P1 LONG QUIZ (ART latter a combination of multiple creative

paiit002)(REVIEWER) expressions.

LESSON 1 (BASIC CONCEPTS OF LITERARY ART

ARTS) - Literary art is something in the form
of writing or stories that have artistic
What is ART? and cultural value that displays the
-Art is highly diverse range of human beauty of speech and language to
activities engaged in creating visual, convey certain meanings.
auditory, or performed artifacts-
artworks- that express the author’s PERFORMANCE ART
imaginative or technical skill, and are - Performance art, a time-based art form
intended to be appreciated for their that typically features a live presentation
beauty or emotional power. to an audience or to onlookers (as on a
street) and draws on such arts as acting,
-Art is a creative activity that expresses poetry, music, dance, and painting.
imaginative or technical skills.
-It produces a product of art is called a - It is generally an event rather than an
work of art. artifact, by nature ephemeral, though
-It includes drawing, painting, it is often recorded on video and by
sculpting, phtotography,dance,music, means of still photography.
poetry, prose, theatre, etc.
What Makes Art Beautiful?
-ART’S original classical definition was - Beauty in terms of art refers to an
derived from the Latin word “ars” interaction between line, color, texture,
(meaning “skill” or “craft”) - is a sound, shape, motion, and size that is
useful starting point. pleasing to the senses.
-This broad approach leads to arts being - What makes art beautiful is a
defined as: “The product of a body of complicated concept, since beauty is
knowledge, most often using a set of subjective and can change based on
skills”. context.
-However, there is a basic human
- The oldest documented forms of art are instinct, or internal appreciation, for
visual arts, which include images or harmony, balance, and rhythm which
obects in fields like painting, sculpture, can be defined as beauty.
printingmaking, photography, and - Beauty in terms of art usually refers to
other visual media. an interaction between line, color,
- Art can classified as visual art, texture, sound, shape, motion, and
Literary art or performing art. size that is pleasing to the senses.

-VISUAL ART - Art is often intended to appeal to, and

- These are the arts that meet the eye connect with human emotion.
and evoke an emotion through an -Artist may express, something so that
expression of skill and imagination. their audience is stimulated in some
- They include the most ancient forms, way- creating feelings, religious faith,
such as painting and drawing, and the curiosity, interests, memories, thoughts,
arts that were born thanks to the or creativity.
development of technology, like -For example, performance art often
Sculpture, printingmaking, does not aim to please the audience but
photography, and installation art, the instead evokes feelings, reaction,
conversations, or questions from the influence the collective behaviour of a
viewer. people, (3) when it addresses aspects
- In these cases, aesthetics may be an of (collective) life as opposed to
irrelevant measure of “Beautiful” art. one person's point of view or
experience. Viewers can often relate in
LESSON 2 (NATURE AND some way to social art and are
FUNCTIONS OF ARTS) sometimes
even influenced by it to enforce and
-Nature of Art enhance the shared sense of identity of
-Art is a creative activity that expresses those in family, community, or
imaginative or technical skill. civilization (this includes festive
-It produces a product, an object. occasions, parades, dances, uniforms,
-The product of arts is called a work of holidays and events).
art.
-It includes drawing, painting, 3. Spiritual Functions – the designs of
sculpting, photography, performance religious structures tells so many things
art, dance , music, poetry, prose and about the culture of the faithful.
theatre. The same is true for the hymns used in
worship services, and the religious
Classification of Arts According to plays that dramatized or depicting
functions the crucifixion and death of Christ
1. Motivated (Functional) Examples: and the time His Resurrection. Same
Architecture, weaving, furniture-making is true with the portraits of the Saints
2. Non- Motivated (Non-functional) and religious personalities– to express
Examples: Painting, sculpture, literature, spiritual beliefs about the destiny of
music, and the theatre arts. life controlled by the force of a
higher power.
The Common Functions of Art
1. Personal Function 4. Educational Function- - As the
- Arts are vehicles for the artists’ repression builds, art comes to be
expression of their feelings and ideas. regarded as 'time off for good behaviour'
The arts also serve as means of or as 'therapy'" and how the ease and
expression for us. The therapeutic value carefreeness of the arts are supposed to
of music cannot be ignored. Works of bring joy and a sense of
art make us aware of other ways of calmness."
thinking, feeling, and imagining that -It is used to destroy the monotony of a
have never occurred to us before. Art regular school day, put a dent in the
may also serve the personal function of relentlessness of arithmetic and reading.
controlling its viewers, much like social Art should be seen as means of therapy,
art. It can also perform religious service never something made to cause
or acknowledgment. unrelenting stress and difficulty.

