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Form 1 Ire Simplified Notes
Form 1 Ire Simplified Notes
SERIES 1
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QURAN
DEFINITION OF QURAN
The word Quran is an Arabic word, derived from the root “qaraa” which means to be recited or to
read.
Quran: Is the speech of Allah, sent down to the last Prophet Muhammad through Angel Jibreel, in
its precise meaning and precise wording, transmitted to us by numerous persons (Tawatur).
Translation
1. In the name of Allah the most Gracious, most merciful.
2. Praise be to Allah, The cherisher and sustainer of the world.
3. Most Gracious most Merciful.
4. Master of the Day of Judgment.
5. Thee we worship and Thee aid we seek.
6. Show us the straight way
7. The way of those on whom you have bestowed favor not of those who evoked your anger or of
those who go astray.
Significance
1. Acts as a supplication
2. It is the opening chapter of the Quran
3. It teaches us about attribute of Allah
4. It‘s a pillar of prayer (swalat)
5. It the essence of the book
6. It is referred as the mother of the Quran
7. The Surah advice mankind to seek protection against the wrath of Allah.
8. It praises Allah and shows His Majesty.
B. AL- NASIR
1. Idhaa ja‘aa nasrullah walfthu
2. Waraita-nnasa yadkhuluna fee deen llah afwajaa
3. Fasabih bihamdi rabbika was‘taghfirhuu innahu kaana tawaba
Translation
1. When the help of Allah and victory comes
2. And you see the people enter Allah‘s Religion in crowds
3. Then glorify and praise your Lord and ask His forgiveness. For He is the most forgiving.
Teachings
1. The Surah is foretell to the peaceful conquest of Mecca
2. It concludes the holy message
3. It foretells the prophet‘s death. When this surah was revealed, the prophet (SAW) said“ I have
been informed of my death and it will take place this year”
4. We are taught to pray and seek God‘s forgiveness frequently so as to win the everlasting peace
and rewards in paradise.
5. We must thank our Lord for all sorts of assistance and favors He bestows upon us.
C. SURATUL AL-ASRI
Transliteration
1. Wal‘ Asri
2. Innal Insaana lafee khusri
3. Illaladhina amanu wa‘ Amila swalihaat watawaasau bil haqi wata waasau bis-swabri
Translation
1. By the time (through the ages)
2. Verily man is in a great state of loss
3. Except such as have faith and do righteous deeds and enjoin each other to uphold truth and
patience.
Teachings
1. The surah stresses that man is ever in loss except those who have faith, do good deeds and preach
truth and patience.
2. It‘s subject matter is to make the people believe the importance of good deeds and pious
3. Allah, the Almighty cites time as a testimony to the fact that man who boasts of his worldly
increases and successes indeed he is at lost
4. Importance of the declining day in the life of a man is of much importance as it is time to
calculate what one has gained or lost
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D. Al-Fiyl
Transliteration
1. Alam tara kaifa faala rabbuka biasa-haabil fiyl
2. Alam yaj‘al kaidahum fiy tadhlyl
3. Warsala alim twairan abaabyl
4. Trmihim bihijaa ratm min sijyl
5. Faja‘ala-hum ka‘asfin ma‘kul.
Translation
1. Have you not considered (O Muhammad) how your Lord dealt with the companions of the
Elephant?
2. Did He not make their treacherous plan go astray?
3. And He sent against them flights of birds
4. Striking them with stones of hard clay
5. And He made them like eaten straw.
Teachings
1. A lesson for men intoxicated with power, who prepared a large army and all the resources they
can muster to show their superior forces but God is always mighty
2. None however strong and mighty can defeat the plan and the purpose of Allah, the Almighty.
3. God is sufficient defender of His plans.
4. Allah can take revenge very easily on a proud person however mighty He may be.
5. He can do it using very simple means.
6. The position of the house of Allah is very high, sacred and inviolable.
7. Allah blessed the Quraysh by protecting them against the mighty enemy.
8. Allah warns the Quraysh with the example of what happened to the people of elephant
9. If a man plans against Allah‘s will, he cannot succeed. Allah can easily destroy him
Reasons why some Muslims find it difficult to read the Quran regularly
1. Secularization
2. Ignorance.
3. Pop culture influence.
4. Influence of non Muslims.
5. Technological innovations.
6. Negative peer influence.
7. Negative socio- cultural environment.
8. Negative media influence.
9. Materialism.
10. Decay of faith.
Exercise
1. What is the literal meaning of the word Quran?
2. How was the Quran revealed to the prophet Muhammad (saw)?
3. State the reasons why Quran is a complete book of Guidance to mankind?
4. Mention the rules to be adhered to when reciting the Quran?
5. State the importance of the Quran in the life of a Muslim?
6. State the role of Angel Jibreel?
7. State the importance of suratul Fatiha?
8. State the significance of suratul
Nasr
Fil
Asr
9. Discuss the reasons for the revelation of the Quran in portion
HADITH
Definition of the term Hadith and Sunnah
1. Hadith literally means: a piece of vital information, account or story narrated by a person
2. In Islam it stands for: reported words, actions and silent approval of the prophet (saw).
3. Sunnah literally means: a path or a way.
4. In Islam means: to designate the life style of the prophet (SAW).
5. The actions of the companions are called Athar swahabat.
Evolution of Hadith
A. The prophet‘s own initiative:
1. Sometimes he would ask them a question in order first to extract from them what they knew
before embarking on his explanation or giving them the answer to the question e.g: Do you know
what is backbiting?
2. He gave an actual story in order to pass some lesson from it e.g. the three men of Banu Israel
went on a journey ………………
3. He related parable to hammer a point e.g. the people who were in a
ship…………………………….
B. As a response to the questions of his companions.
1. Sometimes even his foes asked questions to test his knowledge, prophet-hood or as a challenge.
2. Sometimes two companions might have two different views on an issue. Therefore had to go to
the prophet and ask him as which of the two is correct or acceptable.
3. Women also asked questions
C. As an interpretation of the Quran.
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1. Sometimes he explained the meaning or the purpose of what he had deduced from the Quran,
without referring to it.
2. Sometimes he would mention Quran verse and then comment upon it or state the law or
injunction derived from it.
D. The demand of circumstances. Different circumstances and situation would present themselves
up as the prophet nurturing the companions and developing them spiritually, morally, socially,
economically as well as politically.
Forms of Hadith
There are two classes of Hadith: Hadith Qudsi and Hadith Nabawi.
Hadith Nabawi is divided into three categories:
1. Qaul: a Statement given by the prophet (saw).
2. Fiil: This is an action performed by the prophet (saw)
3. Taqrir: This is an action of some of the companions which had the silent approval of the prophet
(saw).
Origin of Hadith
a) During the time of the prophet (saw) lifetime, the prime source of religion and matter of Muslims
was the revelation from Allah.
b) The prophet relied on Allah to reveal to him the answers to a number of questions asked.
c) The Muslims whenever faced by a matter of which there was no earlier guidance would refer
their question or problem to the prophet (saw).
d) The prophet (saw) would be guided by Quran, if there was no revelation to which he could refer
the matter, he would wait for revelation from Allah.
e) There are many cases where Allah sent revelation (Quran) to answer the questions, but there
were times when the prophet had to give an answer to a mater or direction.
f) The prophet with guidance from Allah would give his own answers and explanations, which
were later recorded and memorized by the companions as the sayings of the prophet
Exercise
1. Define the term Hadith and sunah and Sunnah.
2. Explain the factors that necessitated the collection and compilation of Hadith
3. State factors that helped the companions of the prophet to spread the Sunnah.
4. Discuss the subject matter of the sacred Hadith (Hadith Qudsi).
5. (A) What is the main difference between Hadith Nabawi and Hadith Qudsi.
