, C. N., Santoyo, R. L. "Impact Characterization
FL, 1 1 . 1 8 . 1 5, https://www.sfsa.org. of Line Pipe Steels by Means of Standard, Sub-size and Miniaturized
(3) Griffin, J. A., "A Literature Review to Assess the Reliability of the Charpy Specimens," NIST Technical Note 1865, http://
Conversion Factors for Sub-size Specimens Shown in ASTM A370 nvlpubs.nist.gov.
Table 9," https://www.sfsa.org.
so
Uj cp i j ck"Ucqvqp i "Wpkxgtukv{.. Uj cp i j ck"Ucqvqp i "Wpkxgtukv{ +"rwtuwcpv"vq"Nkegpug"C i tggogp\IJ"Pq"hwtvj gt"tgrtqfwevkqpu"cwvj qtk I gfO
0 A370-22
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee AO l has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (A370 - 2 1 )
that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Oct. 1 , 2022.)
(1) Added definitions for fixed-location hardness testing ma (3) Changed "hardness value" to "hardness number" through
chine and portable hardness testing machine and related out.
references where applicable. (4) Added Table 6.
(2) Harmonized hardness testing value reporting for Rockwell,
Brinell, and Portable hardness testing machines.
ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed evel)f five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.
This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 6 10-832-9585 (phone), 6 10-832-9555 (fax), or service @astm. org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm. org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 0 1 923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http://www.copyright. com/
51

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c6

Standard Test Methods and Definitions for

1. Scope* Testing Multi-Wire Strand Annex A?

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

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2. Referenced Documents 3 . 1 . 1 For definitions of terms pertaining to mechanical

Division I, Part UG-8 ,....-

2.3 ISO Standard:5 1 • ...... n

- INDICATES ROlliNG DIRKTJON

3 For referenced A S TM sta ndards, visit the ASTM we bsite, www.astm.org, or

(b) Hollow Forgings

(d) Ring Forgings

4. Significance and Use

6. 1 The terms "longitudinal test" and "transverse test" are

+---:----1-. : -r-r jr ---Jt -- -- --

1112+1/a 1 '12 + 'Ia 40 + 3

2'14 2'14 1'14

(Note 4, Note 1 0, and Note 11)

9.6 General-Test specimens shall be either substantially 11. Sheet-type Specimen

Standard Specimen Small Size Specimens Proportional to Standard

as the original dimensions. The difference between the area

A n another or to approximate tensile strength. These conversion

BEND TEST 1 7 . 1 Description:

Rockwell Superficial Hardness

Rockwell Superficial Hardness

TABLE 7 Brinell Hardness NumbersA

A Prepared by the Engineering Mechanics Section, Institute for Standards Technology.

1 8.3 Test Blocks-Machines should be checked to make

22. 1 Testing Machines: -t--Y--- Center of

! them in the medium at test temperature for at least 5 min in

Dimension Description Reauiremeot

NoTE 2-Determine the percent shear fracture using Table 8 or Table 9.

TABLE 8 Percent Shear for Measurements Made in Inches

TABLE 9 Percent Shear for Measurements Made in M i l l imetres

(a) Shear Fracture Appearance Charts

(b) Guide for Estimating Shear Fracture Appearance

FIG. 1 4 Fracture Appearance Charts and Percent Shear Fracture Comparator

FIG. 1 6 Lateral Expansion Gauge for Charpy I m pact Specimens

,...--- I I X 5/8 X 1/2 STEEL SAE 1015·1020

1/4-20 x 3/4" L.G.

.... NOTE: THESE SURFACES TO BE ON SAME

1.) FLASH CHROME PLATE ITEMS 1 & 2

FIG. 1 7 Assembly and Details for Lateral Expansion Gauge

40 [54] 30 [41 ] 27 [37] 20 [27] 13 [1 8] 10 [ 1 4]

values (NIST Technical Note 1 858). (1 )

Al. STEEL BAR PRODUCTS

between requirements provided in this annex and those found

A1.2 Orientation of Test Specimens A 1.4 Bend Test

standard 1f2 by 2-in. ( 1 3 by 50 mm) gauge

Over % ( 1 9) Full section or machine to not less than ot less than

A2. STEEL TUBULAR PRODUCTS

A2.1 Scope diameter to be used when elongation comparable to that

'12 ± 0.0 1 5 1 1/1 o approximately

NoTE ! -Cross-sectional area may be calculated by multiplying A and t.

A2.3.4 In determining the transverse yield strength on this

A2.3 Determination of Transverse Yield Strength, Hydrau­

A2.4 Hardness Tests

FIG. A2.7 Roller Chain Type Extensometer, U nclamped

FIG. A2.8 Roller Chain Type Extensometer, Clamped

.L7 FIG. A2.9 Reverse Flattening Test

FIG. A2.1 0 Crush Test Specimen

Outs. Diam. of Tube less .5."

8 Outs. Diam. of Tube plus -fi'

A2.3 Determination of Transverse Yield Strength, Hydrau

�� i "fi IT��=jf ""

FIG. A3.5 Location of Standard Round 2-in. Gauge Length Ten