2. Social Function – One cannot -If a student becomes less tense and
conceive of a society without art, for art wired up from stress in their learning
is closely related to every aspect of environments, then they will raise up
social life. Arts perform a social their grades in other classes, such as
function when: (1.). Influences Social Maths, English, or science.
Behaviour, (2). It seeks or tends to -To give off a relaxed
vibe, putting art on the wall tends to multidisciplinary branch seeking an
provide a calming environment that objective of examination of art through
produces a sense of peace and time classifying cultures,
serenity. establishing periodization, and
- serenity. Arts-related activities are observing the distinctive and influential
important for so much more than just characteristics of art.)
keeping your child busy or relaxed.
They’ve been proven to boost a child’s Egyptian Art (c. 3000 BCE – 350 BCE)
self-image. “Man fears time, time fears the
-The self-esteem, confidence and pride pyramids,” wrote the Greek historian
that comes from art in education is truly Herodotus about Ancient Egypt.
incredible and each child should be able Concerned with immortality, Egyptian
to experience that. culture was centered on death and the
afterlife.
5. Political Functions - one function of -The Ancient Egyptians
sculpture and painting is the made art for their gods and goddesses,
commemoration of important monarchs, and the dead for their journey
personages in society. to the afterlife.
- The statues of national heroes that -The Egyptians wanted to ensure that
grace our parks and plazas are their family members and loved ones
commemorative works as are were provided for in the afterlife. Tombs
the commissioned paintings of leaders or in Egypt were elaborately decorated
rulers. with hieroglyphics carved and painted
-Often they serve to record important onto the walls. Statues, pottery,
historical events, or reveal the ideals of jewelleries, and paintings were also used
heroism and leadership that the to decorate the insides of tombs.
community would want the young to
emulate. Greek Art (c. 900 BCE – 30 BCE)
Greek art and ideas are so interwoven in
6. Physical Function. The physical Western culture that we often do not
functions of art are often the easiest to realize they were conceived
understand. Works of art that are created almost 3,000 years ago. Nude figures,
to perform some service such as tools idealized human forms, and classical
and containers are objects which make architecture originated in ancient
our lives physically comfortable. Greece.
-Works of art that are created to -However, the Greeks gave credit where
perform some service have physical credit was due when borrowing ideas
functions like vases, benches, chairs, etc. and skills from earlier
civilizations, including the Egyptians.
LESSON 3 (HISTORICAL -Myths, athletic competitions,
FOUNDATIONS OF ART) symposiums, idealized nude figures,
funerals, and religious ceremonies were
(The history of art is the history of any depicted in ancient Greek art as a way of
activity or product made by humans in a celebrating humanity.
visual form for aesthetical or
communicative purposes, expressing Roman Art (c. 500 BCE – 400 CE)
ideas, emotions or, in general, a With the rise of Rome, the Western
worldview. The history of art is a world saw the largest empire yet. The
multicultural society of the Roman
Empire is, of all the ancient civilizations, religions, Hinduism, Buddhism, and
the one that most resembles today’s Islam, are practiced, which influences
world. the art of the region.
-Some similarities can be -This Hindu sculpture depicts the god
seen in our global perspective, roadways, Shiva and his companion or consort,
and the United States’ judicial system. Parvati, dancing. Shiva, a major deity in
-Roman art and architecture Hindu religion, is the god of both
spread throughout Europe, Africa, and destruction and rejuvenation.
the Middle East. -When Shiva and Parvati are shown
-The Romans initially imitated the together, they symbolize the blessing of
Greeks in many marital happiness and unity. How does
genres of art, but eventually they dancing still hold significance and
developed their own distinctive style. meaning in our lives today?
For example, Roman sculpture focused
on the realistic aspects of a person’s Romanesque (c. 1000 CE – 1200 CE)
appearance, whereas the earlier Greeks During the Middle Ages, art focused on
had focused on the idealized glorifying God, and architecture reigned
human form. as the most important art
form.
Chinese Art (c. 202 BCE – 220 CE) -Since architecture at this time used
The Han Dynasty was a golden age for Roman elements, it was given the name
China, and the prosperity enjoyed during Romanesque. Romanesque
this time was reflected in churches were laid out in the shape of a
Chinese technology and art. cross, the exterior was relatively plain,
- The Han Dynasty ran successfully for and the inside was dark since
more than four centuries and was there were few windows. Romanesque
comparable in power and size to the art portrayed figures differently from the
Roman Empire. classical styles used in Roman
-Important technologies, such as art.
papermaking and the -While classical figures depicted the
beginnings of the Silk Road, human form realistically, Romanesque
characterized The Han Dynasty. figures and clothing were more
-The fortifications that would later be stylized.
the Great Wall were also built. Art -Christ displays characteristics of a
proliferates in stable and prosperous Romanesque figure with his feet pointed
societies like the one established by the downward and his arms
Han Dynasty. and legs arranged angularly. Sculpture
-Chinese people used low relief in-the-round, or sculpture that could be
sculptures and paint to decorate tombs. seen from all sides, appeared
Stone panels, such as these in the Romanesque period for the first
seen here were used to mark tomb time since the end of the Roman Empire.
entrances.
Gothic Art (c. 1100 CE – 1300 CE)
Indian Art (c. 3300 BCE – 1760 BCE) Gothic art grew out of Romanesque art.
The art of India is influenced by religion Art still held an important teaching
and philosophy. purpose, but clergy wanted to make
-India is a country in which three of the God’s glory more tangible. New ideas
world’s major and money from the community led to
architectural changes in the
building of churches, such as adding landscapes, but the Counter Reformation,
height and windows to the structures. led by the Roman Catholic Church,
The wide open and brightly lit utilized art as a way to inspire
spaces of these buildings became renewed faith.
symbols of the divine. -Art commissioned by the Church
portrayed grievously tortured heretics
Renaissance (c. 1400 CE – 1600 CE) paying for their sins and
As the Middle Ages drew to a close, the passionate lives of saints living in
Christianity still remained an important heavenly bliss. Spoliarium is an example
part of Renaissance life. The male of baroque art.
nude was a common motif most often
used in religious context, but the focus Rococo (c. 1700 CE – 1776 CE)
on subjects in art turned from Unlike the serious, heavy-looking
the heavenly to the human. Baroque style, Rococo was a decorative,
- The Last Supper is a popular elaborate art most often seen in
Renaissance art by Leonardo da Vinci, it French architecture and sculpture.
began with a shift of power from the old -Painting was often considered
aristocratic families towards the frivolous-looking and characterized by
wealthier middle class, whose wealth fluidity, curving lines, and lustrous
allowed their pursuit of beauty and colours.
religiosity through art. At this time, art - Favourite subjects for Rococo artists
was considered a craft learned in were the courtly lifestyles and
workshops. playful love lives of the aristocracy.
-and studios where apprentices trained to Drouais, the most prominent portraitist
paint in the style of a master. of his time, was the private artist of
-They learned to use linear perspective, King Louis XV of France and a
a mathematical technique used to create favourite of the king’s mistress.
an illusion of receding space on painting
surfaces, giving art more Neo-Classicism (c. 1780 CE – 1820 CE)
dimensions. Neoclassicism changed art techniques as
well. Though they continued contrasting
Baroque (c. 1600 CE – 1700 CE) light and dark colors in a
The Baroque style is described as way similar to Baroque artists, Neo-
emotional, realistic, and dynamic. classicists stopped using vibrant color
Baroque painters saw a canvas as a and busy compositions. Instead,
stage where they painted dramatically. they focused on line and symmetry,
Baroque paintings are full of movement, using formulas of set proportions and
exuberant colors, and dramatic exact perspective. These techniques
contrast of light and dark. Artists generated a more uniform, ideal work of
worked hard to manipulate their medium art.
to achieve a realistic effect in their
art. Romanticism (c. 1800 CE – 1850 CE)
-Subjects were viewed as participants or In a world where discovery fuelled an
actors chosen by the artist on a stage that emphasis on rationality, Romanticists
extended beyond the rejected such Enlightenment ideas
canvas. The Protestant Reformation led to focus on emotional experiences.
to more secular art as seen in the Instead of looking to the past for
Baroque era portraits and universal themes, as in Neoclassicism,
Romantic artists looked at the world Photography was invented at the end of
around them. In general, Romantic art the 1820s,
focused on contemporary events and by the 1860s photographs were in
rather than ancient ones. high demand. In France, a group of
Industrialization changed the city artists reacted to photography and
environment and gave some men a new other technological advancements in a
sense of way that revolutionized the painter’s
control. Romanticists, however, sought technique. Impressionists left their
to remind their audiences of nature’s studios to paint scenes in plain air, or in
enduring and unpredictable the outdoors.
power. They often replaced human -If photography had successfully
subjects with nature as the focus of their captured an image in
art, constructing beautiful, time, then Impressionists sought to
powerful, and occasionally alarming capture something else: light’s effect on
scenes from their own countryside. the figures and scenery around
them. By applying paint directly to the
Realism (c. 1850 CE -1900 CE) canvas in short, heavy brushstrokes of
Consider what the word “real” means to color, Impressionists expressed
you. Many works of art not classified as how light and movement changed the
Realist look very realistic, yet optical impression of a scene.
only some of this art is labelled as such. -The colors combined to form an image
Realism, is sometimes called naturalism, recognizable to the eye while
in the arts is generally the individually expressing light’s
attempt to represent subject matter movement over the setting.
truthfully, without artificiality and Impressionists often
avoiding artistic conventions, or also painted the same view more than
implausible, exotic, and supernatural once a day to capture the way light
elements. changed as the sun moved across
-Realism was an artistic movement that the sky.
emerged in France in
the 1840s, around the 1848 Revolution. Fauvism (c. 1904 CE – 1908 CE)
Realists rejected Romanticism, which The first of the avant-garde movements
had dominated French literature to apply new, innovative concepts to art,