(B) State the differences between Quran and the Hadith
6. Discuss the evolution of Hadith
7. Explain the forms of Hadith
8. List down the importance of Hadith
PILLARS OF IMAN
Articles of Iman
1. To believe in Allah
2. To believe in His angels
3. To believe in His books
4. To believe in His messengers
5. To believe in the last day
6. To believe in divine destiny
Allah says in the Quran: “The messenger (Muhammad) saw believes in what has been sent down to
him from his Lord and (so do) the believers each one believes in Allah, His Angels, His Books
and His messengers………….” 2:285
A. TAWHEEED
The meaning of Tawheed
Literally means unification, making something one or asserting oneness. It comes from the Arabic
verb “Wahada” which means to unite, unify or consolidate.
Islamically means: to believe that Allah is the one and only God.
Islamically means, the realizing and maintaining of Allah‘s unity in man‘s actions (Rububiyyah), no
one is similar to Him in His essence and attributes (Asmaa wa sifaat) and worship (uluhiyyah)
Categories of Tawheed
1. Tawheed ar- Rububiyyah: maintaining the unity of the lordship.
2. Tawheed al-Asmaa was-swifaat: maintaining the unity of Allah‘s names and attributes.
3. Tawheed al-Uluhiyyah (ibaadat) :maintaining the unity of Allah‘s worship.
10. ce he strongly believes that not only his life but everything is in the hands of Allah.
11. It removes greedy and jealousy and the desire to achieve success through even evil means as
he believe that all success is in the power of Allah and not one‘s endeavor
12. It generate in man a sense of modesty and humbleness
13. It builds strong degree of determination and trust in Allah
14. It purifies the soul and inculcate righteous behavior.
Attributes of Allah
1. Allah ----------------------------------- God All- Mighty
2. Ar- Rabu--------------------------------The lord, Sustainer, Cherisher
3. Al- Waahid-----------------------------The One
4. Arahman------------------------------ The Entirely Merciful
5. Ar-Rahim------------------------------ The Especially Merciful
6. Al-MalIk----------------------------- The King
7. Al-Qudus--------------------------- The Holly
8. Al- Khaliq--------------------------- The Creator
9. Al-Awwal--------------------------- The First
10. Al- Akhir------------------------- The Last
11. Al- Hayy-------------------------- The Ever-Living
12. Al-Aziz---------------------------- The Al-Mighty
13. Al- Qayyom--------------------- The Self-Sufficient
14. Al- Hakim----------------------- The All- Wise
15. Al- Aleem----------------------- The All- Knowing
16. As-Samee----------------------- The Hearing
17. As-Shakur---------------------- The All- Appreciative
18. Al- Wadud--------------------- The Most Loving
19. Al- Haqq----------------------- The Truth
20. Ar-Razaq---------------------- The Al- Provider
21. Al Akram---------------------- The Most Generous
22. Al- Majid---------------------- The Al- Glorious
23. Al- Mutaal--------------- The Most High
24. Al- Ghanee------------------- The Rich
SHIRK
The meaning of shirk
Literally means: partnership, sharing or associating.
Islamically means: The act of associating partners or rivals unto Allah in whatever form it may take,
either in His worship or in His beautiful names and attributes or in His lordship.
Shirk is the opposite of Tawheed and is which that nullifies it.
TYPES OF SHIRK
According to terminology of Islamic shariah there are three types of Shirk.
A. Shirk al-Akbar
This is the act of making something or someone a god alongside Allah whether it is an Angle, a
messenger, a human being, a wali (saint), the moon, a rock, which is worshiped as Allah, by
praying to it, making vows to it and other kind of worship.
It occurs when any act of worship is directed to anyone other than Allah
Allah says “Surely we have sent to every nation a messenger saying, worship Allah and a void
Twaaghut (False gods)”Q 16:32
Major shirk represents a great sin. It is a sin so great that it virtually cancels all good person may
do and lead to hell fire
A mushrk who is guilty of major shirk is the one who believes in some else as Lord alongside or
beside Allah, such as the Christians who regard Allah as the third of three (trinity) or the margins
(Zoroastrians) who attribute good events to the light and bad events to the darkness, or the
Serbians who believed that the stars and the planets controlled what happened on the earth.
Muslims who pray to prophet Muhammad (saw) or saints believing that they can answer their
prayers, the grave worshippers who claims that the souls of saints can control things after their
death.
C.SHIRKUL –KHAFI
This implies not being satisfied with what Allah has decreed/ordained for a person
8. Shirk removes blessing in work, sustenance and all matters connected to his life and next world
(Q 7:97)
9. It courses disgrace and destitution/penury/indecency/poverty(Q 7:97)
10. Shirk leads to the curse of Allah and His wrath (Q 5:60)
11. it lowers ones dignity
12. it is a big sin that may not be forgiven infront of Allah
13. it creates enmity in the society
14. it make a person to distance him/herself from Allah
BELIEF IN ANGELS
Belief in angel is one of the six pillars of Iman. One cannot be called a Muslim, if he does not belief
in any of these pillars
Characteristics of Angels
1. Angels are sinless
2. Angels are invisible
3. Angels are neither male nor female.
4. Angels are created from Nur.
5. Angels have the ability to change their form.
6. Angels glorify Allah’s name all the time and never disobey Allah.
7. Angels don’t poses human qualities and hence don’t require necessities of human life e.g.
drinking, eating etc
8. Angels are created without a free will they obey Allah without choice.
9. Their existence is not by procreation and marriage.
4. They are neither male nor They are male and females. They are male & female.
female.
5. They do not disobey Allah. They are believers and They are believers and
disbelievers disbelievers.
Exercise
1. Define the term shirk
2. Discuss the importance of Tawheed
3. Outline types of shirk and its adverse effects
4. Describe characteristic of Angles
5. Identify the names of Angles and specific duties
6. Explain the importance of benefit of Angles in the life of a Muslim
7. Identify five forms of shirk al-Akbar
8. Why shirk condemned in Islam
DEVOTIONAL ACTS
There are five pillars of Islam, which every believer must perform. They are:
1. Shahada- The declaration of faith
2. Swalah – The five daily prayers
3. Saum – Fasting every day during the month of Ramadhan
4. Zakat- Payment of alms to those who qualify to receive the Zakat e.g. poor. Be performed by
those who have the required amount of wealth.
5. Hajj- To go for pilgrimage to Makkah for those who can affered it.
Measuring of Shahada
a. Shahada is the first pillar of Islam
b. When an individual make declaration of shahada he inter into the fold of Islam.
c. However mere saying of this statement is not enough one has to put the meaning of this
statement in practice throughout his life
d. The first part of shahada stresses Tawheed (Monotheism) which is to believe in oneness of Allah,
it calls for worshipping none other than Allah
e. The second part of shahada is acceptance of the prophet Muhammad as the messenger of Allah.
There fore, the acceptance of the mission of Muhammad (pbuh), means that his teachings and
guidance are to obeyed and observed faithfully
f. The two parts of shahada are dependant on one another. One cannot choose to accept the first and
refuse the second or vise versa
Significance of Shahada
1. It is the key to embracing (accepting) Islam
2. It must be pronounced in Adhan
3. It must be said in Swalah in (Attahiyyatu)
4. It is the price to pay for the paradise. He whose last words are “Laillah illa illallaah” will enter
the garden of jannah
5. It outweighs on the scales the records of sins.
6. It is the best of what the prophets have said
7. It is the best of all good actions
Definition of swalah
Literally means: Supplication and glorification.
Technically means: The worship or glorification of Allah by specific words, actions, and movement
in different postures, commencing with the words “Allahu Akbar” (Allah is the greatest) and
ending with the words “Assalam Alaykum Warhamatullahi” (May the peace and the mercy of
Allah be with you)
Types of Najaasat:
1. Najaasat Mukhafafa (light impurity) this is the urine of a baby boy less than two years and
nourished nothing else apart from mother’s milk. This kind of Najasa is removed by sprinkling
water on the place of the Najasa.
2. Najasat Mutawasita (Medium impurity) all form of Najasaat falls under this category except the
Najasa of dog and pig e.g. blood, urine, stool, pus and vomit. This kind of Najasa is removed by
washing thoroughly until the taste, smell and colour disapire
3. Najaasat Mughaladha ( heavy impurity) this is the Najasa of a pig and a dog
Classification of water
Methods of purification
A. Ghusl Ritual Bath
A Musali (performer of swalah) must purify himself by Ghusli (a complete bath) in case of major
impurities.
Taking of ritual bath (Ghusl) is compulsory under the following circumstances:
1. After sexual intercourse, even if sperms are not ejected for both the man and woman.
2. After ejecting of sperms whether a person is a sleep or awake
3. When a person dies, then it is a must for Muslims who are alive to wash the body
4. After a women has completed her menstruation period
5. After a woman has given birth
6. After a woman completed her nifas. This is bleeding which occurs after a woman has given birth
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Optional baths
It is Sunnah to take bath in the following occasions:
1. When going for Friday prayers
2. When going for the two Idd prayers
3. When a person wants to pray to Allah asking for rain (istiskai)
4. When a person goes for the prayer of any of the two eclipse i.e. eclipse of the sun and eclipse of
the moon
5. After washing the dead body
6. When a non-Muslim converts to Islam
7. When a mad or unconscious person becomes normal
8. When entering the Holly city of Mecca
9. Before doing Tawaf (going round the kaaba seven times)
10. When standing at Arafat
11. When performing sayyi (running between swafa and marwa)
12. Entering the city of the Prophet (SAW)
13. Throwing the pebbles at Mina during the three days
B. WUDHU
Wudhu is the washing of certain prescribed parts of body in preparation for swalah.
Furudhuul Wudhui (Essential steps in performing Wudhu)
When a person wants to perform wudhu (Ablution) he must do the following:
1. Niyyat : he must have intention of performing ablution
2. He should then wash his face. To do this he should wash every part of his face from the base of
his hair to his chin and all that between his two ears.
3. Wash the two hands up to the elbow.
4. Wipe part of the head with wet hands.
5. Wash the two feet up to the ankles.
6. Perform wudhu in the correct order or sequence we have just described.
C. TAYAMMAM
Tayammum is the act of using dry sand or stone in place of water, when water is not available or
one is sick, which prevents the use of water for purification.
Nullification of Tayammum
1. All that nullify wudhu nullifies Tayammum
2. Sight of the water, if Tayammum was done due to shortage of water
3. Soon after prayer Tayammum is nullified ie Tayammum for particular obligatory prayer cannot
be used for praying the next prayer.
Furudh Tayammum
1. Intention for performing Tayammum
2. Striking (hitting) both the palms on pure dust and wiping the face.
3. Striking (hitting) both the palms on pure dust and wiping the hands up to the wrist.
Performance of Tayammum
1. To put intention (in the heart) to perform Tayammum
2. Strike the heap of sand with the palms of both hands and shake or blow off extra dust.
3. Wipe the face using both palms
4. Strike the heap of sand with palms of both hands and shake or blow off extra dust.
5. Use the left palm to wipe the back of the right hand up to the wrist and then use the right palm to
wipe the back of the left hand up to the wrist.
D. istinjaa
It’s the act of using water to remove impurities from your private parts. In absence of water one can
use dry leaves or stones.
Ettiquate of Toilet
1) When entering toilet one should use the left leg first
2) When coming out one should use the right leg first
3) One should read dua while entering and coming out from the toilet
4) One should not read or recite Holy Quran in the toilet
5) One should not play or look at the private parts
6) One should not mention the name of Allah in the toilet
Qualities of Muadhin
He must be a male.
He should have a good voice and say it loudly while facing Qiblah in a standing position
He should be pious and know the basic rules of shariah.
He should be sane
He should say it in Arabic.
He should observe a little pose
Responding of Adhan
On hearing Adhan one should listen to it with greatest respect and repeat the same words after
the Muadhin.
But when Muadhin says: come for prayers, we should say: we are helpless to do goods or abstain
from evils without the help of Allah.
In Fajri prayer when the Muadhin say prayer is better than sleep. We respond by saying: You
have uttered the truth and counseled a right.
We should recite the Dua after Adhan.
NB Adhan must be said before every fardh prayer even in a Journey. Iqamaah must be said before
every prayer. For the one who is praying at home the Adhan said from the Mosque allows him
not to say Adhan but must say the Iqaamah.
7 The Muadhin does not say it is time for The Muqeem says: it is time for prayer after: come for
prayer after: come for success success
Types of prayer
There are three classes of prayers:
a. The Fardh (obligatory) prayers
b. The sunah (optional) prayers
c. The Nafl (supererogatory) prayers
Sunnah prayers
1. Tahiyatul-Masjid: Tahiyatul- Masjid means greeting the Mosque.
There are two Raka‘at prayers performed whenever we enter the Mosque before sitting.
The prophet (saw) said “when anyone of you enter the Mosque he should not sit down until he
offered two Rakaat”
2. Ar-rawatib: These are two Rakaat done after or before the daily five prayers. These prayers are
divided into two:
1) Qabliyah: They are performed before Fardh prayers. They help to prepare ourselves for the Fardh
prayers. These are: 4 or 2 rakaat before Dhuhur, 2 rakaat before Fajri, 2 rakaat before Asri, 2
rakaat before Maghrib and 2 rakaat before Isha.
2) Baadiyah: They are performed after the Fardhi prayers. They help to make up and cover any fault
we might have committed while performing fardhi prayers. These are 2 rakaat after Dhuhur (or
Jum‘aa), 2 rakaat after Maghrib and 2 rakaat after Isha.
3. Taraweh
It is a Sunnah muakadah for both male and female during the month of Ramadhan.
They are eight or twenty rakaat performed immediately after Isha prayer during the month of
Ramadhan.
The prophet (saw) prayed eight rakaat as Imam in the Mosque in three night of Ramadhan then
he stopped going to the Mosque fear of it being made compulsory.
It is the second caliph Umar Ibul khtwab who ordered the Taraweh prayers to be said in
congregation in the Mosque, unlike Abubakar who used to do it at home.
It is preferred to be prayed in congregation in the Mosque and for those who wish to pray at
home, they may do so in congregation with their family and relatives.
The prayer is said after Isha, praying two rakaat at a time, like other Sunnah prayers and at the
conclusion of every four rakaat a pause should be observe.
It is expected that the entire Quranwill be recited during the whole month of Ramadhan while
praying Taraweh. This is because the month of Ramadhan is the month of Quran and Ibaadah.