and art since the early 19th century. Fauvism took the colors used
-Mona Lisa. The most recognizable by Impressionists and intensified them.
piece of Leonardo Da Vinci's that Their paint came straight from the tube
shows that he is an ideal Renaissance and was undiluted. Colors were
man is the Mona Lisa. The Mona Lisa unrealistic; a Fauve painting might
shows the Renaissance ideals include blue trees or a yellow sky. The
of secularism, realism, and Fauves used these colors to express
individualism. ... Realism is also their emotions about their subjects.
shown in this painting because of the Some critics scorned this new style, and
realistic one even called the artists
colors and details on her clothes. “Fauves” or “wild beasts.” This style
was at its height from 1905 to 1908,
-Impressionism (c. 1860 CE – 1886 CE) when many artists turned to Cubism’s
If you were an artist and your art was the logic to escape the unruly emotions of
only means of capturing a scene, what the Fauves. For most artists, Fauvism
would you do if someone else developed was an experimental learning
a faster, more accurate way to do this?
tool. Many of the Fauves, including hallucinatory dreams. Others, such as
André Lhote, painted in other styles as Joán Miró, attempted to banish all
well. conscious control in order to explore
the unconscious. Surrealist art such as
Cubism (c. 1908 CE – 1914 CE) Miró’s appears whimsical due to its
Moving away from the emotion of improvised nature. The horrors of
Fauvism, Cubists sought to logically World Wars I and II and the Great
abstract their surroundings. Influenced Depression of the 1930’s impacted both
by the style and distortion of African art, Miró and Snead, even though the
Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque paintings shown here were made
began working in the Cubist style decades after these events. By
around 1906, and the style remained emphasizing the subconscious in their
popular among artists for several art, these artists may have found and
decades. Cubists broke their subjects provided a diversion from these and
into geometric forms and used multiple other difficult times.
vantage points to emphasize the two-
dimensionality of the canvas. Of Abstract Expressionism (c. 1946 CE –
the two types of Cubism, Analytic was 1960 CE)
much more abstract, reducing figures to Shortly after World War II, New York
unidentifiable shapes and City became the center of attention in
relying an almost monochromatic color the art world. The hard times of
scheme. Synthetic Cubism also used the Depression and the war led artists
multiple vantage points. such as Norman Bluhm, a former fighter
However, subjects were more pilot, away from traditional
recognizable, though simplified, and ideas and the artistic styles associated
color was returned. Artists did not limit with them. The Surrealist themes of the
themselves to just paintings and subconscious and various
drawings, and Cubist sculpture emerged, Post-Impressionist movements made an
following the same principles. The impact on these American painters.
influences of Cubism were far-reaching, Artists used two different routes
affecting much of art in the 1900s. to express their concerns with human
irrationality and vulnerability: Action
Surrealism (c. 1921 CE -1942 CE) Painting and Color Fields. Action
Dreams and subconscious thoughts Paintings, such as those by Norman
fascinated artists of the Surrealist Bluhm, involved dynamic movement on
movement. Surrealism originated in the the artist’s part. Art critic Harold
early 1920s as a literary movement Rosenberg compared the canvas of an
based on the writings of poet André Action Painting to an arena in which a
Breton. Influenced by the movement takes place. Rather
psychological theories and dream than reproduce an actual or imagined
studies of psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, object, Action Painters expressed the
Surrealists sought to release all feeling of a particular moment.
inhibitions and express the subconscious Artists used paint to record their
in dreamscapes. Visual artists took two impassioned movements. “What was to
different routes when go on the canvas,” Rosenberg
depicting the theories of Breton and observed in an essay entitled “The
Freud. Some artists, like Stella Snead, American Action Painters” published
used realistic techniques to mimic in 1952, “was not a picture but an
event.”
Pop Art (c. 1950s CE - 1960s CE) Neo-Expressionist movement. Art that
Popular; Transient; Expendable; Low incorporated Neo-expressionist ideas is
Cost; Mass Produced; Young; Witty; often characterized by the raw
Sexy; Gimmicky; Glamorous; and and sensual handling of mediums, social
Big Business, outlining his definition of protest, and the attempt to make abstract
Pop Art. This quote from one of the emotions tangible.
movement’s forerunners aptly
describes Pop Art. Satirical observers of LESSON 4 (ART APPRECIATION,
contemporary culture, Although their CREATIVITY, IMAGINATION
individual styles and techniques AND EXPRESSION)
varied, together their art revealed
American values and obsessions during -What is the true meaning of
the 1960s. The movement rose to appreciation?
popularity unlike any other movement. The definition of appreciation refers to
The trendy look and familiar subject the recognition or admiration of
matter made Pop Art easy to like. something. Holding something in high
regard, like a work of art, is an example
Artists used contemporary images, such of having an appreciation of it.
as food product labels and celebrity Appreciation is defined as feelings of
photographs, and mass- thankfulness. ... The definition of
production techniques to voice political appreciation is growth in the price or
and social commentary. They were worth of something.
interested in advertising, consumer
-Appreciation is recognition and
products, television, magazines, and enjoyment of the good qualities of
comics. someone or something.
-Art appreciation is a recognition of a
Neo-Expressionism (c. 1980s CE) work of art from an objective point of
By the end of the 1970s a movement view – its physical attributes and
emerged that threw out the cool ideas of formal constructions.
Minimalism and embraced the -A detailed look at a work of art that
impassioned emotions of Expressionism combines physical attributes with
(a German art movement of the early subjective statements based on viewer’s
1900s). reaction to the work.
-Neo-Expressionism
resurrected what Minimalism Expression- is the ability to convey
attempted to kill. meaning through writing. It involves
-In an essay cataloguing her work at the low level skills such as spelling,
Danforth Museum in 2005, Joan Snyder, punctuation, capitalization, and grammar,
artist of Lady Labyrinth, proclaimed, but also high level composition skills
“At the height of the Pop and such as planning, organization,
Minimal movements, we were determining content, and revision to
making...art that was personal, express information effectively.
autobiographical, expressionistic,
narrative and political.” While Imagination is the ability to produce
Minimalism attempted to strip away and simulate novel objects, peoples and
personal feelings, autobiographical ideas in the mind without any immediate
content became a hot subject in the input of the senses.
-Imagination is the ability to form a as where to build some storage areas.
mental image of something that is not
perceived through the five senses. It
is the ability of the mind to build mental Creativity can be equated with
scenes, objects or events that do not innovation.
exist, are not present, or have
happened in the past. ... Innovation in its modern meaning is "a
new idea, creative thoughts, and new
-The imagination manifests in various imaginations in form of device
degrees in various people. or method". Innovation is often also
It is also described as the forming of viewed as the application of better
experiences in one's mind, which can be solutions that meet new requirements,
re-creations of past experiences unarticulated needs, or existing market
such as vivid memories with imagined needs. ... The opposite of innovation is
changes, or they can be completely exnovation. Innovation. The
invented and possibly fantastic process of translating an idea or
scenes. Imagination is a cognitive invention into a good or service that
process used in mental functioning and creates value or for which customers
sometimes used in conjunction will
with psychological imagery. pay. To be called an innovation, an idea
must be replicable at an economical cost
-It is considered as such because it and must satisfy a specific
involves thinking about possibilities. need.
Imagination, however, is not considered
to be exclusively a cognitive activity What is innovation and examples?
because it is also linked to the The innovations include technological
body and place, particularly that it also inventions such as wind turbines,
involves setting up relationships with photovoltaic cells, concentrated solar
materials and people, precluding power, geothermal energy, ocean wave
the sense that imagination is locked power and many other emerging
away in the head. innovations. These value innovation
examples of disruptive technology will
Creativity is a phenomenon whereby undoubtedly add value to sustainable
something new and somehow valuable is development.
formed. The created item may Innovation is the implementation of
be intangible (such as an idea, a something new. The four different types
scientific theory, a musical composition, of innovation are Incremental,
or a joke) or a physical object (such Disruptive, Architectural and Radical.
as an invention, a printed literary work, Incremental if it keeps on adding
or a painting) features, disruptive when creating
something new from the old,
Creativity can be matched with architectural are the changes in the usual
imagination: for finding solutions and pattern and radical, when out of
choosing between options. It can be imagination something is created.
applied also in culinary arts such as
being creative in presenting baked LESSON 5 (VISUAL ELEMENTS
products. It can also be applied in OF ARTS AND DESIGNS)
interior designing or in simply
rearranging something that can make -THE VISUAL ELEMENTS OF ART
room for more space in the house such
The Visual Elements are Line - Shape - The way we draw a line can convey
Tone - Color - Pattern - Texture - different expressive qualities: (1)
Form. Freehand lines can express
-These are thebuilding blocks of the personal energy and mood of the
composition in art. When we analyze artist. (2) Mechanical lines can
any drawing, painting, sculpture or express a rigid control. (3)
design, we examine these component Continuous lines can lead the eye in
parts to see how they combine to create certain directions. (4) Broken lines
the overall effect of the artwork. can express the
ephemeral or the insubstantial. (5)
The Visual Elements have a relationship Thick lines can express strength. (6)
to one another: Thin lines can express
1. Most images begin their life as line delicacy.
drawings.
2. Lines cross over one another to form SHAPE can be natural or man-made,
shapes. regular or irregular, flat (2-dimensional)
3. Shapes can be filled with tone and or solid (3-
color, or repeated to create pattern. dimensional), representational or
4. A shape may be rendered with a abstract, geometric or organic,
rough surface to create a texture. transparent or opaque, positive or
5. A shape may be projected into three negative, decorative or symbolic,
dimensions to create form. colored, patterned or textured.

Each of the elements may also be used -The Perspective of Shapes: The angles
individually to stress their own and curves of shapes appear to change
particular character in an artwork. depending on our viewpoint. The
Different elements can express qualities technique used to describe this change is
such as movement and rhythm, space called perspective drawing.
and depth, growth and structure,
harmony and contrast, noise and calm The Behavior of Shapes are as follows:
and a wide range of emotions that make (1) Shapes can be used to control your
up the subjects of great art. feelings in the
composition of an artwork. (2)
LINE is the foundation of all drawing. It Squares and Rectangles can portray
is the first and most versatile of the strength and stability.
visual elements of (3)Circles and Ellipses can represent
art. Line in an artwork can be used in continuous movement. (4) Triangles
many different ways. It can be used to can lead the eye in an
suggest shape, upward movement. (5)Inverted
pattern, form, structure, growth, depth, Triangles can create a sense of
distance, rhythm, movement and a range imbalance and tension.
of emotions.
There is a psychological response to TONE is the lightness or darkness of a
different types of lines such as (1) color. The tonal values of an artwork
Curved lines suggest can be adjusted to alter its expressive
comfort and ease. (2) Horizontal lines character. It can be used to create (1) a
suggest distance and calm. (3) Vertical contrast of light and dark, (2) the
lines suggest illusion of form, (3) a dramatic or
height and strength. (4) Jagged lines tranquil atmosphere, (4) a sense of
suggest turmoil and anxiety. depth and distance and
(5) a rhythm or pattern within a of the material from which it is made.
composition. We experience texture in two ways:
optically (through sight) and
COLOR is the visual element that has physically (through touch).
the strongest effect on our emotions. We
use color to create the mood or Optical Texture: An artist may use
atmosphere of an artwork. There are his/her skillful painting technique to
many different approaches to the use create the illusion of texture. For
of color such as light, tone, pattern, form, example, in the detail from a traditional
symbol, movement, harmony, contrast Dutch still life above you can see
and mood. remarkable verisimilitude (the
appearance of being real) in the painted
PATTERN is made by repeating or insects and drops of moisture on the
echoing the elements of an artwork to silky surface of the flower petals.
communicate a sense
of balance, harmony, contrast, rhythm or Physical Texture: An artist may
movement. paint with expressive brushstrokes
whose texture conveys the physical and
There are two basic types of pattern in emotional energy of both the artist and
art: Natural Pattern and Man-Made his/her subject. They may also use the
Pattern. Both natural and man-made natural texture of their materials to
patterns can be regular or irregular, suggest their own unique qualities such
organic or geometric, structural or as the grain of wood, the grittiness of
decorative, positive or negative and sand, the flaking of rust, the coarseness
repeating or random. of cloth and the smear of paint.