4. Dhuha
It is a two rakaat prayer at the minimum and eight rakaat at the maximum as was practice of the
prophet (saw). However twelve rakaat can also be said. The maximum number is open.
The time for Dhuha prayers, after the rising of the sun. It also known as swalatul- Ishraq.
5. Witri
This is the last prayer to be said at night.
A person may choose to perform one, three, five, seven, nine rakaat in witri
During Ramadhan witri is normally performed after Taraweh.
Ibn Umar reported that the Messenger of Allah (saw) said “ let the last prayer at night be witri”
(Bukhar and Muslim)
6. Swalatul Eidayn
These prayers performed at the end of Ramadhan (during Idd- fitr celebration) and on 10th of
Dhul- Hijjah the end of pilgrimage (during Idd-Adh‘aa celebration)
It is normally performed outside the Mosque in the open field.
It is Sunnah muakadah, and it is performed after sun rise and before noon.
They are two rakaat followed by two sermons ( khurbah)
There is no Adhan or Iqaamah.
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i. Swalatul- musafir
Islam is a complete way of life. It has put into his system every kind of consideration to its
followers according to the different situations and environment.
As travelling has a lot of problems, difficulties and inconveniences Islam has eased several things
for the traveler.
On prayers one may pray two rakaa instead of four for swalat which have four rakaa e.g. Dhuhur,
Asri and Isha. Maghrib and Fajri cannot be reduced.
There are two ways of combining and shortening the prayers during the journey:
a. Jam‘u Taqdim: The later prayer is brought forward and prayed together with the preceding
prayer at the time of the preceding prayer i.e. combining Dhuhur (noon prayer) with Asri
(afternoon prayer) at the time of Noon prayer and combining Maghrib (evening prayer) with Isha
(Night prayer) and perform it at the time of Maghrib.
b. Jam‘u Taakhir: The preceding prayer are delayed and perfomed alongside the later ones and at
time of the later ones, i.e. combining Dhuhur and Asri and perform it at the time of Asri prayer
and combining Maghrib prayer with Isha and perfom it at the time of Isha prayer.
Allah said:”when you travel through the earth, there is no blame on you if you shorten your prayers,
if you fear that disbelievers may cause harm to you”.
Allah‘s messenger (saw) took the people out (to the place of prayer) and prayed for rain. He led
them in two rakaat of prayer in the course of which he recited from the Quran in aloud voice. He
turned round his cloak and raised his hands for supplicate for rain and faced the qibla (Abu
Daud)
D. ISTIKHARA PRAYER
Literally Istikhara means to desire good and seek well being.
When a person is faced with a dilemma and cannot decide between alternatives regarding important
affair of life he may observe two rakaahs of Nafl and recite prescribed prayer for devine help and
guidance.
E. FUNERAL PRAYER
It is a compulsory prayer of order of fardh kifayah.
The performance of funeral prayer is different from the performance of other prayers; one starts
the prayer in the standing position and remains in the standing position until the end of the prayer
when he gives salaam.
There is no rukuu, sujud or tashahud in this prayer.
This prayer is said in congregation and is made up of Takbir. After avery takbir something is read
as follows:
1. After the first Tkbir you read Suratu Fatiha.
2. After the second Takbir you read Assaalam Ala-Nabi.
3. After the third takbir you read a dua for the dead person as follows:Allahuma ghfir, lahu, waafihi
waafu anhu
4. After the fourth takbir the following dua is read: Allahuma laa tahrimna ajraha wala taftina baada
waghfir lanaa awalahuu walil- muslimiin. After that you gave salaam
SIGNIFICANCE OF SWALAH
1. Is the second pillar of Islam
2. It represents the clear division between a Muslim and a none- Muslim
3. It differentiate who are grateful to Allah and those who are ingrateful
4. It strengthen believe in the Existence of Allah and develops a sense of submission to him.
5. It is foster the good and pious elements in the mind and brings about an upright way of life
Sijdat (prostrations)
Prostration to Allah is the one of the best position of humility to Allah that a worshipper can
perform in recognition of his weakness servitude to Allah as a human being.
It is the best act of gratitude to Allah.
Abu Huraira reported Allah‘s messenger (saw) as said: The nearest a servant comes to his Load
is when he is prostrating himself, so make much supplication in the position of nearness to Allah.
(Abu Dawud)
There are three types of prostrations, namely:
1) Sijdatu Tilawa (prostration of recitation)
2) Sijdatu shukri (prostration of thankfulness)
3) Sijdatu sahwi (prostration for forgetfulness)
intention of performing this sijdah, after these he goes down to prostrate, reciting the normal
tasbih in prayer before giving salaam.
7. Keep the mosque absolutely clean and neat at all times avoid throwing or leaving any unwanted
thing in it.
8. Avoid sleeping in the mosque for the purpose of passing time unless it is for Itkaaf or for one on
a journey.
9. Do not run or rush in the mosque to catch up with Imam, walk in the mosque with pose, dignity
and humility.
10. One should not enter the mosque when he/she in a state of major impurity (janaba).
11. Avoiding taking very young children to the mosque, which might violate the holiness of the
mosque by unirating or passing stool or slitting.
ZAKAT (ALMS)
Meaning of Zakat
The word Zakat is an Arabic derived from the root word Zakaa which means to increase, to purify
or to bless.
Technically, Zakat means:
The poor due which a person gives in the form of alms in order to purify his property
An obligation commanded by God on those Muslims who poses enough means to distribute
portion of their savings to the needy and other purposes as specified in the Shariah.
Meaning of Sadaqah
Sadaqa is a voluntary charity to help the poor and needy for other social welfare purposes.
Types of Zakat
There are three types of Zakat:
1. Zakat Maal: This is paid yearly out of one`s wealth to eight special people.
2. Zakat Fitr: This is paid before the idd-ul-Fitr prayers to the needy Muslims so that they can also
enjoy Idd.
3. Sadaqah: This is pure charity which one may give at any time and with any amount to
whomsoever he finds fit to be helped.
for one lunar year except in the case of possession of the owner for one lunar year,
farm produce even a child born before sunset of the last day
of Ramadhan must pay.
6 There is nisa (the minimum on which Zakat There is no nisab the i.e. the rate is flat (21/2)
is payble) kilogram of staple food
7 It is paid on a certain identified items It is paid on the staple food in particular area
Recipients of Zakat
There are eight categories of people who are eligible to receive Zakat:
1. The poor (Al-Fuqarah). These are people who cannot raise 50% of their basic needs. These
include orphans, widows, the unemployed, the old and the disable persons.
2. The needy (Al-Masakin). These are people who can raise 50% of their basic needs but have to be
assisted with the rest of their requements.
3. The Zakat collectors (Al-Amilina). Salaries of workers whose main job is to collect and
distribute Zakat (administrators, clerks etc) are to be paid from Zakat.
4. The converts (Al-Muallafatul-Qulub). These are people who have embraced Islam. They may
need help for proper resettlement and strengthening of their faith.
5. Those in slavery (Fil-Riqab). This may be done by paying ransom in order to have Muslim
hostages or prisoner of war freed from captivity.
6. The debtors (Fil-Riqab). These are Muslims through no fault of their own have incurred debts
and are unable to settle them.
7. In the cause of Allah (Fi-Sabilil-llah). These are those who propagate Islam.
8. Those who are far away (Ibnus-abil); A Stranger who may be far away from home and is
stranded.
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NB: For every thirty extra heads one 1 year cow is due, and for every forty extra heads 2 years old
cow is due.