 Natural Pattern: Pattern in art Ephemeral Texture: This is a third

is often based on the inspiration we category of textures whose fleeting
get from observing forms are subject to change like clouds,
the natural patterns that occur in nature. smoke, flames, bubbles and liquids.
We can see these in the shape of a leaf
and the branches of a tree, the structure FORM is the physical volume of a
of a crystal, the spiral of a shell, the shape and the space that it occupies. It
symmetry of a snowflake and the can be representational or abstract. Form
camouflage and signaling patterns on generally refers to sculpture, 3D design
animals, fish and insects. and architecture but may also relate to
 Man-Made Pattern: Pattern in the illusion of 3D on a 2D surface.
art is used for both structural and
decorative purposes. Three-Dimensional Form can be
For example, an artist may plan the modelled (added form), carved
basic structure of an artwork by creating (subtracted form) and constructed (built
a compositional pattern of lines and form). It can be created from sculptural
shapes. Within that composition he/she materials like clay, wax, plaster, wood,
may develop its visual elements to stone, concrete, cast and constructed
create a more decorative pattern of color, metal, plastics, resins, glass and mixed
tone and texture across media. It may also be kinetic, involving
the work. light and movement generated by natural,
mechanical and electronic means. More
TEXTURE is the surface quality of an recently the CAD process of 3D printing
artwork - the roughness or smoothness has been added to the list of
sculptural processes. beginners. Being water based, it dries
quickly saving time and can be used in
Two-Dimensional Form constructs the wet on wet style techniques
illusion of 3D in 2D media by a skillful of painting. It can also be thinned with
manipulation of the visual elements. water up to a point. Acrylic painting
Perspective drawing, trompe l'oeil [1], requires less brushes than oil
3D computer graphics programs and paints and also has a huge range of
holograms are examples of 2D form. colors.

LESSON 7 (MEDIUMS AND 2. Chalk

TECHNIQUES IN ART) A piece of chalk is a stick of compressed
mineral pigment and clay that is
WHAT IS A MEDIUM IN ART? composed to such a fine degree
According to the Oxford English that particles are nearly invisible. One
Dictionary, from an artistic point of can perceive the shape and texture of
view ‘Medium’ refers to “any raw chalk by rubbing it between
material or mode of expression used ones fingers. It’s important to note that
in an artistic or creative activity”. the impression comes from the physical
Generally speaking, it is the ‘mode and chemical makeup
of expression’ used to create an artwork. of the pigment. Artists have been using
Whether we are talking about painting, chalk in their drawings and paintings for
drawing, sculpting, printing or writing – centuries. Even
the means the artist employs is the nowadays, chalk has evolved into a
‘Medium’. number of different varieties that present
unique textures and colors.
A medium is the material that is used to
create the actual work of art. Common 3. Charcoal
mediums in art are oil, Charcoal is a soft, black, brittle stick
watercolor and acrylic paint, clay for made of burnt wood. It makes marks on
sculpture and paper for collage. paper or canvas similar to
Different materials have different graphite but has a warmer appearance.
properties, reflect light differently, and Charcoal is one of the most commonly
move differently. The use of various used drawing mediums.
media allows for more artistic It has been around for thousands and
expression because it adds another thousands of years, as it has been used
channel of expression to the artists. by cave painters (in fact
the word charcoal is derived from the
Different Types of Art Mediums Greek word karabbak meaning carrier or
coal). Charcoal has been
1. Acrylic used since ancient times for drawing or
An acrylic painting is done with acrylic sketching because of its softness,
paint, the paints made from the synthetic blackness and ability to make
resin and have low odor. lines of varying degrees of thickness.
It is one of the best mediums for art Ancient Egyptians used the material in
because it can be applied in many making hieroglyphics and
different ways. It offers versatility Greeks used it in the outline drawings
to experiment with many styles, that served as models for sculptures.
techniques and types of paint. It is an
ideal painting medium for 4. Colored Pencils
A colored pencil is a medium in which ink are professional grade drawing tools
artists create realistic or abstract images normally used for line work and tonal
that combine color with drawings. These are used
the properties of graphite, a form of extensively by architectural firms for
mineral based pencil lead. Its use is making mock up drawings of how a
essentially the same as with building may look.
graphite pencil or stylus tools such as a
brush or other drawing implement are 9. Soft Pastels
often used when creating A soft pastel is a medium composed of a
fine art pieces. tiny pigment and binder on a stick. It is
combined with water-soluble gum arabic
5. Graphite Pencils to allow it to adhere to the paper. Soft
Graphite pencils can be used in a variety pastels provide a rich velvety matte
of ways. They can create thin and thick surface and are capable of great subtlety.
lines depending on the Due to their softness, they blend very
amount of pressure you apply while well and are much harder
drawing. Graphite pencils are used to (physically) than most pencils, making
create a wide range of media. them a good substitute for watercolors
From self-portrait studies to realistic for some applications.
reproductions, the detail and shading
that a quality graphite pencil 10. Tempera
is capable of displaying is enormous. It’s Tempera paint is made by mixing dry
fine texture and soft nature allows for pigments with an egg based binder. It is
the artists medium to be painted on a panel (usually
transformed into an array of natural made of wood) with an absorbent,
colors, soaked upon and blended with usually linen or canvas, ground.
layered strokes. Tempera paint was used for the vast
majority of paintings before the 16th
7. Oil Pastels century and its heyday was the
Oil pastels are great for sketching, Renaissance when it was further
drawing and painting – they are often developed as an oil alternative. Tempera
used on their own, or mixed paint is one of the oldest medium in the
with watercolors, gouache, acrylics. Oil history of painting,dating back to the
pastels have a combination of properties ancient Greeks. It is made from mixing
which makes them very three main ingredients: water, pigments
versatile. They are made of pigment andground chalk.
suspended in oil and wax, so you can
blend colors together like you 11. Watercolors
do with watercolor paints. Oil pastels are Watercolor is a wet painting technique.
good for building up layers (just like When working in watercolor, the artist
watercolor paints). makes use of the fact that water will
dissolve and disperse pigment, but will
8. Pen and Ink not dissolve paper. Painting pigment
A pen and ink drawing is a work of art with water produces something magical:
in which the artwork is created using a colors that change as they dry. These
pen and ink. The most changes in color are called ‘luminosity’
traditional mediums of creating pen and and this is what makes watercolors so
ink drawings are the dip pen and the richly expressive. Watercolor is the most
calligraphy pen. Pen and sensitive and responsive of all mediums.
Techniques of visual arts clay to dissipate the air pockets,
centering it on wheel, opening the clay
Techniques - means a process, or a in the center, a making a desired
method of using the medium in a object out of the potter’s wheel, and
manner that he wishes to finish an giving it final touches.
art work
6. Coloring - Coloring is the most basic
1. Blowing techniques - Blowing in art. It requires the use of colors
techniques requires pushing in air to applied to drawings of sketches
spread paints, spread molten or you may start with colors right away.
crayons on paper or shaped molten glass
by the use of electric hair blowers. 7. Flowing - This techniques is done by
mixing paints in the cup and flip it on
2. Transfer design - Transferring the canvas, pull the cup of
design requires a design in another and the paint will flow all over the
medium and it will be transferred to canvas. The result depends on the
another medium such as Xerox copy to variety of colors used.
boards or another paper by applying
acetone and pressure from burnishing 8. Cutting - Papercutting is the art of
stick. Designs can be transferred to paper designs. The art has evolved
metal or wood or textile. uniquely all over the world to
adapt to different cultural styles. One
3. Tinkering - The act of repair or traditional distinction most styles share
invention. It expresses the creation and in common is that the designs
understanding of concepts in are cut from a single sheet of paper as
the mind while tinkering with the hands. opposed to multiple adjoining sheets as
When we physically engage with things, in collage
especially with our hands,
we generate a great variety of sensory 9. Scratching - Scratch Art is a graphic
images. technique. It is used to create value
drawings. Most common is a
4. Splattering - “Splatter painting” black-and-white technique. Also popular
refers to a set of techniques for using are metallic backgrounds – they make a
brushes and other implements to drawing look like etching.
flick, throw, or drip paint onto a painting Scratch board is a paper (or foil) board
surface — instead of painting with that is covered with wax or gesso and
brushes to create original coated over with black ink.
abstract art. Unlike other types of visual
art, splatter painting it celebrates 10. Engraving -Engraving is a
spontaneity, improvisation, and printmaking technique that involves
a highly physical approach to making art, making incisions into a metal plate
so it requires no formal training. which retain the ink and form the printed
image. The design is manually incised
5. Throwing - In pottery, throwing into an engraving plate using a
means making a pot from a piece of clay burin, an engraving tool like a very fine
on a potter's wheel. Throwing chisel with a lozenge-shaped tip.
is the whole process of shaping the clay
on the potter's wheel. From the 11. Photography – is an actual likeness
preparation of clay, wedging the of the design, it uses a camera to
produce the desired copy. Literally
drawing or writing with light. Nominations for National Artist of the
Philippines are based on a broad criteria,
12. Etching techniques - Etching, a as set forth by
method of making prints from a metal the Cultural Center of the Philippines
plate, usually copper, into which and the National Commission on Culture
the design has been incised by acid. The and the Arts:
copperplate is first coated with an acid- 1. Living artists who have been Filipino
resistant substance, called citizens for the last ten years prior to
the etching ground, through which the nomination
design is drawn with a sharp tool. In as well as those who have died after the
etching, the plate can be made establishment of the award in 1972 but
of iron, copper, or zinc. To prepare the were
plate for etching, it is first polished to Filipino citizens at the time of their
remove all scratches and death;
imperfections from the surface. 2. Artists who have helped build a
Filipino sense of nationhood through the
12. Printing -Printmaking is the process content and
of creating artworks by printing, form of their works;
normally on paper, textiles, boards 3. Artists who have distinguished
or metal plates. It covers only the themselves by pioneering in a mode of
process of creating prints that have an creative
element of originality, rather than just expression or style, making an impact on
being a photographic reproduction of a succeeding generations of artists;
painting. In art this means reproduction. 4. Artists who have created a significant
A single design is made to be multiplied body of works and/or have consistently
Nowadays printing is a popular as displayed
painting and sculpture excellence in the practice of their art
form, enriching artistic expression or
LESSON 8 (NATIONAL ARTISTS, style; and
ARTISANS, CURATORS, 5. Artists who enjoy broad acceptance
COLLECTORS) through prestigious national and/or
international recognition, awards in
NATIONAL ARTISTS prestigious national and/or international
The Order of National Artists (Orden events, critical acclaim and/or reviews
ng Pambansang Alagad ng Sining) of their works and/or respect and esteem
from peers within an artistic discipline.
is the highest national recognition given
to Filipino individuals who have made Nominations are then submitted to the
significant contributions to National Artist Secretariat that is created
the development of Philippine arts; by the National Artist Award Committee;
namely, Music, Dance, Theater, Visual experts from the different art fields then
Arts, Literature, Film, sit on a First Deliberation to prepare the
Broadcast Arts, and Architecture and short list of nominees. A Second
Allied Arts. The order is jointly Deliberation, which is a joint meeting of
administered by the National the Commissioners of the NCCA and
Commission for Culture and the Arts the Board of Trustees of the CCP,
(NCCA) and the Cultural Center of the decides on the final nominees. The list is
Philippines then forwarded to the President of the
Philippines, who, by Presidential
Criteria to be a National Artist Proclamation, proclaims the final
nominees as members of the Order of of an artisan has a clear functional value,
National Artists. this may not be the cased for an artist.
The output can be an expression of the
Artist beauty of art itself without having any
An artist is a person who performs any functional value. Through
of the creative arts. This captures all this article, let us examine the
forms of art. For an example, a person differences between an artist and an
who paints can be referred to as an artist. artisan.
In the modern world, the term
artist is also used for musicians as well.  Artistic Value: Artist: The
This is why people often tend to hear the object has a clear artistic value. For
words ‘young artist,’ through media to Artisan: The object has
refer to emerging musicians. Here it is an artistic value.
important to highlight that the  Functional Value: Artist: The
term artist is not only attributed for those object has no functional value. For
who create art as an occupation, but also Artisan: The object has
for those who are skilled in a particular a functional value.
activity such as drawing, designing,  Object: Artist: The object has a
composing, etc. lot of aesthetic value and is
appreciated for this quality
Artisan as it pleases the individual. For Artisan:
An artisan is a skilled worker who The object though utilitarian has certain
makes things by hand. This includes aesthetic attributes to it.
various objects ranging from jewelry
to furniture. An artisan should not be Curator, Conservator and Art
confused with an artist because there is a Collector
clear difference in the things that they The curator, who is often an
create. An artisan is able to produce administrator in the museum, also
something that has a functional value; guides conservators.
although it should not be limited to its Conservators, on the other hand, only
use value alone. However, it must be manage the items and how should
stressed that there are cases where the they be preserved.
objects created by an artisan has only Curators research about the item or the
decorative value. collection itself while conservators are
knowledgeable about techniques for
The Differences between Artist and preservation
Artisan
The words artist and artisan are often The Role Of An Art Curator
very confusing for most people although An Art Curator is responsible for
there is a key difference between the two implementing and managing art
words. An artist is a person who exhibitions and collections,
performs any of the creative arts. typically at museums, by collecting,
This can range from painting to music. organizing, evaluating and cataloging
An artisan, on the other hand, is a skilled arts, collectibles and
worker who makes things by hand. The historical items.
mere definition of the two words can be -Curators interpret a museum's mission
rather confusing because both involve and collection for the viewing public.
the creation of something. The key They organize temporary exhibitions
difference is that while the product or and arrange for traveling shows that
output enhance or extend
the primary mission. They decide how by artist name, art style, subject theme,
the art will be shown in the galleries. or any kind of piece that strikes their
Good or Great art curator typically have fancy. How you collect the artwork
very well curated show to guide thru is really up to you.
contemporary or modern works
shown at particular exhibitions. This is LESSONS 9 (FILM REVIEW:
also what top end gallery and other (AaMIR Khan: Taare Zameen Par)
gallery set a part. Every Child is Special)