Camels
13 RATE
From To
5 heads 9 heads One awe (female sheep)
10 heads 14 heads Two ewes
15 heads 19 heads Three ewes
20 heads 24 heads Four ewes
25 heads 35 heads One 1year old female camel
36 heads 45 heads One 2years old female camel
46 heads 60 heads One 3years old female camel
61 heads 75 heads One 4years old female camel
76 heads 90 heads Two 2years old female camels
91 heads 120 heads Two 3years old female camels
121 heads 160 heads Three 2 years old female camels
NB: For every forty camels, one extra 2years old camel is due and for every extra fifty camels, one
3years old camel is due.
d. Farm products: The Zakat due for these products is 10% if the products are irrigated by rainfall,
springs or any other natural sources. But if they are irrigated by artificial methods which need
labour and capital, then the Zakat due for such products shall be 5%.
Importance of Zakat
1. It purifies the wealth of the giver
2. It purifies the contributor from cruelty, selfishness and greed
3. It purifies the heart of recipient from envy and jealousy.
4. It relieves the suffering of the needy and poor Muslims.
5. It aims at developing and establishing self supporting society, so that the poor and the needy lead
a decent life.
6. It is an act of worship; Allah will compensate the giver with divine rewards and increases his
wealth.
7. It is mentioned side by side with Salat.
8. it is a sign of accepting relios duty
9. It reduces the tension that would have developed between the rich and the poor
10. It brings about equality among the Muslims
EXERCISE
1. Explain the meaning of shahada
2. State the importance of shahada in the life of a Muslim
3. Describe the performance of :
Wudhu
Tayammam
Ghusl
4. State shurut swalat.
5. Explain the following terms :
Zakat
Swadaqah
Zakatul maal
Zakatul fitr
6. Discus the importance of zakat
7. List down the recipients of zakat
8. Differentiate between zakat and tax
9. Differentiate between zakat maal and zakat fitr
10. Explain the following types of sijdat (prostration)
Sijdatu-Tilawa
Sijdatu- Sahwi
Sijdatu- Shukr
11. State the condition which necessitate performance of ghusl (ritual bath)
12. Giving examples name the three catogaries of najasa
13. Identify types of prayers for different occasions
14. Explain the following sunnah prayers:
Tahiyyatul masjid
Qabliyyah
Baadiyyah
Taraweh
Dhuha
15. Explain the following terms:
Jam taqdim
Jamu takhir
Amri bil maaruf wa Nahy Anil-Munkar (commanding good and forbidding evil)
1. Take part in propagation of Islamic faith
2. Teach people how to practice good and avoid evil
3. Set up Institution to educate people how to avoid evil and do good.
4. Fight and defend Islamic faith and culture
5. Stand for the right of Muslims
EXERCISE
1. Explain the following terms:
Maarufat
Munkarat
2. Explain the significance of commanding good and forbidding evil.
3. Explain the various aspect of Islamic morality.
4. Discuss ways in which a Muslim can curb social disorders.
MUAMALAT (RELATIONSHIPS)
Man as a social being, it is obvious that he should live happily and peacefully with his fellow
man.
To succeed he must develop healthy relationships based on doing good and avoiding evil.
NIKAH (MARRIAGE)
Marriage: is a legal bond which commits the two persons to live together harmoniously.
Purpose of marriage
1. To safeguard against adultery and fornication.
2. To bind two families together and strengthen the responsibilities of both family.
3. To achieve legitimate procreation.
4. To provide favorable atmosphere for children to grow healthy under the care of both parents.
5. To satisfy sexual desire through lawful means.
6. It gives room to express true mutual love and affection by the couples.
7. It is a tradition of the prophet (saw).
8. To enable mankind to grow into society.
9. To enable inheritance go to right heirs.
10. To obtain peace of mind.
2. Matrimonial relations:
a. Step-mother, even if divorced or has become a widow
b. Mothers in- law
c. Step daughter if the marriage between mother and the step father has been consummated.
d. Daughters in- law
e. It is forbidden to have two sisters as wives at the same time.
3. Suckling mothers.
A suckling mother is a woman who breastfed a person for not less than five different times when
that person was under two years of age.
It is forbidden for a man to marry a woman from whom he suckled when he was a baby. Such a
woman becomes his mother and he is forbidden to marry any of her relatives just as those of his
own mother.
POLYGAMY
Polygamy means the plurality of wives i.e. having more than one wife at the same time.
Polygamy in history
It has been practiced throughout human history.
Some prophets practiced it e.g. Ibrahim, Yaqub, Daud, Suleiman and Muhammad (saw).
Today it is practiced by Muslims and non-Muslims in various forms.
When Islam was revealed to the prophet Muhammad (saw) polygamy was common in Arabia,
but it did not have a limit.
The Quran did not discard the practice or let it continue unrestricted.
2. Social purposes
He married Aisha the daughter of Abubakar and Hafswa the daughter of Umar, who were his
best friends, in order to strengthen their relationship
He married some from Quraish in order to have them as his in-laws besides the already existing
blood relationship.
He married from different clans and tribes in order to make them more affiliated to him. As a
result they accepted Islam and gave him backing in his mission.
b. Swafiyyah bint Huyay, who was a Jew. The prophet proposed her after the death of her husband
in the battle of Khaybar.
c. Ummu Habibah (the daughter of Abu Sufyan). Her father was a great enemy of Islam but this
marriage decreased the torture which he used to inflict on Muslims.
HISTORY OF ISLAM
Pre-Islamic Arabia: This is the period before the preaching of Islam in Arabia. It is also known as
the Jahiliyyah (the Day of ignorance).
Hejaz was the heart of Arabia and the Arabs for various reasons:
It had the kaabah which used to give tranquility to the hearts of the Arabs as well as giving them
a higher status.
It had Makkah the capital and the headquarter of all Arab land besides being the homeland of
Quraish, the leading Arab tribe and most respected on religious and worldly affairs.
It had Yathrib (Madinah) which is among the most fertile land in the Arabia peninsula with good
climate and weather.
PREVAILING CONDITIONS
a. Social life
1. A general assembly was held once a year.
2. Those who gave the best poetry were like heroes.
3. They used to drink alcohol.
4. They practiced polyandry (the custom where a woman is married to more than one husband).
5. Women were considered as property of the whole tribe.
6. Generosity and hospitality was very significant in their lives.
7. They used to burry their daughters alive in order to avoid poverty and shame.
8. Widows were inherited by heirs of the deceased as any thing good could be inherited.
9. Women did not inherit from their relatives
10. There was no limit for polygamy. A man could marry as many women as he wish.
11. Tribal inclination was at its highest. One was ready to die for his tribesmen even if they
were wrong.
12. Gambling was part and parcel of their daily life.
b. Economic conditions
1. The Arabs were mainly nomads, they lived a nomadic life.
2. They practiced Agriculture on a few areas where there were oases
3. They practiced barter trade.
4. They practiced blacksmithing
5. They kept livestock especially camel
6. They practiced curving i.e. stone and wood carving.
7. They were hunters.
8. They practiced riba (lending money on interest).
9. They practiced slavery (human traffic)
c. RELIGIOUS CONDITIONS
Religiously, the inhabitant of Arabia can be classified into five:
1. The idolaters
Many Arabs practiced idol worship
There was about 360 Idols around the Kaabah
Every home had an Idol
Four Idols were held in great esteem by Arabs i.e. hubal, al- lat, al- uzza and manat.
2. The Hanifs
These are the people who tried to maintain the belief from the teaching of prophet Ibrahim and
Ismail.