Education, Training, and Taare Zameen Par (Every Child is

Certification of a Curator Special) This movie is about a student
- A bachelor's degree in art, history, with Dyslexia
archaeology, museum studies or a
related field is the minimum education -Dyslexia is a specific learning disorder
requirement for museum curators. - that involves difficulty reading. Dyslexia
Preference is often given to applicants is a disorder present at birth and cannot
who have a master's degree and/or 4-5 be prevented or cured, but it can be
years of work experience. managed with special instruction and
-While most curator positions support. Early intervention to address
require a master's degree in art history or reading problems is important.
museology, smaller galleries may only
require a bachelor's degree in art or art -Most people think that dyslexia causes
history. Larger organizations typically people to reverse letters and numbers
require a master's or doctorate in art or and see words backwards.This makes it
art history. Most curators of hard to recognize short, familiar words
contemporary art have a master's degree or to sound out longer words. It takes a
at most, since a degree in art history lot of time for a person with dyslexia to
doesn't necessarily help when you're sound out a word.
organizing newly- created works.
Curators of historic art, on the other Dyslexia is treated using specific
hand, usually need a PhD in art history educational approaches and techniques,
to really move up the ranks in a museum. and the sooner the intervention begins,
the better.
To become a curator at a national -Psychological testing will help your
museum, a PhD is required, as is about child's teachers develop a
five years of field experience. suitable teaching program.
-Teachers may use techniques involving
-The market is competitive, and hearing, vision and touch to
academic standards are very high. improve reading skills
Useful graduate degrees include
restoration science, curatorship, art LESSON 10 (IMPORTANT
history, history, chemistry, and business CRITERIA OF ART)
administration.
Criteria is defined as the plural form of
What does an art collector do? criterion, the standard by which
Art Collecting is for Everyone! Any something is judged or assessed. It
individual who owns as few as two or means clear standards of anything.
three paintings is Example. Criteria for judging art
considered to be an art collector. Art pieces, beauty contestants, or best
collectors can choose to select artwork acting awards.
The Purpose of Criteria 2. Analysis - Be 100% Objective/ Think
The purpose of establishing criteria is to of Facts
support a structured decision-making
process and ensure that decisions made  What Principles of Art (balance,
and alternatives selected support the emphasis, movement, pattern,
desired outcomes and actions, repetition, proportion, etc.)
as well as the Core Values.  can you find within the art piece?
 How do the Elements of Art
The Criteria for Art interact with each other?
Artwork will be judged using the  Are there interesting visual
following criteria: uniqueness/originality, effects created?
professional quality  What specific element stand out
(neatness and craft), aesthetic quality in this composition and why?
(design, composition, and color/tones),  Is there a focal point? How is the
concept, selection art work organized?
and application of materials, and
complexity/level of digital technology 3. Interpretation - Subjective. Requires
used. thought on your part as judge, find the
following:
-The 4 steps in Art Criticism  What is the artist trying to
Describe. Tell what you see (the visual communicate?
facts)  What thoughts or feelings come
-Analyze. Mentally separate the parts or up when you see this art piece?
elements, thinking in terms of textures,  Abstract works quite frequently
shapes/forms, require us to learn more about the
light/dark or bright/dull colors, types of context the work was
lines, and sensory qualities.  created in (artist’s life, time/place in
Interpret. Seeks to explain the meaning history) in order to better
of the work. understand them.
-Judgment. Reject, accept, pass, failed
4. Judgement – Subjective. Requires
Application of the 4 steps in art thought on your part as Judge.
criticism are the following:  Finally, you can share personal
thoughts based on previous steps.
1. Description - Be 100% Objective.  Do you like it? Why? / Why not?
Think of facts. Again use solid evidence to support
 What specific Elements of Art your opinion.
(color, line, shape, texture, form,  Is this piece effective? Is it
space, value) can you find saying what the artist is trying to
 within this art piece? say?
 What’s the title of the art work?  Are you judging based on
 Who is the artist? techniques or emotional content?
 When/where was it created?  What criteria do you think are
 What media was used? important when judging an art work?
 Is there a primary subject in the
place? "To avoid criticism say nothing, do
nothing, be nothing."