Hunafaa (singular Hanif) are those who turn away from the Idol worship.
They lived righteously and upright life.
When Prophet Muhammad (p.b.u.h) started preaching Islam they readily accepted it.
4. The Christians
They were the followers of Prophet Isa (Jesus)
Christian who ran away from persecution which took place in the eastern church in third century
moved to Arabia
They preached Christianity in Arabia and some Arabs embraced it.
d. POLITICAL CONDITION
There was no central government in Arabia; each tribe had its own tribal leader.
The Arabs existed in form of many tribes each living independently from the other, each had its
own habits, customs and cultural development
The leader or chief of each tribe was called sheikh or sayyid .He exercised his authority over his
own people settled in undefined area and he ruled through the council of elders.
The sheikh had to prove that he had the necessary qualification before being chosen i.e. a sense
of fairness, courage and kindness.
There were also some foreign colonies in Arabia. These were Persian, Jews and Christians.
In some areas like southern Arabia they had kings as the rulers e.g. the Himyarates.
f) Due to his good character he was appointed to lead the caravan to Syria by a rich widow in
Makkah, called Khadija who later became his wife at the age of twenty five while she was forty
years old.
h) He also had a son called Ibrahim from Maryam al-Qibtiyya, he died in infancy.
NB: All his children passed away before him except Fatimah who lived for six months after him.
i) When he was thirty five years old, Quraysh started rebuilding Al-Kaabah. That was after
destruction by the floods, the prophet played an important role in settling the dispute which was
about to lead to bloodshed amongst the various tribes in Makkah.
The problem was who would have the honor of replacing the black-stone to its original place.
One tribe leader suggested: “Let the first person who will enter this place from the gate of Safa
be arbitrator.” Every one accepted this proposal. This person happened to be Muhammad (SAW).
The Prophet placed the Black-stone on a cloth. He asked every leader of the tribes of Quraysh
to hold one side of the cloth, then they all raised the cloth together to it place, when it reached the
spot where it originally was, Muhammad placed it with his own hands. This eased a very tense
situation.
Prophet‘s mission in Makka
which he knows not” {Quran 96:1-5}. Muhammad repeated these words and they were imprinted
upon his memory.
7. He went out of the cave onto the hillside and heard the same voice saying: “Oh Muhammad you
are the messenger and I am Jibril”. Then he raised his eyes and saw the angel, in the likeness of a
man, standing in the sky above the horizon.
Muhammad (saw) stood quite still, turning his face away from the brightness of the vision, but
whichever side he turned his face there stood the angel facing him.
He remained thus for along time till long after, the angel disappeared
8. He began to tremble with fear and then he disappeared down the hill to his home. On arriving, he
said in a stammering voice “Khadijah, cover me cover me quickly.”
She covered him with sheet of cloth.
On recovering his breath. He related his experience to her and expressed his fear for his life.
She listen with interest and comforted him by saying, “Your conduct has been such that Allah
would not let harm come to you, you are kind to your family, you help the helpless, you welcome
guests and you assist those who are in trouble”
She stood up and went to Waraqa and informed him. Waraqa said “I swore by Allah that he has
received the same Namus i.e. angel that was sent to Moses. He is the prophet of this nation tell
him to be patient.”
9. Jibril again appeared before the Prophet (saw) on a number of occasions to reveal the wahy from
Allah. From then on ward, the Prophet’s mission was to convey to people Allah‘s message
.
B. Early Muslim community
a) Most of the people of Makkah were Idolaters in those days and as such it was very difficult to
preach Islam which was contrary to their belief.
b) The Prophet started his mission from his own house and close friends.
c) His life was so clean, his character was so spotless and his manners so endearing that he was
heartily liked by his family.
d) The first person to believe him was lady Khadijah (his wife)
The next was Zaid bin Harith (a freed slave).
The third convert was Sayydna Abu-Bakar (The Prophet’s dearest friend)
The fourth person was Sayydna Ali bin Abi-Talib (his cousin)
e) Abu-Bakar invited many into the fold of Islam such as Uthman bin Affan, Zubair bin Awam,
Abdurahman bin Awf, Saad bin Abi-Waqqas and Talha bin Ubaidillah.
f) The Prophet and the early converts conducted this phase of the preaching secretly and on
individual basis.
g) After three years of continuous efforts, more than forty men embraced Islam.
c) They were angered when Saad bin Abi-Waqqas hit a Quraysh with a bone of a camel when the
Quraysh interfered with his prayers.
d) To avoid such incidents from happening again, the Prophet, a lover of peace, decided to assemble
the Muslim converts secretly in the house of Al-Arqam to teach them all the matters relating to
Islam.
Public speech
a) In the fourth year of his mission, the Prophet was commanded by Allah to preach Islam in public.
b) The Prophet went to a hill known as Swafa and asked them: “Would you believe me if I tell you
that a large army was hidden behind this hill ready to attack you?” The people replied that they
would certainly believe him because they had never heard him telling a lie.
c) Then the Prophet said, “Well, I am a Prophet sent to you, bringing good tidings and warning
those who disbelieve of a severe punishment.”
d) When the people heard this message they got angry and were disturbed. They felt that their
religion of Idol-worship was being challenged.
e) His uncle Abu-Lahab ridiculed the Prophet and cursed him by saying, “Did you call us for this
reason?” Allah at once sent the revelation supporting the Prophet in which he said “Perish the
hands of Abu-Lahab”
f) From there on the life of Muslims and the Prophet took different turn, in the face of opposition
and Quraysh; they persecuted them.
Modes of persecution
The Muslims were subjected to all kinds of persecution e.g.
1. They were not allowed to worship in the Kaabah.
2. Thorns were laid on the way of the Prophet to harm him.
3. Dirt and filth were thrown at him.
4. People followed Muslims shouting, clapping, jeering and abusing them.
5. Slaves were kept without food and water for days by their masters.
6. Bilal bin Rabah was made to lie on burning sand and a heavy stone was put on his chest.
7. Some followers were killed cruelly e.g. Sumeyya the mother of Amar bin Yassir.
8. Dirt was also thrown on the door of the Prophet‘s house.
9. Others were slapped on the face or kicked until they bled.
10. A few were put into prison with iron chain tied to their legs
.
Results of persecution
1. Muslims found life in Medina to be difficult or too hard.
2. The treatment they received from the enemy became unbearable.
3. They had to look for a peaceful place where they could worship freely and avoid persecution.
4. The prophet advised Muslims to migrate to Abyssinia which was ruled by a Christian king called
Negus. Negus was known for his tolerance and justice.
g) When the Meccans saw that they were losing the case, they made another attempt the next day.
Now they tried to persuade the king against the Muslims. They came to court and asked the king:
“Do you know the belief these Muslims have about the Christ”.
h) On hearing this, the king again called the Muslims. This was very critical time for the Muslims as
the king was Christian, who believed in the divinity of Christ. Jafar however again frankly
explained the Islamic point of view in this respect. He said: “Jesus is the slave of God, is His
Prophet and the word of God”
i) When Negus heard this he was satisfied and allowed Muslims to stay and preach their religion
freely.
j) Thus the Meccans delegates returned home disappointed and Muslims were allowed to stay in
Abyssinia peacefully for many years. In the mean time a number of Abyssinians embraced Islam
including Negus himself.
NB: The Prophet chose Abyssinia for Muslims to migrate instead of other Arab states because of
the following reasons:
Islam and Christian are true religions of God.
The two religions have identical teachings.
It is easier for Muslims to find themselves at home in Christian environment (Abyssinia) than in
country where the Idol worship dominates.
King Negus was known for tolerance, fairness and justice, and it was expected that the Muslims
will be in safe hands in this country.
5. She consoled and encouraged the Prophet (saw) whenever he was faced with difficulties in
revelation.
6. She defended him from the enemies due to her position in the society.
7. She gave him love and comfort that a husband could expect from his wife.
8. She is the mother of almost all of the children of the Prophet (saw).
When Abubakar (RAA) was enquired to testify to this news, he immediately accepted it as truth.
From that day the Prophet (saw) gave him the title As-sidiq.
The events which took place during the night of Isra wal Miraj
1. The five daily prayers were commanded and given to the Prophet (SAW).
2. The Prophet led congregational prayer of all the Prophets in Masjid Al-Aqsa.
3. The Prophet was taken from Mecca to Jerusalem.
4. The Prophet was shown various punishments meted to the various sinners.
5. Prophet was ascended to the seven heavens.
6. The prophet (saw) was shown paradise and hell.
Hijra (migration)
a) The Prophet Muhammad (saw) saw that the time was ripe and he commanded his followers to
migrate to Medina. All Muslims departed to Medina except the Prophet (saw), Abu-Bakar and
Ali bin Abi-Talib.
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b) The Meccans became aware of the plan of the Prophet (saw) to migrate to Medina. They decided
to kill the Prophet.
c) Quraysh held an emergency meeting at Darin-Nadwa. Consultation went on, on how to prevent
the Prophet from migrating and what was to be done to him. Three ideas seemed to have been the
centre of their discussions. These are:
1. To imprison him by putting chains on his hands and feet and leave him in the prison to die.
2. To kill him by any means
3. To throw him out of Mecca and impose a life ban on him (not to enter Mecca throughout).
Allah said in the Quran “And (remember) when the disbelievers plotted against you, to imprison
you, or kill you, or to get you out (from your home i.e. Mecca).
d) After along consultation it was decided to kill him. Every clan was to bring a strong youth with a
sharp sword. These youths would all at once kill the Prophet with their swords. This would make
all the clans to share the burden of murder. Hence the Banu Abdimanaf, the clan of the Prophet
would be unable to fight all the clans or to revenge the murder of the prophet.
e) The Prophet (saw) was informed by Jibril that the Quraysh were conspiring to kill him and that
he should leave Mecca for Medina.
f) The prophet (saw) asked Ali (RA) to spend the night on his bed and cover himself with his green
mantle and assured him full security under Allah`s protection and return all the goods, jeweleries
and property that was left in his trust by the Quraysh.
g) The prophet (saw) came out of the room and cast a handful of dust at the assassins and managed
to walk his way through them reciting verses of Noble Quran.
h) He proceeded direct to the house of Abu-Bakar and found his close friend ready for Hijra.
i) They left Mecca immediately passed along the southern route to the cave of Al-Thaur, where
they spent three nights.
j) The assassins who laid siege to the house of the prophet were waiting for the zero hour when
someone came and informed them that the prophet (saw) had already left.
k) The searchers reached the cave. This worried Abubakar very much, but he was reassured by the
prophet “Do not grieve, verily Allah is with us” {Q9:40}. They found the cave covered with
cobwebs and there were a pair of pigeons laid at the entrance. After some argument the searchers
left the cave and took another way.
l) During these three days, Abdillah (son of Abubakar) used to visit them secretly to bring them
food and news of the Quraysh.
m) After three days, when it seemed that it was safe enough for them to emerge from the cave,
Abdillah bin Areeqat, a friendly and trusted guide, led them along the west coast of the Arabian
Peninsula, using a path seldom used by travelers.
Medina welcomes the prophet
a) The people of Medina had already received the news of escape of the prophet from Mecca but
had no knowledge of his three days stay in the cave.
b) They eagerly awaited his arrival. Every day the Ansar and Muhajirin used to go some distance
outside the city.
c) After traveling for eight days the first sight of their arrival in Quba (situated five kilometers from
Medina) was by few who were watching on a tower. Allah`s messenger (saw) was warmly
welcomed by the Muslims in Quba. While still in Quba Ali joined them.
d) The prophet and his companions rested there for two weeks. They built a mosque called masjid
Quba.
e) The prophet (saw) arrived in Medina on Friday 12thRabiul-Awwal 1stAH (27thSeptember 622
AD)and was received with shouts of rejoicing, the little girls of Banu Najar tribe and others,
joyful sang songs of welcome.
Tala`al Babru alayna O the white Moon rose over us
Min thaniyyatil-Wadai from the valley of Wada
Wajabal- shukru alayna we owe it to show gratitude
Ma da`a lillahi da` where the call is to Allah.
Ayyuhal- mab`uth fina O you who were raised among us
Jita bil- amril-Mutwa coming with a word to be obeyed
Jita sharraftal- Madinah you brought nobility to this city
Marhaban yaa khayra da` Welcome! Best caller to Allah`s way
f) The people of Yathrib renamed their city Medina-tun –Nabi (the city of the prophet). In short
time, it came to be known as Medina.
g) There were many tasks awaiting the prophet`s attention, the most important of them being
construction of mosque, rehabilitation of Meccan refugees, the fostering of unity not only
between Muslims, but also between inhabitants of Medina at large.
After that then the main battle began. The Muslims fought with great courage, and the prophet
(saw) was saying endless prayers, at last they defeated the Quraish.
Statistic of Badr
The Muslim Army The Quraish Army
1 Th They were 1000 men
ey were 313 men
2 86 were Muhajirin and 277 were Ansar They included the aristocrats of Mecca
3 They had 76 camels, and 2 horses They had 750 camels and 100 horses
4 They were armed with swords and only one wearing 600 of the soldiers were wearing military
military armour armour
5 14 were killed) 70 were killed
6 They were no captive 70 were captive
Effect of Uhud
1) Prominent Muslims lost their lives e.g. Hamza.
2) Ubay bin Khalaf one of the four people who planned to kill the prophet (saw), was himself killed
by the prophet.
3) Hindu the wife of Abu Sufyan mutilated the body of Hamza.
4) The Quraish failed to achieve their prime objective of capturing the prophet and rooting the
Islam.
5) Though the Muslims appeared to be defeated initially, but eventually they were victorious.
6) The Muslims collected many of war booty.
7) The Meccans regarded it as their first victory over Islam
Importance of Uhud
1. It showed the importance and necessity for the Muslims to adhere strictly to the command of the
prophet (saw). Their disobedience has cost them a great loss.
2. It was a remainder to the believers to take charge of their responsibilities of protecting the Devine
mission, and taught them to bear hardships in their mission.
3. It explained the status of the prophet as the beloved Messenger of Allah, as He protected him
from conspiracy of enemies.
4. We should not prioritized materials against our Devine orders, i.e. when the archers left their
position.
5. The victory is in the hands of Allah, He can render to whom He wishes.
6. Any Arab tribe wishes to join Muhammad or enter into any treaty with him, should have the
liberty to do so, and likewise whoever wishes to join Quraish or enter into any treaty with them,
he is should also be allowed to do so.
7. There will be peace between the two sides for a period of ten years and these terms should not be
changed for the next ten years.
Importance of truce
1. It allows Muslims for the first time to mix with any tribe they wish.
2. It gave Meccans an opportunity to have a closer look at Islam, as so many prominent Quraish
men become Muslims e.g. Khalid Ibn Walid, Suhail Ibn Amri etc.