-Elbert Hubbard
LESSON 11 (PAINTING: effects that the atmosphere has upon
PERSPECTIVE AND TEXTURES) objects as they recede into the distance
are referred to as aerial perspective.
PAINTING
Painting is the application of pigments 1. Viewpoint in Perspective
to a support surface that establishes an Viewpoint is the spot (point) from which
image, design or decoration. In art the you, the artist, is looking at (viewing)
term “painting” describes both the act the scene. Linear perspective is worked
and the result. Most painting is created out according to this viewpoint. There's
with pigment in liquid form and applied no right or wrong choice of viewpoint,
with a brush. Exceptions to this are it's simply the first decision you make
found in Navajo sand painting and when beginning to plan your
Tibetan mandala painting, where composition and figure out the
powdered pigments are used. perspective.
Painting as a medium has survived for
thousands of years and is, along with  Normal viewpoint is how an
drawing and sculpture, one of the oldest adult sees the world when standing
creative media. It’s used in some form up. When painting in a realistic
by cultures around the world. style, this is the viewpoint you'll
probably use because it's what we're
-Three of the most recognizable images accustomed to seeing. It's what
in Western art history are paintings: looks most real.
Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa,  Low viewpoint is when you're
Edvard Munch’s The Scream and looking at a scene from much lower
Vincent van Gogh’s The Starry Night. than you would standing up. For
These three art works are examples of instance, if you were sitting on a
how painting can go beyond a simple chair, had crouched down onto your
mimetic function, that is, to only imitate heels or, even lower down, sitting
what is seen. The power in great on the grass. Of course, it's also the
painting is that it transcends perceptions level from which small children see
to reflect emotional, psychological, even the world.
spiritual levels of the human condition.  High viewpoint is when you're
looking down on a scene. You
PERSPECTIVES might be on a ladder, up a hill, on
Perspective is an art technique for the balcony of a tall building.
creating an illusion of three-dimensions
(depth and space) The rules of perspective don't change
on a two-dimensional (flat) surface. between a normal, low, or high
Perspective is what makes a painting viewpoint.
seem to have form, distance, and look The same rules apply in all cases. What
"real." The same rules of perspective changes is what you see in a scene.
apply to all subjects, whether it's a
landscape, seascape, still life, interior The rules of perspective help us
scene, portrait, or figure painting. interpret and understand what we're
As one of the two terms used to define seeing, and enable us to "get it right" in
aspects of perspective in art, linear a painting.
perspective is linked to the idea that
objects of similar size appear smaller as
the distance between the object and
viewer increases. On the other hand, the
2. The Horizon Line in Perspective standing next to a car, they'll likely be
-The horizon line is an imaginary line taller if they're an adult.
used to create accurate perspective in a
painting. Procedures for Basic Perspectives
-Anything above the horizon line slopes 1. Start by creating a vanishing point by
down towards it, and anything below the drawing an “X” at the center of the
horizon line slopes up towards it. paper.
-Depending on what it is and how it is 2. Then for the next step draw a series of
positioned, this may be very obvious or poles on the right side
it may be very slight. Something that 3. For the left side draw a series poles
straddles the horizon line will slope both and add in some perpendicular benches
up and down. 4. Next is to sketch houses on the left
-The horizon line is important because side and a beach scene on the right side
the painting's perspective is constructed of the drawing.
from this. 5. Finally end the drawing by sketching
lines that will highlight or outline the
3. Vanishing Lines in Perspective path and roof.
Vanishing lines are imaginary lines used 6. Ink over your drawing and you’re
to create accurate perspective in a done.
painting. They are drawn on the top and
bottom horizontal edges of an object,
along the object and then extended
to the horizon line.

4. One-Point Perspective One-point perspective is usually used

You're looking at the one-point when the object's front is facing the
perspective when you're standing on a viewer. In this type of drawing the
station staring down the railway track horizontal and vertical lines will be
which narrows and then disappears at a horizontal and vertical respectively in
spot in the distance. The same with an the drawing, and lines getting farther
avenue of trees, or a long straight road. from the viewer will have an angle
towards what is called a "Vanishing
Point."
5. Things Further Away Are Smaller
The accurate relative scale of objects is One Point Perspective Procedures
part of the illusion we're creating when 1. Determine the horizon in your
we apply the rules of perspective in drawing.
composition. We can create a sense of 2. Choose the vanishing point.
distance by painting things in the 3. Sketch the main objects.
background smaller than they are in the 4. Give detail to your drawing respecting
foreground. If you're creating from the proportions dictated by the reference
imagination (rather than observation) lines you
and aren't sure how large to make an sketched before.
object, judge it by what else is in that
part of the painting. For instance, if you
have a tree and you want a person
standing next to it, the tree will likely
tower above the figure (unless it's a
sapling, of course). If the person is
Two-point Perspective  Ephemeral Texture: This is a
-Two point perspective or perspective third category of textures whose
with two vanishing points is used when fleeting forms are subject to change
the objects' corners are facing the viewer. like clouds, smoke, flames, bubbles
This method is perfect for drawing and liquids.
isometric objects.

Texture
Texture defines the surface quality of an
artwork - the roughness or smoothness
of the material from which it is made.
We experience texture in two ways:
optically (through sight) and physically
(through touch).

 Optical Texture: An artist may

use his/her skillful painting
technique to create the illusion of
texture. For example, in the detail
from a traditional Dutch still life
above you can see remarkable
verisimilitude (the appearance of
being real) in the painted insects
and drops of moisture on the silky
surface of the flower petals.

 Physical Texture: An artist may

paint with expressive brushstrokes
whose texture conveys the physical
and emotional energy of both the
artist and his/her subject. They may
also use the natural texture of their
materials to suggest their own
unique qualities such as the grain of
wood, the grittiness of sand, the
flaking of rust, the coarseness of
cloth and the smear of paint.