3. It was a clear sign that the Quraish had recognized the Muslim community
4. The Muslims were free from Mecca attacks and could now concentrate on facing threats from the
Jews around Medina.
5. It gives Muslims opportunity to spread Islam over other areas, and within two years the number
of Muslims doubled as a result of this treaty.
6. It showed the weakness of Quraish as they asked for no hostilities for the ten years period.
7. The prophet (saw) got an opportunity to sent teachers to teach other parts of Arabia Islam.
8. The atmosphere of peace gave prophet (saw) ample time to concentrate on his Devine mission
i.e. teaching believers.
i) The Meccans were told they would be safe if they kept indoors, or took refuge in the Ka`abah or
went into Abu Sufyan`s house.
j) The prophet entered the Ka`abah and cleaned it of all Idols ordering his companions to crush the
idols near the Aka`abah. Bilal climbed on the roof of the Ka`abah and recited the Adhan.
k) They performed thanks giving prayer (sijdatu-shukr) led by the prophet (saw)
l) The Meccan leaders sat in the compound of the Ka`abah watching what was going on, not
knowing what would be their fate. There were many who deserve no pity from the prophet (saw0
and his companions (RAA).
m) After prayer prophet (saw) addressed them and said “Do you know what treatment I am
going to make out to you?” They answered “ you are a noble brother and son of a noble brother”
The prophet said “There is no reproach against you today you are all free”
4. When we look at the companions of the Prophet (S.A.W) we will find a complete mixture of
colours and all races together as one family: -
a) There was Bilal bin Raba a freed black slave from Africa
b) Suhaibu rum a Roman European from Rome
c) Salman Al-Fursy a Persian from Asia
d) Abubakar As-sidique a pure Arab from Arabia
5. Islam is a universal religion which addresses the whole of mankind, it does not recognize the idea
of chosen people like other religion. They claimed to be descendants of God and His chosen
people.
Exercise
1. Discuss life of Arabs before the advent of Islam
2. Narrate the life history of the prophet birth
3. Describe the methods of persecution of Muslims in Mecca
4. Explain the importance of Hijra
5. State the significance of the farewell sermon at mount Arafa
6. Outline the Achievements of the prophets (saw).
7. List down the terms of the constitution of Medina
8. Discus the battle of Badr under the following subtopics:
a. Cause for the battle
b. How the battle was fought
c. Result of the battle
9. Describe how the battle of Uhud was fought
10. What are the results of the battle of Uhud
11. Why did the Muslims migrate to Abyssinia
12. Narrate the events that lead to the conquest of Mecca
13. Why did the Quraysh opposed the teachings of the prophet (saw)
MUSLIM SCHOLARS
1. Sheikh Al-Amin Mazrui
a) Birth and his early life
His full name was Sheikh Al-Amin bin Ali bin Abdallah bin Nafii bin Mazrui.
He belonged to the famous Mazrui family which migrated from Oman in eighteen century.
His grandfather was among the prominent Muslim Scholars during his life time here in East
Africa in particular and in the world in general.
Sheikh Al-Amin bin Ali Al-Mazrui was born in Mombasa in the 27th January, 1891 CE/15th
Jamadi Thaani 1380 A.H.
When he was four years old, he lost his father
.
b) His Education, works and personal life
Sheikh Al- Amin came from a very educated family; he acquired most of his education from his
family members.
His father was a great scholar but Sheikh Al-Amin never succeeded to study under him because
he passed away when he was still young.
After the death of his father, he was brought up by his uncle, Sheikh Suleiman bin Ali Al-Mazrui
(who was a Kadhi in Mombasa in 1910 and then was appointed as the Chief Kadhi of Kenya in
1932). It was from him he acquired his education in all fields of Shariah and Islamic Studies.
Frequently, Sheikh Al-Amin used to visit Unguja (Zanzibar-Tanzania) where he studied under
different famous scholars (Ulamaa) including Sheikh Sayyid Ahmed bin Sumeyt, Sheikh
Abdallah Badathir among others; also Sheikh Muhammad Breik (prominent scholar in
Mombasa) was among his teachers.
He also went to Lamu and graduated from the Riyadha Mosque.
Sheikh Al-Amin through his struggle, he never only read the books that are famous in East
Africa, but instead he also read which were not known by many people in this region. These
include the books of Ibn Taymiyya, Ibnul-Qayyum Al-Jawziyya, Jamaaludin Al-Afghany
Muhammad Abduh, Muhammad bin Abdul-wahab among others.
Sheikh Al-Amin was a multipurpose scholar of his kind. He was a preacher (Dai), a writer,
politician as well as an educationalist.
On Islam and Muslim affairs Sheikh Al-Amin wrote many books in both languages i.e. Kiswahili
and Arabic. These include: Ahaadith Mukhtarah, Al-Umuru Al-Mushtabirah (unpublished),
Majma al Bahrain (unpublished) Hidayatul atfaal. He also wrote a range of books in Kiswahili
language which include: -
1. Masomo ya Dini (sehemu ya I-III)
2. Wanyama walio halali na haramu kuliwa katika uislamu
3. Mizaani ya Madh’hab ya Mizza_Ghulam Kwa Qur’an na Hadith
4. Je Ahmadiya ni Waislamu?
5. Ndoa na talaka katiaka shariah ya Ki-islamu (Madh’habu ya Shafi)
Apart from the books he wrote he also participated in preparing weekly magazines known as
sahifa. This magazine was written in Kiswahili using Arabic letters. It was distributed free and
lasted for sixteen months.
Then he produced another weekly magazine known as Al-Islah focused on religious as well as
political issues. The magazine was written in both languages i.e. Kiswahili and Arabic. It lasted
for twelve months only.
Sheikh Al-Amin put a lot of stress to the Muslim community on the importance of learning
Arabic language. To him that was the key to successful learning of Islam and understanding it
properly.
He supported women education, which was denied to them at that time.
He cleared Islam from the blame and maintaining that Islam was not responsible for the
backwardness of Muslims, but it was the betrayal of Islam by Muslims that was responsible for
that situation.
He alerted Muslims against the danger of Ahmadiyya sect. His stand was firm against the sect in
which he regarded it to be more dangerous than the Christians.
He warned Muslims against the perils of blindly adopting Western cultural values and European
Secular education.
He was appointed as the Kadhi of Mombasa in 1932 and a Chief Kadhi in 1937, but this did not
distract him from writing, teaching and lecturing.
In 1936 Sheikh Al-Amin embarked on writing commentary of the Holy Qur'an in Kiswahili but
unfortunately he did not live to complete it. His student and son-in law Sheikh Muhammed
Kassim Al-Mazrui continued in writing the commentary. 20 far by 2007 two volumes have been
printed covering the first five chapters.
V.Sheikh Maalim Said bin Ahmed Al-Qumri, the former famous radio preacher.
He died on 1st April 1947 CE (1366AH) in Mombasa. He survived by two sons, Harith Al-
Amin Al-Mazrui the former Liwali of Lamu and Professor Ali Mazrui the current chancellor
of Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology in Nairobi.
Exercise
1. Discuss the contributions made by Sheikh Abdullah Al-Farsy to growth of Islam in East Africa
2. Discuss the contributions made by Sheikh Al-Amin mazrui in promoting education in Kenya
3. Give a brief life history of Sheikh Al-Amin mazrui
4. Give a brief life history of Sheikh Abdullah Al-Farsy
5. Discus the works and achievements of Sheikh Al-Amin al- Mazrui.
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